Case 0: Control Section.

Given:
Concrete Cover=40 mm
Transverse Reinforcement=10 mm ∅
f c' =35 MPa
fy=420 MPa
d=387.5mm
d ' =62.5 mm

300

62.
5

387.5
450

1. Just Before Cracking

300

N. A.

Ec =5000 √ f ' c=¿ 29,580.399 MPa

f r=0.7 √ f ' c=¿4.141 MPa

E s=200 000 MPa

16
 Es 200000
n= =¿ = 6.76
Ec 29,580.399

Locate the Neutral Axis

ӯ=
∑ ( Ai )( y i)
∑ Ai
A g=b ( h )=300 ( 450 ) =135000 mm2

A1= ( n−1 ) { π4 (d ) (n )}=¿

b
2
bars 8484.117 mm2

π
A = ( n−1 ) { ( d ) ( n ) }=¿
2
2 b bars 5656.078mm2
4

ӯ =c un ,tr =
Ag ( h2 )+ A ( d )+ A (d ' )=¿228.081mm
1 2

A g + A1 + A2

Moment of Inertia of the uncracked transformed section

I un, tr =∑ {I i + Ai (di )2 }

b h3 2
h
I g=
12 (
2 )
+ A g − ӯ =¿2279406804.863 mm 4

I 1=A 1 ( d− ӯ )2=¿215617898.013 mm 4

I 2= A2 ( ӯ−d ' )2 =¿155073776.641 mm 4

I un, tr =I g + I 1+ I 2=¿ 2650098479.517 mm 4

Solve for Cracking Moment and Curvature:

f r ( I un ,tr )
M cr = =¿49.454 KN .m (Cracking Moment)
h− ȳ
M cr rad
ϕ cr = =6.309 x 10−7 (Curvature at Cracking Moment)
E c ( I un ,tr ) mm

2. Right After Cracking

300
17
 A1=n {π4 (d ) ( n )}=¿
b
2
bars 9,956.739 mm2

π
A = ( n−1 ) { ( d ) ( n ) }=¿2
2 b bars 5656.078 mm2
4

Locate the Neutral Axis of the transformed cracked section

b (c ) ( c2 )+ A (c−d )=A (d−c)

2
'
1

c cr ,tr =¿123.4187 mm

Moment of Inertia of the Cracked Transformed Section

I cr , tr =∑ {I i + Ai ( di )2 }

b h3 2
h
I g=
12 2 ( )
+ A g −c =¿187993644.030 mm 4

I 1=A 1 ( d−c )2=¿ 694372222.358mm 4

I 2= A2 ( c−d ' )2=¿ 20990221.530 mm 4

I cr , tr =I g + I 1+ I 2=¿ 903356087.918 mm 4

Solve for Curvature right after cracking:

M cr =¿49.454 KN .m (Cracking Moment)

18
 M cr rad
ϕ cr , tr = =1.851 x 10−6 (Curvature ¿ After Cracking)
Ec ( I cr ,tr ) mm

Steel Yields or Concrete Non-linear

Ӯ =c cr , tr =¿123.419mm

fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es
ε s ¿ ε y =0.0021

εs −6 rad
ϕ y= =7.952 x 10
d− ӯ mm
M y =ϕ y ( E s ) ( I cr , tr )=¿ 1436.715 KN .m

Concrete Non-linear
f c =0.7( f ' c ) = 0.7(35) = 24.5 MPa
fc
ε c= =¿ 0.000828
Ec
εc −6 rad
ϕ 0.7 fc ' = =6.711 x 10
ӯ mm
M 0.7 fc ' =ϕ0.7 fc ' ( E c )( I cr ,tr ) =¿ 179.326 KN .m(use )

3. Ultimate Condition

300
0.003

19
N. A.
450
 T s 1= A s f s

1st Assumption:

Assume Tension Steel Yields ( f s=f y ; ε s> ε y )

Assume Compression Steel Yields ( f s ' =f y ; ε s ' >ε y )

C c +C s =T s1

0.85 f 'c ( a )( b )+ A s ' { f y −0.85(f c ') }= A s f y

a=¿26.372 mm

Solve for β Factor:

if f 'c ≤ 28 MPa ; β=0.85

if f 'c ≥ 56 MPa ; β=0.65

if 28 MPa< f 'c < 56 MPa;

Solve β by interpolation
0.65−β 0.65−0.85
= ; β=0.8
56−35 56−28
a
c= =¿32.966mm
β
Check assumptions by solving the strain of tensile and compression reinforcements:
fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es

0.003 ( d−c )
ε s= =¿ 0.0323
c

20
 ε s >ε y

∴ Assumption is correct !

' 0.003 ( c−d' )

ε=
s =¿ -0.00269
c
εs <εy
'

Not Ok ! Solve for the actual f 's

Since c <d ' ; Compression bars will behave as tension bars

2nd Assumption:
Assume 1st layer Tension steel yields ( f s=f y ; ε s> ε y )
Assume 2nd layer Tension steel doesn’t yield
C c =T s 1+T s 2

600 (d ' −c )
0.85 f 'c ( βc )( b )= A s f y + As ' { c }
c=73.899 mm
a=βc=59.119 mm
Check assumptions by solving the strain of compression reinforcements:
fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es

0.003 ( d−c )
ε s= =0.0127
c
ε s >ε y

∴ Assumption is correct !

' 0.003 ( d ' −c )

ε=
s =−0.000463
c

21
 εs <εy
'

∴ Assumption is correct !
Since c ¿ d ' ; 2nd layer tension bars will behave as compression bars

3rd Assumption:
Assume Compression steel does not yields ¿)
Assume Tension steel yields ( f s=f y ; ε s> ε y )
C c +C s =T s1

600( c−d ' )

'
0.85 f c ( βc )( b )+ A s ' { c }
−0.85 (f c ' ) =A s f y

c=¿76.032mm
a=βc=¿60.826mm

Check assumptions by solving the strain of compression reinforcements:

fy
ε y= =0.002
Es

0.003 ( d−c )
ε s= =0.0123
c
ε s >ε y

∴ Assumption is Correct !

0.003 ( c−d' )
ε 's= =0.000534 ε s < ε y '

c
∴ Assumption is correct !

600 ( c−d ' )

fs’ = =106.787MPa
c

Solve for Nominal Flexural Capacity ( M n)

a
M n=Cc d− ( )2
+ C s ' ( d−d ' )=¿ 218.432 KN .m

22
 0.003 rad
ϕ u= =3.946 x 10−5
c mm

Moment Curvature Graph

Mn
250

218.43
200
179.33
150

100

49.45
50 49.45

0
0.000E+00 1.000E-05 2.000E-05 3.000E-05 4.000E-05 5.000E-05

23