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Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
(802.11af)
A Hardware platform to utilize TVWS using Wi-Fi Radio
Abstract— “4.4 billion people around the globe still aren’t considerably, the Internet will be more accessible than ever to
connected to the Internet!” There is a tremendous technological the common man in India.
gap between the country‘s urban and rural areas. While, people
in the metropolitan areas enjoy seamless connectivity, people in Reach: The second most powerful argument in favor of
the villages and suburbs lack basic infrastructure to facilitate TVWS deployment in India is the reach. Wireless broadband
fundamental connectivity. A key to this is to use long-range provided over the TV White Space spectrum (UHF band) has
broadband service to utilize TVWS to provide Wi-Fi in long better propagation characteristics and hence will travel long
range distant communications. A key to design hardware distances, through solid objects and foliage. The proposed
effectively is described in this paper. The Hardware discussed TVWS systems can be employed in these
consists of UHF translator to down convert 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi band scenarios/environments aimed at providing cost-effective
to the appropriate unused TV Band in the UHF spectrum. We Internet access to the nation‘s off-the-grid villages through
operate in the UHF Band-IV which extends from 470-582 MHz remote deployment.
and comprises 14 channels. In the first section a brief description
of the project is described. In the second, the UHF translator
design is outlined. In the third section, the Raised Cosine Filter II. BLOCK DIAGRAM AND HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
and the roll of factor is described which contributes to the
efficiency to validate our design compliance with IEEE 802.11af
standards. In the fourth section, the UHF translator ADRF 6655
is described and in the further sections the drive to TVWS is
described.
I. INTRODUCTION
White Spaces are portions of licensed spectrum for which
licensees do not use them all the time. The UHF TV spectrum
in India (Our Band of Interest: 470-582MHz) has incredible
scope for cheap, long-range connectivity because of its lower Fig. 1 Block Diagram for Hardware Setup
frequency and hence better penetration and range compared to
the other unlicensed services operating in the ISM (2.4GHz
band) and the UNII (5GHz band) are provided. Recent studies A. UHF Scanner
performed by CARE at IIT-Delhi suggest that nearly 85% of From Fig.1, to scan the TV band of 470-582MHz we
the TV band in the 470-698MHz range are not used in urban employ a commercially available spectrum analyzer and its
Delhi while almost 95% of the TV band is not utilized in the related software. The spectrum analyzer would be set to scan
rural areas surrounding the NCR (National Capital Region). the spectrum in between the 470-582MHz range and beyond
These statistics clearly suggest a tremendous scope for a primary focus on the power-levels in each band. The spectrum
system that facilitates the use of these TV White Spaces to is repeatedly scanned for a certain period within our campus
provide affordable rural connectivity. The usage here is limited (BMSCE, Bangalore) to establish a Geo-Location Data Base.
to UHF Band-IV extending from 470-582 MHz comprising of The spectrum analyzer will be equipped with automation
14 channels. algorithms to scan the desired range of 470-582MHz consisting
of 14 channels of 8MHz bandwidth. The spectrum will be
Affordability: Connectivity to India‘s 1.2 billion population scanned from 470MHz in bands of 20MHz (steps). Each band
is a herculean task. By bringing down the affordability of data is scanned 20-30 times after which the tool shifts to the next
20MHz band. After scanning, graphs are plotted denoting the amplified and filtered. Then the signal is passed to mixer
frequency band and its associated power levels to analyze the which has multiplier, oscillator and specific filter. Then the
under-utilized or free bands in the frequency range which is of signal is sent for bandwidth compression.
interest to our project, as seen in Fig.2.
III. UHF TRANSLATOR
FRAC
f vco 2 f PFD ( INT ( ))
MOD (9)
Divide mode determines the switch between fractional As processors get more advanced, there is a large number
mode and integer mode. In integer mode, the RF VCO output of sources interrupts can come from. The Zynq FPGA
frequency (fVCO) is calculated by (10), architectures a Generic Interrupt Controller (GIC), as shown in
Fig. 11, to process interrupts. The GIC handles interrupts from
the following:
f vco 2 f PFD ( INT ) (10)
Software-generated interrupt – There are 16 interrupts for
each processor. They can interrupt one or both of the Zynq
R5 [2:0] is set to 101, the LO path, mixer REG as in Fig 9. SoC‘s ARM® Cortex™-A9 processor cores.
The LO output driver is to be enabled to allow the user to Shared peripheral interrupts – 60 in total, these interrupt
review the performance of the internal applied LO through the come from the I/O peripherals, and from the programmable
input LOP and output LON local oscillator pins. The LO logic (PL) side of the device. They are shared between the two
input/output control allows them to disconnect the internal LO CPUs of Zynq SoC.
signal and apply an external LO signal to the input and output
local oscillator input/output pins. A divide-by-2 or divide-by-3
prescaler can be selected to divide the frequency of the Private peripheral interrupts – The five interrupts in this
external or internal applied oscillator signal just before the category are private to each CPU for such as CPU timer,
mixer. When using an external frequency, and the stable watchdog timer and dedicated PL-to-CPU interrupt. The
oscillator signal to commutate mixer core, it is possible to shut shared peripheral interrupts are very interesting and flexible.
down the PLL circuitry through the PLL enable address (DB6) They can be routed to CPU from the I/O peripherals (44
of REG 5. The internal mixer can be disabled using the mixer interrupts in total) and from the FPGA PL (16 interrupts).
bias enable address (DB7) of REG 5. REG 5 also provides However, it is possible to route interrupts from the I/O
access to the CDAC Distortion Compensation Setting peripherals to the programmable logic of the device.
(DB11:DB8). CDAC control can allow to optimize internal
linear circuit to enhance IP3 performance for high frequency
RF input signals.