FORM 5

CHAPTER 3
COORDINATION
AND
RESPONSE

Kirsten (ThinkTankCentre)
COORDINATION AND RESPONSE
1. An organism experiences changes in its internal and
external environments all the time
2. The changes which cause responses in the body are
called stimuli
3. There are two types of stimuli:
a)internal
b)external
4. Mammals detect stimuli through highly specialised
sensory cell called receptor.
5. Effectors in the body carry out the responses to stimuli

Kirsten (ThinkTankCentre)
COORDINATION AND RESPONSE
1. When the stimuli are detected and eventually
resort in an appropriate response, it is called
coordination
2. The roles of coordination and response are
carried out by two different coordinating
systems, namely the nervous system and the
endocrine system

Kirsten (ThinkTankCentre)
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The main component and pathway involved in detecting and
responding to changes in theputeri5
external
578
environment 5
 The main component and pathway involved in detecting
and responding to changes in the internal environment
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 THE ROLE OF HUMAN
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Organisation of the nervous system
2. The human nervous system consist of a giant
network of nerve cells or neurones, and nerve
tissues which convey information between the
sensory receptors, the organs and effectors.
3. It is divided into main subsystem:
a) central nervous system (CNS), consist of brain
and spinal cord
b) peripheral nervous system (PNS), consist of
cranial nerves and spinal nerves.
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Human nervous
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system 8
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Cerebrum
• Divided into two halves called the cerebral
hemispheres (left and right)
• It is responsible for many mental abilities
Cerebellum
• Coordinating centre for body movements
• Evaluates the information and relays the need for
coordinated movements back to the cerebrum
• Then sends appropriate commands to the muscle

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Medulla oblongata
• Regulates the internal body processes that do not
requires conscious effort, that is, automatic
functions such as the heart beat and breathing.
• Reflex centre for vomiting, coughing, sneezing,
hiccupping and swallowing.
• Important role in homeostatic regulation.
• Control centre of the endocrine system

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Pituitary gland
• Secretes hormones that influence other glands and
body function
• Controls the release of several hormones from the
pituitary gland and thereby serve as important link
between the nervous and endocrine system.
Hypothalamus
• Responsible for sorting the incoming and outgoing
information in the cerebral cortex
• Integrates the information from the sensory
receptor to the cerebrum by enhancing certain
signals blocking others.
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The spinal cord and its function
2. Contain within the vertebral column
3. It is consist of white matter and grey matter
a) in cross section, grey matter looks like a
butterfly or the letter H
b) consist mainly of cell bodies of neurones
c) surrounded by white matter
d) the white matter comprises myelin-coated
axons of neurones that extend the whole
length of the spinal cord

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A cross section of the spinal cord showing the white
matter and puteri5
the 578 grey matter 14
 The neurones

• The nervous system is made up of millions of

nerve cells called neurones
• Neurones transmit nerve impulses to other
nerve cells, glands or muscles

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Types of neurones
 Neurones afferent
(sensory)
• Carry sensory information
fromreceptor cell to
the brain and spinal
cord.

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Types of neurones
 Neurones efferent
• carry information
fromthe brain or
spinal cord to the
effectors, that is the
muscle or gland cells

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Types of neurones
 Interneurones
• convey nerve
impulses between
the various parts of
the brain and spinal
cord, transmit nerve
impulses between
afferent and efferent

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 The transmission of information
across synapses
• Synapse is the site where two neurons, or a
neuron and a effector cell communicate.
• The transmission of information across a
synapse involve the conversion of electrical
signals in the form of neurotransmitter
• The function of synapses include controlling
and integrating the nerve impulses
transmitted by the stimulated receptors

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 Voluntary action and involuntary
action
• The PNS has two main function
2. It transmits signal to the CNS for processing
3. It transmits responses from the CNS to the
rest of the body
• Voluntary actions such as walking and
talking are under conscious control
• Involuntary actions that involve skeletal
muscle allows immediate action that does
not require conscious effort
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• For example, if a finger touch a hot stove, the
reaction is to pull the finger immediately
without having to think about it
• In such circumstance when the responses to
stimuli are involuntary, they are called reflexes.
• The nerve pathway involved in a reflex action is
called a reflex arc
• The effectors involved in involuntary action are
smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

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 Diseases of the nervous
system
Parkinson’s disease
• Is a progressive disorder of a CNS that typically
affect victims around the age of 60 years
onwards.
• Parkinson’s disease affect muscular
movements, causing tremors or trembling of
the arms, jaws legs and face
• Patients also have difficulty in maintaining
normal postures and experience impaired
balance and coordination
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Alzheimer's disease
• Alzheimer's disease is a neurological disorder which
affect victims around the age of 60yearsonwards,
causes the loss of reasoning and the ability to care for
oneself.
• Individual of Alzheimer's disease often become confuse,
forgetful, and lose their way although they are in place
which are familiar to them.
• As their mind continue to deteriorate, patients may lose
the ability to read, write, eat, walk and talk.
• the cause of this disease still unknown, but the factors
such as genetic, environmental or the aging process
itself can lead to Alzheimer's disease
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The role of hormone in human
• Endocrine system consists of a number of glands
that secrete hormones.
• Hormones are the chemical messenger produce
by the endocrine glands.
• Although the hormones travel in the blood of the
body, they affect and influence only the specific
target cell.
• Once the hormone binds to its target cell, the
hormone cause the cell to respond in the specific
manner.
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The transport of hormones to target cells
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 The need for the endocrine
system

1. The endocrine system and nervous system

play important roles in maintaining
homeostasis.
2. Both this system often works together.

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The nervous system The endocrine system
• Control voluntary and
involuntary actions
• Conveys electrical signals
• Messages are conducted
via neurones.
• Messages are conveyed
rapidly
• Messages are carried
between specific
locations
• The responses or effect
are temporary
• controls involuntary actions
• Conveys chemical signal
(hormones)
• Messages are conveyed via
the bloodstream
• Message are conveyed
slowly
• Messages are carried from
the source to the various
destination
• The response or effects are
long-lasting

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 Regulation of hormones secretion
• The pituitary gland is regarded as the master
endocrine gland because it secrete several
hormones that control other endocrine gland
• Pituitary gland itself controlled by the
hypothalamus.
• Pituitary gland consist of two parts:
a) posterior pituitary
b) anterior pituitary
• The posterior pituitary contains the axons and
synaptic terminals of the neurosecretory cells that
originate in the hypothalamus
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 The role of the hypothalamus in regulating the secretion
of hormones fromthe pituitary gland

HypotHalamus

Anterior pituitary Anterior pituitary

ADH oxytocin
Kidney tubules Smooth muscle in the
uterus

Growth
ACTH TSH FSH & LH hormones prolactin
Adrenal Thyroid Ovaries, testes Bones, tissues Mammary
cortex
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• ADH and axytocin are synthesised in the
neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus
but secrete by the posterior pituitary
• The hypothalamus controls the hormone
secretion of the anterior pituitary gland
and therefore, affect the secretion of
many other endocrine glands indirectly.
• The anterior pituitary controls the
secretions of hormones from the thyroid
gland, the adrenal gland and gonad. All of
which are also endocrine glands.
Kirsten (ThinkTankCentre)
Negative feedback mechanism in hormone regulation
HypotHalamus
Thyroid-releasing
Hormone, TRH

Stimulates the anterior

Negative pituitary to secrete TSH
feedback
inhibits the aNtERIoR pItuItaRy
release of Thyroid-stimulating
TRH Hormone, TSH Negative
feedback
Stimulates the target gland to inhibits the
secrete Thyroxine release of
TSH
taRGEt GlaND
Thyroxine
When the thyroxine concentration exceeds a certain level in the
blood, its inhibits TRH production in the hypothalamus and TSH
production from the
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8 pituitary 31
 HOMEOSTASIS IN HUMAN
• Homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively
constant internal environment.
• Physical factor such as body temperature and
blood pressure while chemical factor are sugar
level and osmotic pressure such as partial of
carbon dioxide and oxygen
The excretory system
• Plays an important role in homeostasis
• The primary organs of the excretory system are
the kidneys.
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Function of the kidneys
2. Helps to regulates the water and salt balance in the
body by excreting more or less salt, and increasing the
in take or loss of water.
3. Regulate the osmotic pressure and ionic levels in the
blood
4. Excrete waste products.
5. Regulate the blood pH
• Waste products excreted by the kidneys are substances
that are not useful to the body such as waste products
from the metabolic reaction (urea, creatinine and uric
acid) and foreign substances in the diet (drugs or toxins)

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The human kidney
• The kidneys filter the blood and form the
urine which is exits the body through the
ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.
• Urine consists of water, urea and other
dissolved waste, and some excess nutrients.
• Human kidney has two distinct region:
e) Renal cortex
f) Renal medulla

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The nephron
• The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron.
• The human kidney consists of about 1 million
nephrons.
• A nephron consists of three major parts:
e) Glomerulus
f) Bowman’s capsule
g) Renal tubule
• Renal tubule is made up of the:
i) Proximal convoluted tubule
j) Loop of Henle
k) Distal convoluted tubule
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puteri5578 Nephron 37
• Nephron perform three basic process:
2. Ultrafiltration
3. Reabsorption
4. Secretion
Ultrafiltration
• When the blood enters the glomerulus, ultrafiltration
take place when the high pressure forces fluid through
the filtration membrane into the capsular space
• The fluid that enters into the capsular space is called the
glomerular filtrate
• glomerular filtrate contain water, glucose, amino acid,
urea, mineral salt and other small molecule. Some
composition as blood plasma but not contain red blood
cells and plasma protein
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Ultrafiltration in bowman’s capsule

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Reabsorption
• Reabsorption take place when the substance
moves across the renal tubule into the capillary
network.
• In the proximal convoluted tubule, there are
abundance of mitochondria to generate ATP for
the process of active transport that used to
reabsorb glucose and amino acid.
• Solute concentration in the capillary network is
increase, so that water moves into the blood
capillary by osmosis
• In the loop of Henle, water, sodium and chloride
ions are reabsorbed.Kirsten (ThinkTankCentre) 40
• At the distal convoluted tubule, more water, sodium
and chloride ions are reabsorbed.
• B the time, the filtrate reaches the collecting duct, very
little salt left and 99% of water has been reabsorbed
into the bloodstream.
• Only 1% of water in the filtrate actually leaves the body
as urine.
• Some urea diffuses out into the surrounding fluid and
blood because of its small molecular size.
• Finally, about 45% of the original urea remain in the
collecting duct to be excrete in the urine.

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Secretion
• Not everything is filtered, only 20% of the plasma
leaves the blood vessels and enters the renal
tubule. Hence there are waste product in the
blood which were not filtered originally.
• Secretion is a process in which waste and excess
substances that were not initially filtered are
secreted into the renal tubule.
• Secretion take place in the renal tubules and
collecting ducts but is especially active at the
distal convoluted tubule.
• Secretion occurs by passive diffusion and active
transport.

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Detected by An increased Increased permeability of
osmoreseptors in in ADH distal convoluted tubule
hypothalamus released from and collecting duct to
posterior water
pituitary
Decrease in solute Greater proportion of
potential water reabsorption in
renal tubules
Decreased A small volume of
water intake concentration urine
Plasma solute potential increases produced
Normal plasma
osmotic level
Plasma solute potential decreases A large volume of dilute
urine produced
Increased
water intake
Increased in solute smaller proportion of
potential water reabsorption in
renal tubules
A decreased in
Detected by ADH released Decreased permeability of
osmoreseptors in from posterior distal convoluted tubule
hypothalamus pituitary and collecting duct to
water
REGULATIONOF ADHPRODUCTION
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 Notes about Kidney Dialysis:

The main stages that blood passes through during the

dialysis process include:

•Blood enters machine from body (under pressure from

radial artery).
•Pump (some diagrams show a roller pump) controls
pressure and flow rate.
•Anticoagulant added to prevent clotting.
•Blood passes through dialysis membrane (equivalent to
kidney nephrons).
•Bubble Trap removes any gas bubbles from blood.
•Blood is filtered then returned to the patient's radial vein.

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 After meal During fasting or after exercise

Rise in blood glucose level Drop in blood glucose level

Secretion of more insulin or less Secretion of less insulin or more

glucagon by pancreas glucagon by pancreas

Liver cells absorb Increase in glucose Liver cell break Decrease in glucose
glucose from blood + uptake by body cells down glycogen into + uptake by body cells
to form glycogen for respiration glucose for respiration

Blood glucose level returns to normal

BLOODGLUCOSE LEVEL INTHE BODY

Practising a healthy lifestyle
• Drugs can alter brain functions and the
rates at which neurones release
neurotransmitters
• There are some types of drug and their
effects on the body:

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Stimulants
• Increase the activity of the central nervous
system
• Cocaine, nicotine, amphetamines & caffeine
increase the heart rate and alertness
• Hallucinations, LSD perceive things that do not
exist

Kirsten (ThinkTankCentre)

49
Depressants
• Slow down the activity of the central nervous
system
• Alcohol, barbiturates & heroin slow down the
breathing rate &lower blood pressure

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Plants hormones
• Plants hormones is a chemical substances which
is produced by the plants and influences the
growth and development of the plants. Examples
auxins and ethylene
Auxins
• Auxins controlled the plants respond to stimuli by
growing in a certain direction called tropism.
• Growth of shoots towards sunlight is called +ve
phototropism and growth of shoots away from
sunlight is called -ve phototropism.
• Auxins promotes the elongation of cells in the
shoot

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• The growth movement of a plant is response to
gravity is called geotropism.
• Auxins is used to:
• Increase the stem length by increasing the rate of cell
division
• Stimulate the growth of adventitious roots from the
stem
• Parthenocarpy, produce seedless fruit
• Promotes growth of plants cells. Delay fruit ripening
and prevent fruit from falling off the plant before it is
ripe

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Ethylene
• Ethylene is a plant hormones which is synthesised
during the ripening of fruits.
• The synthesis of ethylene occurs in fruits, leaves and
stems
• Speedup the ripening of fruits by stimulating the
production of cellulase that used to hydrolyses the
cellulose in plants cells walls, making the fruits soft.
• Promotes the breakdown of complex carbohydrates
into simple sugar. That is why a ripe fruit tastes
sweeter than an unripe fruit

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tHE
END
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