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Unbraced Lengths
The member capacity for axial compression and for lexure is dependent on the spacing of elements which provide bracing along
the length of a member. By default the program assumes that no bracing is provided along the length of the Physical Member. This is
represented by the condition where the unbraced length ield is shown as empty/blank.
Note

If bracing is not provided at each end of the physical member then the assumption that the unbraced length equals the
physical member length can be unconservative. The program allows you to specify an unbraced length greater than the
physical member length to address this situation.
Columns in RISAFloor are assumed to be fully braced at each loor level when their unbraced length ield is left
empty/blank.

You may specify unbraced lengths as a ixed distance or by using RISA's Unbraced Length Commands. The unbraced lengths are:

Lbyy
Lbzz
Lcomp-top
Lcomp-bot
L-torque

The unbraced lengths that are used for member capacity calculations are listed in the Member Detail report after solution.
Note:

Specifying bracing via unbraced lengths does not provide physical bracing to the model for analysis. It only affects the
member capacity calculated for code checks. See the example below.

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Lb Values (Lb, Lu, Le)

The Lb values: Lbyy and Lbzz, represent the distance between points which brace the member against Flexural (column-type)
Buckling about the member's local y and z axes, respectively. Lb bracing prevents the entire member from moving laterally
(perpendicular to its own axis). These Lb values are used to calculate slenderness ratios (KL/r) for both directions, which are used
in the calculation of member axial compression capacity.

Lcomp Values (Lcomp, Le-bend)

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The Lcomp values, Lcomp-top and Lcomp-bot, represent the distance between points which brace the top or bottom lange of the
member against Lateral-Torsional (beam-type) Buckling. These Lcomp values are used to calculate the member's lexural (bending)
capacity. Where the top lange of the member is in compression due to bending, Lcomp-top is used. Where the bottom lange of the
member is in compression due to bending, Lcomp-bot is used. Lcomp bracing prevents the member's lange from moving laterally
(perpendicular to the member's axis).
Members which experience a moment reversal along their length (such as ixed-end or continuous members) have compression in
both the top and bottom lange (although not simultaneously). The program uses the appropriate Lcomp (top or bottom) based on
moment direction to calculate the bending capacity at each internal section along the member.
The top lange is the lange on the positive local y-axis side of the member. Therefore if a beam if rotated 180 degrees about its own
axis ( lipped upside down) the "top" lange will actually be facing downwards.

Note:

Concrete members are not checked for lateral-torsional buckling, so Lcomp is not used for concrete.

L-torque
The L-torque value represents the distance between points which restrain the member against twisting about its own axis. This
value is used to calculate the member's Torsional Buckling and Flexural-Torsional Buckling capacity. These limit states affect the
member's axial compression capacity.

Note:

The L-torque value is NOT used for calculations of stiffness or stress for members subjected to warping. This is done using
an internal "warping length" set by the program.
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Not all design codes check for Torsional Buckling or Flexural-Torsional Buckling. For those that do, these limit states will
only be checked if L-torque > Lbzzand Lbyy.
Currently the AISC 360 code, CSA S16-14 code, Aluminum codes, and the 2010 and newer Cold Formed Steel codes support
this unbraced length.

Automated Unbraced Length Commands

Aside from leaving the unbraced length blank or inputting a ixed distance, you can harness the program's ability to use a limited
intelligence for determining unbraced lengths. In order to do this you can simply type in the name of the Unbraced Length
Commands into the unbraced length ield. If a valid command word is used then the program will accept and display that command
in lieu of a distance value.

Some member types are pre-populated with an Unbraced Length Command when they are created. Below is a list of the commands
which may be used:

Segment
When this command is used, all Points which fall along the length of the physical member are assumed to provide bracing. If Points
are not evenly spaced along the member then an unbraced length is calculated for each "segment". A segment is de ined as the
distance between adjacent Points. In the example below, the member is de ined as one physical member spanning from N1 to N2.
The intermediate node N3 is considered as a brace point when Segment is speci ied for this member. Therefore the forces which
occur in Segment 1 will be compared against a capacity calculated using Lb1, and the forces occuring in Segment 2 will be compared
against a capacity calculated using Lb2.

When using the Segment command the program will assume that each node along the length of the member can act as a brace
location regardless of whether any bracing or restraint exists. In the example above this will result in an unconservative member
capacity if no bracing will be supplied at N3 in real life.

Framing
This command is only available for beam members in RISAFloor. This command works like the Segment command, except that
only nodes which have another beam framing into them are considered brace points. In the example below, beam M3 is considered
braced at N6, N8, and N10. N11 is ignored as a brace point since no other beam frames into M3 at N11. If the Segment command
were used instead of Framing then N11 would be considered a brace point.

For Lcomp-top only, the unbraced length of the top lange is taken as the lesser of the Framing length and the Deck Unbraced Length.

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When using the Framing command it is the user's responsibility to ensure that adequate bracing is provided by the framing and/or
deck.

Lbyy
This command is only available for Lcomp-top and Lcomp-bot. When this command is used, the value entered for Lbyy will also be
used for Lcomp.

In the example below, Case C, the Lbyy command could be appropriately be used in the Lcomp-top ield. In the example below, Case
D, the Lbyy command could be appropriately used in both Lcomp ields. It would not be appropriate to use the Lbyy command for
Case A or Case B below.

3D
For RISAFloor models which are linked to RISA-3D models, if an unbraced length is set in RISA-3D, it is listed as 3D in the
RISAFloor spreadsheets. This indicates that the unbraced length was set in RISA-3D, and that same value is being used in the
RISAFloor model.

Material Specific Behavior

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Hot Rolled Steel

For AISC ASD 9th Edition calculation of Kl/r for WTs and Double Angles, there is an effective Kl/r ratio that may be used
when Flexural-Torsional buckling controls. This can be found in the commentary Section E3.
Specifying LcompTop and LcompBot both as zero constrains a single angle to bend/buckle about its geometric axes.
Otherwise it will behave about its principal axes. Alternatively, specifying L-torque as zero also constrains single angles to
bend/buckle about their geometric axes. See Member Results for more information on Single Angle behavior.
For single angles behaving about their principal axes, Lbyy speci ies bracing against buckling about the minor principal axis.
Lbzz speci ies bracing against buckling about the major principal axis. See Member Results for more information on Single
Angle behavior.

Cold Formed Steel

In general, the unbraced lengths for Cold Formed bending checks are based on the Lcomp value and axial checks are based on Lb
values. Below describes more speci ics based on the AISI 2012 code.

Lateral Torsional Buckling (AISI C3.1.2)

Lt = Lcomp
Lcomp is the unbraced length for the lange that’s in bending compression at that section (either Lcomp_top or Lcomp_bot).
This applies to all shapes and all AISI codes.
Note: Older Versions of RISA-3D (v12 and older)
Lt= smaller of Lbyy and Lcomp

When Lateral Torsional Buckling governs over local buckling, the display of the Seff in the Detail Report will report the Sc which is
the elastic section modulus of effective section calculate relative to the extreme compression iber at Fc.

Distortional Buckling (AISI C3.1.4)

Lm=Lcomp
Lcomp is the unbraced length for the lange that’s in bending compression at that section (either Lcomp_top or Lcomp_bot).

Axial Strength (AISI C4.1)

L= Could be Lbyy or Lbzz, whichever gives the larger of (KL/r)yy or (KL/r)zz

Flexural Torsional Buckling or Torsional Buckling (AISI C4.1.2)

Lt= L-Torque

Note: Older Versions of RISA-3D (v12 and older)

Lt= smaller of Lbyy and Lcomp

Distortional Buckling (AISI C4.2)

Lm= L-Torque

The Torsional Warping constant for Back-to-Back Channels and Tracks, Cw is calculated per the AISI prescribed doubly
symmetric shapes (AISI-08 Manual 3.3.3) that are continuously welded (all the unbraced lengths are 0). If the Back-to-Back
shape is not continuously welded (any of the unbraced lengths larger than zero), Cw is twice the value of each individual
section.
For Hat Channel (HU) shape types, the Lcomp-top and Lcomp-bot values only apply to the langes perpendicular to the
local y axis (see image below). Therefore, if your loading is applied in the local z direction, these entries will not apply. This
assumption was made in reference to section C3.1.2.1 of the AISI Speci ication with Commentary whose footnote tells us
that the limit state of Lateral-Torsional Buckling does not apply to these shapes.

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Concrete

The unbraced lengths for Flexural Buckling (Lbyy, Lbzz) are called Lu-yy and Lu-zz for concrete. Their behavior is the same
as the behavior for Lbyy and Lbzz.
The unbraced lengths are used for the Moment Magni ication procedure in older versions of the ACI code.

Wood

The unbraced lengths for Flexural Buckling (Lbzz, Lbyy) are called Le1 and Le2 for wood. Their behavior is the same as the
behavior for Lbyy and Lbzz.

The unbraced lengths for Lateral-Torsional buckling (Lcomp-top, Lcomp-bot) are called Le-bend Top and Le-bend Bot for
wood. Their behavior is the same as the behavior for Lcomp-top and Lcomp-bot.
See AF&PA NDS-2012, Table 3.3.3 for information on how to determine Le-bend based on the unbraced length. This
procedure is not followed automatically in RISA.

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Aluminum

Specifying LcompTop and LcompBot both as zero constrains a single angle to bend/buckle about its geometric axes.
Otherwise it will behave about its principal axes. Alternatively, specifying L-torque as zero also constrains single angles to
bend/buckle about their geometric axes. See Member Results for more information on Single Angle behavior.
For single angles behaving about their principal axes, Lbyy speci ies bracing against buckling about the minor principal axis.
Lbzz speci ies bracing against buckling about the major principal axis. See Member Results for more information on Single
Angle behavior.

For additional advice on this topic, please see the RISA News website: www.risa.com/news. Type in Search keywords: Unbraced
Lengths.

K Factors (Effective Length Factors)

Effective Length Factors (K) are recommended or required for some design codes. The effective length factor allows you to adjust
the unbraced length for Flexural Buckling as a simpli ied method of accounting for buckling effects. Kyy is a modi ier factor for
Lbyy. Kzz is a modi ier factor for Lbzz.
If the K Factor ield is left blank/empty then it is taken as 1.0, thereby not affecting the unbraced length.
If a value is entered for a K Factor, that value will be used for the segment of the physical column between the current loor level or
splice above and/or the loor level or splice below. When working in RISA-3D via RISAFloor, the largest K factor entered for any
segment of a physical column will be used for the entire physical column. If an entry is not made (left blank), the value will
internally default to '1' for that column segment.
Note

K-torque for Torsional or Flexural-Torsional Buckling is always be assumed to be 1.0, except for Aluminum design where it
is taken as the lesser of Kyy or Kzz.

Sway Flags
The Sway Flags indicate whether the member is to be considered subject to sidesway for bending about its local y and z axes. The y
sway ield is for y-y axis bending and the z sway ield is for z-z axis bending. Click on the ield to check the box and indicate that the
member is subject to sway for that particular direction, or leave the entry blank if the member is braced against sway. These sway
lags in luence the calculation of the K factors as well as the Cm and Cb factors.
Sway lags are reserved for column members in RISAFloor and may be applied to any column segment at any loor level. However,
when working in RISA-3D via RISAFloor, if a sway lag is checked for any segment of a physical column, the entire physical column
will be assumed subject to sway. Beam members in RISAFloor are assumed to be braced against sway.

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