WEEM 212

Dr. Qasem Abdelal

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 This course builds on the basic concepts you
learned in the Fluid Mechanics course.

We will cover a number of topics related to

Hydraulic Engineering including but not
limited to:
Water hydrostatic pressure, water flow in
pipes, pipelines and pipe networks, open
channel flow and hydraulic modeling.

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  Lecture time: SW 11:00 – 12:30 pm
E 108
 Instructor: Dr. Qasem M. Abdelal
◦ Qasem.abdelal@GJU.edu.jo
◦ Office: Building C, Third Floor, C319
◦ Phone: 4235
◦ Office hours: M,W, 12:30 to 1:30 pm

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  Teaching Assistant: Eng. Isra Khasawneh
◦ TA office hours: TBD
◦ TA office : Hydraulics lab, 4th floor, Building c
Text book:
Fundamentals of Hydraulic Engineering
systems, International Edition, Robert J.
Houghtalen, Ned H. C. Hwang, A. Osman
Akan. 4th Edition. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-
507064-2

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 Your final class grade is composed of the
following:

20% Course assignments

10% Quizzes and attendance
30% Midterm
40% Final
____
100% Total

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 Topic Approximate
number of
lectures
Intro, properties of water, flow types, continuity and
3
conservation of energy
Hydrostatic forces 1
Pipe flow, losses, pipes in parallel/series 4
Water distribution systems, network analysis 4
Pumps 2
Open channel flow 5
Hydraulic structures 2
Ground water flow 4
Hydraulic modeling 4
Exam 1

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 EPANET: it is software that models water
distribution piping systems
http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/wswrd/dw/epanet.html

HEC-RAS : Hydrologic Engineering Centers

River Analysis System
http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-ras/

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 WEEM 212
Dr. Qasem Abdelal

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 Hydraulics :
Hydro = Water
aulos = pipe

Hydraulics: it is the application of engineering

principles and methods to the planning,
control, transportation, conservation, and
utilization of water.

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 The earth’s atmosphere is approximately 1,500 km
of mixed gases

Atmospheric pressure is the pressure the air

column exerts on every surface it contacts

At sea level, under normal conditions, the

atmospheric pressure is approximately equal to
1.014 X 105 N/m2 (Approximately 1 bar, 10.33
meter water)

Vapor pressure is the partial pressure exerted by

the water vapor in the atmosphere

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 Solid, Liquid, and gaseous

Latent Energy is the amount of energy needed to

change the water from one phase to another. It
can be in the form of heat or pressure.
A Calorie is the amount of energy required to raise
the temperature of 1gm of water by one degree.
Specific Heat is the amount of energy required to
raise the temperature of a certain substance by
one degree

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 Density (ρ) of a substance is the mass per unit
volume

Which is denser, water or ice ??

Which is denser, sea or fresh water??

Weight (w)is the product of mass by the

gravitational acceleration.

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 Specific weight (γ)is the weight per unit volume
of water
Specific weight is the product of density (ρ) and
gravitational acceleration (g).
  g
Specific gravity is the ratio of the specific
weight of any liquid at a given temperature to
that of water at 4 C
 fluid  fluid
S 
 water  water
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  Fluid properties are temperature dependent
Density Density Density Density Specific Specific
Temp pure pure tap pure Gravity Gravity
( °C ) water water water water 4°C 60°F
( g/cm3 ) ( kg/m3 ) ( g/cm3 ) lb/cu.ft reference reference
0 (solid) 0.9150 915.0 - - 0.915 -
0 (liquid) 0.9999 999.9 0.99987 62.42 0.999 1.002
4 1.0000 1000 0.99999 62.42 1.000 1.001
20 0.9982 998.2 0.99823 62.28 0.998 0.999
40 0.9922 992.2 0.99225 61.92 0.992 0.993
60 0.9832 983.2 0.98389 61.39 0.983 0.985
80 0.9718 971.8 0.97487 60.65 0.972 0.973

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 An aquarium holds 0.5m3 of water. The
weight of the aquarium is 5,090 N when full
and 200 N when empty. Determine the
temperature of water

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 Shear stress (τ) is directly
proportional to change in
deformation with time (Strain)
dx dx
 d  
dy
 dt 
dv
dt dt dy dy
where v  dx is the velocity of the fluid element
dt
Therefore

    dv dy 
 
Where  is the absolute viscosity
 has units of force per unit area multiplied by
the time interval considered(poise)
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 This term is the resultant of the division of the
absolute viscosity by the mass density

 /
where the units are in cm2 / sec (Stokes)

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 A Flat plate 0f 50 cm2 is being pulled over a
fixed flat surface at a constant velocity of 45
cm/sec. An oil film is of unknown viscosity
separates the plate and the fixed surface by a
distance of 0.1 cm. The force (T) required to
pull the plate is measured to be 31.7 N. and
the viscosity of the fluid is constant. Determine
the absolute viscosity

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 This is a force resulting from the fact that
surface molecules form a stronger bond on
the surface. Units are force per unit length

Source : WWW
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 Water is compressible, it is, in fact, 100 times
more compressible than steel… the bulk
modulus of elasticity is expressed as Eb
 Vol 
P   Eb  
 Vol 
Where P and  Vol are changes in pressure and volume respectively

A typical value of Eb = 2.2 X 109 N/m2 is used.

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 Material Eb X 109 N/m2
Rubber 0.01 to 0.1
Acrylic 3.2
Grey Cast Iron 130
Diamond 1220

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 The density of seawater is 1026 kg/m3 at sea
level. Determine the density of seawater on the
ocean floor 2,000 m deep. Where the pressure
is approximately 2.02 X107 N/m2

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