2017 Bibliography TransfHeatTransfer&Loading Pierce PDF

BIBLIOGRAPHY ON
TRANSFORMER HEAT TRANSFER AND LOADING

1895 – 2016
Compiled by:
Linden W. Pierce
IEEE Life Fellow
April 12, 2017

Rome, Georgia, USA
© 2017 by Linden W. Pierce. All rights reserved. Commercial sale and/or distribution of this
material by organizations or individuals is prohibited unless authorized by Linden W. Pierce.
The purpose of this report is to provide information to those conducting a study of Transformer
Heat Transfer and Loading.. Permission is granted to the IEEE Transformers Committee of the
IEEE Power and Energy Society to copy or distribute this material in any form. Permission is
granted to individuals to copy any portion of this report for their personal or professional use.
BIBLIOGRAPHY ON
1895 - 2016
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE v
1. TRANSFORMER HEAT TRANSFER – ALL TYPES 1
2. TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT AND THERMAL TEST PROCEDURES 3

2.1 Thermal Test Procedures 3
2.2 Resistance Measurements While Energized 8
2.3 Direct Measurement of Hottest Spot Temperature While Energized 9
2.4 Infrared Temperature Measurement 14
3. THEMAL PROPERTIES OF TRANSFORMER MATERIALS 16
4. CORE HEATING 21
5. CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER 24
6. DRY TYPE AND CAST RESIN TRANSFORMERS 27

6.1 Dry Type Transformers Product Descriptions 27
6.2 Heat Transfer in Small Dry Type Transformers 31
6.3 Heat Transfer in Large Dry Type Transformers 37
6.4 K-Factor Transformers 42
6.5 Cast Resin Transformers Product Descriptions 46
6.6 Heat Transfer in Cast Resin Transformers 49
6.7 Water Cooling of Dry Type and Cast Resin Transformers 50
7. OIL FILLED TRANSFORMERS – STEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER 52

7.1 Product Descriptions 52
7.2 Discussions of Heat Transfer in Oil Filled Transformers 59
7.3 Heat Transfer in Liquid Flow in Ducts or From Plates 62
7.4 Heat Transfer Analysis and Tests of Oil Filled Transformers 64
8. TRANSFORMERS FILLED WITH FLUIDS OTHR THAN MINERAL OIL 81

8.2 Heat Transfer with Fluids Other Than Mineral Oil 84
9. HEATING DUE TO LEAKAGE FLUX OR HIGH CURRENT CONDUCTORS 86
ii Copyright 2017 by Linden W. Pierce

10. TRANSFORMER COOLING EQUIPMENT AND CONTROLS 90
10.1 Radiators and Heat Exchangers - Product Descriptions 90
10.2 Radiators and Heat Exchangers - Heat Transfer 93
10.3 Water Cooled Heat Exchangers 96
10.4 Water Spray Cooling 97
10.5 Fans and Cooling System Controls 97
10.6 Transformer Pumps 99
10.7 Temperature Gages and Simulation of Winding Temperature 99
11. TRANSFORMER BUSHINGS – HEAT TRANSFER 103
12. SHORT CIRCUIT HEATING 105
13. TRANSIENT HEAT TRANSFER IN OTHER EQUIPMENT 108
14. TRANSIENT HEAT TRANSFER IN OIL FILLED TRANSFORMERS 111
15. ENVIORONMENTAL EFFECTS ON THERMAL PERFORMANCE 129

15.1 Solar Radiation, Paint, and Altitude Effects 129
15.2 Low Ambient Temperature Operation 131
15.3 Installations in Vaults and Enclosures 132
15.4 Waste Heat Utilization 135
15.5 Effects of Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GIC) 137
16. LOADING APPLICATIONS – OIL FILLED TRANSFORMERS 141

16.2 Loading Guides for Oil Filled Transformers 141
16.3 Discussions of Loading 142
16.4 Load Prediction and Planning 150
16.5 Ambient Temperature Prediction 156
16.6 Application of the Loading Equations 157
16.7 Systems for Monitoring Load and Temperature 170
17. SPECIAL LOADING APPLICATIONS 173

17.1 Cold Load Pickup 173
17.2 Unbalanced Loading 175
17.3 Loading Due to Frequent Motor Starting or Impact Loading 178
17.4 Transformers Connected to Generators 179
17.5 Effects of Overexcitation 180
17.6 Heating Due to Harmonic Load Currents 180
18. BURIED TRANSFORMERS 186
19. GAS COOLED AND INSULATED TRANSFORMERS 188

19.2 Gas Filled Transformers - Heat Transfer and Loading 191
20. VAPORIZATION COOLED TRANSFORMERS 194

20.2 Vaporization Cooled Transformers - Heat Transfer 196
iii Copyright 2017 by Linden W. Pierce
21. COOLING OF TRANSFORMERS WITH HEAT PIPES 198
22. SUPERCONDUCTING TRANSFORMERS, MAGNETS, AND COILS 198

22.2 Heat Transfer in Superconducting Transformers, Magnets, and Coils 203
23. ELECTROCONVECTION AND ELECTROHYDRODYNAMIC PUMPING 207
24. DIELECTRIC HEATING 210
25. HISTORY – SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHIES 210

25.1 Heat Transfer History 210
25.2 Insulation Aging and Model Life Studies 211
25.3 Standards for Thermal Evaluation of Insulation and Systems 212
25.4 Evolution of Gas From Insulation During Overloading 213
25.5 History of Transformers and Transformer Materials 214
25.6 Transformer Standards Development 1902 – 1945 218
iv Copyright 2017 by Linden W. Pierce

PREFACE
From 1965 through 2002 I accumulated numerous technical publications on transformer heat
transfer and loading and other subjects relating to transformers. Numerous visits were made to
the library at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta to search and acquire needed
references. This effort intensified in the years 1997 to 1999. I had a goal of acquiring or
identifying every publication on transformer heat transfer and loading. The Table of Contents of
numerous publications were manually checked and references acquired. In addition, abstracts of
transformer related articles were copied for every year from the following:
“Descriptive Index of Current Engineering Literature”, Vol. I, 1884 – 1891. Published by the
Association of Engineering Societies, Chicago.
“The Engineering Index” from 1896 to 1905. Published by The Engineering Magazine, New
York.
“Science Abstracts, Section B, Electrical Engineering” starting in 1903. This was later changed
to “Electrical and Electronic Abstracts, (EEA)”. These were published by the Institution of
Electrical Engineers, London. The last issue copied was 1999, No. 5.
My goal in 1999 was to include entries through the year 2000, and then make a bibliography
available to others in the transformer industry. This effort was interrupted by a consulting
contract starting in September 1999. In 2002 I retired from consulting and developed other
interests.
After my retirement from consulting, I continued my IEEE memberships in several societies of

the IEEE. I also continued to review papers for the editor of the IEEE Transactions on Power
Delivery. In February of 2017, I decided to complete the bibliography. I retrieved and edited
my files from 1999. I updated the bibliography to include entries from 1999 through 2016
published in the following IEEE publications:
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery

IEEE Power and Energy Magazine
IEEE Computer Applications in Power
IEEE Power Engineering Review
IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications
IEEE Industry Applications Magazine
IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation
IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine.
The citations used by the authors were added to the bibliography if applicable.
v Copyright 2017 by Linden W. Pierce

The entries in the bibliography are grouped into categories and then listed chronologically by
year. For each year, the entries are next listed alphabetically by the last name of the first author.
Abbreviations used are those typically used in IEEE technical papers. Some entries in this
bibliography contain numbers in parentheses at the end. These indicate the year and abstract
number in the Science Abstracts or Electrical and Electronic Abstracts (EEA). For example, the
1964 entry for “[1964] V. Gorio” near the bottom of page one gives at the end, “(1966-3203)”.
This means that abstract number 3203 was published in an issue for the year 1966.
The beginning date in the title of the bibliography is 1895 but literature searches started at 1884.
The earliest date of a publication on the subject, “Transformer Heat Transfer and Loading”, was
1895 by W. L. R. Emmet (see page 37). Early transformers were dry type and large units were
cooled by forced air and termed, “air-blast transformers”. Emmet reported thermal test results on
an air-blast transformer at the Niagara Falls Power Station The tests results indicated that the air
blast was necessary to prevent excessive temperatures.
Since 1999 the internet has made it easier to acquire references. Visits to engineering libraries
are not always necessary. IEEE members can view and print IEEE and AIEE technical papers
by accessing the IEEE Xplore™ Digital Library. The Transactions of the AIEE are available
back to the first year of 1884. Some publications with expired copyrights can be accessed on
https://books.google.com/ or https://archive.org/ .
I consider the bibliography to be thorough through the year 1998. Additional work is
recommended for the years after 1998. Issues of The Electrical and Electronic Abstracts (EEA)
after 1999 Issue No. 5 should be consulted to identify additional entries.
The purposes of this bibliography are to assist others in their research and to provide a historical
record of developments in the transformer industry. This bibliography is copyrighted, but I have
no intention to profit from its publication. Whether the work has commercial value, I cannot
judge. The copyright is to prevent unauthorized commercial sale or distribution by other parties.
My intention is that the bibliography be freely copied by individuals for their personal or
professional use..
I am very appreciative that the IEEE Transformers Committee of the IEEE Power and Energy
Society agreed to include the bibliography on their web site.
Linden W. Pierce
April 12, 2017
vi Copyright 2017 by Linden W. Pierce

BIBLIOGRAPHY ON
1895 – 2016
1. TRANSFORMER HEAT TRANSFER – ALL TYPES
References in this category consider multiple topics included in this bibliography.
[1928] H. Gewecke, "Cooling of transformers", A. E. G. Mitteilungen - Allegemeine Elektricitats-

Gresellschaft (Germany), No. 9, Sept. 1928, pp. 459-467. (all types discussed, liquid and dry type)
(1928-2052)
[1938] V. M. Montsinger, "Thermal characteristics of transformers", Chapter 9 of Transformer

Engineering by Blume, Boyajian, Camilli, Lennox, Minneci, and Monstinger, John Wiley & Sons,
First Ed., 1938 pp. 260-322. 10 refs.
[1945] H. B. Dwight, "Heat transfer", Chapter 9, pp. 50-56 of Electrical Coils and Conductors,
New York: McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc. 1945. 351 pp. 3 refs.
[1946] V. M. Montsinger, "Thermal characteristics of transformers", General Electric Review

(USA), Vol. 49, 1946; April, pp. 31-42; May, pp. 31-40; June, pp. 30-40. 13 refs. (1946-2550)
[1949] A. L. Morris, "Small power transformers for aircraft electrical equipment", Proc. IEE, Vol.
96, Part II, Power Engineering, 1949, pp. 413-422, disc. pp. 422-425.
[1951] V. M. Montsinger, "Thermal characteristics of transformers", Chapter 9 of Transformer

Engineering by Blume, Boyajian, Camilli, Lennox, Minneci, and Montsinger, John Wiley & Sons,
2nd Ed., 1951. pp. 275-351, 13 refs.
[1956] R. Kuchler, "Die Kuhlung, (The cooling)", Chapter 8 of Die Transformatoren, (The
Transformer), Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956, pp. 227-265. also pp. 312-318. xi + 321 pp. (in
German), 141 ref. in book. (1957-1848)
[1959] R. L. Bean, N. Chackan, H. R. Moore, E. C. Wentz, Transformers For The Electric Power
Industry, New York: McGraw Hill Book Company, 1959. Chapter 8, "Transformer temperature",
pp. 146-168; Chapter 9, "Loading, rating, and life", pp. 169-184. 15 refs.
[1959] G. A. van Riemsdijk, "Cooling methods for transformers and their application", Smit
Mededelingen (Netherlands) , Vol. 14, No. 3, July-Sept. 1959, pp. 77-85. (In Dutch), (1960-1215)
[1960] C. Rossier, "Cooling problems", Association Suisse des Electriciens Bulletin (Switzerland),
Vol. 51, No. 6, March 26, 1960, pp. 246-249. (In French) (1960-3963)
[1961] B. M. Weedy, “Basic considerations in determining the temperature in electrical machines”,

Bull. Elect. Eng. Educ.,. Vol. 26, June 1961, pp. 15-23. (about thermal analogues)
[1964] V. Gorio, "Cooling systems for power transformers", Elettrotecnica (Italy), Vol. 41, No. 10,
Oct. 1964, pp. 768-777. (In Italian) (1966-3203)
[1972] E. E. M. Dekuijper, "Design, tests and service considerations associated with temperature
rise and temperature distribution in transformers - paper presented in the name of study committee
no. 12", CIGRE, Aug. 28-Sept. 6, 1972, Paper 12-04, 15 pp. 27 refs.
1 Copyright 2017 by Linden W. Pierce
[1976] R. I. McNall, Jr., and R. L. Haumesser, "Interim report on development of high power, short
duty transformer/rectifier units", Proc. First IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference,
Lubbock, Texas, USA, 9-11, Nov. 1976, IEEE Cat. No. 76CH1147-8 Region 5, Paper IIE2. (Only
one page summary in proc.) (1978-5560)
[1976] G. Scoles, "The cooling of oil-filled electrical equipment with special reference to high
power pulse generators", Proc. First IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, Lubbock,
Texas, USA, 9-11, Nov. 1976, IEEE Cat. No. 76CH1147-8 Region 5, Paper IIIE, 10 pp. 2 refs.
(Descriptions of various methods of external cooling.) (1978-8750)
[1978] C. E. M. de Kuijper, "Duties of large transformers associated with load current, applied
voltage, frequency and cooling - medium temperatures: their consideration on specifications,
designs, testing, and operation, paper presented on behalf of study committee no. 12", CIGRE,
1978, paper 12-03, 11 pp. 22 refs.
[1984] T. Hurter, F. Viale, "Thermal aspects of large transformer, test procedures, hot spot
identification, permissible limits, their assessment in factory tests and service, overload limitations,
effects on cooling systems", CIGRE, 30th. Session, 1984, paper 12-13, 6 pp. 6 Refs.
[1987] K. Kiss, "Temperature rise and cooling of transformers", Chapter 6, pp. 351-535 of Large
Power Transformers, by. K. Karsai, D. Karenyi, and L. Kiss, Elsevier Science Publishing Co.
1987. 615 pp. 143 ref. in book.
[1990] J. Aubin, "Thermal aspects of transformers", CIGRE, Proc. of the 33rd. Session, Paris,
France, 26 Aug. - 1 Sept. 1990, Vol. 1, Paper 12-107, 5 pp. No refs.
[1993] W. M. Flanagan, "Thermal considerations", Chapter 9, 19 pp. of Handbook of Transformer

Design and Applications, McGraw Hill, New York, 2nd. ed. 1993. 40 refs. in book.
[1994] P. Kokelj and I. Turk, "Electrical simulation of heat field in electromagnetic devices",
Elektrotehniski Vestnik (Slovenia), Vol. 60, No. 4, pp. 189-195. (1994-44257)
[1995] CIGRE Working Group 12.09, “Thermal aspects of transformers”, Tech. Brochure No. 96,
1995.
[2009] E. I. Amoiralis, M. A. Tsli, and A. G. Kladas, “Transformer design and optimization: A

literature survey”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 24, No. 4, Oct. 2009, pp. 1999-2024. 425
refs. (Transformer cooling discussed on pp. 2006-2007. 54 refs.)
[2009] CIGRE Working Group A2.24, “Thermal performance of transformers”, Brochure 393,
2009.

2. TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT AND THERMAL TEST PROCEDURES
References in this section pertain to thermal test procedures. References giving thermal test results
are included elsewhere in this bibliography.
2.1 Thermal Test Procedures
[1902-1903] F. W. Carter, “Some notes on heat runs’, J. IEE, Vol. 32, 1902-1903, pp. 1104-1114.
[1905] C. W. Humphrey, "Transformer practice", Electrical World and Engineer (USA), Vol. 45,
April 8, 1905, pp. 681-682. (1905-773)
[1907] A. F. Gustrin, "Heating tests of transformers", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift, (Germany) Vol.

28, June 6, 1907, pp. 574-576. (In German) also in L'Eclairage Electrique (Paris), Vol. 52, July 20,
1907, pp. 95-97. (1907-787)
[1907] E. A. Reid, "Practical notes on transformer testing", The Electrical Engineer (GB), Vol. 39,
Feb. 1, 1907, pp. 159-161. (1907-559)
[1907] G. C. Shad, "Loading stationary induction apparatus for heat tests", The Electric Journal
(Pittsburgh, USA), Vol. 4, June 1907, pp. 346-351. 1 ref. (1907-920)
[1907] H. W. Tobey, "Notes on transformer testing", AIEE Trans., Vol. 26, 1907, pp. 1179-1189,
disc, pp. 1204-1205. 1 ref.
[1913] J. A. Capp and L. T. Robinson, "Thermocouples and resistance coils for the determination
of local temperatures in electrical machines", Trans. AIEE, Vol. 32 Pt. 1, Feb. 1913, pp. 185-190,
disc. pp. 358-409. 1 ref. (1913-633)
[1913] J. A. Capp and L. T. Robinson, “Thermocouples and resistance coils for the determination of
local temperatures in electrical machines.”, AIEE Proc., Vol. 32, March 1913, pp. 701-708.
[1913] C. Fortescue, "Correction of transformer temperatures for variation in room temperature,

taking into account both copper and iron losses", Trans. AIEE, Vol. 32, Part 1, Feb. 1913, pp. 227-
234, disc. pp. 358-409. 1 ref. (1913-412)
[1913] S. E. Johannsen and G. W. Wade, "Methods of determining temperature of transformers and

of cooling medium", Trans. AIEE, Vol. 32 Pt. 1, Feb. 1913, pp. 191-211, disc. pp. 358-409. 1 ref.
(1913-414)
[1913] W. D. Maxwell and R. A. Beekman, "Effect of room temperature on temperature rise of

motors and generators", Trans. AIEE, Vol. 32 Part I, 1913, pp. 259-278, disc. pp. 358-409. 1 ref.
[1913] W. M. McConahey and C. Fortescue, "Methods of determining temperature of

transformers", Trans. AIEE, Vol. 32 Part I, Feb 1913, pp. 213-225, disc. pp. 358-409. 1 ref.
[1913] W. M. McConahey, and C. Fortescue, "Sources of error in transformer tests", Trans. AIEE,
Vol. 32 Pt. 1, Feb. 1913, pp. 703-708, disc. pp. 725-729. no refs.
[1913] J.J.K. Madden, "Load tests on transformers", Trans. AIEE, Vol. 32, Feb. 1913, pp. 691-702,
disc. pp. 725-729. No refs. (1913-415)
[1913] "Rating and testing rules for electric machinery and transformers", Elektrotechnische
Zeitschrift (Germany), Vol. 34, April 17, 1913, pp. 451-454. (In German) (1913-632)
[1919] M. Jakob, "Surface temperature measurements in electrotechnics", Archiv fur Elektrotechnik
(Germany), Vol. 8, Aug. 28, 1919, pp. 126-132; Jan. 8, 1920, pp. 362-364. 16 refs. (In German)
(1921-46)
[1921] “Standards of the American Institute of Engineers, 1921 Revision”, AIEE Trans., Vol. 40,
1921, pp. 1539-1742. (Chapter VI, Standands for transformers and other stationary induction
apparatus, pp. 1635-1651. Temperature tests are described on pp. 1638-1642.)
[1922] E. J. Rutan, "Temperature in electrical apparatus and cables in service", AIEE Trans., Vol.
41, 1922, pp. 411-416, disc pp. 416-417. no refs. (tests on air blast units)
[1923] I. B. Smith, "Applications and limitations of thermocouples for measuring temperature",

AIEE Trans., Vol.42, 1923, pp. 349-356, disc. 356-357. No refs. (transformer windings discussed.)
[1926] J. L. Thompson, "Notes on the testing of transformers", J. IEE, Vol. 64, 1926, pp. 505-526,
disc. pp. 527-547. (Full load temperature runs, pp. 519-523.)
[1929] G. Camilli, "The testing of transformers, Part III: Heat runs", General Electric Review
(USA), Vol. 32, Dec. 1929, pp. 683-690. 1 ref. (Part I. Resistance, polarity, phase rotation, and ratio,
Sept. 1929, pp. 497-503; Part II. Core loss, exciting current, load loss and impedance. Oct. 1929, pp.
566-570). (1930-841)
[1929] W. Ford, "Methods of measuring temperature rise of electrical machinery", The Electrician
(GB), Vol. 103, Nov. 22, 1929, pp. 630-632. No refs. (1930-816)
[1931] P. Jacottet and F. Hillebrand, "Winding temperatures by resistance and thermometer",

Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift (Germany), Vol. 52, July 23, 1931, pp. 953-957. (In German) (1931-
2307)
[1932] N. P. Bailey, "The measurement of surface temperatures", Mechanical Engineering (USA),

Vol. 54, Aug. 1932, pp. 553-556. Also in The Engineer (GB), Vol. 154, Sept. 23, 1932, pp. 303-
304. 3 refs. (1933-63)
[1932] A. Guilbert, "Tests on machines and transformers", Congres International d'Electricite,

Paris, Sect. 2, Report No. 28, 1932, 17 pp. (1933-136)
[1934] M. Roseau, "Heating of transformers", Revue Generale De L'Electricite (France) , Vol. 36,
July 21, 1934, pp. 83-94; July 28, 1934, pp. 119-115. (In French) (1934-2335)
[1938] J. Ossana, "Supervision of transformer winding temperatures on load", Elektrotechnik und
Maschinenbau (Austria) , Vol. 56, Oct. 9, 1938, pp. 529-533. (In German) (1938-3501)
[1947] H. M. Beede and B. Cain, "Accuracy of temperature measurements on coil surfaces", AIEE
Trans., Vol. 66, 1947, pp. 586-590, disc. p. 590. 8 refs
[1951] AIEE Subcommittee on Methods of Making Temperature Rise Tests on Transformers,

"Provisional progress report on proposed changes of temperature rise tests on transformers - ASA
Transformer Standard C57.22", AIEE Winter General Meeting, New York, NY, USA, Jan. 22-26,
1951, AIEE paper 51-134, 12 pp. No refs.
[1951] J. Hassden-Teufel, "Testing of power transformers", Elektrotechnicky Obzor

(Czechoslovakia) , Vol. 40, No. 5-6, 1951, pp. 104-113. (In Czech)

[1952] H. K. Basu, "A comparative study of the different methods of heat-run tests on electrical
machines. II. Three phase transformers", Indian Journal of Physics (and Proceedings of the Indian
Association for the Cultivation of Science), Vol. 26, June 1952. pp. 283-290. (1953-2388)
[1953] AIEE Project Group, "ASA transformer standards C57.24 temperature rise tests on
transformers", Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol. 72, Jan. 1953, pp. 70-74. No refs. (1953-1423)
[1953] M. F. Beavers, "Measurement of ambient air temperature during temperature test on

transformers", AIEE Summer General Meeting, Atlantic City, NJ, USA, June 15-19, 1953,
Conference paper, No number. 23 pp. 4 refs.
[1954] M. R. Dickson, "An adjustable ambient-temperature thermometer for use when testing
transformers", Rep. Brit. Elect. Res. Assoc. Rep. Q/T 141. 1954. 13 pp. (1956-3297)
[1955] P. Hoftijzer, "Temperature rise tests on large transformers", Smit Mededelingen

(Netherlands) , Vol. 10e, No. 2, April-June, 1955, pp. 40-47. (In Dutch) (1956-528)
[1955] IEC Recommendations for Power Transformers, Clause V, “Limits of temperature rise” and
Clause VI, Temperature Measurements”, IEC Publiciton 76, 1955.
[1957] P. Hoftijzer, "Circuits for temperature-rise tests on large single-phase transformers", Smit
Mededelingen (Netherlands) , Vol. 12, O. 1, Jan.-March 1957, pp. 14-19. (In Dutch) (1957-4405)
[1958] W. Latek, "The increase of temperature in the windings of transformers and rectifiers",
Przeglad Elektrotechniczny (Poland) , Vol. 34, No. 4, 1958, pp. 2236-242. (In Polish) (1958-5114)
[1959] M. F. Beavers, "Measurement of ambient air temperature during temperature test on

transformers", AIEE Trans., Vol.78 Pt.III, Power Apparatus And Systems, No. 45, Dec. 1959, pp.
1021-1029, disc. p. 1029. 5 refs.
[1961] M. R. Dickson, "Lagged thermometers for temperature-rise tests on small transformers",

ERA Rep. (GB) Rep. Q/T 155, 1961, 4 pp. (1966-6974)
[1962] R. S. Farmer, "A transformer to test transformers", Westinghouse Engineer (USA), Vol. 22,
No. 4-5, July-Sept. 1962, pp. 119-121. No refs. (no thermal data) (1963-14363)
[1963] E. A. Man'kin, "Heat run tests for transformers feeding six-phase rectifiers", Vestnik
Elektropromyishlennosti (USSR), No. 4, April 1963, pp. 31-32. (In Russian) (1964-4352)
[1963] O. J. Tassicker, "Effect of inductance on the measurement of winding temperature in
electrical plant with special reference to transformers", IEE Proc., Vol. 110, No. 2, Feb. 1963, pp.
419-427. 7 refs.
[1964] C. E. M. DeKuijper, "The measurement of losses and temperature rise in large transformers
and reactors", Appendix III pp. 29-42 of CIGRE Paper 140, by E. T. Norris, "Report of the work of
the international study committee on transformers (no. 12)", CIGRE, 1964, Vol. II. 13 refs.
[1964] E. A. Man'kin and A. M. Ryvkin, "A revised standard on methods of testing power
transformers", Elektrotekhnika (USSR), No. 5, May 1965, pp. 21-24. (In Russian) (1964-9308)
[1964] L. Smith, E. Tobin, G. H. Hodgkinson, F. W. Taylor, I. R. Neill, J. T. Wilkins, and R. A.

Rogers, "Temperature rise tests on very large transformers", CIGRE, 1964, Vol. II, paper 101, 1964.
11 pp. No refs. (1964-8517)

[1964] O. J. Tassicker, "Measurements of winding temperatures by change of resistance",
improvements in technique with special reference to transformers", IEE Proc., Vol. 111, No. 8,
Aug. 1964, pp. 1454-1460. No refs. (1964-12135)
[1965] F. Huber, "Methods of measurement used for heat runs on transformers and the errors
involved", Brown Boveri Review (Switzerland), Vol. 52, No. 11-12, Nov./Dec. 1965, pp. 889-896. 8
refs. (In English) (1967-5710)
[1966] E. Cvoracek, "Temperature measurement on oil-immersed self-cooled transformers",

Energetika (Czechoslovakia), Vol. 16, no. 5, 1966, pp. 229-233. (In Czech) (1966-19890)
[1968] P. Hoftijzer, "An interesting temperature-rise test of a large three-winding transformer", Smit
Mededelingen (Netherlands), Vol. 23, No. 3, Sept. 1968, pp. 112-114. (In Dutch) (1969-1828)
[1968] G. Schemel, "Heat tests on large transformers", Bulletin Oerlikon (GB), No. 383/384, Oct.
1968, pp. 16-19. 5 refs. (1969-7028)
[1969] V. A. Vershov and V. M. Maksimov, "A heat run on power autotransformer type AODT TN
- 417000/750/500-64." Elektricheskie Stantsii (USSR) , No. 9, Sept. 1969, pp. 85-86. (In Russian)
(1970-23170)
[1970] A. S. Bochenko, "A test scheme for thermal type-testing of transformers", Elektrotekhnika
(USSR), No. 3, 1970, pp. 47-48. (In Russian) English translation in Soviet Electrical Engineering
(USA). (1970-33573)
[1971] E. T. Norris, "Temperature tests on power transformers", Electrical Review (GB), Vol. 188,
No. 17, April 23, 1971, pp. 549-550. 6 refs. (1971-24875)
[1971] J. Sawicki and W. Winlarski, "Arrangement for measuring and recording the current
transformer secondary winding temperature during short circuit test", Przeglad Elektrotechniczny
(Poland) , Vol. 47, No. 10, 1971, pp. 452-454. (In Polish) (1972-6346)
[1972] B. Sollergren, "Special report for group 12 (transformers)", CIGRE, Aug. 28 - Sept. 6, 1972,
paper 12-00, 11 pp. No refs.
[1972] E. Woschnags, "Automatic data collection in testing transformers and compensation

reactors", Brown Boveri Review (Switzerland), Vol. 59, No. 2/3, Feb./March 1972, pp. 104-108. 5
refs. (In English)
[1973] American National Standard Test Code for Distribution, Power, and Regulating
Transformers, IEEE 262-1973.
[1974] A. Bossi, "The measurement of partial unloading in power transformers", Elettrificazione

(Italy), No. 1, Jan. 1974, pp. 23-30. 15 refs. (In Italian)
[1974] E. Kiishinen, "Determining the temperature rise in a transformer winding using the
resistance method", Saehkoe Electricity in Finland (Finland), Vol. 47, No. 1, Jan. 1974, pp. 23-26. 4
[1973] S. A. Stigant and A. C. Franklin, "Temperature rise test", in The J&P Transformer Book,
New York: John Wiley & Sons, 10th edition, 1973, 770 pp. pp. 287-309, 315-318. No refs.
(Heating and cooling curve)
[1975] E. Higgins, "Testing transformer temperature", Radio & Electronics Constructor (GB), Vol.
28, No. 12, July 1975, p. 743. no refs. (1975-34927)
[1977] L. Imre, G. Danko, and P. Niedermaer, "Determination by measurement of heat transfer
coefficients on heat transferring surfaces of electrical machines and apparatuses", Elektrotechnika
(Hungary), Vol. 70, No. 5, May 1977, pp. 165-170. 11 refs. (In Hungarian) (1977-33540)
[1978] "Westinghouse finds coatings to show generator hot spots", Electric Light and Power
(USA), Vol. 56, No. 3, March 1978, p. 55.
[1979] C. Colombo, "Thermal check of high-capacity furnace transformers: Determination of

secondary winding temperature during acceptance test", Energia Elettrica (Italy), Vol. 56, No. 11-
12, Nov.-Dec. 1979, pp. 581-594. 25 refs. (In Italian) (1980-32930)
[1979] G. G. Davydenko and G. I. Kalaida, "Determination of the mean temperature of the winding
of a power transformer in a circuit with a controlling bridge", Problemy Tekhnicheskoi
Elektrodinamiki (USSR), No. 71, 1979, pp. 55-59. 3 refs. (In Russian) (1980-32950)
[1979] IEEE Standard Test Code for Dry Type Distribution and Power Transformers, Section 11,
“Temperature Tests”, ANSI/IEEE C57.12.91-1979.
[1981] D. J. Kraaij and G. S. Schemel, and F. M. Wesscheider, "The testing of power transformers
IX.", Elektrotechnik (Switzerland), Vol. 32, No. 4, May 1981, pp. 77-81. No Refs. (In German)
(1981-44142)
[1983] E. Woschnagg, "Average temperature measurement by resistance method of large

transformer windings", Elin-Zeitschrift (Austria), Vol. 35, No. 1-2, 1983, pp. 54-56. 2 refs. (In
German) (1983-58502)
[1984] K. Karsai and L. Schmidt, "Equipment for measuring the average temperature rise of coils",
Elektrotechnika (Hungary), Vol. 77, No. 3, March 1984, pp. 100-102. 5 refs. (In Hungarian) (1984-
57104)
[1989] Z. Godec, "The steady state temperature rise of instrument transformers", Elektrotehniski
Vestnik (Yugoslavia, Vol. 56, No. 1, Jan.-April 1989, pp. 37-39. 8 res. (1989-61044)
[1989] Z. Godec, "Measurement of large power transformer winding temperature by inductive

voltage correction method", ETZ Archiv (Germany), Vol. 11, No. 2, 1989, pp. 63-70. 19 refs. (In
English)
[1990] CIGRE Working Group 09 of Study Committee 12, “Heat-run test procedure for power
transformers”, CIGRE Electra (France), No. 129, March 1990, pp. 37-45. 6 refs. (In French and
English)
[1990] Z. Godec, "How to eliminate some systematic errors in transformer temperature rise
measurements", CIGRE, 1990, paper 12-101, 6 pp. 20 refs. (also heating and cooling)
[1993] IEC-76, Part 1, International Electroctechnical Commission, Power Transformers

Temperature Rise, Second Edition, 1993.
[1993] Power transformers—Part 2: Temperature rise, IEC 60076-2 (1993-04)
[1993] IEEE Standard Test Code for liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating
Transfoerers and IEEE Guide for Short Circuit Testing of Distribution and Power Transformers,
IEEE C57.12.90-1993. (Previous edition was 1987)
[1994] P. Nauert, How to specify a transformer heat run", Electrical World (USA) Vol. 208, No. 8,
Aug. 1994, pp.43, 45, 46. No refs..
[2001] IEEE Recommended Practice For Performing Temperature Rise Tests on Oil-Immersed
Power Transformers at Loads Beyond Nameplate, IEEE C57.119-2001.
[2011] Power transformers—Part 2: Temperature rise for liquid-immersed transformers, IEC

60076-2 ed. 3.0, Feb. 2011
[2011] IEEE Standard Test Code for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers, IEEE
C57.12.91-2011. (Previous editions were 1979, 1996, and 2001)
[2015] IEEE Standard Test Code for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating
Transformers, IEEE C57.12.90-2015. (Previous editions were 1999, 2006)
2.2 Resistance Measurements While Energized
References in this section refer to measurement of resistance to determine winding temperature

with the transformer in service or during a heat run test while energized.
[1928] A. Tauber-Gretler, "Temperature measurement of electrical machines and transformers

during operation", L'Elettrotecnica (Italy), Vol. 15, April 15, 1928, pp. 290-294. (In Italian) (1928-
1158)
[1948] A. M. Lockie and G. M. Stein, “Measuring transformer winding temperatures continuously

with the transformer carrying load”, AIEE Trans., Vol. 67, 1948, pp. 1608-1616, disc. pp.
1616-1620. (1949-2374)
[1951] C. Dietsch, H. Larrue, and M. Regent, "Precise determination of temperature of windings of

transformers in normal service for optimum utilization", Bulletin de la Societe Francaise des
Electriciens (Ser.7) (France) , Vol. 1, June 1951, pp. 257-272. (In French) (1951-3647)
[1951] J. De Rippe, "Measurement of the heating of the windings of a loaded transformer by the
injection of d.c..", Bulletin de la Societe Francaise des Electriciens (Ser.7) (France), Vol. 1, June
1951, pp. 273-278. (In French) (1951-3646)
[1952] C. Dietsch, H. Larrue, and M. Regent, “Measurement of the temperature of transformer

windings during normal conditions of operation”, CIGRE, 14th Convention, 1952. Vol. II, paper
No. 142, 42 pp, 3 refs. (1952-3601).
[1954] K. J. R. Wilkinson and J. D. Harmer, "Measurement of the winding resistances of a 132 kv

power transformer in service", Proc. IEE, Pt. II Power Engineering, Vol. 101, June, 1954, pp. 308-
320. No refs, (1954-885, 1954-2678)
[1955] L. Richard, "The measurement in service of the mean temperature of the windings of
transformers", Bulletin de la Societe Belge des Electriciens (Brussels), Vol. 71, No. 3, July-Sept.
1955, pp. 197-209. (In French) (1956-1693)
[1955] R. E. Seely, "A circuit for measuring the resistance of energized ac windings", AIEE Trans.,
Vol. 74, Pt. I, Communications and Electronics, May 1955, pp. 214-217, disc. pp. 217-218. No refs.
[1955] I. A. Syromyatnikov, "Determination of the mean temperature of windings from resistance",

Elektrichestvo (USSR) , No. 12, 1955, pp. 43-47. (In Russian) (1956-2121)
[1963] G. Colombo, "Determination of the temperature of transformer windings", Elettrotecnica
(Italy), Vol. 50, No. 12, Dec. 1963, pp. 763-768. (In Italian) (1964-13327) (1964-13327)
[1966] G. C. Cita, "The measurement of winding temperatures of electrical machines by the change
of resistance methods: sources of error and approximate results", Elettrotecnica (Italy), Vol. 53, No.
7, July 1966, pp. 472-481. (In Italian) (1967-18250)
[1967] G. Colombo, "A device for measuring and recording the copper temperature of transformers
in operation", Energia Elettrica (Italy), Vol. 44, No. 2, Feb. 1967. (1967-18351)
[1968] E. Reiplinger, "Measuring device for determining the temperature rise of transformer
winding during operation", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift. Ausgabe B: Der Elektrotechniker
(Germany), Vol. 20, No. 20, Oct. 1968, pp. 545-549. (In German) (1969-1818)
[1970] G. J. Johnson, "Determination of temperature rise of energized transformers by the

temperature change method", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-89, No. 2,
Feb. 1970, pp. 336-340. 4 refs. (1970-15928)
[1972] A. Sezai and T. Ishida, "Temperature rise of AC feeding transformer windings", Quarterly
Report of the Railway Technical Research Institute (Japan), Vol. 13, No. 2, June 1972, pp. 118-119.
(1972-41751)
[1973] K. Limbora and P. Fousek, "Temperature measurement of transformer windings under the
influence of load", Elektrotechnicky Obzor (Czechoslovakia) , Vol. 62, No. 8, Aug. 1973, pp. 474-
480. 2 refs. (In Czech) (1973-37458)
[1973] B. P. Raju and H. W. Kerr, "On load measurement of temperature rise of heavy current
transformer lv windings", Conference on Diagnostic Testing Of High Power Apparatus In Service,
6-8 March 1973, IEE Conf. Pub. 94, Part I, pp. 89-91, disc. part II. pp. 95-99. 4 refs. (1973-15326)
[1973] A. M. Ufimtsev, “Methods and results of heat runs on power transformers”, Soviet Power
Engineering (USA), Vol. 2, No. 6, June 1973, pp. 425-428. 4 refs. English translation of
Elektricheskie Stantsii (USSR) ,No. 6, 1973, pp. 52-56. (In Russian) (1973-31235)
[1984] M. Skala, "Design of 5 MVA variable voltage furnace transformer with check of winding
temperature during operation", Czechoslovak Heavy Industry (Czechoslovakia), No. 4, 1984, pp.
16-19. no refs. (1984-45470)
2.3 Direct Measurement of Hottest Spot Temperature While Energized

References in this section describe methods for directly measuring the winding hottest spot
temperarture while the transformer is energized References with thermal data by these methods is
included in sections 7 or 14.
[1924] R. L. Frisby, "Determining hot spot temperatures", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 84, No. 7,
Aug. 16, 1924, pp. 318. No refs. (in generators using imbedded resistance detectors without direct
reading gage).
[1965] R. F. Grady and M. G. Cramp, "Direct measurement of generator winding temperature using
a miniature transmitter", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-84, 1965, pp.
1073-1079, disc. pp. 1079-1080. 5 refs.
[1966] K. Limbors, "Further development of the method of measuring the local temperatures in
winding of high-and very-high voltage transformers", 11th Internationales Wissenschaftliches
Kolloquium Elektrische Maschinen, Teil 2, Ilmenan, 17-21 Oct. 1966, pp. 1-9. (1969-5938)

[1967] P. H. G. Allen, "Heat transfer in electrical machines - some recent developments in
Czechoslovakia", Electrical Times (GB), Vol. 151, No. 19, May 11, 1967, pp. 755-757. 8 refs.
[1968] G. Colombo, "Preliminary considerations and experience with apparatus for measuring and
recording the temperature of a transformer core on load", 1st. Elettrotec. Fac. Ingegn. Univ. Roma
Rapp Interno (Italy) No. 51, pt. 1, June 1968. (In Italian) (1969-5935)
[1972] A. Caballeira and J. Galand, "Remote determination of temperatures in different points of an

insulation", Revue Generale De L'Electricite (France) , Vol. 81, No. 1, Jan. 1972, pp. 42-47. 2 refs.
(In French) (1972-22615)
[1974] P. H. G. Allen, and K. Havlicek, "Hottest spot technique for better transformer utilization",
Electrical Review (GB), Vol. 194, No. 21, June 7, 1974, pp. 647-650. 14 refs. (Also, Electrical
India (India), Vol. 19, No. 24, 31 Dec. 1979, pp. 15-19. (1974-35615, 1980-42562)
[1976] B. F. Hampton and D. R. Medhurst, "The Vaportherm method of measuring directly the
temperature of an EHV transformer winding", CEGB Technical Disclosure Bulletin (Central
Electricity Generating Board, London), No. 266, Aug. 1976. 6 pp. no refs. (1976-50411)
[1976] "Monitoring the winding temperature of high-voltage transformers", Soviet Power

Engineering (USA), Vol. 5, No. 11, Nov. 1976, pp. 678-680. 5 refs. English translation of
Elektricheskie Stantsii (USSR), No. 11, Nov. 1976, pp. 84-86. (In Russian) (1977-8078)
[1977] R. Bell and M. Bertin, "Transformer hot spot detector", EPRI Report El-573, October 1977,
Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif., USA.
[1978] V. Jankovsky, "Determining the operational capability and overload capacity of power
transformers on the basis of maximum temperature of cooling oil", Energetika (Czechoslovakia),
Vol. 28, No. 4, April 1978, pp. 176-180. 8 refs. (In Slovak) (Probes in oil channels for hot spot
measurement) (1978-36618)
[1978] K. A. Wickersheim, "Optical temperature measurement technique utilizing phosphors",

United States Patent No. 4,075,493, Feb. 21, 1978.
[1978] "Acoustic hot-spot detection of transformers impractical", Electric Light and Power (USA),
Vol. 56, No. 3, March 1978, pp. 46. No refs.
[1979] N. S. Lidorenko, Y. A. Komarov, V. M. Krylov, G. G. Muchnik, "Optoelectronic methods

and thermometry devices for large voltage transformers", Power Engineering (USA), Vol. 17 No. 6,
1979, pp. 48-53. 9 refs. English translation of Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR. Energetika I
Transport (USSR), No. 17 No. 6, 1979, pp. 58-64. (In Russian) (1981-4695)
[1979] E. W. Saaski and R. L. Skaugset, "An optical temperature sensor for high voltage
applications", 7th. IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition, Atlanta,
GA, USA, 1-6 April 1979. pp. 208-212. 5 refs. (1979-29253)
[1979] A. Sezai and J. Aikawa, "Temperature measuring apparatus for feeding transformer
windings in railway systems", Quarterly Report of the Railway Technical Research Institute
(Japan), Vol. 20, No. 4, Dec. 1979, pp. 180-181. No refs. (1980-41778)
[1979] D. A. Yanucci and J. H. Thompson, “A passive hottest spot detector for transformers", 7th.
IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition, Atlanta, GA, USA, 1-6 April
1979, pp. 192-199. 2 refs. (1979-29252)

[1979] D. A. Yannucci and J. H. Thompson, "Hot spot detector helps predict transformer life",
Electric Light and Power (USA), Vol. 57, No. 9, Sept. 1979, pp. 60-61.
[1980] K. A. Wickersheim, "Optical temperature measurement technique utilizing phosphors",

United States patent 4,215,275, July 29, 1980.
[1982] D. J. Allan, "General report of group 12 (transformers)", CIGRE Electra (France), Dec.
1982, pp. 96-101. no refs. (In French and English) (For 1982 Session)
[1982] Luxtron Corporation, "Evaluation of a fluoro thermometer as a hot spot sensor for power
transformers", EPRI Report El-2443, "Basic transformer life characteristics", Vol. 2, June 1982,
Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif., USA. 3 refs.
[1982] "Fiber-optic temperature sensor developed", Transmission & Distribution (USA), Vol. 34,
No. 7, July 1982, p. 14.
[1983] K. Kyuma, S. Tai, M. Nunoshita, K. Sato, and K. Yoshinaga, "The principles and
applications of fiber optic sensors", Mitsubishi Denki Giho (Japan), Vol. 57, No. 10, 1983, pp. 730-
734. 14 refs. (In Japanese) (1984-22169)
[1984] W. J. McNutt, J. C. McIver, G. E. Leibinger, D. J. Fallon, and K. A. Wickersheim, "Direct

measurement of transformer winding hot spot temperature", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and
Systems, Vol. PAS-103, No. 6, June 1984, pp. 1155-1162. 12 refs.
[1985] M. H. Sun, J. H. Kim, and C. L. Sandberg, "Advances in FluoropticTM thermometry: new

applications in temperature measurement", Instrument Society of America Trans. (USA), Vol. 25,
No. 1, 1986, pp. 41-45. 7 refs. (1986-50238)
[1985] K. A. Wickersheim, S. O. Heinemann, H. N. Tran, and M. H. Sun, "Second generation

FluoropticTM thermometer", DIGITECH '85. Northeastern Conference and Exhibit on Industrial
Instrumentation and Control, Boston, Mass., May 14-16, 1985, pp. 87-94, Instrument Society of
America paper 85-0072, 7 refs.
[1985] K. Wickersheim and M. Sun, "Phosphors and fiber optics remove doubt from difficult
temperature measurements", Research & Development (USA), Vol. 27, No. 11, November 1985,
pp. 114-119. 11 Refs.
[1986] "Optical temperature sensors for transformers", Electric Power Research Institute Report
EPRI-EL-4376, Palo Alto, CA, USA, 31 Jan. 1986, 36 pp. (1986-39913)
[1986] "Ruggedized optical temperature sensor for transformers", Electric Power Research Institute
Report EPRI-EL-4377, Palo Alto, Calif., USA, 31 Jan. 1986. 40 pp. (1986-39912)
[1987] E. T. Norton and K. A. Wickersheim, "Improved fiber optic temperature measurement

systems for monitoring winding temperatures in medium and large transformers", IEEE Trans. on
Power Delivery, Vol. PRWD-2, No. 3, July 1987, pp. 831-835. 12 refs.
[1987] "Evaluation of an acoustic resonance temperature sensor for transformers", Electric Power
Research Institute Report EPRI-EL-5353, Palo Alto, Calif., USA, 15 Sept 1987, 104 pp. (1988-
11273)
[1987] "Transformer temperature can be measured when operational", Elteknik (Denmark), Vol. 4,
No. 10, Oct. 1987, pp. 6-11. 11 refs. (In Dutch) (1988-11263)

[1988] H. Schad, "Fiber optical distributed temperature sensing of temperature profile of a
transformer model coil", Proc. SPIE, International Society of Optical Engineers (USA), Vol. 985,
pp. 64-68. Fiber Optic and Laser Sensors VI, Boston, MA, 6-7 Sept. 1988. 8 refs. (1989-72690)
[1989] I. Korcekova, "The latest methods for computing and measuring the temperature in
transformer windings", Elektrotechnicky Casopis (Czechoslovakia), Vol. 40, No. 9, 1989, pp. 703-
709. 21 refs. (1990-33820)
[1989] H. Schad, "Optical-fiber measurement of the temperature profile of a transformer model

coil", Bulletin des Schweizerischen Elektrotechnischen Vereins & des Verbandes Schweizerischer
Elektrizitaetswerke (Switzerland), Vol. 80, No. 7, 8 April 1989, pp. 377-379. 8 refs. (In German)
(1989-78315)
[1989] T. Shimonaka, "Monitoring for equipment temperature increase by sensor", Railway &
Electricity (Japan), Vol. 43, No. 3, 1989, pp. 12-14. 1 ref. (In Japanese) (1989-78323)
[1990] CIGRE Working Group 09 of Study Committee 12, "Direct measurement of the hot-spot
temperature of transformers", CIGRE Electra (France), No. 129, March 1990, pp. 47-51. (In French
and English)
[1990] S. R. Lindgren, G. I. Addis, S. L. Nilsson, and E. M. Petrie, "Determination of reliable

transformer capacity through direct hot spot measurement and safe loading limits", CIGRE, 26
Aug. – 1 Sept. 1990, Paper 12-104. (1992-8120)
[1990] A. Miyachi and A. Ito, "Application of fiber optic sensors in high voltage fields", Takaoka
Review (Japan), Vol. 37, No. 1, 1990, pp. 87-94. 5 refs. (In Japanese) (1990-47016)
[1990] S. Nilsson, "Substation equipment diagnostics", IEEE Power Engineering Review, Vol. 10,
No. 9, Sept. 1990, p. 14. No refs.
[1990] J. H. M. Slangen, "Hot spot measurement", Elektrotechniek (Netherlands), Vol. 68, No. 6,
June 1990, pp. 543-547. (In English) 6 refs. (1990-1115)
[1990] A. White, M. R. Daniels, G. Bibby, S. Fisher, "Thermal assessment of transformers",

CIGRE, 1990, Paper 12-105, 6 pp. 7 refs.
[1991] K. A. Wickersheim, "Recent development in fiber optic monitoring of winding temperatures

in power transformers", EPRI Workshop on Optical Sensing in Utility Applications, San Francisco,
Calif., USA, May 14, 1991, 16 pp. 13 refs.
[1991] K. A. Wickersheim, "Application of fiber optic thermometry to the monitoring of winding

temperatures in medium and large power transformers", Proceedings of the SPIE - The
International Society for Optical Engineering (USA), Vol. 1584, 1991, pp. 3-14, (Fiber Optic and
Laser Sensors IX, Boston, MA, USA, 3-5 Sept. 1991) 13 refs. (1992-74263)
[1992] A. Fitch, W. Basey, and W. W. Nicolls, "Distributed temperature measurement on a power

cable using optical fibers incorporated in the construction", Sixth International Conference on
Dielectric Materials, Measurements, & Applications, Manchester, U. K., 7-10 Sept. 1992, IEE
Conf. Pub. 363, pp. 282-285. 6 refs.
[1992] A. Ito, M. Oda, K. Terasawa, "Direct temperature measurements of transformer windings by

fiber optic thermometer", Takaoka Review (Japan), Vol. 39, No. 1, 1992, pp. 70-76. 4 refs. (In
Japanese) (1992-34483)

[1992] J. F. Troisi, "Experience with fiber optic hot-spot sensors in 450 MVA Smit transformer",
1992 Doble Engineering Conference, Boston, Mass., USA, paper 6C, 12 pp. 8 refs. (factory and
field test data)
[1993] T. Sankai, H. Nagata, and H. Suzuki, "Direct temperature measurement of mould

transformer high voltage windings by means of an optical fiber thermometer", Takaoka Review
(Japan), Vol. 40, No. 3, 1993, pp. 72-76. No refs. (In Japanese) (1993-78455)
[1993] "1992 PES student paper award to Shayne X. Short" (for paper titled "A new method for
online temperature sensing in power transformers: experimental results", IEEE Power Engineering
Review, Vol. 13, No. 4, April 1993, pp. 29-30.
[1993] "Fiberoptic sensors. Advanced optical sensing technology shows potential for improved
power system monitoring and diagnostic applications", IEEE Power Engineering Review, Vol. 13,
No. 8, August 1993, pp. 9,10. (Reprinted from EPRI Technology Brief Project RP8004, Jan. 1993)
[1994] D. Bouilleret, J. Poittevin, H. Fevrier, and A. Tardy, "Fiber optic measurement sensors:
recent experience in the electrical equipment field", GEC ALSTROM Technical Review (France),
No. 14, June 1994, pp. 49-60. no refs. (1994-87242)
[1994] M. P. Saravolac, "The use of optic-fibers for temperature monitoring in power transformers",
IEE Colloquium on Condition Monitoring and Remanent Life Assessment of Power Transformers,
London, UK, 22 March 1994, IEE Digest No. 1994/075, P. 7/1-3. 3 refs. (1994-47949)
[1995] A. A. Bolarski, G. Pilate, T. Fink, and N. Nilsson, "Temperature measurements in power

plant equipment using distributed fiber optic sensing", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 10, No.
4, Oct. 1995, pp. 1771-1778. 9 refs.
[1996] T. E. Hammon and A. D. Stokes, "Optical fiber brass grating temperature sensor
measurements in an electrical power transformer using a temperature compensated optical fibre
brass grating as a reference", OFS-11, Eleventh International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors
- Advanced Sensing Photonics, Sapporu, Japan, 21-24 May 1996, Vol. 1, pp. 566-569. 1 ref. (1997-
80738)
[1996] "Distributed fiber optic temperature measurement", IEEE Power Engineering Review, Vol.
16, No. 9, Sept. 1996, p. 26. (Reprinted from an article by S. Le Peurian and E. Garnero in Feb.
1996 issue of LAB ECHO, a publication of Electricite de France.)
[1997] J. Reason, "Measure hot-spots directly in cost effective transformer maintenance", Electrical
World (USA), Vol. 211, No. 10, Oct. 1997, pp. 17-18,22,24,26,28-30.
[1997] V. V. Sebko, I. V. Mashneva, O. L. Bagmet, and I. I. Moskalenko, "Calculation of the

characteristics of an electromagnetic temperature transducer", Measurement Techniques (USA),
Vol. 40 No. 1, Jan. 1997, pp. 79-84. 8 refs. English translation of Izmeritel'naya Teknika (Russia),
No. 1, Jan. 1997, pp. 53-56. (In Russian) (1998-8441)
[1998] T. H. Dubaniewicz, P. G. Kovalchik, L. W. Scott, and M. A. Fuller, "Distributed

measurement of conductor temperatures in mine trailing cables using fiber-optic technology", IEEE
Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 34, No. 2, March/April 1998, pp. 395-397. 3 refs.
[1998] B. Koch, "Transformer hot-spot probes optimize loading, economics", Electrical World
(USA), Vol. 212, No. 2, Feb. 1998, pp. 22-24,26,28. (1998-54702)

[1998] G. McDonald, "Toward increased reliability in the electric power industry: direct
temperature measurement in transformers", Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for
Optical Engineering (USA), Vol. 3414, 1998, pp. 107-111. (OPTO - Contact: Workshop on
Technology Transfers, Start Up Opportunities and Strategic Alliances, Quebec, Canada, 13-14 July
1998). 1 ref. (1999-21609)
[2000] S. Blackburn, “Measure hot spots with light”, Electrical World, Vol. 214, No.4, July/Aug.
2000, p. 64.
2.4 Infrared Temperature Measurement
Instruments detecting infrared radiation are used to indicate temperatures and diagnose overheated
parts for electrical equipment in service.
[1968] H. Thomann and B. Brisk, "Measurement of heat transfer with an infrared camera",
International Journal Heat and Mass Transfer (GB), Vol. 11, 1968, pp. 819-826. 7 refs. (Model in
wind tunnel, not electrical.)
[1972] G. D. Nutter, "Radiation thermometry", Mechanical Engineering (USA), Vol. 94, No. 6,
June 1972, pp. 16-23. 32 refs.
[1972] R. Toole and J. C. Bennett, "Airborne scanner detects transmission line problems",
Transmission and Distribution (USA), Vol. 24, No. 4, April 1972, pp. 48-49. No refs.
[1973] R. H. Waring and S. Ormiston, "Diagnostic testing in the electricity supply industry using
infra-red techniques", Conference on Diagnostic Testing of High Voltage Power Apparatus in
Service, London, March 6-8, 1973, Power Division of British Institute of Electrical Engineers and
IEEE, pp. 200-210, Paper No. 200. No refs.
[1973] "Infrared preventive maintenance", Transmission and Distribution (USA), Vol. 25, No. 8,
August 1973, p. 26
[1982] W. K. Simon and G. A. Whitaker, "Detection of electrical problems using an infrared

scanner", 29th. Annual Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference, St. Louis, MO, USA, Aug. 30-
31, Sept. 1, 1982, IEEE Pub. 82CH1816-8, pp. 261-264. 5 refs.
[1983] R. H. Carpenter, “Plant life monitoring and extension”, Colloquium on "Resource

Conservation for the Electrical Engineer", London, 19 April 1983, IEE, P. 7/1-3. (1983-37682)
[1983] R. Peterson, "Infrared scan pinpoints transformer problem", Transmission & Distribution
(USA), Vol. 35, No. 1, Jan. 1983, p. 36, 49. no refs. (1983-28389)
[1986] R. A. Faccinto, "The use of infrared thermography in evaluating substation transformers",

Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering (USA), Vol. 581,
1986, pp. 103-107. no refs. (1987-15833)
[1986] D. Pommier, "Infrared thermography and power electronics", Electronique de Puissance

(France), No. 18, Dec. 1986, pp. 44-47. No refs. (In French) (1987-37603)
[1986] S. A. Seeber, "Infrared testing: the least-cost approach to effective electrical maintenance",
IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Conf., Cleveland, Ohio, May 4-7, 1986, IEEE Cat.
No. 86CH2279-8, pp. 111-117. 3 refs.

[1987] K. Irani, "You don't have to touch an object to see how hot it is", Research & Development
(USA), Vol. 29 No. 2, Feb. 1987, pp. 134-136.
[1987] W. S.Jarosynski, "Measure temperatures radiometrically", Machine Design (USA), Vol. 59,
No. 6, July 9, 1987, pp. 114,116,119. No refs.
[1990] C. R. Dawson, "Reducing electrical failures with infrared inspection", Plant Engineering
(USA), Vol. 44, No. 15, Aug. 16, 1990, pp. 82-85. 1 ref.
[1992] A. C. Teich, "Quantitative infrared inspection", Plant Engineering (USA), Vol. 46, No. 1,
Jan. 16, 1992. pp. 89-91. 1 ref.
[1993] "Mobile infrared system speeds inspection", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 207, No. 3,
March 1993. pp. 44-46. No refs. (Dry type transformer example.)
[1993] K. Leary, "Power distribution systems need preventive maintenance too", Plant Services
(USA), Vol. 14, No. 12, Dec. 1993, pp. 45,48-50. No refs.
[1993] E. Palko, "Thermography instruments for predictive maintenance", Plant Engineering
(USA), Vol. 47, No. 13, Aug. 12, 1993, pp. 64-68. No refs.
[1994] R. Bushling and K. Sikkink, "Non-contact temperature sensor basics", Process Heating
(USA), May/June 1994, p. 48-50,52,53. No refs.
[1994] S. K. Ghosh and P. J. Galesk, "Criteria for selection of infrared camera system", Conference
Record of the 1994 Industry Applications Conference, Twenty-Ninth IAS Annual Meeting, Denver,
Colo., USA, Oct. 2-5, 1994, IEEE Pub. 94CH34520, Vol. 3, PP. 1893-1897. 7 refs.
[1994] F. Laird, "Infrared temperature measurement and imaging", Sensors, The Journal of Applied
Sensing Technology (USA), Vol. 11, No. 8, August 1994. 4 pp. No refs.
[1995] F. M. Deskins, S. P. Patel, and T. R. Bode, "Use of infrared thermal image tests and
dissolved gas-in-oil analysis to detect abnormal conditions in transformer load tap changers", Proc.
Sixty-Second Annual International Conference of Doble Clients, Boston, Mass., USA, March 27 -
31, 1995, Paper 8-16, 8 pp. 3 refs.
[1995] R. Toth, "Infrared system helps with energy efficiency", Transmission & Distribution
(USA), Vol. 47, No. 4, April 1995, pp. 40,42,44. No refs.
[1995] R. Toth, "Thermography, the predictive maintenance tool", Power Quality Assurance
(USA), Vol. 6, No. 4, July/Aug. 1995, pp. 73-74. No refs.
[1996] "Bushing problems", Spectrum, Academy of Infrared Thermography, Vol. 2, Issue 3, August
1996. p. 7.
[1997] R. A. Epperly, G. E. Heberlein, and L. G. Eads, "A tool for reliability and safety: Predict and
prevent equipment failures with thermography", Conference record IEEE IAS 44th. Annual
Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference, Baniff, Alberta, Canada, Sept. 15-17, 1997,IEEE
Cat. No. 97CH36128, pp. 59-68. 9 refs.
[1997] N. T. Moja and A. J. Willis, "Classification of thermally condition monitored components

using statistical and neural network techniques", Proceedings of the SPIE - The International
Society for Optical Engineering (USA), Vol. 3164, 1997, pp. 573-581. (Applications of Digital
Image Processing XX, San Diego, Ca, USA, 30 July - 1 Aug. 1997) (1998-83279)

[1998] C. Vaughn, “Making the most of thermal imaging”, Power Quality Assurance, Vol. 19, No.
2, March/April 1998, pp. 66-70.
[1999] R. A. Epperly, G. E. Heberlein, and L. G. Eads, "Thermography, a tool for reliability and
safety", IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, Vol. 5, No. 1, Jan./Feb. 1999, pp. 28-36. 9 refs.
[1999] M. Hohmann, "Infrared thermometry for electrical maintenance", Electrical Construction

and Maintenance, Vol. 98 No. 9, August 1999, pp. 34,36,37. No refs.
[1999] “Out, out, hot spot”, Electrical World (USA), Vol. 213, No. 2, March/April 1999, pp. 56, 57.
no. refs.
2. THERMAL PROPERTIES OF TRANSFORMER MATRIALS
[1906] W. Browning, "Notes on electrical conductivity", J. IEE, Vol. 37, 1906, pp. 372-379. 1 ref.
[1907] T. T. Barlow, "The heat conductivity of iron stampings", J. IEE, Vol. 40, 1907-1908, pp.
601-621, disc. pp. 621-624. 6 refs.
[1907] W. Browning, "Further notes on electrical conductivity; stationary contacts, oiled and dry",
J. IEE, Vol. 39, 1907, pp. 678-691. 1 ref.
[1910] W. P. Digby and D. B. Mellis, "The physical properties of switch and transformer oils", J.
IEE, Vol. 45, 1910, pp. 165-203, disc. pp. 203-215. no refs. (1910-643)
[1912] W. D. Symons and M. Walker, "The heat paths in electrical machinery", J. IEE, Vol. 48,
1912, pp. 674-718, disc. pp. 718-746. 13 refs. Also Electrician, Vol. 68, Jan. 26, 1912, pp. 622-625.
(1913-1242)
[1913] C. P. Randolph, "Conduction of heat and thermal resistivity", General Electric Review
(USA), Vol. 16, Feb. 1913, pp. 120-126. Also in American Electrochemical Society Trans. (USA),
Vol. 21, 1912, p. 545-542, disc. pp. 553-555. 7 refs. (1913-594)
[1919] F. B. Silsbee and R. K. Honaman, "Methods of measuring the conductivity of insulating

materials at high temperatures", Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, Vol. 9, May 4,
1919, pp. 252-266. (1919-516)
[1919] (T. S. Taylor) "The thermal conductivity of insulating and other materials, The Electric
Journal (Pittsburgh), Vol. 16, 1919, pp. 526-532. 1 ref. (1920-374)
[1919] T. S. Taylor, "Thermal conductivity of insulating and other materials", The Electric Journal
(Pittsburgh), Vol. 16, Dec. 1919, pp. 526-532. The Electrical Review, Chicago, Vol. 75, Dec. 27,
1919, pp. 1054-1056. ASME Journal, Vol. 42, Jan. 1920, pp. 8-10. (1920-374)
[1921] P. Janet, "Thermal conductivity of insulation material", Revue Generale De L'Electricite

(France), Vol. 9, March 19, 1921, pp. 393-402. (In French) (1921-487)
[1921] R. Jouaust, "Thermal conductivity of insulating materials, Bulletin de la Societe Francaise

des Electriciens (France), Vol. 1, Feb. 1, 1921, pp. 67-88. (In French) (1921-803)
[1923] British Electrical and Allied Industries Research Association, "Report of researches on the
chemical and physical properties of insulating oils", J. IEE, Vol. 61, 1923, pp. 661-674. 3 refs.

[1930] British Electrical And Allied Industries Research Association, "The thermal resistivity of
solid dielectrics, Report L/T 41", J. IEE, Vol. 68, 1930, pp. 1313-1355. 15 refs. (1931-207)
[1934] F. M. Clark, "Development and application of synthetic liquid dielectrics", Trans. of the
American Electrochemical Society (USA), Vol. 65, 1934, pp. 59-70, disc. pp. 70-71. 10 refs.
[1938] A. F. Benning and R. C. McHarness, "The thermodynamic properties of "Freon™" 113

(CCl2F-CClF2)", Dupont Technical Brochure T-113A. 1938. (reprinted 1976). 12 pp. no refs.
[1940] F. Meyer, "Fluid filling-media for electrical apparatus", J. IEE, Vol. 86, no. 520, April 1940,
pp. 313-320, disc. pp. 320-326.
[1953] J. Hapl, "Cooling of transformers with synthetic oils", Elektrotechnicky Obzor

(Czechoslovakia) , Vol. 42, No. 11, 1953, pp. 632-635. (1954-4557)
[1954] Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory Inc., "Guide manual of cooling methods for electronic
equipment", Report HF-710-D-46, 1 April 1954, Published as NAVSHIPS 900,190, 31 March 1955.
(Data on Freons™ on pp. 134 and 189).
[1957] M. P. Madan, "Simple bridge method for the measurement of thermal conductivity of gases
and gas mixtures", Journal of the Franklin Institute (USA), Vol. 263, No. 3, March 1957, pp. 207-
212. 8 refs.
[1957] P. D. Wilmot and N. G. H. Thomas, "Synthetic fluids for transformer cooling. I. The
properties of 'Pyroclor'", The Engineer (GB) ,Vol. 203, No.5277, 15 March 1957, pp. 410-412. 11
refs.
[1958] P. H. G. Allen, "The thermal properties of high voltage insulants", Proc. IEE, Vol.105 Part
C, No.7, March 1958, pp. 35-45. 29 refs.(1957-4465)
[1958] "Electrical conductivity of liquid insulators at 0 C", Electrical Times, Vol. 134, Aug 28,
1958, p. 301. No refs.
[1961] H. Reuther, "Fluorocarbon as electrical insulation", Elektrie (Germany), Vol. 15, No. 6, June
1961, pp. 184-186. (In German)
[1961] “Thermally conductive cast-resin compounds for heat dissipation", Electro-Technology

(USA), Vol. 67, No. 4, April 1961, pp. 148-152. 4 refs.
[1962] E. D. Brown, Jr., "New silicone fluids for dielectric cooling under extreme conditions", 4th
Electrical Insulation Conference, 1962, pp. 182-184. Paper AIEE T-137-78. no refs.
[1962] E. C. Coyner and D. Hanesian, "Electrical insulating gases: hexafluoroethane and

octaflourocyclobutane", ASTM Symposium On Electrical Insulating Gases, ASTM Special
Technical Pub. No. 346, Oct. 9 1962, pp. 35-47, disc. pp. 47-50. 6 refs.
[1963] J. F. Ahearn and A. G. Larsson, "Fluorochemical gases and vapors as insulating and cooling
media", Fifth Electrical Insulation Conference, 1963 (SA), pp. 16-21. 2 refs.
[1963] J. G. Howe, and J. J. Kingsley, "Insulation systems for liquid filled transformers, Fifth
Electric Insulation Conference, 1963, (USA), pp. 13-16. Paper AIEE T-153-8. 6 refs.
[1963] C. E. Jones, "A method for predicting the mean thermal conductivity of insulating materials
at other than experimental conditions", ASME Journal Of Heat Transfer, Vol. 85, No. 2, May 1963,
pp. 185-186. no refs.
[1965] C. M. Brock, "Freon™ dielectric-coolants", Proc. Sixth Electric Insulation Conference, Sept
13-16, 1965 (USA), pp. 247-250. 4 refs.
[1965] K. P. Kang, "Thermal dependency of viscosity, power factor and ion content of electrical
insulating oils", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. 84, No. 9, Sept. 1965, pp.
756-760, disc. pp. 760-762. 14 refs.
[1965] M. I. Shakhnovich, L. M. Kogan, and E. I. Bessonova, "Hexachlorobutadiene as a liquid

insulator and coolant for transformers", Soviet Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol. 36, No. 2, Feb.
1965, pp. 43-46. 3 refs. English translation of Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol. 36, No. 2, Feb. 1965,
pp. 30-32. (In Russian) (1965-10930 and 1967-5734)
[1965] D. D. Thornburgh and C. D. Pears, "Prediction of the thermal conductivity of filled and
reinforced plastics, ASME Winter Annual Meeting, Chicago, Nov. 7-11, 1965, ASME Paper 65-
WA/HT-4. 10 refs.
[1966] M. Schumichen, "Longitudinal and transverse thermal conductivity of laminated transformer

sheets", Elektrie (Germany), Vol. 20, No. 12, 1966, pp. 457-460. 11 refs. (In German) (1967-8114)
[1967] V. R. Mulhall, "The significance of the density of transformer oils", Proc. 7th Electrical
Insulation Conference, 1967 (USA), pp. 156-159. 17 refs.
[1968] P. H. G. Allen, "Thermal conductivity of oil-impregnated insulation", Electrical Times

(GB), Vol. 154, 22 August 1968, pp. 243-244. 6 refs.
[1968] H, Dyer and H. Wolf, "Heat transfer research with application to large distribution
transformers, Part II: Determination of transport properties of transformer oils", University of
Arkansas Engineering Experiment Station Report No. 12, August 1968. 111 pp. 8 refs.
[1969] J. N. Anderson and J. J. Barna, "Thermal conductivity of flexible insulations studied",

Insulation (USA), January 1969, pp. 45-48. 6 refs.
[1969] A. W. Pratt, "Heat transmission in low conductivity materials", from Thermal Conductivity,
A. Tye, (Ed), Vol. I, Academic Press, New York, 1969, pp. 301-405. 122 refs.
[1969] T. J. Roberts and P. H. G. Allen, "The thermal conductivity of some electrical engineering
materials", Proc. 9th Thermal Conductivity Conference, Iowa State University, Oct. 1969, pp.
719-734. 16 refs.
[1969] W. A. Wright, "An improved viscosity-temperature chart for hydrocarbons", Journal of
Materials (USA), Vol. 4, No. 1, March 1969, pp. 19-27. 14 refs.
[1970] P. H. G. Allen, "The thermal conductivity of high-voltage insulants", Conference on

Dielectric Materials, Measurements, and Applications, 20-24 July, 1970, IEE Conf. Pub. #67, 1970,
pp. 182-185. 22 refs.
[1972] K. W. Garrett and H. M. Rosenberg, "The thermal conductivity of epoxy resin powder at
low temperatures", Eindhoven Cryogenic Conference, 1972, Paper N3. 4 pp. 4 refs.
[1972] T. Terada, N. Ito, and Y, Goto, "Effective thermal conductivity of laminated electrical
insulation paper", Heat Transfer Japanese Research (USA), Vol. 11, No. 4, Oct-Dec. 1972, pp. 84-
90. 4 ref.

[1974] R. E. Manning, "Computational aids for kinematic viscosity conversions from 100 to 210 F
to 40 and 100 C", Journal of Testing and Evaluation (USA), Vol. 2, No. 6, 1974, pp. 522-528. 4
refs. (Published by ASTM)
[1976] K. W. Plessner, and E. H. Reynolds, "Novel single and mixed liquids for high voltage
dielectrics", CIGRE 1976, Paper 15-07, 12 pp. 22 refs.
[1976] "Transformer oils", Equipement Industriel Achats et Entretien (France), Vol. 25, No. 279,
Oct. 1976, pp. 61-76. no refs. (In French) (Cooling discussed.) (1977-8301)
[1978] P. H. G. Allen and O. Szpiro, "The thermal conductivity of mineral liquid dielectrics", 1978
IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation, Philadelphia, Penn. (USA), June 12-14,
1978, IEEE Pub. 78 CH 1287-2-EI, pp. 261-263. 21 refs.
[1978] E. A. Link, "Method of use and electrical equipment utilizing insulating oil consisting of a
saturated hydrocarbon oil", US Patent 4,082,866, Apr. 4, 1978.
[1978] N. Parkman and M. R. Dickson, "Substitutes for polychlorbiphenyls as impregnants for
capacitors", British Electrical and Allied Manufacturers Association, Insulation Conference,
Brighton, May 2-5, 1978, pp. 136-142. 4 refs.
[1978] S. D. Ross and G. A. Shirn, "Pthlate ester insulating oils", IEEE Trans. on Electrical
Insulation, Vol. EI-13, No. 5, Oct. 1978, pp. 381-383. 5 refs.
[1978] T. O. Rouse, "Evaluation of alternate mineral oils for use in transformers and other electrical
apparatus", 1978 IEEE international Symposium on Electrical Insulation, Philadelphia, Pa., USA,
June 12-14, 1978, IEEE Pub. 78CH1287-2-EI, pp. 250-260. 17 refs.
[1979] General Electric Company, "Study to determine the potential use of silicone fluids in
transformers", Report HCP/T-2115 for U.S. Department of Energy Contract EX-76-C-01-2115,
Feb. 1979. 123 pp. 17 refs.
[1980] P. H. G. Allen and O. Szpiro, "Importance of the thermal conductivity of liquid dielectrics",
Electric Machines And Electromechanics (USA), Vol.5 No. 3, May/June 1980, pp. 273-285. 24
refs.
[1980] V. R. Mulhall, "The significance of density of transformer oils", IEEE Trans. On Electrical
Insulation, Vol. EI-15, No.6, Dec. 1980, pp. 498-499. 4 refs.
[1982] Standard Specification for Mineral Oil Used in Electrical Apparatus, ASTM D 3487-82a,
1982, 4 pp.
[1982] B. Fallou, P. Despiney, J. Perret, J. Samat, P. Vuarchex, "Assessment of mineral insulating

oils from parafinic crudes", CIGRE, 1982, Paper 15-11. 7 pp. 4 refs.
[1985] J. R. Meyer, “The types of resins available for transformer and coil encapsulation”,
International Coil Winding Association Inc. Coil Winding Proc., Sept. 30-Oct. 3, 1985, pp. 206-209.
[1985] K. Smit, "Dielectric liquids for transformers, PT/Elektronica Elektrotechniek (Netherlands),

Vol. 40, No. 1, Jan. 1985, pp. 23-27. 4 refs. (In Dutch) (1985-27454)
[1986] Standard Specification for Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Askarels) for
Transformers, ASTM D2283-86, 1986. 4 pp.

[1987] Standard Viscosity-Temperature Charts for Liquid Petroleum Products, ASTM D341-87,
1987. 5 pp.
[1987] Standard Specification for Silicone Fluid Used for Electrical Insulation, ASTM D4652-87,
1987. 2 pp.
[1988] Standard Specification for Mineral Oil Used in Electrical Apparatus, ASTM D3487-88,
1988. 5 pp.
[1988] G. C. Zguris, "Nonwoven hybrid inorganic-type electrical insulation - a new generation",

IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 4, No. 6, Nov./Dec. 1988, pp. 26-29. 4 refs.
[1989] C. C. Claiborne and H. A. Pearce, "Transformer fluids", IEEE Electrical Insulation

Magazine, Vol. 5, No. 4, Aug. 1989, pp. 16-19. 1 ref. (1990-5430)
[1992] Standard Guide for High Fire-Point Electrical Insulation Oils of Petroleum Origin, ASTM
D52222-92, 1992. 3 pp.
[1993] D. C. Price and C. J. Moore, "Measurement of the thermal conductivity of silicone-rubber
encapsulant-materials for power supply transformers", Advances in Electronic Packaging, 1993.
Proc. of the 1993 ASME International Electronics Packaging Conf., Binghamton, N.Y. USA, 29
Sept.-2 Oct. 1993, Vol. 1, pp. 295-301. 16 refs. (1995-36233)
[1996] H. Brechna, "Insulating and cooling media for power transformers", Bulletin des
Schweizerischen Elektrotechnischen Vereins & des Verbandes Schweizerischer Elektrizitaetswerke
(Switzerland), Vol. 87, No. 23, 15 Nov. 1996, pp. 31-38. 30 refs. (In German) (1997-19798)
[1996] M. S. A. Minhas and J. P. Reynders, "Effect of perchloroethylene on physical and insulating

properties of mineral oil", SAVPEC-96. Southern African Universities Power Engineering. Proc. of
the Sixth Conf., Witwatersrand, South Africa, 22-23 Jan. 1996, pp. 21-24. 14 refs. (1996-102803)
[1997] T. V. Oommen, C. C. Claiborne, and J. T. Mullen, "Biodegradable electrical insulation

fluids", Proc. Electrical Insulation Conference and Electrical Manufacturing & Coil Winding
Conference, Rosemont, IL, USA, Sept. 22-25, 1997, IEEE Pub. 97CH36075, pp. 465-468. 6 refs.
[1998] S. R. Mirmira, D. F. Renzi, and L. S. Fletcher, "Transverse thermal conductivity and contact
conductance of fiber reinforced composite materials", Proc. of the Eleventh International Heat
Transfer Conference, Kyongju, Korea, 23-28, August 1998, Korean Society of Mechanical
Engineers, Vol. 7, pp. 83-87. 10 refs.
[1998] T. V. Oommen, C. C. Claiborne, and E. J. Walsh, "Introduction of a new fully biodegradable

dielectric fluid", Conference record 1998 IEEE Annual Textile, Fiber, and Film Industry Technical
Conference, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA, May 5-7, 1998, IEEE Cat. No. 98CH36246, Paper
No. 3, 4 pp. No refs.
[1999] C. C. Claiborne, E. J. Walsh, and T. V. Oommen, "An agriculturally based biodegradable

dielectric fluid", Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE Transmission and Distribution Conference, New
Orleans, LA, USA, 11-16 April 1999, IEEE Cat. No. 99CH36333 Vol II, pp. 876-881. 10 refs.
[2010] R. Lopatkiewicz, Z. Nadolny, and P. Przybylek, “”Influence of water content in paper on its
thermal conductivity”, PRZEGLAD Elektrotechniczny, Vol. 86, 2010, pp. 55-58.

[2011] R. Liao, J. Hao, G. Chen, A. Ma, and L. Yang, “A comparative study of physicochemical,
dielectric, and thermal properties of pressboard insulation impregnated with natural ester and
mineral oil”, IEEE Trans. On Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Vol. 18, No. 5, 2011, pp. 1626-
1637.
[2012] R. Lopatkiewicz, Z. Nadolny, P. Przybylek, and W. Sikorski, ”The Influence of chosen

parameters on thermal conductivity of windings insulation describing temperature distribution in
transformers”, PRZEGLAD Elektrotechniczny, Vol. 88, 2012, pp. 126-129.
[2012] R. Lopatkiewicz, Z. Nadolny, and P. Przybylek, “The influence of water content on thermal
conductivity of paper used as transformer windings insulation”, IEEE 10th Int. Conf. Properties
Appl. Dielectr. Mater., Bangalore, 2012.
4. CORE HEATING
References include heat transfer in transformer cores or laminated stacks of iron cooled by air or
immersed in a liquid.
[1892] J. J. Thomson, "On the heat produced by eddy currents in an iron plate exposed to an
alternating magnetic field", The Electrician (GB), Vol. 28, No. 725, April 8, 1892, pp. 599-600. No
refs.
[1910] R. D. Gifford, "The influence of various cooling media upon the rise in temperature of soft
iron stampings", J. IEE, Vol. 44, 1910, pp. 753-790, disc. pp. 790-791. 2 refs.
[1920] T. S. Taylor, "Reducing temperature of laminated cores", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 76,
No. 24, Dec. 11, 1920, pp. 1159-1162. No refs.
[1925] J. D. Cockcroft, "The temperature distribution in a transformer or other laminated core of

rectangular cross section in which heat is generated at a uniform rate", Proc. Cambridge
Philosophical Society (GB), Vol. 22, July 1925, pp. 759-772. 3 refs. (1925-1438)
[1934] H. Bucholz, "Heat distribution in laminated cores", Zietschrift fur Angewandte Mathematik
und Mechanik (Germany), Vol. 14, Oct. 1934, pp. 285-294. (In German) (1935-119)
[1945] T. J. Higgins, "Formulas for calculating temperature distribution in transformer cores and
other electrical apparatus of rectangular cross section", AIEE Trans., Vol. 64, April 1945, pp.
190-194, disc. pp. 493-494. 18 refs.
[1949] A. W. Brunot and F. F. Buckland, "Thermal contact resistance of laminated and machine
joints", ASME Trans., Vol. 71, 1949, pp. 253-257. 5 refs.
[1953] H. Weh, "Two dimensional heat flow in the cross section of a transformer core", Archiv fur
Electrotechnik (Germany), Vol. 41, No. 2, 1953, pp. 122-126. no refs. (In German) (1954-73)
[1956] A. L. Morris, "Thermal rating of fluid cooled transformer cores", The Engineer (GB), Vol.
201, No. 5221, Feb. 17, 1956, pp. 216-218. 4 refs.
[1958] H. E. Green, "Transformer core temperatures. Methods of calculation for rectangular and
circular Sections", Electrical Times (GB), Vol. 133, March 13, 1958, pp. 399-402. 6 refs. (1958-
2378)

[1961] E. Kacki, "On the formula for temperature distribution in the cross-section of a transformer
core”, Zeszyty Naukowe Polytechniki Lodzkiej Elektryka (Poland), No. 8, 1961, pp. 65-74. (In
Polish) (1962-8697)
[1964] M. Jablonski, "Temperature rise of transformer cores of various cross-sections", Przeglad

Elektrotechniczny (Poland) , Vol. 40, No. 8, 1964, pp. 352-356. (In Polish) (1965-9109)
[1966] C. M. E. de Kuijper, "Theoretical consideration on the temperature distribution in a

horizontal cross-section of a transformer core", Smit Mededelingen (Netherlands), Vol. 21, No. 2,
April-June 1966, pp. 45-55. (In Dutch) (1967-3585)
[1966] B. R. Hearn, "Mechanism of heat loss from ferrite storage cores in still air", Proc. IEE, Vol.
113, No. 7, July, 1966, pp. 1167-1170. 2 refs. (1966-16945)
[1966] J. Von Draeger, Calculation of the temperature of transformer cores at linearly increasing
temperature of the cooling medium along the core", Conti Elektro Berichte (Germany), Vol. 12,
No. 3, July-Sept. 1966, pp. 165-168 (in German). 1 ref. (1967-3573)
[1966] M. Schumichen, "Longitudinal and transverse thermal conductivity of laminated transformer
sheets", Elektrie (Germany), Vol. 20, No. 12, 1966, pp. 457-460. (In German) (1967-8114)
[1968] H. Dutkowski, "The influence of material parameters and air gap on thermal coefficient of
pot cores", Przeglad Elektrotechniczny (Poland) , Vol. 19, No. 3, 1968, pp. 143-147. (In Polish)
[1968] E. Kacki, "The variance of maximal temperature in transformer core with consideration of
the temperature growth of oil", Archiwum Elektortechniki (Poland), Vol. 17, No. 3, 1968, pp. 649-
671. 14 refs. (1969-14424)
[1968] D. N. Morozov, "Calculating local temperature rise in transformer cores due to stray losses",
Elektrichestvo (USSR) , No. 3, March 1968, pp. 32-37. (In Russian) (1968-20004)
[1968] "Preventing local heating of transformer cores", Electrical Times (GB), Vol. 54, No. 2, July
11, 1968, p. 56.
[1969] T. J. Roberts, "Determination of the thermal constants of the heat flow equations of electrical
machines", Symposium On Heat Transfer And Fluid Flow in Electrical Machines, Institution
Mechanical Engineers Proc. (GB), Vol. 184, Pt. 3E, 1969-1970, pp. 84-92, disc. pp. 104-107. Paper
10. 10 refs.
[1969] Y. S. Rusin, "The temperature regimes of transformers with unenclosed magnet systems",
Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol. 40 No. 5, May 1969, pp. 60-62. (in Russian). English translation in
Soviet Electrical Engineering (USA). (1970-19363)
[1969] J. R. Simonson, "The use of electrical models in cooling studies of electrical machines",
Symposium On Heat Transfer And Fluid Flow In Electric Machines, Institution Mechanical
Engineers Proc. (GB), Vol. 184, Pt. 3E, 1969-1970, pp. 15-22, disc pp. 102,103,107-108. Paper No.
3. 10 refs. (motor armature)
[1971] G. I. Fuks and V. S. Loginov, "On calculating the temperature regimes of the magnetic
circuits of transformers and betatrons", Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol. 42, No. 12, Dec. 1971, pp.
10-11. (In Russian) English translation in Soviet Electrical Engineering (USA). 8 refs. (1972-8917)
[1972] E. Dipierro, "The temperature rise of the iron of modern transformers in oil", Association
Suisse des Electriciens Bulletin (Switzerland), Vol. 63, no. 2, 22 Jan. 1972, pp. 78-85. 4 refs. (In
French) (1972-12099)
[1972] A. Rele and S. Palmer, "Cooling of large transformer cores", IEEE Trans. on Power
Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-91, No. 4, July-Aug., 1972, pp. 1527-1535. 18 refs. (1972-
34567)
[1977] P. W. O'Callaghan, A. M. Jones, and S. D. Probert, "Effect of thermal contact resistance on

the performance of transformer lamination stacks", Applied Energy (GB), Vol. 13, No. 1, Jan. 1977,
pp. 13-22. 3 refs.
[1978] T. Konopinski and S. Szuba, "The possibilities of the application of EC ferrite cores in
power transformers", Elektronika (Poland), Vol. 19, No. 7-8, 1978, pp. 306-308. 6 refs. (In Polish)
(1979-6825)
[1978] T. Konopinski and S. Szuba, "Admissible current densities in windings of pot ferrite-cored
power transformers", Elektronika (Poland), Vol. 19, No. 11, 1978, pp. 481-484. 5 refs. (In Polish)
(1979-11056)
[1978] A. I. Shugailo, "Investigation of loss in the end zones of the magnetic cores of power
transformers", Problemy Tekhnicheskoi Elektrodinamiki (USSR), No. 68, 1978, pp. 63-66. 3 refs.
(In Russian) (1979-45320)
[1978] "A method for fabricating corrugated oil channels for the magnetic circuits of power
transformers", Soviet Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol. 49, No. 8, 1978, pp. 121-122. No refs.
English translation of Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol. 49, No. 8, 1978, p. 58. (In Russian) (No core
heating equations.)
[1979] T. N. Veziroglu, A. Williams, S. Kakac, and D. Nayak, "Prediction and measurement of the
thermal conductance of laminated stacks", International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (GB),
Vol. 22, 1979, pp. 447-459. 14 refs.
[1982] L. S. Konovalova, and V. S. Loginov, "Calculating the maximum temperatures in the

magnetic circuits of transformers and betatrons", Soviet Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol. 53, No.
11, 1982, pp. 28-30. 2 refs. English translation of Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol. 53, No. 11, 1982,
pp. 19-20 (In Russian) (1984-34719)
[1983] V. S. Loginov, "Approximate calculations of heat-exchange intensity at the surface of

transformer and betatron magnetic circuits", Soviet Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol. 54, No. 7,
1983, pp. 91-96. 7 refs. English translation of Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol. 54 no. 7, 1983, pp. 52-
55 (In Russian). (1985-44055)
[1984] V. Preiningerova and M. Krizek, "Thermal calculation of magnetic cores of large oil
transformers", Elektrotechnicky Obzor (Czechoslovakia), Vol. 73, No. 9, Sept. 1984, pp. 487-492.
12 refs. (In Czech) (1985-9957)
[1986] T. P. Butina, A. F. Gorbuntsov, and Y. Y. Shchelykalov, "Analysis of a three-dimensional

temperature field in a magnetic circuit of a transformer",Elektrichestvo (USSR), No. 1, Jan. 1986,
pp. 54-55. 2 refs. (In Russian) (1986-33451)
[1986] V. S. Loginov, "An approximate method of calculating the temperature conditions in the
magnetic circuits of transformers and betatrons", Elektrichestvo (USSR), No. 10, Oct. 1986, pp. 21-
25. 17 refs. (In Russian) (1987-30712)
[1987] M. Krizek and V. Preningerova, “3D solutions of temperature fields in magnetic circuits of
large transformers", Elektrotechnicky Obzor (Czechoslovakia), Vol. 76, No. 11, Nov. 1987, pp. 646-
652. 12 refs. (IN Czech) (1988-23996)

[1990] H. C. Koh, R. Miller, D. M. Ryder, and K. J. Overshott, "The effects of localized heating on
the properties of laminated core material during high voltage impulse", IEEE Trans. on Magnetics,
Vol. 26, No. 5, Sept. 1990. 10 refs.
[1991] G. Chenglin, Z. Keding, L. Langru, "A new approach to calculating 3D temperature field in
transformer cores", Proc. of the Chinese Society of Electrical Engineers (China), Vol. 11, No. 5,
Sept. 1991, pp. 9-16. 13 refs. (In Chinese) (1992-14839)
[1994] B. J. Swart, J. A. Ferreira, J. D. van Wyk, "Temperature as a function of frequency in

multiple core magnetic assemblies with variable core size and flux density", Conference Record of
the 1994 IEEE Industry Applications Society Twenty-ninth Annual Meeting, Denver, Colo., USA,
Oct. 2-5, 1994, IEEE Cat. No. 94CH34520, Vol. 2, pp. 1261-1268. 8 refs.
[2002] E. G. teNyenhuis, R. S. Girgis, G. F. Mechler, and G. Zhou, “Calculation of core hot-spot

temperature in power and distribution transformers”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 17, No.
4, Oct. 2002, pp. 991-995. 4 refs,
[2004] S. A. Rele and I. J. Vaughan, “A simple method for calculating core temperature rise in
power transformers”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 19, No. 2, April, 2004, pp. 637-642. 14
refs.
4. CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER
References include conduction heat transfer analysis or tests of the temperature distribution within
electrical coils.
[1908] K. Kohler, "Conduction of heat in annular discs", Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau

(Austria), Vol. 26, Oct. 18, 1908, pp. 903-907, No refs. (In German) (1908-1322)
[1913] L. Binder, "Calculation of internal temperature of magnet coils", Archiv fur Elektrotechnik
(Germany), Vol. 2, 1913, pp. 131-148. 5 refs. (In German) (1914-61)
[1918] W. Rogowski, "Amplification of heating rules for electrical machinery", Archiv fur
Elektrotechnik (Germany), Vol. 7, 1918, pp. 41-47. 3 refs. (In German), 3 refs. (1919-382)
[1918] A. Still, "'Hottest spot' temperature in transformers", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 72, July
20, 1918, pp. 113-114, no. refs. (1918-736)
[1918] M. Vidmar, "Suggested amplification of heating rules for electrical machinery",
Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau (Austria), Vol. 36, Feb 3, 1918, pp. 49-52; Feb. 10, 1918, pp. 64-
66. 5 refs. (In German), (1918-272)
[1919] M. Jakob, "Temperature distribution in an electrical winding of rectangular section", Archiv

fur Elektrotechnik (Germany), Vol. 8, 1919, pp. 117-126. 4 refs. (In German) (1921-45)
[1921] M. Jakob, "Determination of maximum temperature in heavily insulated coils", Archiv fur
Elektrotechnik (Germany), Vol. 10, June 1921, pp. 47-56, 7 refs. (In German) (1922-77)
[1927] E. Roth, "Introduction to the analytical study of the heating of electrical machinery", Bulletin
de la Societe Francaise des Electriciens (France) , Vol. 7, Aug. 1927, pp. 840-954. Disc. Vol. 7,
March 1928, pp. 238-265. (In French) (1928-79, 1928-1383)

[1934] H. Buchholz, "Internal heating by currents", Archiv fur Elektrotechnik (Germany), Vol. 28,
Feb. 15, 1934, pp. 75-93. 18 refs, (In German) (1934-1109)
[1934] H. Buchholz, "Temperature of coils", Archiv fur Elektrotechnik (Germany), Vol. 28, Feb. 15,
1934, pp. 122-130. 6 refs. (In German) (1934-1110)
[1934] M. Mori, "Temperature distribution in slots of electrical machines", Journal of the Institution
of Electrical Engineers of Japan (Tokyo), Vol. 54, Aug. 1934, pp. 803-808. (1934-2858)
[1936] J. Leiseau, "Calculation of thermal equilibrium in an electrical machine and inverse

problem", Revue Generale De L'Electricite (France), Vol. 40, Oct. 10, 1936, pp. 468-474; Oct. 17,
1936, pp. 491-501. 9 refs. (In French) (1936-3413)
[1943] M. Jakob, "Influence of non-uniform development of heat upon the temperature distribution
in electrical coils and similar heat sources of similar form", ASME Trans., Vol. 65, 1943, pp.
593-602, disc. pp. 602-605. 13 refs.
[1944] T. J. Higgins, "Formulas for calculating the temperature distribution in electrical coils of
general rectangular cross section", ASME Trans., Vol. 66, 1944 pp. 665-670. 11 refs.
[1945] T. J. Higgins, "Temperature distribution in toroidal electrical coils of rectangular cross

section", J. Franklin Institute (USA), Vol. 240, Aug. 1945, pp. 97-112. 14 refs.
[1949] M. Jakob, "Heat conduction in electrical coils, etc.", Heat Transfer, Vol. I, New York, John
Wiley and Sons, 1949 pp. 173-196. 12 refs. approx.
[1953] P. J. Schneider, P. J. and A. B. Cambel, “Steady temperature fields in electrical coils by

membrane analogy”, ASME paper 53-SA-43, June 1953.
[1954] P. J. Schneider, "Temperature fields in electrical coils: numerical solutions", AIEE Trans.,
Vol. 72, Part I, Communications & Electronics, No. 10, Jan. 1954, pp. 768-771. 7 refs. (1954-2422)
[1955] M. Bauer, "Calculation of temperature rise of magnet coils of rectangular cross-section",

Elektrotechnicky Obzor (Czechoslovakia) , Vol. 44, No. 3, 1955, pp. 119-129. (in Czech) (flux
plotting) (1957-5021)
[1955] P. J. Schneider, "Electrical coils, etc.", in Conduction Heat Transfer, Reading, Mass., USA,
Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc. 1955, pp. 185-203. 3 refs.
[1955] F. Unger, "Thermal conduction in round wire coils", Archiv fur Elektrotechnik (Germany),
Vol. 41, No. 7, 1955, pp. 357-364. No refs. (In German) (1955-3242)
[1958] R. M. Baker, "Classical heat flow problems applied to induction billet heating", Trans.
AIEE, Vol. 77 Pt. II, Applications and Industry, May 1958, pp. 106-112. 5 refs. (transient)
[1959] H. S. Carlslaw and J. C. Jaeger, Conduction Of Heat In Solids, Oxford University Press,
1959, pp. 41, 46, 405-409.
[1959] J. F. H. Douglas, "Temperature of conduction ribbon magnet coils", Trans. AIEE, Vol. 77,
Pt. II, Applications and Industry, Jan. 1959, pp. 465-468. 2 refs.
[1962] A. K. Leontyev, "The steady-state temperature distribution in a flat wall heated by electric
current", Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal (USSR), Vol. 5, No. 8, Aug. 1962, pp. 106-107. No refs.
(In Russian)

[1962] A. K. Leontyeu, "The steady state temperature distribution in a flat wall heated by electric
current", Journal Of Engineering Physics (USA), Vol. 5, No. 8, Aug. 1962, pp. 106-107. English
translation of Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal (USSR). (In Russian). no refs.
[1964] V. V. Ivanov, "Temperature distribution in a toroidal coil heated by electric current",

Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal (USSR), (Journal Of Engineering Physics), Vol. 7, No. 7, 1964, pp.
72-74. 3 refs. (In Russian) (1965-419)
[1965] H. F. Cooper, "Transient and steady state temperature distribution in foil wound solenoids
and other electric apparatus of rectangular cross section", 1965 IEEE International Convention
Record, Part 10, March 1965, pp. 67-75. 7 refs. (1965-12430 & 1967-609)
[1966] H. F. Cooper, "Transient and steady-state temperature distribution in foil-wound solenoids

and other electrical apparatus of rectangular cross section", IEEE Trans. on Parts, Materials, and
Packaging, Vol. PMP-2, No. 1-2, March-June, 1966, pp. 3-9. 7 refs. (1967-609)
[1967] H. F. Cooper, Jr., "Joulean heating of an infinite rectangular rod with orthotropic thermal
properties", ASME Journal Of Heat Transfer, Vol. 89, No. 1, Feb. 1967. pp. 39-43. 4 refs.
[1967] T. J. Pemberton and J. D. Parker, "Prediction of maximum temperature in cylinders with

internal heat generation", IEEE Trans. on Parts, Materials, and Packaging , Vol. PMP-3, No. 1,
March 1967, pp. 3-7. 16 refs. (1967-16608)
[1972] I. M. Minkov, "Comment on the article by V. V. Ivanov. Temperature distribution in a

toroidal coil heated by electric current and on the correct solution to the problem", Journal of
Engineering Physics (USA), Vol. 23, No. 1, July 1972, pp. 913-915. 5 refs. English translation from
Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal (USSR), Vol. 23, No. 1, July 1972, pp. 151-153. (in Russian).
[1973] A. T. Tunik and I. N. Zakhorov, "The temperature field in transformer windings",

Elektrichestvo (USSR), NO. 5, May 1973, pp. 48-53. 2 refs. (In Russian) (1974-4785)
[1974] H. F. Cooper and G. N. Williams, "Transient electrical heating of toroidal coils of

rectangular cross section", ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 96 No. 4, Nov. 1974, pp. 467-473.
10 refs. (1975-11309)
[1975] Y. V. Smirnov, "The thermal design of the windings of low-power electromagnetic devices",
Soviet Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol. 46 No. 12, 1975, pp. 91-98. 5 refs. English translation of
Elektrotekhnika (USSR), No. 12, Dec. 1975, pp. 52-57. (In Russian). (1976-15356)
[1976] L. Imre, and G. Danko, "A method for determining the steady state temperature distribution
in the winding disc of oil-cooled transformers", Periodca Polytechnica (Electrical Engineering-
Elektrotechnik) (Hungary), Vol. 20, No. 2, 1976, pp. 89-102. (In English)
[1976] R. Matusiak, "Stationary source area of temperature in a cylindrical coil of finite

dimensions", Archiwum Elektortechniki (Poland), Vol. 25, No. 3, 1976, pp. 501-508. 5 refs. (In
Polish) (1977-28539)
[1977] L. B. Kofman, "The two dimensional temperature fields in the winding of a low power
transformer in a steady state thermal mode", Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Energetika i Transport
(USSR), Vol. 15, No. 1, 1977, pp. 152-157. (In Russian) English translation in Power Engineering
(USA), Vol. 15, No. 1, 1977, pp. 132-138. 4 refs. (1977-45209)
[1978] V. V. Popov and M. A. Aleksidze, Analysis of unstable temperature fields in electrical
windings with direct cooling", Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Elektromekhanika (USSR),
No. 5, May 1978, pp. 518-526. 4 refs. (In Russian) (1978-42094)
[1983] K. K. Namitokov, V. G. Brezinskii, and S. M. Yurchenko, "An electromagnetic coil
nonstationary temperature field analysis", Electric Technology USSR (GB), No. 1 1983, pp. 99-110.
English translation of Elektrichestvo (USSR) No. 3, 1983, pp. 49-52 (in Russian). 3 refs. (1984-
45477)
[1986] V. I. Mal'kouskii and E. M. Il'ina, "Determining the maximum heating temperature of a

transformer type current-limiting device", Power Engineering (USA), Vol. 24, No. 4, 1986, pp.
150-152. 3 refs. English translation of Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR. Energetika i Transport
(USSR), Vol. 24, No. 4, 1986, pp. 160-161. (In Russian) (transient) (1987-64661)
[1988] A. N. Nikiforov, "Analysis of the temperature conditions of hollow conductors", Izvestiya

Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Elektromekhanika (USSR), No. 3, 1988, pp. 22-25. 9 refs. (In
Russian) (1988-55408)
[1990] H. J. Dumas and J. H. Dumas, "Predicting temperatures in thick cylindrical coils", Machine
Design (USA), Vol. 62, No. 18, Sept. 6, 1990. pp. 116,118.
6. DRY TYPE AND CAST RESIN TRANSFORMERS
6.1 Dry Type Transformer Product Descriptions
[1904] E. W Rice, “Relative fire risk of oil and air blast transformers”, AIEE Trans., Vol. 21, Jan.
1904, pp. 5-7, disc. May 1904, pp. 455-477 and 502-508.
[1906] F. Niethammer, "Transformer with cooling ribs", Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau

(Austria), Vol. 24, May 20, 1906, pp. 431-433. No refs. Summary in The Electrical Engineer (GB),
Vol. 37, June 1, 1906, pp. 760-761. (1906-730)
[1906] F. Niethammer, "Transformer with Cooling ribs", The Electrical Engineer (GB), Vol. 37,
June 1, 1906, pp. 760-761 summary of article in Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau (Austria), Vol.
24, May 20, 1906, pp. 432-436. (1906-730)
[1917] M. Vidmar, "The aluminum transformer", Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau (Austria), Vol.
35, July 8, 1917, pp. 321-327. No refs. (In German) (1917-792)
[1924] M. Vidmar, "Transformers cooled by air and oil", Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau
(Austria), Vol. 42, Feb. 10, 1924, pp. 78-82. No refs. (In German)
[1926] L. H. Burnham, "Air-blast transformers", General Electric Review (USA), Vol. 29, Oct.
1926., pp. 716-721. No refs. (1927-312)
[1927] H. Bohle, "Design of air-cooled transformers", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift (Germany),

Vol. 48, Feb. 3, 1927, pp. 135-138. 1 ref. (In German) (1927-724)
[1928] L. H. Hill, "Recent developments in current-limiting reactors", The Electric Journal

(Pittsburgh, USA) , Vol. 25, March 1928, pp. 131-135. No refs. (also oil type) (1928-1344)
[1931] W. Huter, "Experiences with an air-cooled transformer set for 1000 kv", Elektrotechnische
Zeitschrift (Germany) , Vol. 52, Aug. 20, 1931, pp. 1084-1087. (In German) (1931-2520)

[1935] S. H. Hemsley, "Transformer rectifier", Electrical Review (London), Vol. 116, March 1,
1935, p. 302. (1935-891)
[1937] E. Durst, "Small air cooled three-phase universal transformers and their field of application",
Bulletin Oerlikon (London), No. 187/188, Jan.-Feb. 1937, pp. 997-998. (1938-160)
[1937] H. V. Putmam and W. W. Satterlee, "Industrial transformers made fireproof", Electrical

World (USA), Vol. 108, Dec. 18, 1937, pp. 55, 116. No refs. (1938-494)
[1938] K. Fischer, "Scope of air-cooled transformers of modern construction for networks",

Fachberichte des Verbandes Deutscher Elektrotechniker (Germany), Vol. 10, 1938, pp. 55-58,
disc. pp. 58-59. (In German) (1938-3499)
[1938] W. Reiche and O. E. Nolke, "Electrostatic problems of air-cooled transformer",

Fachberichte des Verbandes Deutscher Elektrotechniker (Germany), Vol. 10, 1938, pp. 59-61. (In
German) (1938-3498)
[1941] H. V. Putmam, "Tomorrow's transformer today”, Westinghouse Engineer (USA), Vol. 1,
May 1941, pp. 19-21. No refs. (1942-261)
[1943] A. Stoecklin, "Conversion of older dry transformers into oil transformer with simultaneous
increase of their capacity", Association Suisse des Electriciens Bulletin (Switzerland), Vol. 34, July
14, 1943, pp. 399-401. (1944-49)
[1943] P. A. Vance, "Dry type transformers", General Electric Review (USA), Vol. 46, Nov. 1943,
pp. 627-629. (1944-300)
[1944] E. Rometsch, "Transformer performance at the Basle Electricity Works", Association Suisse
des Electriciens Bulletin (Switzerland), Vol. 35, Nov. 15, 1944, pp. 673-675. (In German) (1946-
733)
[1945] A. E. Knowlton, "Dry-type power transformers are finding their place", Electrical World
(USA), Vol. 123, June 9, 1945, pp. 94-97. (1945-1924)
[1947] E. M. Hunter and T. E. Rodhouse, "Indoor transformers", General Electric Review (USA),
Vol. 50, Nov. 1947, pp. 31-37. no refs. (1948-36) (compares askerel and dry type)
[1948] H. M. Roris, "Mining-type transformers with special reference to transformers using quartz
as a cooling agent", Mining Electrical and Mechanical Engineer (England), Vol. 29, Sept. 1948, pp.
89-94. (1949-333)
[1948] W. W. Satterlee, "Dry type transformers for underground use", Westinghouse Engineer
(USA), Vol. 8, Sept. 1948, pp. 146-149. 4 refs. (1949-2375)
[1949] A. A. Sapozhnikov, "The insulation of dry-type transformers", Elektrichestvo (USSR) , No.

3, March 1949, pp. 78-80. (In Russian) (1949-3534)
[1953] "Aluminum in reactors and transformers", Westinghouse Engineer (USA), Vol. 13, No. 1,
Jan. 1953. pp. 9-10.
[1954] F. Rockett, "Iron-core transformers run smaller and hotter", Electronics, Vol. 27, No. 11,
Nov. 1954, pp. 136-142. (1955-545)

[1955] E. W. Tipton, "Experiences with the use of aluminum in windings for dry-type power
transformers", AIEE Trans., Vol. 74 Part III, Power Apparatus and Systems, No. 21, Dec. 1955, pp.
1201-1204. No refs.
[1958] W. L. Brown, "Dry-type transformers", Electrical Times (GB), Vol. 134, Aug 28, 1958, pp.
297-301. 12 refs. (1958-61060
[1958] L. Woodward, "An air-cooled flameproof transwitch unit for supplying coal-face
machinery", Mining Electrical and Mechanical Engineer (England), Vol. 39, Nov. 1958, pp. 153-
158. (1959-1332)
[1959] F. J. Brutt, "A 220 C class insulation system for dry type distribution transformers", Proc.
2nd. Electrical Insulation Conference, 1959, pp. 5-7, Paper AIEE CP #5043.
[1960] F. B. Colby and K. G. Lagerlof, "The Fundamentals of insulating electronic equipment",

Proc. Third Electrical Insulation Conference, 1960, pp. 125-130.
[1959] K. P. Cox, "Progress in open dry-type transformers", Industrial Power Systems (USA), Vol.
2, Dec. 1959. pp. 6-8.
[1960] A. E. Williams, "Dry-type transformers", Electrical Journal (London), Vol. 164, No. 25,
June 17, 1960, pp. 1712-1715. (1960-6599)
[1963] F. J. Brutt and R. A. Kurz, "High temperature resins in class H dry type transformers",
Proc. 5th. Electrical Insulation Conference, 1963, pp. 255-260, paper AIEE T-154-77. No refs.
[1963] O. Kiltie, "Dry type transformers and their insulations", Proc. Fifth Electrical Insulation
Conference, 1963, pp. 22-23, paper AIEE T-153-10.
[1964] "New insulation system and coil design cut size and cost of class 180 dry-type transformers",
Insulation (USA), Vol. 10, No. 6, June 1964. pp. 25-30.
[1965] J. K. Jacobsen "Air insulated transformers", Elektroteknikeren (Denmark), Vol. 61, No. 23, 7
Dec. 1965, pp. 464-466. (In Danish) (1966-8345)
[1966] P. Dixson, "Recent trends in distribution transformer design", AEI Engineering (GB), Vol. 6,
No. 1, Jan./Feb. 1966, pp. 29-35. No refs.
[1968] "Transformer runs at third of capacity", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 69, No. 24, June 10,
1968, pp. 43-44.
[1969] G. I. Duncan, "Design trends in specialty transformers", Insulation (USA), Vol. 15, April
1969, pp. 23-25.
[1969] J. McCarthy, "Federal Pacific offers 95 kv BIL on all 15 kv dry type transformers,
insulations are key to new design", Insulation (USA), Vol. 15, No. 1, Jan. 1969, pp. 30-33. 1 ref.
[1970] M. Philippe, "Air-cooled transformers for h.t. and l. t.", L'Electricien (France), Vol. 83, No.
2120, Sept. 1970, pp. 169-173. (In French) (1971-3604)
[1971] S. H. Marx and R. W. Bounds, "A kilowatt rotary power transformer", IEEE Trans. on
Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. AES-7 No. 6, Nov. 1971, pp. 1157-1163. 3 refs. (1972-
18504)

[1971] F. J. McCann and B. F. Allen, "New transformer for padmount application", Distribution
(USA), Vol. 33, Sept. 1971. No refs. (Casing designed for outdoor use.)
[1972] J. M. Frank, "Dry type transformers versus liquid immersed transformers in industrial and
commercial building applications", IEEE Conf. record 1971 Industrial and Commercial Power
Systems and Electric Space Heating and Air conditioning Joint Technical Conference, Detroit,
Mich. USA, 3-6 May 1971, pp. 48-53. (1971-24889)
[1972] F. J. McCann and B. F. Allen, "A new outdoor open dry-type transformer", Industrial Power
Systems (USA), Vol. 15 No. 2, June 1972, pp. 7-9. No refs. (casing designed for outdoor use.0
[1973] M. L. Manning, "The electrical insulation challenge for dry type transformers",
Insulation/Circuits (USA), Vol. 19, No. 10, Sept. 1973, pp. 87-92. No refs. (1974-1713)
[1973] "Transformers move up in the world", Steel Horizons, (USA, Published by Allegheny
Ludlum), Vol. 35, No. 1, First Quarter, 1973, pp. 8,9.
[1974] M. F. Kiachif, "Film-insulated aluminum strip provides high fill factors, good thermal
conductivity in transformers", Insulation/Circuits (USA), Vol. 20, No. 5, May, 1974, pp. 61-62. No
Refs. (1974-33118)
[1977] S. Shimazu, et.al., "High proformance resin - impregnated flyback transformer Matsushity
Industrial Equipment Co. Ltd. National Technical Report (Japan), Vol. 23 No. 2, April 1977, pp.
282-290. (in Japanese, English abstract)
[1978] "Varnish protects 15 kv dry-type transformer", Materials News from Dow Corning (USA),
May/June 1978, p. 3.
[1980] W. H. Dodge, "Development of winding insulation allows smaller, cooler running

transformers", Insulation/Circuits (USA) Vol. 26, No. 1, Jan. 1980, pp. 21-22, no. refs. 91980-
27071)
[1981] R. G. Hatch and R. C. H. Johnson, "The application of dry type transformers and their
special features", Electric Energy Conference, Melbourne, Australia, 4-6 Oct. 1981, Institution of
Engineers, Australia,, pp. 124-129. no refs. (1982-33655)
[1982] L. O. Kaser, "Dry type transformers in the United States", 4th BEAMA International
Electrical Insulation Conference, Brighton, England, May 11, 1982. 12 refs.
[1984] A. Kolling, "Improved cooling with air channels", Elektrotechnik (Germany), Vol. 66, 10
Oct. 1984, pp. 28-29. No refs. (In German) (1985-9959)
[1985] R. Pfeiffer, "Behavior under electrical and thermal stress of insulation materials used in dry-
type transformers", Conference Record of the 1985 Int. Conf. on Properties and Applications of
Dielectric Materials, Sian, China, 24-29 June 1985, IEEE Cat. No.. 85CH2115-4, Vol. I, pp. 160-
163. 11 refs.
[1986] Dry Type Power Transformers, IEC Standard Publicaiton 726, First Edition, 1982, and
Amendment 1, Feb. 1986.
[1986] "Heavy current inductive devices made from plate-form conductors in thermal contact with
heat sink", IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin (USA), Vol. 28, No. 12, May 1986, pp. 5341-5344.
no refs. (1987-1015)

[1989] IEEE Standard General Requirements for Dry Type Distribution and Power Transformers
Including Those with Solid Cast and/or Resin Encapsulated Windings, IEEE C57.12.01-1989.
[1998] P. K. Dooley, “A comparison of liquid-filled and and dry-type transformers for industrial
applications”, IEEE Trans. On Industry Applications, Vol. 34, No. 1, Jan./Feb. 1998, pp. 222-226.
(38 references to standards in the text.)
[1998] H. Hinzen, "Power increase and reduction of losses for transformers", Elektrizitatswirtschaft
(Germany), Vol. 97, No. 10, 4 May 1998. pp. 46-47. No refs. (In German) (1999-32389)
[1999] Dry-Type General Purpose and Power Transformers, UL 1561, Mar. 23, 1999.
[2004] Power Transformers—Part 11: Dry-type transformers, IEC 60076-11 (2004—05).
[2005] IEEE Standard General Requirements for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers,
Including Those with Solid-Cast and /or Resin Encapsulated Windings, IEEE Std. C57.12.01-2005.
(Previous editions were 1989 and-1998)
[2011] M. R. Tanner, T. Nunn, J. Kern, J. Wimmer, “Dry type vs. liquid immersed transformer:
Specification and operational impact in a marine environment”, Conference Record Petroleum and
Chemical Industry Conference (PCIC), 2011, pp. 1-8.
[20015] IEEE Standard General Requirements for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers,
IEEE Std. 12.01-2015.
6.2 Heat Transfer in Small Dry Type Transformers
These transformers are considered small in that the temperature distributions within the windings
due to conduction are usually neglected. Cooling ducts within the winding are not present. Heat
transfer is by convection and radiation from the surfaces.
[1944] O. Kiltie, "Aircraft transformers - small and light", Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol 63,
March 1944, pp. 84-88. 1 ref. (1944-1326)
[1945] V. M. Montsinger, “Effect of altitude on temperature rise of aircraft transformers”, AIEE

Trans., Vol. 64. May 1945, pp. 251-252. 2 refs. (1944-1326 and 1945-149300
[1947] R. Lee, "Size versus rating, and intermittent ratings", in Electronic Transformers and
Circuits, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1947. 71 refs. in book. (Temperature rise curve for
start up deviates from exponential.)
[1949] A. L. Morris, "Small power transformers for aircraft electrical equipments", Proc. IEE, Pt. II,
Vol. 96, June 1949, pp. 413-424. (1949-1971)
[1951] W. C. Anderson and H. A. Hart, "Design and development of miniature hermetically sealed
power transformers", Res. Rep. 207/51 [Dep. Scil. Industr. Res. Lond.] Off. Tech. Serv. Wash. PB.
101166, 101166S,101166S2. (1951-4119)
[1950] U. Finkbein, "Current density and permissible heating in small transformers", Funk und Ton
(Germany) , Vol. 4, No. 4, 1950, pp. 182-192. (In German) (1950-3234)
[1951] E. Donauer, "Calculation of small transformers", Funk und Ton (Germany) , Vol. 5, July
1951, pp. 369-374. (In German) (1951-3652)

[1953] W. Schwenk, "The small transformer in communication and heavy-current technique", A. E.
G. Mitteilungen - Allegemeine Elektricitats-Gresellschaft (Germany), Vol. 43, Nov.-Dec. 1953, pp.
355-365. 117 refs. (In German) (1954-1895)
[1954] E. Karger, "The design of high-frequency coils for heavy currents", Funk und Ton
(Germany) , Vol. 8, Jan. 1954, pp. 7-18. 8 refs. (In German) (1954-2845)
[1954] H. Schweitzer, "The influence of the copper resistance in output transformers carrying d.c.",
Funk und Ton (Germany) , Vol. 8, Jan. 1954, pp. 19-24. 3 refs. (In German) (1954-2306)
[1955] I. Remis, "Simplified design of high temperature transformers", Electrical Manufacturing

(USA), Vol. 56, No. 5, Nov. 1955, pp. 98-105, 334-336. no refs.
[1956] W. C. Worcester, A. L. Weitzmann, and R. J. Townley, "Light-weight aluminum foil

solenoids for traveling-wave tubes", Institute of Radio Engineers Transactions Electronic Devices,
Vol. ED-3, No. 1, Jan. 1956, pp. 70-74. (1957-182)
[1958] G. M. Clarke, "Coils for magnetic fields. I. Thermal effects." Electronic and Radio
Engineer, Vol. 35, No. 8, Aug. 1958, pp. 298-306. "II. Weight aspects", Vol. 35 No. 9, Sept. 1958,
pp. 340-344. (1958-5827, 1958-5828)
[1958] R. H. Lee, "Size reduction of air-borne transformers", Trans. AIEE, Part II, Applications and
Industry, Vol. 76 Pt. II, Jan. 1958, pp. 372-376. (1958-2374)
[1958] R. E. Lee, "Size reduction of airbourne transformers", Institute of Radio Engineers

Transactions, Component Parts, Vol. CP-5, No. 3, Sept. 1958, pp. 142-147. (1959-708)
[1958] R. E. Turkington, "Effect of operation frequency on the weight and other characteristics of
missile alternators and transformers", Trans. AIEE, Vol. 77 Pt. II, Applications and Industry, Nov.
1958, pp. 289-300. 14 refs.
[1958] M. I. Vitenberg, "Determination of heating of electromagnetic relay windings", Avtomatika i

Telemekhanika (USSR) , Vol. 19, No. 11, 1958, pp. 1036-1047. (In Russian) (1960-3473)
[1958] T. Wroblewski, "Foil coil design factors", Electrical Manufacturing (USA), Vol. 61, No. 4,
April 1958, pp. 83-85,318. 3 refs.
[1960] M. I. Vitenberg, "Relay winding overheating and heat transmission coefficient as functions
of ambient air temperature", Automation and Remote Control (USA), Vol. 21, No. 3, 1960, pp. 384-
392. 1 ref. English translation of Avtomatika i Telemekhanika (USSR), Vol 21, No. 3, Nov. 1960,
pp. 384-392 (In Russian) (1962-12324)
[1961] M. R. Dickson, "Thermal Time Constants of Small (radio) transformers", ERA Rep. (GB)
Rep. Q/T 156, 1961, 12 pp. (1966-8343)
[1961] I. Richardson, "The technique of transformer design", Electro Technology (USA), Vol. 67,
No. 1, Jan. 1961, pp. 58-67. 12 refs.
[1961] J. F. Rippin, H. B. Harms, and G. Walters, "Ultra high temperature electronic transformers:
I - design considerations", AIEE Trans., Vol. 80, Pt. I, Communications And Electronics, July 1961,
pp. 245-302, disc. p. 302. 10 refs.
[1961] G. Walters, "Ultra high temperature electronic transformers: II. design optimization", AIEE
Trans., Vol. 80, Pt. I, Communications and Electronics, July 1961, pp. 302-309. 7 refs.

[1962] R. Lee, "Reducing size of radar pulse transformers", Institute of Radio Engineers
Transactions Component Parts, Vol. CP-9, No. 2, June 1962, pp. 58-61. (1962-10561)
[1966] L. P. Nasedkin, "A method of determining the maximal temperature of small heat-resistant
transformers", Elektrichestvo (USSR) , No. 8, Aug. 1966, pp. 56-58. (In Russian) (1966-18011)
[1966] R. Williams, "Small high-temperature transformers", Component Technology (GB), Vol. 2,

No. 3, Sept. 1966, pp. 5-10. (1967-166)
[1967] N. R. Grossner, "Analysis of transient loading and heating of the electronic transformer",
IEEE Trans. Parts, Materials, and Packaging, Vol. PMP-3, No. 2, June 1967, pp. 30-36. 12 refs.
(1967-15913) (dry type, small)
[1969] M. Friedrich, "Contribution to the thermal calculations in the field of power-and measuring
transformer design. I.", Schweizerische Technische Zeitscgfirt (Revue Technique Suiss, Rivista
Tecnica Svizzera) (Switzerland), Vol. 66, no. 26, 26 June 1969, pp. 533-543. (In German) (1970-
2832)
[1969] S. F. Kravtsov, "Determining the maximum temperature of low-capacity transformers",
Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol. 40 No. 7, July 1969, pp. 38-40. (In Russian) English translation in
[1970] W. Baumann, "Fundamental analysis of the differences between direct current and
alternating current magnetic systems", VDI Zeitschrift (Germany), Vol. 112, No. 9, May. 1970, pp.
563-568. (In German) (1970-27431)
[1970] G. H. T. Hatton, "The design of single layer coils dissipating appreciable power", Proc. of
the Institution of Radio and Electronics Engineers, Australia, Vol. 31 No. 2, Feb. 1970, pp. 50-52.
(1970-24051)
[1971] V. N. Gurnitskii, "Analysis of thermal processes in bobbinless coils of d.c. electromagnets",

Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Elektromekhanika (USSR), No. 9, 1971, pp. 1001-1006.
(In Russian) (static and dynamic) (1972-4194)
[1971] V. J. Tyler, "Thermal design of single-layer solenoids. I. Charts", AWA Technical Review
(Amalgamated Wireless Australasia, Australia), Vol. 14, No. 3, 1971, pp. 295-321. (1971-33472)
[1973] S. P. Kharlamova, V. G. Ushakov, and E. M. Bondarenko, "Thermal design of inductors",

Elektrotekhnika (USSR), No. 3, 1973, pp. 31-33. (In Russian) English translation in Soviet
Electrical Engineering (USA) No. 3, 1973. 3 refs. (1973-22490)
[1973] V. J. Tyler, "Thermal design of single-layer solenoids. III. Cooling", AWA Technical Review
(Amalgamated Wireless Australasia, Australia), Vol. 15, No. 1, June 1973, pp. 23-35. 8 refs. (1974-
5696)
[1973] V. J. Tyler, "Thermal design of single-layer solenoids. IV. Geometry", AWA Technical
Review (Amalgamated Wireless Australasia, Australia), Vol. 15, No. 1, June 1973, pp. 37-46. 54
refs. (1974-5697)
[1974] D. B. Kofman, "Analytic method for thermal analysis of low-power transformers",

Elektrichestvo (USSR), No. 8, Aug. 1974, pp. 44-48. 7 refs. (In Russian) (1975-22742)
[1976] E. V. Kolchev and L. A. Puglaenko, "Parameter optimisation of smoothing chokes allowing
for losses and temperature", Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Elektromekhanika (USSR),
No. 6, June 1976, pp. 657-661. 5 refs. (In Russian) (1976-37267)
[1976] Y. Y. Vunder, "Thermal calculations for winding of low-voltage equipment with protective
case", Soviet Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol. 47, No. 1, 1976, pp. 28-33. 7 refs. English
translation of Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol. 47, No. 1, 1976, pp. 16-19. (In Russian) (1976-14555)
[1977] D. E. Huttar, "Selection of power transformers for pulsed loads", Proc. of the Seventh
Symposium on Engineering Problems of Fusion Research, Knoxville, TN, USA, 25-28 Oct. 1977, Pt.
I, pp. 513-516. IEEE. 1 ref. (1978-36639)
[1977] O. V. Ovodov, "Thermal calculations for low capacity toroidal transformers", Soviet
Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol. 48, No. 11, 1977, pp. 22-23. 3 refs. English translation of
Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol. 48, no. 11, 1977, p. 19. (In Russian) (1979-15950)
[1978] S. F. Kravtsov and T. F. Rodionova, "Thermal resistance of toroidal windings", Izvestiya

Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Elektromekhanika (USSR), No. 5, May 1978, pp. 513-517. 4 refs.
(In Russian) (1978-44746)
[1978] W. J. Muldoon, "Analytical design optimization of electronic power transformers", IEEE

PECC 78 Record, Syracuse, NY, USA, 13-15 June 1978, pp. 216-225. no refs. (1979-11067)
[1979] H. Dutkowski, "Tests results of the heat exchange in RZC - 13.5 x 51 x 20 transformers",
Elektronika (Poland), Vol. 20, No. 6, 1979, pp. 252-253. no refs. (In Polish) (1979-46631)
[1979] R. Friedrich and G. Roespel, "Ferrite cored transformers for switch-mode power supplies",
Elettronica Oggi (Italy), No. 2, Feb. 1979, pp. 117-118,120,122. no. refs. (In Italian) (1979-46634)
[1979] H. Putkowski and E. Paczkowski, "Investigation of heat exchange in transformers with

ferrite type E cores", Prace Instytutu Tele- i Radiotechnicznego (Poland) , No. 8, 1979, pp. 73-77. 2
refs. (In Polish) (1980-14036)
[1980] F. C. Schwarz, J. B. Klaassens, F. B. Gerritse, and B. H. v. d. Heijden, "Optimal design of a

class of high frequency power inductors", IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, Vol. MAG-16, No. 5, Sept.
1980, pp. 752-754. 3 refs. (1981-9281)
[1982] Y. V. Smirnov, "Thermal analysis of DC winding with regard to variation of resistance when
heated", Elektrichestvo (USSR), No. 8, Aug. 1982, pp. 70-71. 3 refs. (In Russian) (1984-9217)
[1983] K. Ruschmeyer, "Thermal problems in transformers for circuit components II, Messen &
Prufen (Germany), Vol. 19, No. 4, April 1983, pp. 207-208. (In German) (For Part I see Vol. 19,
No. 3, pp. 140-141) (1983-38458)
[1983] Y. V. Smirnov, "Optimisation of low power transformers on the basis of permissible

heating", Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Elektromekhanika (USSR), No. 9, Sept. 1983,
[1983] J. P. Welsh, "Design and development of multi-kw power electronic transformers", NASA
Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio, Report NASA CR-168082, February 1983. 16 pp. 3 refs.
(conduction analysis)
[1985] L. B. Tyutina, and M. S. Barbaritskaya, "Thermal design of low power transformers", Soviet
Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol. 56, No. 1, 1985, pp. 19-23. 6 refs. English translation of
Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol. 56, No. 1, 1985, pp. 12-14, 1985 (in Russian).
[1986] W. A. Flanagan, W. A., "Thermal Considerations", Chapter 9 of Handbook of Transformer
Design and Applications, McGraw Hill Inc., 1986. 14 pp. 1 ref.

[1987] J. H. Hendriks, "Optimizing transformers for power conversion", Official Proc. of the
Fourteenth International PCI '87 Conference, Long Beach, CA, USA, 14-17 Sept. 1987. (Intertec
Communications), pp. 324-335. 7 refs. (1988-75706)
[1991] Y. V. Batygin, S. A. Sapelkin, and L. T. Khimenko, "Electrodynamic and thermal processes

in thin bimetallic windings of solenoids", Tekhnicheskaya Elektrodinamika (Ukrainian SSR), No. 1,
Jan.-Feb. 1991, pp. 3-7. 7 refs. (In Russian) (1991-50897)
[1991] J. Janata, "Transmission of heat into the surroundings by radiation from the inner cylindrical
surfaces of air chokes", Elektrotechnicky Obzor (Czechoslovakia), Vol. 80, No. 4, April 1991, pp.
109-115. 5 refs. (In Czech) (1991-68706)
[1991] M. P. Sayani, G. R. Skutt, and P. S. Venkatraman, "Electrical and thermal performance of

PWB transformers", Conf. Proc. APEC '91, Sixth Annual Applied Power Electronics Conference
and Exposition, Dallas, TX, USA, 10-15 March 1991, pp. 533-542. 11 refs. (1992-36185)
[1992] J. P. Jessee, and D. J. Nelson, "A coupled thermal magnetic model for high frequency
transformers: Part II- finite element implementation and validation", IEEE Trans. Components
Hybrids Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 15, No. 5, 1992, pp. 740-747. 12 refs. (Part I is by Nelson
and Jessee, pp. 730-739). (1993-1622)
[1992] P. Kokelj and I. Turk, "Direct analogy model for thermal flow", Elektrotehniski Vestnik
(Slovenia), Vol. 59, No. 5, Dec. 1992, pp. 277-284. 12 refs. (In Slovenian) (1993-40184)
[1992] D. J. Nelson, and J. P. Jessee, "A coupled thermal magnetic model for high frequency
transformers: Part I- model formulation and material properties", IEEE Trans. on Components
Hybrids and Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 15, No. 5, Oct. 1992, pp. 730-739. 37 refs. (Part II by
Jessee and Nelson on pages 740-747). (1993-1621)
[1994] J. A. Ferreira, W. G. Odendaal, and W. A. Cronje, "SCANT modelling: a new method for
optimizing functionality and form of transformers", Conference Record of the 1994 Industry
Applications Conference, Twenty-Ninth IAS Annual Meeting, Denver, Colo., USA, Oct. 2-5, 1994,
IEEE Pub. 94 CH34520, Vol. 2, pp. 1218-1224. 12 refs.
[1994] P. Kokelj, I. Turk, and R. Dorn, "Temperatures in a small transformer", Elektrotehniski

Vestnik (Slovenia), Vol. 61, No. 3, 1994, pp. 164-169. 4 refs. (In Solvenian) (1994-90078)
[1995] P. Viarouge, J. C. Fagundes, F. Tourkani, and H. Le-Huy, "Thermal behavior and design of
magnetic components in high-frequency static convertors", 1995 Canadian Conference on
Electrical and Compute Engineering, Montreal, Que, Canada, 5-9 Sept. 1995, IEEE Cat. No.
95TH8103, pp. 582-585. 9 refs. (In French) (1996-37564)
[1996] M. Undeland, J. Lode, R. Nilssen, W. P. Robbins, and N. Mohan, "A simple non-iterative
procedure for designing naturally-cooled high frequency inductors and transformers based upon
limitations of the maximum device temperature", Conf. Record 1994 IEEE IAS Annual Meeting,
Oct. 2-5, 1994, Denver Colorado, IEEE Pub. 94CH34520, Vol. 2, pp. 1253-1260. 3 refs. IEEE
Industry Applications Magazine, Vol. 2, no. 5, Sept.-Oct. 1996. pp. 44-51.
[1997] J. C. S. Fagundes, A. J. Batista, and P. Viarough, "Thermal modeling of pot core magnetic
components used in high frequency static converters", IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, Vol. 33, No. 2,
March 1997, pp. 1710-1713. 3 refs. (1997-51199)
[1997] W. G. Odendaal and J. A. Ferreira, "A thermal model for high frequency magnetic
components", Conf. Record of the 32nd IAS Annual Meeting, Oct. 5-9, 1997, New Orleans, IEEE
Pub. 97CB36096, Vol. 2, pp. 1115-1122. 12 refs.
[1998] S. A. Erofeev, "Taking account in piezotransformer design", Radio Communications
Technology (USA), Vol. 3, No. 1, 1998, pp. 122-132. 7 refs. English translation of Radioteknika.
Mosk. (Russia), no. 1, 1998, pp. 97-102. (In Russian) (1999-59029)
[1998] G. Refai-Ahmed, M. M. Yovanovich, and D. Cooper, "Heat transfer modelling of toroidal

inductors: effect of orientations", I THERM '98, Sixth Intersociety Conference on Thermal and
Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems, Seattle, WA, USA, 27-30 May 1998. IEEE
Cat. 98CH36208, pp. 417-423. 14 refs. (1999-12846)
[1999] W. G. Odendaal and J. A. Ferriera, "A thermal model for high-frequency magnetic
components", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 35, No. 4, July/August 1999, pp. 924-
931, 13 refs.
[1999] W. G. Odendaal and J. A. Ferriera, "Effects of scaling high-frequency transformer

parameters", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 35, No. 4, July/August 1999, pp. 932-940.
8 refs.
[2002] L. Escribano, R. Prieto, J. Cobos, and J. Uceda, “Thermal modling for magnetic
components; A survey”, Proc. 28th IEEE IECON, Nov. 2002, Vol. 2, pp. 1336-1341.
[2002] M. Sippola and R. E. Sepponen, “Accurate prediction of high-frequency power-transformer

losses and temperature rise”, IEEE Trans. On Power Electronics, Vol. 17, No. 5, Sept. 2002, pp.
835-837.
[2003] L. Escribano, R. Prieto, J. Oliver, J. Cobos, and J. Uceda, “Analytical thermal model for
magnetic components”, Proc. 34th Annual IEEE PESC, Vol. 2, June 2003, pp. 861-866.
[2004] L. Escribano, R. Prieto, J. Oliver, and J. Cobos, “A computer procedure to model the thermal
behavior of magnetic components,” Proc. 9th IEEE Int. Power Electronics. Congr. CIEP, Oct.
2004, pp. 71-86.
[2004] R. Prieto, L. Escribano, J. Oliver, J. Cobos, and J. Uceda, “A new 2D/3D FEA based thermal
model for magnetic components”, Proc. 35th Annual IEEE PESC, Jan. 2004, Vol. 6, pp. 4867-
4872.
[2005] L. Escribano, P. Zumel, R. Prieto, J. Oliver, and J. Cobos, “A very simple analytical
approach of thermal modeling for magnetic components”, Proc. 20th Annual IEEE APEC, March
2005, Vol. 3, pp. 1944-1950.
[2007] F. Farahmand, “Electro-thermal modeling of high frequency magnetic components”, Ph.D.
dissertation, Edward S. Rogers St. Dept. Elect. Comput. Eng., Univ. Toronto, Toronto, On, Canada,
2007.
[2007] F. Farahmand, J. D. Lavers, and F. P. Dawson, “Impact of nearby adiabatic and isothermal
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[2009] F. Farahmand, F. P. Dawson, and J. D. Lavers, “Temperature rise and free convection heat-
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[2012] S. Purushothaman, and F. De Leon, “Heat-transfer model for toroidal transformers”, IEEE
Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 27, No. 2, April 2012, pp. 813-820. 16 refs.

6.3 Heat Transfer in Large Dry Type Transformers
These transformers usually have cooling ducts within the winding. Temperature distributions within
the winding should be considered to determine the hottest spot temperature. Early large dry type
transformers were cooled by air driven by a large fan. The references are for steady state and
transient heat transfer and loading. Fans and temperature gages for these transformers are included
in sections 10.5 and 10.7.
[1895] W. L. R. Emmet, "Heat run test on 200 kw air-blast transformer", Trans. AIEE, Vol. 12,
1895, pp. 483-486; in “Existing commercial applications of electrical power from Niagara Falls”,
pp. 482-492, disc. pp. 492-499. (First reported thermal test on a transformer. Thermal tests
compared winding temperatures with and without air blast for six hours after start up at full load.
The results indicated air-blast was necessary to prevent excessive temperatures.)
[1904] G. W. Meyer, "Air-cooling versus oil cooling for transformers", Zeitschrift fur
Elektrotechnik (Wien) (Austria) , Vol. 22, April 24, 1904, pp. 255-257. (1904-1399)
[1905] M. A. Sammett, "Oil-insulated versus air-blast transformers", Electrical Review (New York),
Vol. 46, March 18, 1905, pp. 449-452. (1905-769)
[1906] G. A. Lister, "The heating coefficient of magnet coils", J. IEE, Vol. 38, 1906-1907, pp. 399-
414, disc. pp. 414-427. 10 refs.
[1907] M. A. Sammett, "Air-blast versus oil-insulated transformers", Western Electrician

(Chicago), Vol. 41, Sept 21, 1907. (from paper read before the Canadian Electric Association, Sept.
11, 1907) (1907-1295)
[1912] M. Vidmar, "Transformers with cooling plates", Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau

(Austria), Vol. 30, Nov. 10, 1912, pp. 933-937; Nov. 17, 1912, pp. 959-963. 1 ref. (In German)
(1912-1322)
[1912] M. Vidmar, "Air-cooled transformers", Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau (Austria), Vol. 30,
Dec. 15, 1912, pp. 1043-1050. No refs. (In German) (1913-261)
[1914] F. J. Teago, "Experiments on air blast cooling of transformers", J. IEE, Vol. 52, May 1,
1914, pp. 563-572, disc. pp. 572-578. 19 refs. (1914-852)
[1915] "Transformer blower of 40,000 cu. ft. capacity per minute", Electric Railway Journal
(USA), Vol. 45, March 27, 1915, p. 639. (1915-475)
[1918] J. Fischer-Hinnen, "Heating of machines and transformers", Elektrotechnik und

Maschinenbau (Austria), Vol. 36, May 5, 1918, pp. 205-210; May 12, 1918, pp. 217-222. 4 refs. (In
German) (1918-653)
[1919] W. Rogowski and V. Vieweg, "The maximum temperature of current carrying coils;
application of Vidmar's test", Archiv fur Elektrotechnik (Germany), Vol. 8, Dec. 8, 1919, pp. 329-
332. 3 refs. (In German) (1921-150)
[1919] M. Vidmar, "The transformer heating problem", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift (Germany),

Vol. 40, April 10, 1919, pp. 164-167. (In German) (1919-608)
[1920] K. Lubowsky, "Maximum temperature in windings", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift
(Germany), Vol. 41, Aug 19, 1920, pp. 646-647. 3 refs. (In German) (1921-508)

[1921] M. Vidmar, "The heat radiation problem of the transformer", Elektrotechnik und
Maschinenbau (Austria), Vol 39, Feb. 6, 1921, pp. 65-69. 2 refs. (In German) (1921-824)
[1923] B. Schwarz, "Radiating fins for air-cooled transformers", Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau
(Austria), Vol. 41, Aug. 5, 1923, pp. 445-451; Aug. 12, 1923, pp. 466-472. 12 refs. (In German)
(1923-1524)
[1926] M. Mathieu, "Temperature rise of transformer windings in free air", Revue Generale De
L'Electricite (France), Vol. 20, Aug 21, 1926, pp. 282-285. No refs. (In French) (1926-1755)
[1927] D. H. Wills, "Forced air cooling of electrical machinery", World Power (GB), Vol. 7, Feb.
1927, pp. 82-90. (1927-704)
[1934] W. Zirkel, "Temperature distribution in vertical ducts in air-cooled transformers", Archiv fur
Elektrotechnik (Germany), Vol. 28, Jan. 17, 1934, pp. 16-26. 14 refs. (In German) (1934-917)
[1944] J. K. Hodnette, "Air-cooled transformers for indoor distribution substations, Westinghouse

Engineer (USA), Vol. 4, No. 6, Nov. 1944, pp. 182-184.
[1944] W. W. Satterlee, "Design and operating characteristics of modern dry type air cooled
transformers", AIEE Trans., Vol. 63, Oct. 1944, pp. 701-704, disc, pp. 1445-1448. no refs. (1945-
672)
[1944] H. C. Stewart, and L. C. Whitman, "Hot spot temperatures in dry type transformer
windings", AIEE Trans., Vol. 63, Oct. 1944, pp. 763-768, disc. pp. 1445-1448. 2 refs. (1945-673)
[1945] W. W. Satterlee, "Some developments in modern transformer design", Iron and Steel
Engineer (USA), Vol. 22 No. 6, June 1945, pp. 62-68, disc. pp. 68-70. (1945-1926)
[1948] J. F. Dexter, M. L. Manning, and H. P. Walker, "LV air-cooled transformers designed for
225 C operation", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 130, Aug 14, 1948, pp. 97-99, 169. 9 refs. (1949-
331)
[1949] J. Muller, "Construction and range of application of the 3-phase dry-type transformer", Elin-
Zeitschrift (Austria) , Vol. 1, Sept. 1949, pp. 41-46. (In German) (1950-1682)
[1952] L. C. Whitman, "The economics of high temperature dry type transformers", AIEE Trans.,
Vol.71 Part III, Power Apparatus and Systems, Jan. 1952, pp. 377-382, disc. pp. 382-385. 18 refs.
(1952-3925 & 1953-3957)
[1952] Proposed guide for operation and maintenance of dry type transformers with class B
insulation, AIEE Standard No. 53, Oct. 1952, 6 pp. (1953-1859)
[1953] R. V. Wheeler, "The performance and cooling of cast-in-concrete reactors", Proc. IEE Vol.
100, Part II, Power Engineering, Oct. 1953, pp. 551-559. 4 refs. (1953-4910)
[1956] G. I. Glagolev, "The temperature rise of welding transformers and use of forced draught",
[1956] L. C. Whitman, "Co-ordination of dry type transformer models with transformer geometry",
AIEE Trans., Vol. 75 Part III, Power Apparatus and Systems, No.24, June 1956, pp. 328-331, disc.
pp. 331-332. 9 refs. (1956-4410)

[1957] L. C. Whitman, "Loading of ventilated dry type transformers", AIEE Trans., Vol.76 Part III,
Power Apparatus and Systems, No. 33, Dec. 1957, pp. 1077-1084, disc. p. 1084. 13 refs. (1958-
1802)
[1958] D. Friedman, "External heat transfer from cylindrical self-cooled electrical equipment",
AIEE Trans., Vol. 77 Pt II, Applications And Industry, Nov. 1958, pp. 372-377. 8 refs.
[1958] A. A. Halacsy, "Temperature rise of dry type transformers", AIEE Trans., Vol.77 Pt.III,
Power Apparatus And Systems, No. 37, August 1958, pp. 456-460, disc. pp. 460-462. 9 refs. (1958-
5700)
[1959] M. F. Beavers, and L. C. Whitman, "Temperature rise test on ventilated dry type
transformers", AIEE Trans., Vol.77 Pt. III, Power Apparatus and Systems, No. 40, Feb. 1959, pp.
1707-1715, disc. pp. 1715-1719. 3 refs. (testing) (1959-4504)
[1959] Guide for Loading Dry-type Distribution and Power Transformers, ASA Appendix
C57.96.92, November 1959.
[1960] T. Bodoroglu, "Influence of the height upon the local and mean thermal capacity of the
winding surface of air-cooled transformers based upon model tests", Elektrotechnik und
Maschinenbau (Austria), Vol. 77, No. 12, June 15, 1960, pp. 277-287. 11 refs. (In German) (1960-
5366)
[1961] T. Boduroglu, "On the temperature rise of transformers with horizontally lying cores",
Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau (Austria), Vol. 78 no. 21, Nov. 1, 1961, pp. 634-638. 4 refs. (in
German) (1962-3537)
[1962] M. Mark, "Heat transfer techniques for magnetic core components", Electro Technology,
Vol. 70, No. 2, Aug. 1962, pp. 87-93. 6 refs.
[1963] M. Nemeth, "Examination of the losses and temperature rise of air-cored concrete-framed
reactors", Elektrotechnika (Hungary), Vol. 56, No. 1-2, Feb. 1963, pp. 45-52. (In Hungarian)
(Temp. rise by superimposing dc current) (1963-8446)
[1965] G. B. Fridman, "Insulation aging and the load capacity of a dry mining transformer", Soviet
Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol. 36, No. 12, Dec. 1965, pp. 32-35. 3 refs. English translation of
Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol. 36, No. 12, 1965. pp. 24-27. (In Russian) (1966-5025)
[1966] S. J. Antalis, and G. I, Duncan, "Temperature distribution in insulation systems for dry type
transformers and their effect on design", IEEE Winter Power Meeting, Jan. 30-Feb. 4, 1966, Paper
31CP66-163. 3 refs.
[1966] Z. I. Kyazimzade and N. Y. Rustamov, "Determining the thermal time constants of a dry
transformer from partial heat-run data", Elektrotekhnika (USSR), No. 11, Nov. 1966, pp. 6-8. (In
Russian) (1967-8109)
[1967] G. B. Fridman and Y. A. Mikhailovskii, "Calculating the maximum temperature rises in the
windings of dry transformers", Elektrotekhnika (USSR), No. 4, April 1967, pp. 54-56. (In Russian)
(1967-18359)
[1967] P. Lein, "Contribution to calculating the heating of oilless transformers with axial cooling
channels", Elektrie (Germany), Vol. 21, no. 5, May 1967, pp. 189-192. 20 refs. (In German) (1967-
18376)

[1969] Z. I. Kyazim-Zade, and N. y. Rustamov, "A method of designing a dry transformer on the
basis of heating in the steady-state regime", Elektrotekhnika (USSR) Vol. 40 No. 3, pp. 17-19. (in
Russian) English translation in Soviet Electrical Engineering (USA). (1970-12391
[1969] R. Pfeiffer, "The axial and radial temperature fields in self cooled dry type transformers with
aluminum foil windings", VDI Zeitschrift (Germany), Vol. 111, 1969 no. 15, Aug. 1969, p. 1074.
(In German) (Abstract of doctoral dissertation)
[1971] E. P. Mikhailenko and A. I. Pletnev, "The heating process in quartz-filled transformers",

Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol. 12 No. 10, Oct. 1971, pp. 54-56. (in Russian) English translation in
[1972] S. F. Krautsov and T. f. Rodionova, "Experimental study of heat conductivity in electrical

coils", Izvestiya VUZ Priborostroenie (USSR), Vol. 15, No. 7, 1972, pp. 114-117. 6 refs. (In
Russian) (1972-39349)
[1972] W. Lascoki, "Thermal equivalent circuit for dry transformers", Rozprawy Electrotechniczne
(Poland), Vol 18, No. 1, 1972. pp. 231-244. 7 refs. (In Polish) (1972-26848)
[1972] J. Sikora, "Determination of admissible load carrying capacity of dry type transformers",
Prace Instytutu Elektrotechniki (Poland), Vol. 20, no. 74, 1972, pp. 95-113. 15 refs. (In Polish)
(1973-15309)
[1973] R. L. Dormer, "Designing class C dry type transformers for maximum efficiency - a review
with guidance on predicting behavior under various conditions", Electrical Review (GB), Vol. 193
Partt 1, No 10, Sept. 7 1973, pp. 313-317. 4 refs. (1973-40595)
[1973] T. Koter, W. Lasocki, "Parameters in the thermal equivalent circuit of a dry transformer in
the case of natural cooling", Rozprawy Electrotechniczne (Poland), Vol 19, No. 1, 1973, pp. 179-
195. 10 refs. (In Polish) (width of cooling duct considered) (1973-34334)
[1973] J. Pitchford, "Heat transfer through an electrical coil", Thesis, University of Durham,
England, 1973. (1974-38623)
[1974] A. Mereanu and P. Mitrol, "Thermal design peculiarities of quartz and fire damp proof
transformers", Lucrarile ICPE (Rumania), No. 29, 1974, pp. 31-37. 18 refs. (In Rumanian) (1975-
4531)
[1974] M. Philippe, "Modern dry transformers for high and low tension", Revista Electrotecnica
(Spain), Vol. 19, No. 216, April 1974, pp. 53-58. (In Spanish) (1974-35621)
1975] W. Lasocki, "Method of temperature calculation in dry transformer windings", Rozprawy

Electrotechniczne (Poland), Vol. 21, No. 4 1975, pp. 797-806. 3 refs. (In Polish) (For Pt. 1 see Vol.
21, No. 1, 1973) (1976-11562)
[1976] E. Possa, "Heat transfer calculations of dry transformers and reactors", L'Elettrotecnica
(Italy), Vol. 63, No. 3, March 1976, pp. 309-316. 3 refs. (In Italian) (1976-31281)
[1977] W. Gryglewicz-Kacerka, "Application of the numerical method to assign the extension

gradients of temperature in the cylindrical windings", Zeszyty Naukowe Polytechniki Lodzkiej
Elektryka (Poland), No. 56, 1977, pp. 41-50. 1 ref. (In Polish) (1977-13205)
[1977] W. Gryglewicz-Kacerka, "An analysis of determination of fixed temperature increments in a
dry transformer with natural cooling", Zeszyty Naukowe Polytechniki Lodzkiej Elektryka (Poland),
No. 54, 1977, pp. 47-71. 8 refs. (In Polish) (1978-26747)
[1977] W. Jalmuzny, "Construction of a thermal equivalent circuit for a dry current transformer",
Zeszyty Naukowe Polytechniki Lodzkiej Elektryka (Poland), No. 50, 1977, pp. 69-79. 6 refs. (In
Polish) (1977-35813)
[1977] L. A. Puglaenko and M. V. Titarenko, "Allowance for the temperature conditions in the
analysis of a minimum-size air-spaced reactor", Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii,
Elektromekhanika (USSR), No. 8, Aug. 1977, pp. 931-935. 5 refs. (In Russian0 (1978-4322)
[1978] J. P. Walsh, R. L. Haumesser, and D. L. Lockwood, "Lightweight power conditioning

magnetics", 1978 Thirteenth Pulse Power Modulator Symposium, Buffalo, N.Y., USA, 20-22 June
1978, IEEE, pp. 71-74. 1 ref. (1979-11066)
[1979] D. J. Bak, "Insulation's heat dissipation permits smaller transformers", Design News (USA),
Vol. 35, No. 15, Aug. 6, 1979, p. 80.
[1980] A. F. Gagen and V. I. Gorbenko, "Temperature field in a low-power transformer coil with an
air duct in the winding", Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Elektromekhanika (USSR), No.
9, Sept. 1989, pp. 915-925. 3 refs. (1981-14118)
[1980] T. K. Teshkov, "Investigation of overheating of foil-type transformer windings', Elektro

Promishlenost i Priborostroene (Bulgaria), Vol. 15, No. 5, 1980, pp. 179-181. 3 refs. (In Bulgarian)
(1981-9278)
[1982] F. Piovan and A. Savini, "Determination of temperature rise in coils of dry-type

transformers", International Conference on Electrical Machines, Budapest, Hungary, 5-9 Sept.
1982, Vol. 2, pp. 703-706. 4 refs. (1983-16486
[1984] E. I. Voevodina, I. B. Grigorov, V. F. Ivankov, and O. N. Stepenko, "Calculation of

temperature excess in the lower voltage foil windings of distribution transformers", Tekhnicheskaya
Elektrodinamika (USSR), No. 1, Jan.-Feb. 1984, pp. 32-34. 5 refs. (In Russian) (analytical solution
with non uniform distribution of losses) (1984-28707)
[1986] I. N. Dul'kin, L. I. Roizen, A. L. Amromin, A. A. Levin, V. M. Ermolenko, V. V. Aleshina,

and P. V. Chebyshev, "Thermal design and experimental investigations of the temperature field of a
dry transformer with forced cooling", Soviet Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol. 57, No. 6, 1986,
pp. 33-40. 7 refs. English translation of Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol. 57, No. 6, 1986, pp. 18-23.
(In Russian) (1987-58156)
[1986] C. E. M. de Kuijper, "Loading of dry-type power transformers", Elektrotechniek
(Netherlands), Vol. 64, No. 3, March 1986, pp. 223-231. (In English) no. refs. (1986-51682)
[1987] Y. B. Borodulin, S. I. Devochkina, and V. I. Samonin, "Analysis of thermal conditions of

dry transformers allowing for distribution of heat sources along structural elements", Izvestiya
Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Elektromekhanika (USSR), No. 2, Feb. 1987, pp. 37-41. 8 refs. (In
Russian) (1987-64663)
[1987] F. Guerra and I. Moreira, "First approach to the use of scale models of experimentally
determining the thermal field of transformers cooled by natural convection", Electricidade
(Portugal), Vol. 31, No. 233, April 1987, pp. 141-145. No refs. (In Portuguese) (Similitude method,
tests with oil and air, temp. fields are similar) (1987-58140)
[1987] Loading Guide for Dry-type Power Transformers, IEC 905, 1987.
[1989] IEEE Guide for Loading Dry-type Distribution and Power Transformers, ANSI/IEEE
C57.96-1989.
[1992] W. M. Grady, R. Chan, M. J. Samotyj, R. J. Ferraro, and J. L. Bierschenk, "A PC-based
computer program for teaching the design and analysis of dry-type transformer design", IEEE
Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 7, No. 2, May 1992, pp. 709-715, disc. pp. 716-717. 9 refs.
[1993] P. W. O'Callaghan, B. A. Constant, and M. Bradford, "Heat transfer in windings: CAD

techniques for thermal management", IEE Colloquium on CAD (Compute Aided Design) Tools for
Thermal Management, London, 4 Feb. 1993, IEE, Digest No. 027. 12 Ref. (1993-35117)
[1994] K. W. Klontz, D. M. Divan, and D. W. Novotny, "An actively cooled 120 kw coaxial
winding transformer for fast charging electric vehicles", Conf. Record of the 1994 IEEE Industry
Applications Society Twenty-ninth Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, USA, 2-6 Oct. 1994, IEEE Cat.
No. 94CH34520, Vol. 2, pp. 1049-1054. 8 refs. (1995-20103)
[1994] L. W. Pierce, "Hottest spot temperatures in ventilated dry-type transformers", IEEE

Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 9, No. 1, Jan. 1994, pp. 257-263, disc. p. 264. 12 refs. (1994-
47933)
[1994] L. W. Pierce, "Thermal considerations in specifying dry type transformers", IEEE Trans.
on Industry Applications, Vol. 30, No. 4, July/Aug. 1994, pp. 1090-1098. 32 refs. (1994-78693)
[1994] L. W. Pierce, "Predicting hottest spot temperatures in ventilated dry type transformers",
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 9 No. 2, April 1994, pp. 1160-1169, disc. pp. 1170-
1172. 14 refs. (1994-68684)
[1996] J-Y. Do, J-W. Chung, H-B. Chae, and S-I. park, "Thermal effects on the EMF coil of a
weighing device", Ungyong Mulli (South Korea), Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 419-423, July 1996. (In
English), 2 refs. (1996-110398)
[1996] D. E. Hall, and W. Z. Black, "Transient thermal performance of line traps", IEEE Trans. on
Power Delivery, Vol. 11, No. 1, Jan. 1996, pp. 197-207, disc. pp. 208-209. 18 refs.
[1999] IEEE Guide for Loading Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers, IEEE C57.96-
1999.
[2008] J. Smolka and A. J. Nowak, “Experimental validation of the coupled fluid flow, heat transfer
and electromagnetic numerical model of the medium-power dry-type electrical transformer”, Int. J.
Therm. Sci., Vol. 47, 2008, pp. 1393-1410.
[2011] J. Smolka and A. J. Nowak, “Shape optimization of coils and cooling ducts in dry-type
transformers using CFD and GA”, IEEE Trans. On Magnetics, Vol. 47, 2011, pp. 1726-1731.
[2013] IEEE Guide for Loading Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers, IEEE C57.96-
2013.
6.4 K-Factor Transformers
K-Factor rated dry type transformers are specially designed for non-sinusoidal load currents. The
definition for the K-factor rating is given in UL 1561-1994 and Ul 1562-1994. The definition was
added to UL 1562 on May 12, 1992.
[1988] A. Freund, "Non-linear loads mean trouble", Electrical Construction & Maintenance (USA),
Vol. 87 No. 3, March 1988, pp. 83-90. (1989-6309)

[1988] A. Freund, "Double the neutral and derate the transformer - or else!", Electrical Construction
and Maintenance (USA), Vol. 87 No. 13, Dec. 1988, pp. 81-85.
[1988] W. H. Nichols and R. E. Cosse, Jr., "An illustration of harmonic suppression due to
transformer connection", IEEE Petroleum and Chemical Engineering Conference, Dallas, Texas,
USA, Sept. 12-18, 1988, IEEE Pub. 88CH2661-7, pp. 197-203.
[1989] A. Liew, "Excessive neutral currents in three-phase fluorescent lighting circuits", IEEE
Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 25 No. 4, July/August 1989, pp. 776-782. 1 ref.
[1990] J. Frank, "Non linear loads and transformers - another solution", Electrical Construction and
Maintenance (USA), Vol. 89 No. 5, May, 1990, p. 36.
[1990] T. Gruzs, "A survey of neutral currents in three-phase computer power systems", IEEE
Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 26 No. 4, July/August 1990, pp. 719-725. 5 refs.
[1990] P. P. Khera, "Application of zigzag transformers for reducing harmonics in the neutral
conductor of low voltage distribution system", Conf. Record 1990 IEEE Industry Applications
Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington, Oct. 7-12, 1990, IEEE Cat. No. 90CH2935-5 Part II, pp.
1092. 2 refs.
[1991] M. T. Bishop, C. Gilker, and S. R. Mendis, "PC-controlled hand-held meter measures power
system harmonics", IEEE Computer Applications in Power, Oct. 1991, pp. 17-21, 3 refs.
[1991] J. DeDad, "Harmonics and NEC; what's being done", Electrical Construction and
Maintenance (USA), Vol. 90, No. 8, Aug. 1991, p. 7.
[1991] J. DeDad, "Coping with phase-to-phase non linear loads and harmonics", Electrical
Construction and Maintenance (USA) , Vol. 90, No. 6, June 1991, pp. 51,53-55. (1991-80963)
[1991] Dini, D. A., The nature of harmonic distortion and its impact on electrical safety, IAEI News
(USA) (International Association of Electrical Inspectors), July/August 1991, p. 33-37.
[1991] W. Lewis, "Is there a K-Factor in your future?, Power Quality (USA), March/April 1991, pp.
52-54. 4 refs.
[1991] B. J. McPartland, "Use K-Factor transformers? Definitely but what K-Factor", EDI
(Electrical Design and Installation), (USA), Vol. 2, June 1991, pp. 35-40.
[1992] M. T. Bishop and C. Gilker, "Portable harmonics meter evaluates transformer heating",
IEEE Computer Applications in Power, Vol. 5, No. 4, Oct. 1992, pp. 41-44.
[1992] D. A. Dini, Testing and rating of transformer for use with nonlinear loads, PGA '92, Atlanta,
GA, USA, 1992. Copyright by Underwriters Laboratories Inc.
[1992] R. Dwyer and D. R. Mueller, "Selection of transformers for commercial buildings", Conf.
Record 1992,Industry Application Society Annual Meeting, IEEE Cat. No. 92CH3146-8, Vol. 2, pp.
1335-1338 or 1339-1342. (printed twice). 4 refs. (1993-64845)
[1992] "Solving mysterious transformer failures", Electrical Apparatus (USA), Vol. 45 No. 4,
March 1992, p. 2.
[1992] J. Frank, "Letter to editor. Clarifying K-rated transformer statements", Electrical
Construction and Maintenance (USA), Vol. 91, No. 8, August 1992, p. 10.

[1992] C. E. McCoy, "Static power converters, harmonics, the power system, and you", IEEE
Industry Applications Society 39th. Annual Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conf., San Antonio,
Texas, USA, Sept. 28-30, 1992, IEEE Cat. No. 92-CH3186-4, pp. 255-263. 20 refs.
[1992] R. L. Nailen, "Those mysterious transformer 'K-Factors': What are they and what do they
mean?", Electrical Apparatus (USA), Vol. 45 No. 4, March 1992. p. 23-27. no refs.
[1993] B. Arthur, "Testing reveals surprising K-Factor diversity", Electrical Construction and
Maintenance (USA), Vol. 92 No. 4, April 1993, pp. 51,52,54,55. 8 refs.
[1993] M. T. Bishop, and C. Gilker, C., "Harmonic caused transformer heating evaluated by a
portable PC-controlled meter", 1993 Rural Electric Power Conf., Kansas City, Missouri, April 25-
27, 1993, IEEE Pub. 93CH 3256-5, Paper B5, 6 pp. 4 refs. (1993-58183)
[1993] D. Bouman and D. Basista, "K-Rated transformers put a damper on harmonics", Consulting-
Specifying Engineer (USA), Vol. 14 No. 4, Mid-September 1993, pp. 14-16.
[1993] J. A. DeDad, "Who do you believe?, Electrical Construction and Maintenance (USA), Vol.
92, No. 2, Feb. 1993, p. 7.
[1993] J. Frank, "The how and why of K-Factor transformers", Electrical Construction and
Maintenance (USA), Vol 92, No. 5, May 1993, pp. 79,80,82. 9 refs.
[1993] T. M. Gruzs, "Letter to editor. K Factor transformer diversity questioned", Electrical

Construction and Maintenance (USA), Vol. 92, No. 10, Oct. 1993, pp. 14,16.
[1993] W. H. Lewis, "Letter to editor. Clarification on K-rated transformer statements", Electrical

Construction and Maintenance (USA), Vol. 92, No. 9, Feb. 1993, p. 10,12.
[1993] J. H. Moravek, "Harmonics terminology: fact and fiction", Electrical Construction and
Maintenance (USA), Vol. 92, No. 2, Feb. 1993, pp. 61,62,64,66.
[1993] J. Moravek, "Are K-rated transformers required", Specifying Engineer (USA), Vol. 14, No.
5, Oct. 1993, p. 40. No refs.
[1993] J. M. Moravek and E. Lethert, "The K-Factor: clearing up its mystery", Electrical
Construction and Maintenance (USA), Vol. 92 No. 6, June 1993, pp. 65,67,69,71,73,74,77. (1994-
7940)
[1993] J. Moravek, "Letter to editor. Recommended 200 % neutral sizing", Electrical Construction
and Maintenance (USA), Vol. 92 No. 6, June 1993. p. 12.
[1994,1997] J. M. Frank, "Origin, development, and design of K-Factor transformers", Conf.

Record of the 1994 Industry Applications Society 29th Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, USA, Oct. 2-5,
1994, IEEE Pub. 94CH34520, Vol. 3, pp. 2273-2274. Also IEEE Industry Applications Magazine,
Vol. 3 no. 5, Sept/Oct. 1997, p. 67-69. Also discussion and closure in Letters, Vol. 4 No. 3,
May/June 1998, pp. 77-78.
[1994] R. D. Henderson and P. J. Rose, "Harmonics: the effects on power quality and transformers",
IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 30 No. 3, May/June 1994, pp. 528-532. Disc. Vol. 31
no. 2, March/April 1995, pp. 405-406. 4 refs. (1994-9012)

[1994] B. Hesterman, "Time domain K-factor computation methods", PCIM '94 Power Conversion
and Intelligent Motion USA, Official Proc. of the Twenty-Ninth International Power Conversion
Conference, Dallas/Ft. Worth, TX, USA, 17-22 Sept. 1994, Intertec Int., pp. 406-417. 9 refs. (1995-
36222)
[1994] G. W. Massey, "Estimation methods for power system harmonic effects on power
distribution transformers", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 30 No. 2, March/April 1994,
pp. 485-489. 9 refs. (1993-58013)
[1994] B. Perkins and B. Arthur, "Office loads and transformer K factor", Plant Engineering
(USA), Vol. 48, No. 10, August 1994, pp. 76-78.
[1994] S. C. Wang, M. Devaney, "Time domain approach to the measurement of K-factor", Proc.
IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conf., Orlando, Fl. Feb. 13-17, 1994, IEEE Cat. No. 94CH3364-
7, pp. 333-339. 11 refs.
[1994] Dry Type General Purpose and Power Transformers, UL1561-1994.

[1994] Transformers, Distribution, Dry Type—Over 600 Volts, UL 1562-1994.
[1995] J. Frank, "Letter to editor - PE recommends K-factor transformers, not derating", Electrical
Construction and Maintenance (USA), Vol. 94, No. 5, May 1995, p. 10.
[1995] G. W. Massey, "Power distribution system design for operation under nonsinusoidal load
conditions", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 31, No. 3, May/June 1995, pp. 513-519,
disc. Vol. 31 No. 5, Sept./Oct. 1995, pp. 970. 21 refs.
[1995] NFPA, "Report of the NEC Correlating committee on non-linear loads", NFPA 70-A95
ROP, Appendix B, pp. 949-961. 18 refs. 1995. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Mass.
[1995] T. Schelling, "Harmonic reduction with phase-shifted transformers", Power Quality

Assurance (USA), Vol. 6 No. 2, March/April 1995, pp. 26-28, no. refs.
[1996] R. D. Arthur, "Gathering useful K-factor measurements", Pure Power (USA), pp. 30-32.
(distributed with Consulting/Specifying Engineer (USA), Vol. 19, No. 7, June 1996)
[1996] J. Frank, "Letter to editor - IEEE fellow urges keeping of "K" nomenclature", Electrical
Construction and Maintenance (USA), Vol. 96, No. 1, Jan. 1996, p. 8.
[1996] J. M. Frank, "Harmonics: how they affect the development and design of "K" Factor
transformers", Conf. Record of the 1996 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry technical Conference,
Birmingham, AL, USA, June 10-14, 1996, IEEE Cat. No. 96CH35892, pp. 204-208. 18 refs. (1996-
91588)
[1996] L. B. McClung, "Standards", IEEE Industry Applications Magazine , Vol. 2, No. 5,

Sept./Oct. 1996, p. 8.
[1997] C. H. Kung, M. J. Devaney, and C-M. Huang, "The design of a hand-held K-Factor meter
using an air-core current transformer", IEEE Trans. on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. 46,
No. 4, Aug. 1997, pp. 811-816. 10 refs. (1998-8779)

[1997] P. J. A. Ling and C. J. Eldridge, "K-Factor can be a misleading power quality indicator", The
Circuit (Atlanta Section IEEE), Vol. 1 No. 2, Oct. 1998, pp. 5-8. First published IEEE IASTED
International Conference on Power Quality in High Technology Competition, Florida, 1997. Also
Power Systems World '98, Power Quality '98 Conference, Santa, Clara, Calif., USA, Nov. 7-13,
1998, Poster paper session #2, Thurs. Nov. 12, 1998.
[1998] G. T. Heydt, and W. T. Jewell, "Pitfalls of electric power quality indices", IEEE Trans. on
Power Delivery, Vol. 13, No. 2, April 1998, pp. 570-576, disc. pp. 577-578. 22 refs.
[2000] E. F. Fuchs, “Measurement of eddy-current loss coefficient PEC-R, derating of single-phase

transformers, and comparison with K-Factor approach”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 15,
No. 1, Jan. 2000, pp. 148-154. 15 refs. “Correction”, Vol. 15, No. 4, Oct. 2000, p. 1357. Disc. Vol.
15, No. 4, Oct. 2000, pp. 1331-1333.
6.5 Cast-Resin Transformers Product Descriptions

Windings for these transformers are referred to as cast-resin or resin-impregnated.
[1952] E. C. Wentz and F. B. Colby, "Recent improvements in theory and practice of vacuum
plastic filled insulation for voltage transformers", AIEE Trans. Vol.71 Pt.III Power Apparatus and
Systems, Jan. 1952, pp. 358-363, disc. p. 363. 1 ref.
[1955] W. C. Farneth and G. Gallousis, "Epoxy resin casting of dry type current transformers",
AIEE Trans. Vol. 74, Pt. III, Power Apparatus and Systems, No. 17, April 1955, pp. 194-197, disc.
pp. 197-198. 10 refs.
[1963] K. Bosendorfer and P. Ringlage, "Molded instrument transformers for medium voltages",
Seimens Review (Germany), Vol. 30, No. 11, Nov. 1963, pp. 422-425. No refs. (In English)
[1963] J. H. McWhirter, N. C. Foster, C. F. Hofmann, and D. Berg, "Cast resin power

transformers", Electrical Review (GB), Vol. 173, No. 26, 27 Dec. 1963, pp. 978-981. no refs. (1964-
6921)
[1964] H. W. Book, "A New approach to distribution transformer design", Westinghouse Engineer
(USA), Vol. 24, No. 4, July 1964, pp. 110-113. (buried units)
[1965] H. Hartmann, and C. Musy, "The use of epoxy resins in high voltage instrument
transformers", The Brown Boveri Review (London), Vol. 52, No. 8, August 1965, pp. 598-608. no
refs.
[1965] A. Tanner, "The Brown Boveri range of molded resin instrument transformers", The Brown
Boveri Review (London), Vol. 52, No. 8, August 1965, pp. 614-622. no refs.
[1967] E. R. Eley, R. A. Kurz, A. J. Palumbo, and F. R. Zickar, "Cast foil wound distribution
transformers", Proc. 7th Electrical Insulation Conf. 1967, pp. 217-221, IEEE paper 32C79-72. 2
refs.
[1967] E. Harder, and R. Pfeiffer, "Casting resin dry transformers GEAFOL series 10 and series
20", AEG-Mitteilungen - Allegemeine Elektricitats-Gresellschaft (Germany), Vol. 57, No. 2, 1967,
pp. 55-59. no refs. (In German, English translation available)

[1967] R. Pfiffer, "The mechanical and thermal short-circuit stress in GEAFOL bound resin dry try
transformers", A. E. G. Mitteilungen - Allegemeine Elektricitats-Gresellschaft (Germany), Vol. 57,
No. 6, 1967, pp. 322-326. (In German) (1968-22616)
[1968] H. Hagenbucher, "The cast resin transformer in modern installations", Der Elektromeister
(Germany), Issue 15, 1968. (In German, English translation available)
[1968] E. Harder and R. Pfeiffer, "Cast-resin dry-type transformers GEAFOL for a rated voltage of
12 and 24 kv", AEG-Telefunken Progress (Germany), No.1, 1968, (In English).
[1969] R. Pfeiffer, "Economic gradation of insulation in casting resin dry transformers with
aluminum foil windings", Technische Mitteilungen AEG-Telefunken (Germany), Vol. 59, No. 2,
1969, pp. 150-152. 4 refs. (In German, English translation available)
[1971] W. W. Book, R. A. Ghirardini, and D. J. Ristuccia, "Cast coil and current limiting fuses
improve reliability of distribution transformers", Westinghouse Engineer (USA), Vol. 31, No. 1,
Jan 1971, pp. 20-24. no refs.
[1972] R. Pfeiffer, "Cast resin transformer type GEAFOL, design and operating experience", ERA
(Sweden), Vol. 45, No. 9, 1972, pp. 169-171. 5 refs. (In Swedish) (1973-3461)
[1973] R. Zahorka, "The new type series of GEOFOL cast-resin transformers", Technische
Mitteilungen AEG-Telefunken (Germany), Vol. 63, 1973, pp. 93-96. 9 refs. (in German), Also in
AEG Telefunken Progress (Germany), NO. 3, 1973, pp. 87-90. (In English)
[1973] W. H. Coppock ,”Cast resin – simple, clean and easy transformer insulation”, Electrical
Times (GB), August 2, 1973, p. 17.
[1976] F. Alber, "Reducing noise levels for GEAFOL cast resin dry type transformers", Siemens
Zeitschrift (Germany), Vol. 50, No. 4, 1976, pp .277-278. 4 refs. (in German), English version in
Siemens Review (Germany), Vol. 44, No. 9, 1977, pp. 421-423.
[1976] R. Hertwig, "Where to use cast resin insulated distribution transformers", Electrical Review
(GB), Vol. 198, No. 13, 2 April 1976, pp. 22,23.
[1976] "Cast coil transformers mount a new challenge", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 185, No. 6,
March 15, 1976, pp. 164-165.
[1978] H. Albert and H. Wolfrath, "Industrial load center substations incorporating a GEAFOL
cast-resin dry-type transformer in protective housing (indoor version)", Siemens Review (Germany),
Vol. 45, No. 2, 1978. pp. 90-93. 3 refs. (In English) (1978-31726)
[1978] S. Isobe, N. Ikemoto, Y. Kihara, K. Asakura, H. Yokono, S. Numata, R. Takeuchi, and M.

Kito, "Large capacity class H resin molded transformer", IEEE Trans. on Electrical Insulation,
Vol. EI-13, No. 6, Dec. 1978, pp. 436-443. 7 refs.
[1978] "Transformer encapsulated for high risk areas", Electrical Review (GB), Vol. 202, No. 20,
26 May 1978, p. 8.
[1979] L. Davis, "Open and cast dry type transformers", IEEE Conf. Record Of Paper Industry
Tech. Conf., Pittsburgh, May 15-18, 1979, IEEE Pub. 79CH1419-1 IA, pp. 126-128. No refs.
[1979] R. F. J. Deakin and P. D. Smith, "Dry transformers: new generation uses epoxy insulation",
Pulp and Paper Magazine of Canada (Canada), Vol. 80, No. 6, June, 1979, pp. 155-157,159. 6
refs.
[1979] S. Isobe, and A. Kobayashi, "Resin molded transformers", Hitachi Review (Japan), Vol. 28,
No. 5, 1979, pp. 255-260. 3 refs.
[1979] B. B. Pendergrass, and J. B. Hoagland, "Cast coil and conventional dry type transformers",
IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power System Technical Conf., Seattle, WA, USA, May 14-17,
1979, IEEE Pub. 79CH1460-51A pp. 38-41. Same as "Cast coil transformers: an alternative to
conventional dry type transformers", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. IA-15, No. 6,
Nov./Dec. 1979, pp. 640-643. 17 refs.
[1979] D. G. Say, "Trends in distribution transformer development", Electrical Review (GB), Vol.
205, no. 4, 3 August 1979. pp. 32-34.
[1981] P. W. Clark and F. P. Cava, "Cast coil transformers", Conf. Record IEEE Industry
Applications Society Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, Penn, USA, Oct. 5-9, 1981, IEEE Pub. No.
81CH16789-2, pp. 209-210,214, Paper IAS81-11A. no refs.
[1982] J. C. Dutton, R. Zahorka, and R. J. Ristow, "Application experience with cast coil power
transformers", 29th Annual Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference, St. Louis, Missouri,
USA, Aug. 30,31, Sept. 1, 1982, IEEE Pub. 82CH 1816-8, pp. 257-260, Paper PCI82-7, 7 refs.
[1982] M. Friedrich, J. Tripob, and F. Faltermeier, "Dry transformers with synthetic insulation",
Association Suisse des Electriciens Bulletin (Switzerland), Vol. 73, No. 11, 5 June 1982, pp. 535-
540. no refs. (In German) (thermal behavior during overload) (1982-49854)
[1984] V. N. Prahlad, "Cast resin dry type transformer as a definite cost effective alternative
combined with reliability for conventional oil filled transformers", Electrical India, Vol. 24, No. 6,
31 March 1984, pp. 53-58. no refs. (1985-16076)
[1985] E. Jaworski, "Cast resin transformers come of age", Electrical Review (GB), Vol. 216, No. 9,
March 1985, pp. 30,32.
[1985] M. Kakehi, M. Takahashi, Y. Hotta, and H. Iwata, "2400 (forced-air-cooled)/2000 (self-

cooled) kVA cast resin transformer", Takaoka Review (Japan), Vol. 32, No. 3, 1985, pp. 217-220. 3
refs. (In Japanese) (1986-61564)
[1985] J. Kreuzer, "Brown Boveri's new cast-resin transformer", The Brown Boveri Review
(London), Vol. 72, No. 6, June 1985, pp. 298-303. 2 refs.
[1988] L. Centurioni, G. Coletti, D. Tommasini, and M. Naldi, "Cast resin transformers for low
ambient temperatures", 1988 Nordic Insulation Symposium, Trondheim, Norway, 13-15 June, 1988.
NORD-IS 88, p.17/1-11. 3 refs. (1989-7262)
[1989] C. J. Leconte, J. F. Faltermeier, E. Giannattasio, and M. Sacotte, "Full-safety working: a new

trend in the construction of mv/lv transformers", 10th International Conf. on Electricity Distribution
(CIRED 1989), IEE Conf. Pub. 305, Part I, pp. 66-70. 3 refs.
[1989] “Cast resin insulated (GEAFOL) dry type transformers", Electrical India, Vol. 29, No. 4, 28
Feb. 1989, pp. 9-12. no refs. (1989-79225)
[1990] Y. Watanabe, T. Takahashi, T. Higashihara, and T, Hasegawa, "Development of outdoor

epoxy resin molded apparatus for distribution systems", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 5,
No. 1, Jan. 1990, pp. 204-211. 3 refs. (pole mounted transformers)

[1991] T. Chao, "Solid cast transformers", Conf. Record 1991 IEEE Industry Application Society
Pulp and Paper Conference, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, June 1991, IEEE Pub. 91CH2973-6, pp.
140-147. 2 refs.
[1998] C. Paradis, M. Chaaban, and P. P. Blovin, "World's first solid insulation distribution
transformer", ABB Review (Switzerland), No. 5, 1998, pp. 21-27. no refs. (1999-21604)
6.6 Heat Transfer in Cast Resin Transformers
[1971] H. Petry, H. Hagenbucher and P. Kruger, "Temperature supervision and overloading of

epoxy resin distribution transformers", Elektrotechnik (Germany) , Vol. 53, No. 6, 17 March 1971,
pp. 16-20. (In German) (English translation available) (1971-20777)
[1973] G. Bijlsma and J. F. H. van der Vegt, "Overload characteristics and protection of cast-resin
distribution transformers", Holectechniek (Netherlands), Vol. 3, No. 2, July 1973, PP. 89-94. 5 refs.
(1973-34324)
[1975] F. R. den Outer, "Temperature-rise test on cast resin distribution transformers",
Holectechniek (Netherlands), Vol. 5, No. 3, Dec. 1975, pp. 64-68. 7 refs. (1976-11555)
[1976] N. Partle, "The transformer in operation II", Elektro-Monteur (Switzerland), Vol. 27, No. 7,
Sept. 1976, pp. 47-50. no refs. (In German) (For Pt. I see Vol. 27 No. 6, 1976, pp. 23-30) (1977-
5397)
[1977] F. R. Den Outer, F.R., The loading of solid insulation distribution transformers, with special
reference to the cast resin type", Paper 2.7 International Conf. On Electricity Distribution, CIRED,
May 23-27 1977, Pt. I pp. 75-79, Paper 2.7 and disc. Pt. II, pp. 31-32,37, 41-42. 6 refs.
[1977] H. Hagenbucher and H. Pudelko, "Set criteria with short term overloading-molded resin
transformers for rectifiers, heavy load drives and high intermittent loads", Elektrotechnik
(Germany), Vol. 59, No. 24, 28 Dec. 1977, pp. 10-13. No refs. (English translation available) (1978-
17788)
[1981] J. Jarosek and P. V. Binh, "Combined stress of cast-resin transformers for short circuit
conditions", Elektrotechnicky Casopis (Czechoslovakia), Vol. 32, No. 9, 1981, pp. 633-653. 8 refs.
(In Slovak) (1982-7891)
[1983] W. E. Featheringill, "Loading power transformers", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications,
Vol. IA-19, No. 1, Jan./Feb. 1983, pp. 21-27. 3 refs.
[1984] Y. Daicho, T. Higashihara, Y. Hasegawa, S. Tsubota, and Y. Ohtake, "Class F cast resin
transformer", Takaoka Review (Japan), Vol. 31, No. 3, 1984, pp. 119-124. 4 refs. (In Japanese)
(1985-39068)
[1985] H. Hirose, K. Minami, and T. Tode, "Development of nonlinear transient heat transfer
analysis program HTT by finite element method and its application", Takaoka Review (Japan), Vol.
32, No. 3, 1985, pp. 185-192. 5 refs. (In Japanese) (1986-61560)
[1991] F. R. den Outer, "Cast resin and other dry-type transformers, under changing load compared
to the oil-immersed transformer", CIRED, 11th. International Conference on Electricity
Distribution, Liege, Belgium, 22-26 April, 1991, Vol. 1, P. 1.16/1-9. 12 refs. (1994-25501)

[1992] A. F. Costa and M. V. Guedes, "Provision of the thermal behaviour of dry-type cast resin
transformers", Electrical Machines and Power Systems (USA), Vol. 20, No. 3, May/June 1992, pp.
261-272. 8 refs.
[1992] F. R. den Outer, "Rating and protection of oil-cooled and cast-resin transformers", Power
Technology International (UK), 1992, pp. 191-192, 194-195.
[1992] L. W. Pierce, "An investigation of the temperature distribution in cast-resin transformer

windings", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 7, No. 2, April 1992, pp. 920-926. 19 refs.
(1992-53791)
[1993] L. W. Pierce, "Specifying and loading cast-resin transformers", IEEE Transactions on

Industry Applications, Vol. 29 No. 3, May/June 1993, pp. 590-599. 17 refs. (1993-64835)
[1994] R. Nowicz, W. Winiarski and R. Partyka, "Determination of thermal short-circuit strength of

current transformers", 6th. International Symposium on Short-Circuit Currents in Power Systems,
Liege, Belgium, 6-8 Sept. 1994, P. 2/16/1-5. 3 refs. (1995-19690)
[1995] J. R. Holmquist, and J. A. Rooks, "Temperature and loading considerations for cast coil
transformers-a user's perspective", 1995 IEEE Pulp and Paper Conference, Vancouver, BC,
Canada, June 12-16, 1995, IEEE Pub. 95CH3572-5, pp. 142-147. 11 refs. (1995-72528)
[1998] R. Haller and A. Welsch, "Thermal modeling of enclosed cast resin transformers",
Elektrizitatswirtschaft (Germany), Vol. 97, No. 10, 4 May 1998, pp. 39-45. 5 refs. (In German)
(1999-32388)
[2004] J. Smolka, A. J. Nowak, and L. C. Wrobel, “Numerical modelling of thermal process in an

electrical transformer dipped into polymerized resin by using commercial CFD package fluent”,
Comp. Fluids, Vol. 33, 2004, pp 859-868.
[2007] J. Smolka, D. B. Ingham, L. Elliott, and A. J. Nowak, “Enhanced numerical model of

performance of an encapsulated three-phase three-phase transformer in laboratory environment”,
Appl. Therm. Eng., Vol. 27, 2007, pp. 156-166..
6.7 Water Cooling of Dry Type and Cast-Resin Transformers
[1950] J. M. Daniels, "A 100-killowatt water-cooled solenoid", Proceedings of the Physical Society
London B, Vol. 63, Dec. 1950, pp. 1028-1034. (1951-1405)
[1957] H. Geisel, "The heat removal technique for water-cooled copper tubes for induction coils",
Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift. Ausgabe A: Zentralblatt fur Electrotechnik. (Germany) , Vol. 78,
No. 6, March 11, 1957, pp. 230-233. (In German) (1957-4566)
[1964] H. O. Lorch, A. J. Melton, and B. W. Powell, "Marchwood: The water-cooled reactor for the
D.C. transmission project", Direct Current (GB), Vol. 9 No. 2, May 1964, pp. 47-52. (1965-279)
[1964] B. Oswald, "On the generation of strong stationary magnetic fields with the aid of water-
cooled coils", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift. Ausgabe A: Zentralblatt fur Electrotechnik.
(Germany) , Vol. 85, No. 16, 7 Aug. 1964, pp. 481-484. (In German) (1965-2439)
[1967] D. Lewis, "Why not consider water-cooled magnet coils", Insulation (USA), Vol. 13, No. 7,
June 1967, pp. 38-42. (1967-22540)

[1972] K. A. Troinar, and C. E. Bazan, "Water-cooled 100-koe solenoid", Instruments and
Experimental Techniques (USA), Vol. 15 No. 3 Pt. 2, May-June 1972, pp. 871-872. English
translation of Pribory i Teknika Eksperimenta (USSR), Vol. 15 No. 3 Pt. 2, May-June 1972, pp.
214-215. (In Russian). 6 refs. (1973-16609)
[1975] S. V. Shapiro and T. P. Kostyukova, "Parameter optimization of a broadband water-cooled

pulse transformer", Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Elektromekhanika (USSR), No. 4,
April 1975, pp. 365-371. 3 refs. (In Russian) (1975-35983)
[1976] K. Kless, "Thermal model of water cooled transformers for resistance welding",
Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift. Ausgabe B: Der Elektrotechniker (Germany), Vol. 28, No. 11, 21
May 1976, pp. 332-335. 1 ref. (1976-36027)
[1977] Z. Rydzewski, "Insulating and cooling problems in special cast-resin water cooled
transformers", Zeszyty Naukowe Polytechniki Lodzkiej Elektryka (Poland), No. 60, 1977, pp. 69-81.
4 refs. (In Polish) (1978-26751)
[1978] Y. A. Katrukhin, N. G. Kocharov, B. P. Khrustalev, C. E. Bazan, and K. A. Trejner, "Glued
water-cooled windings", Instruments and Experimental Techniques (USA), Vol. 21, No. 5 Pt. 2,
Sept.-Oct. 1978, pp. 1363-1365. English translation of Pribory i Teknika Eksperimenta (USSR),
Vol. 21, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 1978, PP. 187-189. (In Russian). 3 refs. (1980-9296)
[1983] R. L. Hosfield "Thermal considerations of dry type and water cooled transformers",
Conference Record of the IEEE Industry Applications Society 1983 Annual meeting, Mexico City
Mexico, 3-7 Oct. 1983, pp. 20-22. 5 refs. (1984-57141) (Same paper as 1984 Hosifield (1985-
27485))
[1984] R. L. Hosfield "Thermal considerations of dry type and water cooled transformers",
Conference Record of the IEEE Industry Applications Society 1984 Annual meeting, Chicago, IL.,
USA, 30 Sept. -4 Oct. 1984, IEEE Cat. No. 84CH2060-2, pp. 19-21. 5 refs. (1985-27485) (Same
paper as 1983 Hosifield (1984-57141))
[1986] Y. Girault, "New system of heat production by electricity", Revue Generale De L'Electricite
(France), No.3, March 1986. No refs. (In French) (secondary winding directly produces hot water)
(1986-57037)
[1994] K. W. Klontz, D. M. Divan, D. W. Novotny, "An actively cooled 120 kW coaxial winding
transformer for fast charging electric vehicles", Conf. Record of the 1994 Industry applications
Conf. Twenty-ninth IAS Annual Meeting, Denver, Colo, USA, Oct. 2-5, 1994, IEEE Cat. No.
94CH34520, Vol. 2, pp. 1049-1054. 8 refs. (high frequency dry type transformer)
[1994] A. Mereanu, D. Nicolau, and V. Stanciu, "Thermic computing elements for the transformers
with fluid circulating through winding", Electrotehnica Electronica si Automatica. Electrotehnica
(Rumania), Vol. 42, No. 2, Feb. 1994, pp. 26-29. No refs. (In Rumanian) (for water heating) (1996-
8880)
[1994] V. Stanciu, A. Mereanu, L. Grula, and C. Olaru, "The construction of the thermoinductive
electrical transformer", Electrotehnica Electronica si Automatica. Electrotehnica (Rumania), Vol.
42, No. 1, Jan. 1994, pp. 38-41. No refs. (In Rumanian) (LV is rustless steel pipe. used to heat
water) (1996-8878)

7. OIL-FILLED TRANSFORMERS - STEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER
7.1 Product Descriptions
[1903] "Self cooling transformers", Electrical World and Engineer (USA), Vol. 41, May 23, 1903,
pp. 895-896. (1904-128)
[1904] "German three phase transformers", Electrical World and Engineer (USA), Vol. 43, Jan. 2,
1904, pp. 55-56. (1904-882)
[1904] A. E. G. transformers", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift (Germany), Vol. 25, Oct. 27, 1904, pp.
927-929. (In German). (1904-2841)
[1906] A. H. Pikler, "Core type transformer for high tension power transmission", Electrical World
(USA), Vol. 47, Jan. 6, 1906, pp. 67-69. no refs. (1906-230)
[1906] "7,500 kw transformers of the General Electrical Co.", Electrical Review (New York) , Vol.
48, June 2, 1906, pp. 875-876. (1906-840)
[1908] E. R. Pearson, "Large shell type transformers", General Electric Review (USA), Vol. 11, No.
4, Oct. 1908, pp. 169-170. No refs.
[1909] H. W. Tobey, "Recent developments in transformer apparatus", General Electric Review

(USA), Vol. 12, No. 5, May 1909, pp. 208-213, and No. 6, June 1909, pp. 283-286. No refs.
[1910] J. J. Frank, "400,000 volt testing transformer", General Electric Review (USA), Vol. 13, No.
7, June 1910, pp. 335-336.
[1910] W. A. Hall, "The elements of transformer construction, Part I, General Electric Review
(USA), Vol. 13, No. 4, April 1910, pp. 181-185. Part II, No. 5, May 1910, pp. 212-219. 2 refs.
[1910] E. Pearson, "High voltage power transformers", General Electric Review (USA), Vol. 13,
No. 1, Jan. 1910, pp. 22-23.
[1910] E. Pearson, "Large artificially-cooled transformers", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 55,
March 10, 1910, pp. 622-623. (1910-423) (Air blast and water cooled oil type with pumps)
[1911] W. T. Taylor, "Modern high-voltage power transformers in practice with special reference to
a "T" three-unit system", J. IEE, Vol. 48, 1911-1912, pp. 55-102, disc. pp. 103-126. 2 refs.
[1913] F. Buch, "Oil-piping layout for transformer using thin oil", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 61,
Feb. 15, 1913, pp. 360-362. (1913-249)
[1916] W. S. Moody, "Modern transformers for use in large systems", General Electric Review
(USA), Vol. 19, June 1916, pp. 439-445. No refs. (1916-621)
[1918] W. S. Moody, "Transformers for arc welding", General Electric Review (USA), Vol. 21 No.
12, Dec. 1918, pp. 935-937. No refs. (1919-389)
[1918] C. H. Shepherd, "Increasing transformer capacity by circulating oil", Electrical World

(USA), Vol. 71, March 16, 1918, pp. 560-562. No refs. (1918-426)

[1918] "Arrangement for cooling transformers in substation", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 72,
Nov. 30, 1918, pp. 1029. no refs. (1919-144)
[1920] A. G. Ellis and J. L. Thompson, "Large power transformers", J. IEE, Vol. 57, 1919, pp. 547-
571, disc. pp. 571-591 and Vol. 58, 1920, pp. 881-890. (Temp. during overload on page 36)
[1920] V. L. Hollister, "Factors in selecting transformers for various services”, Electrical Review
(Chicago), (USA), Vol. 77, Dec. 18, 1920, pp. 951-954. no refs. (1921-392)
[1920] Narciss, "Transformers for high overloads", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift (Germany), Vol.
41, July 8, 1920, p. 532. (In German), also in Elektrische Kraftbetiebe. u. Bahnen (Germany), Vol.
24, 1920, p. 73. (1921-267)
[1921] W. M. Dann, "Features of 220,000 volt transformer available for first time", Electrical
World (USA), Vol. 78, Nov. 26, 1921, pp. 1063-1066.
[1921] M. E. Skinner, "The 70,800 kva transformer bank of the Colfax generating station of the
Duquesne Light Company", The Electric Journal (Pittsburgh, USA), Vol. 18, May 1921, pp. 229-
233. (temperature indicators) (1921-834)
[1923] S. Q. Hayes, "Electrical apparatus for high-tension power transmission", The Electric
Journal (Pittsburgh, USA), Vol. 20, Nov. 1923, pp. 401-407, Dec. 1923, pp. 466-474. (1924-473)
[1923] W. S. Moody, "Large power transformers", General Electric Review (USA), Vol. 26 No. 6,
June 1923, pp. 338-347. no refs. (1923-1087)
[1923] J. W. Rodger, "The design and construction of static transformers. Some views on latest
practice.", The Electrician, Vol. 90, June 29, 1923, pp. 702-704. (1923-1086)
[1924] F. F. Brand, "22,000 kVA transformers for Niagara Falls Development", AIEE J., Vol. 43,
June 1924, pp. 514-518. (1924-1217)
[1926] F. F. Brand, "28,866 kva, 220,000 volt transformers for Pennsylvania Power and Light
Company", General Electric Review (USA), Vol. 29, July, 1926, pp. 499-502. no. refs.
[1926] L. H. Burnham, "High voltage power transformer cooled by forced air circulation", General
Electric Review (USA), Vol. 29, Aug. 1926, pp. 569-573. (1926-1756)
[1926] G. W. Lentz, "Small high-voltage transformers", General Electric Review (USA), Vol. 29,
April 1926, pp. 257-259. no refs. (1926-1452)
[1926] V. M. Montsinger and W. S. Moody, "Herkolite insulating materials in transformers",

General Electric Review (USA), Vol. 29, Feb. 1926, pp. 102-108. 2 refs. (1926-691)
[1927] W. J. Harrer and A. Heckman, "Testing large transformers", The Electric Journal
(Pittsburgh, USA), Vol. 24, June 1927, pp. 291-295. no refs. (1927-1487)
[1927] L. H. Hill, "Modern manufacture of large power transformers", The Electric Journal
(Pittsburgh, USA), Vol. 24, April 1927, pp. 146-151, May 1927, pp. 203-206. 11 refs. (1927-
1330)
[1927] H. M. Sayers, "Electrical plant and machinery, including marine applications", J. IEE, Vol.
65, 1927, pp. 327-337. no refs. (transformers pp. 331-332).

[1928] A. Winiger, "Large transformers for outdoor service in Swiss substation", Bulletin des
Schweizerischen Elektrotechnischen Verins (Switzerland) , Vol. 19, April 22, 1928, pp. 248-258.
(1928-1166)
[1929] J. H. Williams, "North-Western center: Chairman's address", J. IEE, Vol. 67, 1929, pp. 39-
45. no refs. (Transformers p. 42).
[1930] A. R. Everest, "Electrical plant and machinery, including marine applications", J. IEE, Vol.
68, 1930, pp. 139-146. (transformers pp. 142-143). no refs.
[1931] R. M. Charley, "Recent progress in large transformers", J. IEE, Vol. 69, 1931, pp. 1189-
1207, disc. Vol. 70, 1931-1932, pp. 436-438. 3 refs.
[1931] H. L. Cole and F. J. Vogel, "Design features of world's largest transformers", Electrical
World (USA), Vol. 97, Feb. 21, 1931, pp. 374-377. (1931-170)
[1931] A. D. Verde, "The high voltage systems of Italy", J. IEE, Vol. 70, 1931-1932, pp. 393-411,
disc. pp. 411-416. no refs. (transformers on p. 400)
[1932] D. W. McJannet, "Development in the design and construction of static transformers",

Journal of the Junior Institution of Engineers (London), Vol. 42, March 1932, pp. 285-301. (1932-
1442)
[1932] I. V. Robinson, "Power stations and their equipment", IEE J., Vol. 70, 1932, PP. 135-144.
World Power, Vol. 17, Feb. 1932, pp. 125-132. (1932-1260)
[1932] "80,000 kva and 60,000 kva 3-phase transformers", Engineering (GB), Vol. 133, May 20,
1932, pp. 611-612. No refs. (1932-2060)
[1933] S. S. Cook, "Furnace transformers", The Electric Journal (Pittsburgh, USA), Vol. 30, Sept.
1933, pp. 359-361. No refs. 91933-2755)
[1933] A. Mandl and R. Willheim, "Heavy electrical engineering", Die Physik (Leipzig, Germany)
Vol. 1.2, 1933, pp. 49-72. (In German) (extensive bibliography) (1933-2231)
[1933] H. O. Stephens and L. S. Schell, Jr., "Transformers for electric furnaces", Electrical
Engineering (USA), Vol. 52, Dec. 1933, pp. 822-826. No refs. (1934-626)
[1933] J. H. Williams, "Electrical plant and machinery", J. IEE, Vol. 72, 1933 (Jan.-June), pp. 113-
123. no ref. (transformers p. 113-114, fire risk pp. 115-116).
[1933] "93,750 kva transformers at Barking Power Station", The Electrician, Vol. 110, May 19,
1933, pp. 643-644. (1933-1750)
[1934] I. Goldstein, "Modern transformer construction", Association Suisse des Electriciens Bulletin
(Switzerland), Vol. 25, Oct. 26, 1934, pp. 581-590, disc. pp. 591-601. (1935-126)
[1935] M. Roseau, "Recent tendencies in transformer design", Revue Generale De L'Electricite

(France) , Vol. 38, Oct. 5, 1935, pp. 469-482; Oct. 12, 1935, pp. 505-516; Oct. 19, 1935, pp. 535-
549; Oct. 26, 1935, pp. 571-578. (In French) (1935-3956)
[1936] C. Brockman, "Oil-insulated transformers for locomotives", The Electric Journal
(Pittsburgh, USA), Vol. 33, No. 7, July 1937, pp. 315-316. (1936-2834)

[1936] W. G. James and F. J. Vogel, "Power transformers for 287.5 kv service", Electrical
Engineering (USA), Vol. 55, May 1936, pp. 438-444. 4 refs. (1936-1977)
[1936] E. K. Paluev, "Power transformers with concentric windings", AIEE Trans., Electrical
Engineering, Vol. 55, June 1936, pp. 649-659. no refs. (1936-2241)
[1936] W. Wernicke, "Developments in transformer construction", Zietschrift des Vereins

Deutscher (Germany) , Vol. 80, Aug. 22, 1936, pp.1055-1059. (In German) (Paper read before the
World Power Conference, Washington, Sept. 1936) (1936-2840)
[1938] "Three-phase transformers for the Etzel hydro-electric installation", Bulletin Oerlikon
(London), No. 199-200, Jan.-Feb. 1938, pp. 1245-1249. (1939-567)
[1939] L.H. Burnham and S. T. Maunder, "Pyranol power transformers", General Electric Review
(USA), Vol. 42, June 1939, pp. 236-239. 3 refs.
[1939] H. W. Hardern, "Progress in furnace transformers", Metropolitan-Vickers Gazette (England),

Vol. 18, June 1939, pp. 140-144. (1939-1918)
[1940] R. M. Charley, "Special transformers for emergency service", The English Electric Journal,
Vol. 10, Nov. 1940, pp. 49-52. (1941-57)
[1941] C. C. McLaren, "Arc furnace transformers", The English Electric Journal, Vol. 10, June
1941, pp. 84-93. (1941-1230)
[1941] P. Sporn, and H. V. Putman, "A new transformer for base-load stations", Trans. AIEE, Vol.
60, 1941, pp. 916-918, Disc. pp. 1358-1361. no refs. (1942-262)
[1941] "New standard EEI-NEMA 1 1/2 kVA transformer has 120 volt secondary", Edison Electric
Institute Bulletin (USA), Vol. 9, No. 3, March 1941, p. 82.
[1942] R. M. Charley, "A modern 132 kv transformer", The English Electric Journal, Vol. 10, Dec.
1942, pp. 133-138. (1943-957)
[1942] W. G. James, "Smaller transformers by forced cooling", Westinghouse Engineer (USA),

Vol. 2, Aug. 1942, pp. 97-99. no refs. (1943-38)
[1942] "Large mobile 132 kv transformer", The Engineer (London), Vol. 173, Feb. 6, 1942, p. 128.
(1942-745)
[1944] H. S. Holdbrook, "242 kv Power transformers", BTH Activities (British Thomson-Houston

Co., England), Vol. 18, July 1944, pp. 142-148. (1944-1940)
[1944] "Large 3-winding transformer", Electrical Power Engineer (GB), May. 1944, pp. 281-283.
(1944-1474)
[1944] "Transformers for Russia", Electrical Review (London), Vol. 135, Aug 25, 1944, pp. 256-
259, No refs. (1944-2077)
[1945] E. D. Federoff, "Static transformers - present trends in construction", Bulletin de la Societe

Belge des Electriciens (Brussels), Vol. 61, Oct.-Dec. 1945, pp. 185-206. (In French) (1947-1904)
[1945] "One piece transportable cooling units for large transformers", Metropolitan-Vickers Gazette
(England), Vol. 21, Jan. 1945, pp. 10-11. (1945-1123)

[1947] A. Danz, "A 100 000 kva bank of three-winding transformers for a high-voltage of 220 kv",
The Brown Boveri Review, Vol. 34, Aug-Sept. 1947, pp. 173-180. In English. (1948-2645)
[1947] H. Schneider, "Transformers of large power", Bulletin Oerlikon (London), No. 267, June
1947, pp. 1785-1793, and No. 268, Aug. 1947, pp. 1797-1800. (1949-1274)
[1948] J. F. Clugnet, "70 MVA 230 kv transformers of the Genissiat generating station", Revue
Generale De L'Electricite (France) , Vol. 57, June 1948, pp. 238-240. (In French) (1948-2648)
[1948] J. F. Clugnet, "The 3-ph. 100 000 kVA transformer at the Mazingarbe (Pas-de-Calais)
interconnection station", Revue Generale De L'Electricite (France) , Vol. 57, Dec. 1948, pp. 485-
491. (In French) (1949-1273)
[1948] F. Snyder, "Large transformers grow smaller with improvements in design", Electrical
World (USA), Vol. 129, Feb. 28, 1948, pp. 74-77. no refs. (1948-1103]
[1949] H. P. Seelye, "Distribution transformer", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 131, May 21, 1949,
pp. 339-343. (1949-2667)
[1949] H. S. Holbrook, "Power transformers for systems operating at 200 kv and above", The
Engineer (London), Vol. 188, July 22, 1949, pp. 105-107. (1949-3121)
[1950] N. E. Dillow and J. W. Butler, "Main power transformers for generating stations", Trans.
AIEE, Vol. 69, Pt. II, 1950, pp. 781-785, disc. p. 785. 1 ref. (1951-63)
1950] A. G. Ellis and H. W. Hardern, "Large high voltage transformers in Holland", Metropolitan-
Vickers Gazette (England), Vol. 23, Sept.-Oct. 1950, pp. 235-241. (1951-809)
[1950] F. L. Snyder, "Power transformer investment", Westinghouse Engineer (USA), Vol. 10,
Sept. 1950, pp. 217-222. no refs. (1951-449)
[1950] R. F. Sevens, "Application and handling of very large power transformers on the system of
the Bonneville Power Administration", Trans. AIEE, Vol. 69, Pt. I, 1950, pp. 158-163, disc. pp.
163-164. 2 refs. (1951-65)
[1951] J. Muller, "Self-cooling and fan-cooled oil-filled transformers", Elin-Zeitschrift (Austria) ,

Vol. 3, Dec. 1951, pp. 143-158. (In German) (1952-2053)
[1955] W. E. Shenk, "The forced oil cooled rotary welding transformer", AIEE Trans., Vol. 74, Part
III, Power Apparatus and Systems, No.20, Oct. 1955. pp. 873-880. 5 refs. (1956-535)
[1957] W. Horcher, "Characteristics of the windings of large transformers", Deutsche

Elektrotechnik (Germany), Vol. 11, No. 10, Oct.1957, pp. 475-480. (In German)
[1957] P. D. Wilmot, P.D. and N. G. H. Thomas, "Synthetic Fluids For Transformer Cooling. II.
Design and Application of 'Pyroclor' filled transformers", The Engineer (GB), No.203, March 22,
1957, pp. 451-452. 4 refs. (1957-4467)
[1957] "New line of transformers put on market by GE", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 147, No. 21,
May 27, 1957. p. 134
[1957] "Some interesting power transformers recently supplied", Asea Journal (London), Vol. 30,
1957, pp. 157-161.

[1958] A. G. Kraiz and A. V. Sapozhnikov, "Basic trends in modern transformer design",
[1958] R. Langlos-Bethelot, "Special problems and trends for large high-voltage power
transformers", CIGRE, 1958, Paper 154. 57 PP. (1958-3329)
[1958] E. T. Norris, "Large power transformers", The BEAMA Journal (GB), Vol. 65, No. 4, Nov.
1958, pp. 159-163. 7 refs. (1959-702)
[1958] F. Osimo, "Some aspects of the design of modern transformers", Rendiconti 58 della
Riunione Annuale dell'Associazione Elettrotechnica Italiana, Rome, 1957, Fasc. II, Paper 520, 4 pp.
(Published 1957-1958) (In Italian) (1959-1961)
[1958] E. C. Wentz, "Special problems and trends in large power transformers", CIGRE, 1958,
Paper 110. 17 pp. (1958-2823)
[1958] "Inner cooled transformer", Westinghouse Engineer (USA), Vol.18, No.4, July 1958, p. 126.
[1959] "GE extends 'preferred design' concept to large transformers", Electrical World (USA), Vol.
152, No. 13, Sept. 28, 1959, pp. 56-57.
[1959] W. D. Albright and H. R. Moore, "Inner-cooled shell-form power transformers", Trans.

AIEE, Vol. 78 Pt. IIIA, Power Apparatus and Systems, No. 41, April 1959, pp. 46-48. 1 ref. (1959-
5726)
[1959] K. Holler, "The main transformer B in the Schwarzach Power Station", Osterreichische
Zeitschrift fur Elektrizitatswirtschaft (Austria) , Vol. 12, No. 2, Feb. 1959, pp. 176-177. (In
German) (1959-6969)
[1959] K. Muller, "The main transformer A in the Schwarzach Power Station", Osterreichische
Zeitschrift fur Elektrizitatswirtschaft (Austria) , Vol. 12, No. 2, Feb. 1959, pp. 172-173. (In
German) (1959-6968)
[1959] "Inner cooled transformer", Westinghouse Engineer (USA), Vol. 19, No.1, July 1959, pp.
8-9.
[1961] C. J. McMillen, "The revolution in station-type transformers", Distribution (USA), Vol. 23,
No. 1, Jan. 1961, pp. 14-17. no refs.
[1961] H. J. Mason, "How utilities help design power transformers", Distribution (USA), Vol. 23,
No. 3, July 1961, pp. 3-5. no refs.
[1961] H. R. Moore, "Inner cooled transformers", Westinghouse Engineer (USA), Vol. 21, No. 6,
Nov. 1961, pp. 191-194. no refs. (1962-3541)
[1962] A. M. Lockie, "Distribution transformers with 65-degree rise", Westinghouse Engineer

(USA), Vol. 22 No. 2, March 1962, pp. 44-57. no refs. (1962-8699)
[1963] K. Johanik and J. Klesa, "Three-phase unit-type transformers for 125 MVA and 242 kv",
Elektrotechnicky Obzor (Czechoslovakia) , Vol. 52, No. 8, 1963, pp. T45-T50. (In Czech) (1964-
3036)
[1963] F. R. Repulles, "The evolution of power transformers", Anales de Mecanica y Electricidad
(Spain), Vol. 40, No. 3, May-June 1963, pp. 138-162. (In Spanish) ((1964-4354)

[1964] T. H. Alves, "The specification of distribution transformers for central African conditions",
ERA Rep. (GB) Report 5093 pt. I, 1964, pp. 70-83. (1965-15181)
[1967] R. Bruce, H. Royal, and J. B. Price, "Factors influencing the design of large high-voltage
transformers", Parsons Journal (GB), Christmas 1967, pp. 195-215. 27 refs. (Paper Presented to
the South African Institution of Electrical Engineers in Johannesburg and Durban, June 1967).
[1967] J. A. Roberts, "Heavy current rectiformers", AEI Engineering (GB), Vol. 7 No. 1, 1967, pp.
34-41. no refs.
[1968] C. G. S. Lewis, "Industry trends affect network transformer design", Transmission &
Distribution (USA), Vol. 21, No. 3, March 1968, pp. 114-115.
[1969] P. Brandes, "The constructional design of 700 kv transformers", Technische Mitteilungen

AEG-Telefunken (Germany), Vol. 59, No. 2, 1969, pp. 130-133. (In German) (1969-16628)
[1969] G. F. Mitchell, Jr. "Application of transformers for the petroleum industry", IEEE
Transactions on Industry and General Applications. Vol. IGA-5 No. 5, Sept. 1969, pp. 618-623. 4
refs. (Reviews dry type, gas filled and liquid immersed, forced cooling and loading) (1970-15927)
[1972] R. Baehr and A. Edlinger, “Building very large transfoemrers”, Brown Boveri Review
(Switzerland), Vol. 59, No. 8, August 1972, pp. 384-389. 5 refs.
[1972] H. Schoonjans, P. Vanden Berghe, and J. Van Hulse, "A new series of distribution
transformers with improved technical characteristics, ACEC Revue (Belgium), No. 3-4, 1972, pp.
33-36. No refs. (In English)
[1973] E. Manzinger, "Transformer for the locomotive E103.1 of the German Federal Railways",
Siemens Review (Germany), Vol. 40, No. 1, 1973, pp. 34-37. 2 refs. (In English)
[1974] E. Egide, G. Preininger, and A. Schmied, "Notable advances in the large transformer sector",
Elin-Zeitschrift (Austria), Vol. 26, No. 3, 1974, pp. 84-95. 6 refs. (1974-37908)
[1976] W. Casper, "A survey of high-output transformers and a look at possible future
developments", Brown Boveri Review (Switzerland), Vol. 63, No. 7, 1976, pp. 421-431. 7 refs.
[1976] J. M. Guzman and F. M. Uribe, "Transformers with aluminum coils", Dyna (Spain), Vol. 51,
No. 11, Nov. 1976, pp. 475-481. (In Spanish) (1977-396800
[1978] T. Fukuda, Y. Kashima, and Y. Kamata, "Extra high voltage transformers", Hitachi Review
(Japan), Vol. 27, No. 5, 1978, pp. 250-255. 10 refs. (In English) (Figure shows measured and
calculated temperatures)
[1985] B. Brentford, "Distribution transformers - a time of change", Electrotechnology (GB), Vol.

13, No. 1, Jan. 1985, pp. 23-25. no refs. (1985-27460)
[1985] K. Frewin, "Distribution transformer development", Electronics and Power. Journal of the
IEE, Vol. 31, No. 2, Feb. 1985, pp. 133-136. no refs. (1985-32544)
[1987] J. Skalsky and H. Lorch, "ONAN-cooled 350 MVA grid coupling transformer", The Brown
Boveri Review (London), Vol.74, No. 7, June 1987, pp. 332-334.
[1989] J. Schubert, "Transformer stations for extreme climates", Technical Information. Process
Automation - Electrical Power Installations (East Germany), Vol. 18, April 1989, pp. 38-39. (1990-
13084)
[1989] "New insulation improves transformer performance", Electrical World (USA), November
1989.
[1991] "Redesigned insulation system increases transformer rating" and "How aramid permits
transformer uprating", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 205, No. 3, March 1991, pp. .
[1992] CIGRE Joint Working Group 12/14.10 of Study Committees 12 and 14, "HVDC Converter
Transformers--A Review of Specification Content", CIGRE Electra (France), No. 141, April 1992,
pp. 35-49. no refs. (In French and English)
[1993] W. N. Kennedy, R. S. Girgis, C. J. Baldwin, S. R. Lindgren, "New low-loss compact designs

for large power transformers", Proc. American Power Conference, Vol. 55-II, 1993, pp. 1636-
1639, No refs.
[1993] J. E. Vachris, "Advantages of corrugated transformer insulation", Proc. Electrical

Electronics Insulation Conference and Electrical Manufacturing and Coil Winding Conf., Chicago,
IL, USA, 4-7 Oct. 1993. IEEE Cat. No. 93CH3219-3, pp. 525-527. 3 refs. (1995-63200)
[1994] "Transformer rebuild increases load capacity", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 208, No. 2,
Feb. 1994, pp. 38,40.
[1999] K. Weidermann and B. Damm, "Stationary main traction transformers", Elektrotechnik und
Informationstechnik (Austria), Vol. 116, No. 2, 1999, pp. 126-130. No refs. (In German) (1999-
66063)
[2000] Power transformers—Part 1:General, IEC 60076-1 (2000-04)
[2004] Power transformers—Part 14: Design and application of liquid-immersed power

transformers using high-temperature insulation materials, IEC/TS 60076-14 (2004-11).
[2015] IEEE Standard for Standard General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution,
Power, and Regulating Transformers, IEEE Std. C57.12.00-2015. (Previous editions were 1987,
1993,2000, 2006, and 2010.)
7.2 Discussions of Heat Transfer in Oil-Filled Transformers
[1907] C. C. Chesney, Oil v. water circulation for cooling oil-insulated transformers", AIEE Proc.,
Vol. 26, April, 1907. pp. 473-474. (1907-667)
[1907] C. C. Chesney, "Forced oil and forced water circulation for cooling oil insulated
transformers", AIEE Trans., Vol. 26, 1907, pp. 835-837, disc. pp. 837-850.
[1907] J. Pearson and F. R. Cutcheon, "Transformer cooling", Western Electrician (Chicago), Vol.
40, May 4, 1907, pp. 394-395, Disc. p. 395. (Paper read before the Minnesota branch of the AIEE,
Feb. 8, 1907). (1907-669)
[1911] H. R. Wilson, “Commercial problems and transformer design”, AIEE Proc., Vol. 30, Jan.
1911, pp. 143-147.
[1915] W. S. Moody, "Principal factors governing the choice of method of cooling power
transformers as related to their first cost and operating conditions", General Electric Review (USA),
Vol. 18, No. 8, Aug. 1915, pp. 839-841. no refs.

[1917] R. Jacquot, "Methods of cooling of transformers", Revue Generale De L'Electricite
(France), Vol. 2, Oct. 6, 1917, pp. 533-542. (In French) (1917-845)
[1929] L. H. Burnham, "Methods of cooling power transformers", Power Plant Engineering (USA),
Vol. 33, No. 3, Feb. 1, 1929, pp. 182-185. no refs.
[1931] "Cooling of oil transformers", Siemens Zeitschrift (Germany) , Vol. 11, Nov. 1931, pp. 519-
528. (In German) (1932-490)
[1932] E. T. Norris, "Cooling of power transformers", The Electrical Times (London), Vol. 82, Aug.
18, 1932, pp. 195-196. (1932-2851)
[1940] F. Unger, "The most economical transformer", Archif fur Elektrotechnik (Germany) , Vol.
34, Jan. 1940, pp. 20-30. (In German) (1940-1031)
[1942] "Hot spot temperatures of transformers", Allis Chalmers Electrical Review (USA), Vol. 7,
No. 1, March 1942, pp. 16-17. no refs.
[1943] M. B. Mallett, "High voltage power-transformer design", Trans. AIEE, Vol. 62, Aug. 1943,
pp. 526-534. 3 refs. (Figure with reduction of winding gradient due to forced oil flow through
winding ducts) (1944-54)
[1943] K. K. Paluev, and L. H. Burnham, "Cooling power transformers by forced circulation of

cooling medium", AIEE Trans., Vol. 62, May 1943, pp. 215-221, disc pp. 445-449. 13 refs. (1943-
2024)
[1944] H. Schiller, "Transformer practice", Association Suisse des Electriciens Bulletin

(Switzerland), Vol. 35, Nov. 15, 1944, pp. 663-673. (In German) (1946-1052)
[1949] R. H. Cook, "Transformer capacity increased by propelled oil cooling", Electrical World
(USA), Vol. 131, No. 25, June 18 1949, pp. 88-90. no refs.
[1949] A. Meyerhans, "Oil cooling systems for large transformers", The Brown Boveri Review, Vol.
36, Oct.-Nov. 1949, pp. 348-354. (1950-3659).
[1949] W. Pinkawa, "The development of methods of cooling of oil-immersed transformers", Elin-

Zeitschrift (Austria) , Vol. 1, Dec. 1949, pp. 74-80. (In German) (1950-1681)
[1950] F. A. Lane, I. W. Gross, and P. S. Pugh, "Selection, design and operation of power
transformers on American Gas And Electric Co. systems", AIEE Trans., Vol. 69, Pt. II, 1950 pp.
786-793, disc. pp. 793-795. 7 refs. (1951-2520, 1950-3647)
[1952] E. T. Norris, "Report on the work of the international study committee on transformers no.
12", CIGRE 14th Convention, 1952, Vol. II, Paper No. 125. 4 pp. no refs.
[1954] E. T. Norris, "Report on the work of the international study committee on transformers",
CIGRE, 1954, Paper No. 137. 17 pp. (1954-3126)
[1957] L. H. Hill, Jr. "FOA cooling proves thrifty", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 147, No. 19, May
13, 1957, pp. 88-89,161.
[1957] K.N. Niederhofer, "The cooling of transformers", A. E. G. Mitteilungen - Allegemeine
Elektricitats-Gresellschaft (Germany), Vol. 47 No. 11-12, Nov.-Dec. 1957, pp. 401-411. (in
German) English translation in A. E. G. Progress - Allegemeine Elektricitats-Gresellschaft
(Germany), No. 4, 1958, pp. 273-283. (1958-2375, 1960-60)
[1957] F. Parolo, "Oil-Cooling of transformers", Rendiconti 58 della Riunione Annuale
dell'Associazione Elettrotechnica Italiana, Rome, 1957, Fasc. II, Paper 5516 7 pp. (Published 1957-
1958) (In Italian) (1959-1968)
[1960] H. Langer, "Comparison of transformer design in Germany and in other countries",

No. 3, Feb. 1, 1960, pp. 81-90. (In German) (1960-3304)
[1961] T. Boduroglu, "Increasing the life and loading capacity of large oil-immersed transformers",
Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift. Ausgabe B: Der Elektrotechniker (Germany) , Vol. 13, No. 16, Aug.
7, 1961, pp. 430-431. 8 refs. (In German) (1962-650)
[1962] K. End and W. Jungnitz, "Cooling systems for oil-immersed transformers", Siemens
Zeitschrift (Germany) , Vol. 36, No. 2, Feb. 1962, pp. 119-125. (In German), (1962-8703)
[1962] D. L. Levine, "Auxiliary cooling of power transformers", AIEE Trans., Vol. 81, Part III,
Power Apparatus and Systems, No.59, April 1962 P.69-71, disc. pp. 71-72. No refs. (1962-8696)
[1962] E. T. Norris, "Report on the work of the international study committee on transformers",
CIGRE, 1962, Vol. II, Paper No. 106. 4 pp. no refs. (1962-7456)
[1965] J. Dobsa, "The cooling of large transformers", The Brown Boveri Review (London), Vol.52,
No.11/12, 1965, pp. 831-837.
[1967] H. W. Kerr, "Permissible transformer temperature rises", Electrical Review (GB), Vol. 180,
No. 1, Jan 6, 1967, pp 12-15. no refs. (1968-5263)
[1972] B. Sollergren, "General report of group 12 transformers", CIGRE Electra (France), No.25,
Dec. 1972, pp. 73-78, no. refs. (In English and French). Also in CIGRE Proceedings Vol. 1.
[1974] E. Sarbach, "Problems of current interest in the design, testing, transport and service of very
large transformers, paper presented in the name of SC 12 (transformers), CIGRE 25th session, 1974,
paper 12-06, 11 pp. 7 refs.
1974] B. Sollergren, "General report of group 12 transformers", CIGRE Electra (France), No.37,
Dec. 1974, pp. 63-74. no refs. (In French and English)
[1974] B. Sollergren, "Special report for group 12 (transformers)", CIGRE, 1974, Paper 12-00, 11
pp.
[1976] K. Kurita, "Practical performance test on 275 kv 680 MVA transformers", Hitachi Review
(Japan), Vol. 25, 1976, pp. 329-334. 2 refs. (In English)
[1977] V. Kahoun, "Forced cooling of transformers by controlled oil", Elektrotechnicky Obzor

(Czechoslovakia), Vol. 66, No. 9, Sept. 1977, pp. 570-571. 1 ref. (In Czech) (1978-8717)
[1978] E. A. Goodman, "The effectiveness of spacered cooling ducts in liquid filled distribution
transformers", CECON, 25th Annual IEEE Cleveland Electronics Conf., Cleveland, Ohio, USA,
May 9-11 1978, pp. 21-25. no refs. (1978-949)
1978] A. S. Pabla, "Thermal realization of power transformer", Electrical India, Vol. 18 No. 11, 15
June 1978, pp. 5-9. 9 refs. (1979-2975)
[1983] T. Ykema and J. A. Kuipers, "The loss rate development of distribution transformers",
Electrotechniek (Netherlands), Vol. 61, No. 1, Jan. 1983, pp. 39-47. 8 refs. (In Dutch) (1983-32672)
[1984] D. J. Allan, "General report of group 12 transformers", CIGRE, 1984. 5 pp.
[1984] W. Dietrich and W. Klein, "Progress in electrical transformers", Elektrotechnische

Zeitschrift (Germany), Vol. 195, No. 4, Feb. 1984, pp. 190-192. 6 refs. (In German) (1984-28694)
[1984] P. Hoyer and D. Matz, "Mass produced transformers for hot climates", Elektrotechnik
(Germany), Vol. 66, No. 6, 28 March 1984, pp. 32-35. 5 refs. (In German) (1984-45480)
[1986] K. Karsa, "Probable development of transformer investigations", Elektrotechnika (Hungary),

Vol. 79, No. 1-2, Jan.-Feb. 1986, pp. 8-10. 3 refs. (In Hungarian) (1986-39875)
[1990] T. Hurter, "General report of group 12", CIGRE, 1990 Session, Vol. 1, 4 pp. no refs.
[1990] T. Hurter, "Special report of group 12 (transformers", CIGRE, 26 Aug.- 1 Sept. 1990, Vol. 1,
paper 12-00, 7 pp. no refs.
7.3 Heat Transfer in Liquid Flow in Ducts and From Plates
[1934] H. H. Lorenz, "The natural convection heat dissipation from a flat vertical plate in oil",
Zeitschrift fur Technische Physik (Germany), Vol 15, No. 9, 1934, pp. 362-367. 5 refs.
[1962] G. A. Kemeny, and E. V. Somers, "Combined free and forced convective flow in vertical
circular tubes - experiments with water and oil", ASME J. of Heat Transfer, Vol. 84, Series C,
1962, pp. 339-345, disc. pp. 345-346. 19 refs. (natural convection electrically heated vertical tubes
to water and oil flowing upward and downward)
[1966] T. S. Lauber and A. U. Welch, "Natural convection heat transfer between vertical flat plates
with uniform heat flux", Proc. of the Third International Heat Transfer Conf., 1966, Vol. II, pp 126-
131, disc. Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 143-144. 5 refs.
[1967] P. H. G. Allen, "Discussion of papers nos. 4,34,40", Thermodynamics And Fluid Dynamics
Convention, Proceedings Institution Of Mechanical Engineers (GB), Vol.182, Part 3h 1967-68, pp.
413-414. (Paper no. 4, W. D. Morris, "Terminal laminar convection in a uniformly heated
rectangular duct", pp.54-60. 19 refs)
[1967] N. Moore, and H. Wolf, "Heat transfer research with applications to large distribution
transformers, part I: a survey and critical analysis of the literature", University of Arkansas
Engineering Experiment Station, Research Report Series No. 10, Fayetteville, Ark. August 1967,
187 pp. 103 refs.
[1967] V. Preiningerova and S. Korinek, "Heat transfer in the cooling ducts of layer windings of
transformers", Elektrotechnicky Obzor (Czechoslovakia) , Vol. 56, No. 5, 1967, pp. 238-243. (In
Czechoslovakian) (1967-18358)
[1967] A. Zhukauskas, A. Shlantshyauskas, "Interaction of velocity and temperature fields for

viscous fluids in the process of heat transfer", Japanese Society of Mechanical Engineers Semi-
International Symposium, Tokyo, Sept. 4-8, 1967, Paper 208, pp. 49-53. 8 refs. (In English)
[1968] P. H. G. Allen, "Heat transfer in a simple vertical transformer oil duct", XIII International
Scientific Colloquium Electrical Machinery, Ilmenau, Germany, Sept. 1968, pp. 71-76. (In German)
(1970-8917)

[1968] V. Vasku, "Measurement of the flow velocity of the oil in the ducts of transformers by
directly heated bead thermistors", Elektrotechnicky Obzor (Czechoslovakia) , Vol. 57, No. 9, 1968,
pp. 509-515. (In Czech) (1969-3878
[1969] P. H. G. Allen, "Laminar flow heat transfer with physical property change", Electrotechnicky
Obzor, Vol. 58, No. 2, 1969, pp.53-60. (in Czech)
[1969] H. L. Dyer, and H. Wolf, "Heat transfer research with application to large distribution
transformers, part III. free convection in narrow vertical channels", University of Arkansas
Engineering Experiment Station, Fayetteville, Arkansas, Research Report Series No. 14, June 1969.
199 pp. 13 refs.
[1970] P. H. G. Allen and A. H. Finn, "Profile development with mixed convection in a high
Prandtle number fluid", Trans. ASME, Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 92, Ser. C, No. 2, May 1970
pp. 299-304. 25 refs.
[1970] P. H. G. Allen, P.H.G. V. Preiningrova, "Correlating constant rate heat transfer with varying
physical properties", 4th International Heat Transfer Conference, Paris, Aug. 31-Sept. 4, 1970,
Vol.II, Paper FC5.6. 8 refs.
[1970] S. D. Savkar, "Developing forced and free convection flows between two semi-infinite
parallel plates", 4th International Heat Transfer Conference, Paris, Aug. 31-Sept. 4, 1970. Paper
NC 3.8. 9 refs.
[1971] N. S. Lyutikas, I. I. Ziugzda, and A. A. Zukauskas, A.A., "Experimental study of heat

transfer in a flat duct with flow of a viscous fluid", Heat Transfer- Soviet Research (USA), Vol. 13,
No. 6, Nov/Dec, 1971, pp. 44-60. 20 refs.
[1974] V. Preiningerova and P. H. G. Allen, "Laminar flow entry length heat transfer with varying
physical properties in simple and complex duct geometries", Proc. Fifth International Heat
Transfer Conference, 1974, Vol. III, pp. 188-192. 10 refs.
[1977] P. H. G. Allen, "Arbitrary cross-section ducts giving constant rate heat transfer", Letters in
Heat and Mass Transfer (GB), Vol. 4, 1977, pp. 179-184. 2 refs.
[1977] M. W. Collins, P. H. G. Allen, and O. Szpiro, "Computational methods for entry length heat
transfer by combined laminar convection in vertical tubes", Proc. Institution of Mechanical
Engineers (GB), Vol. 191, 1977, pp. 19-29. 16 refs.
[1978] O. Szpiro, and P.H.G. Allen, and M. W. Collins, "The influence of temperature dependence
of thermophysical properties on the prediction accuracy in laminar mixed convection heat transfer
in vertical tubes", Proc. 6th International heat Transfer Conf., Toronto, 1978, Vol. I, pp. 31-36,
Paper MC-6. 9 refs.
[1979] P. H. G. Allen and O. Szpiro, "A numerical technique for entry length heat transfer by
combined laminar convection in a vertical and horizontal tubes", Proc. First International
Conference on Numerical Methods in Thermal Problems, Swansea, U. K., July 2-6, 1979, Pine
Ridge Press, pp. 1138-1148. 17 refs.
[1981] P. H. G. Allen and O. Szpiro, "An effective numerical technique for entry length laminar
convection heat transfer and horizontal ducts of any cross section", Proc. 2nd. International
Conference on Numerical Methods in Thermal Problems, Venice, Italy, 7-10 July, 1981, Pineridge
Press, pp. 1002-1011. 21 refs.

[1982] P. H. G. Allen, O. Szpiro, and M. W. Collins, "Prediction methods for entry length heat
transfer by combined laminar convection in horizontal tubes", Proc. Institution Mechanical
Engineers (GB), Vol. 196, 1982, pp. 409-415. 22 refs.
[1986] T. Aihara, S. Muruyama, J. S. and Choi, "Laminar free convection with variable fluid
properties in vertical ducts of different cross-section shapes", Proc. Eighth International Heat
Transfer Conference, San Francisco, USA, Aug, 1986, Vol. 4, pp. 1581-1586. 27 refs.
[1990] C. F. Ma, H. Sun, H. Auracher, and T. Gomi, "Local heat transfer from vertical heated
surfaces to impinging circular jets of large Prandtle number liquids", Proc. Ninth International Heat
Transfer Conference, Jerusalem, Israel, 1990, Vol. 2, pp. 441-446, Paper 4-MC-16. 17 refs.
[1995] F. C. Chou and C. W. Tung, The mechanism of heat transfer enhancement for mineral oil in
2:1 rectangular ducts", International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (GB), Vol. 38, No. 15,
1995, pp. 2863-2871. 15 refs.
[1995] Y. G. Nazmeev, A. M. Konakhin, B. A. Kumirov. V. V. Olimpiev, and O. P. Shinkevich,

"Heat transfer and pressure drop for pulsating laminar flow of a viscous fluid in roughened tubes",
Thermal Engineering (UK), Vol. 42, No. 3, March 1995, pp. 247-250. 6 refs. English translation of
Teploenergetika (USSR).
[1997] C. F. Ma, and S. Y. Ko, "Local heat transfer and recovery factor with impinging free-surface
circular jets of transformer oil", International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (GB), Vol. 40,
No. 18, 1997, pp. 4295-4308. 24 refs.
7.4 Heat Transfer Analysis and Tests of Oil-Filled Transformers
[1910] A. Finsler, "Transformer tests", Schweizerische Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift (Switzerland) ,

Vol. 7, June 4, 1910, pp. 285-287; June 11, 1910, pp. 297-299. (test data, 20 kVA) (1910-587)
[1911] J.J. Frank and H. O. Stephens, "Dissipation of heat from self-cooled oil-filled transformer
tanks", Trans. AIEE, Vol. 30, 1911, pp. 447-456, disc. pp. 476-494. no refs. (1911-393)
[1911] J. M. Weed, Temperature gradient in oil immersed transformers", Trans. AIEE, Vol. 30,
1911, pp. 427-446, disc. pp. 476-494. no refs. (1911-183)
[1913] G. A. Thornton and G. Goldman, "Obtaining greater flexibility of operation in standard

transformers", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 61, Feb. 22, 1913, pp. 402-404. (1913-413)
[1914] H. de Pistoye, "Oil-cooled transformers", La Lumiere Electrique (France) , Vol. 26, July 18,
1914, pp. 65-68. (In French) (1914-952
[1923] R. Kuchler, "Heating of oil-cooled transformers with natural ventilation", Elektrotechnische

Zeitschrift (Germany), Vol. 44, No. 3, Jan. 18, 1923, pp. 54-59. 10 refs. (In German) (1923-850)
[1923] G. Rebora, "Cooling oil transformers", L'Elettrotecnica (Italy), Vol. 10, June 25, 1923, pp.
406-411. (In Italian) (1923-1255)
[1926] J. Liska, "Quantity of oil in air-cooled transformers", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift

(Germany), Vol. 47, Sept. 16, 1926, pp. 1067-1069. 2 refs. (In German) (1927-120)
[1928] F. Steckler, "Horizontal ducts in transformers with sandwich windings", Elektrotechnik und
Maschinenbau (Austria), Vol. 46, March 25, 1928, pp. 285-287. 2 refs. (In German) (1928-1161)

[1929] A. H. Davis, British Electrical And Allied Industries Research Association, "Thermal
transference in transformer oils, report (ref E/T 27), Oct. 30, 1928", Journal IEE, Vol. 67, 1929, pp.
527-537. 2 refs.
[1929] F. Steckler, "Heating of oil-cooled transformers with sandwich windings", Elektrotechnik

und Maschinenbau (Austria) , Vol. 47, May 19, 1929, pp. 395-400. (In German) (1929-1504)
[1930] E. Bihari and G. Stein, "Nomogram for the calculation of transformers", Elektrotechnische
Zeitschrift (Germany), Vol. 51, March 13, 1930, pp. 382-386. 4 refs. (In German) (1930-1542)
[1930] G. Ghisler, "Heating of transformer coils", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift (Germany), Vol. 51,
Nov. 13, 1930, pp. 1580-1582. 4 refs. (In German) (1931-511)
[1931] W. Kehse, "Calculation of the heating of transformer tanks", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift

(Germany), Vol. 52 ,July 30, 1931, pp. 1002-1004. No refs. (In German) (1931-2318)
[1936] "Cooling of large transformers", Ateliers de Constructions Electriques de Charleroi

(Belgium), No. 151, July-Sept. 1936, pp. 124-139. (1937-149)
[1939] W. Knaack, "Output of oil-cooled transformers by changing the heat dissipation",

Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau (Austria) , Vol. 57, April 28, 1939, pp. 233-236. (1939-1662)
[1939] A. Pasi, "Contribution to the calculation of temperatures in transformers", L'Energia

Electrica (Italy), Jan.1939, pp. 17-37. No refs. (in Italian)
[1946] E. Stenkvist, "Temperature and conditions of oil flow in large oil immersed transformers",
Book, Technical Achievements Of Asea Research, Published By Asea, Vasteras, Sweden, March
1946, pp. 248-257. no refs. (In English)
[1947] A. Nevenschwander, "Heat run on a high power transformer bank of radial shell type single
phase transformers", Association Suisse des Electriciens Bulletin (Switzerland), Vol. 38, Nov. 29,
1947, pp. 751-753. (In German) (1948-504)
[1948] G. Gotter, "The determination of the maximum temperature in electrical machines",

Elektrotechnik (Germany) , Vol. 2, Sept. 1948, pp. 257-261. (In German) (1949-1271)
[1949] B. L. Coleman, "Temperature gradients in transformer windings and rates of oil flow in
transformer tanks. A critical review of published information", The British Electrical And Allied
Industries Research Association Technical Report Q/T 117, 1949. 11 pp. 49 refs. (1952-3599)
[1949] A. L. Morris, "Small power transformers for aircraft electrical equipment", IEE Proc.
Vol.96, Pt.II, June 1949, pp. 413-424, disc. pp. 422-425, also Vol. 96, Part III, pp. 279-288, disc. pp.
288-291. 4 refs. (Also effect of altitude.)
[1950] H. Chevalier and H. Demoulin, "The behaviour of high power transformers under thermal
and electrical stresses". CIGRE, 1950, Vol. II, paper 118, 42 pp. 14 refs. (In French) [1950-3225]
[1950] L. Libert, "Calculations and measurements of the thermal characteristics of a shell-type

power transformer", Ateliers de Constructions Electriques de Charleroi (London), No. 1, 1950, pp.
14-20. (In French) (1950-2091)
[1954] H. B. Chevalier, "Summary of discussion on thermal rating. Report of the work at the
international study committee on transformers no. 12", CIGRE, 1954, Vol. 2. Appendix B of paper
137. 8 pp. 4 refs.

[1954] M. R. Dickson, “Investigation into temperature gradients and oil flow in transformers, First
interim report on equipment”, ERA Report Q/T 142, 1954..
[1954] M. R. Dickson, “Thermal tests on 100 kVA ON transformer, second interim report: early
experimental results”, ERA report Q/T 145, 1954.
[1956] P. H. G. Allen, "Distribution of temperature in a layer type transformer winding", Technical

Monograph TMS 769, The British Thomsan-Houston Company Limited, Paper read at the BTH
third summer school in electrical engineering, July 1956. 8 pp. 10 refs. (1957-5694)
[1956] H. E. Green, "Transformer cooling factors", Electrical Times (GB), Vol. 130, 1 Nov. 1956,
pp. 663-665. 6 refs. (1957-1854)
[1956] W. Hafner, "Transformers with conical disc-type windings", Elektrotechnik und

Maschinenbau (Austria), Vol. 73, No. 14, July 15, 1956, pp. 359-360. No refs. (In German) (1957-
578)
[1957] W. Blankenburg, "Heating problems in large transformers", Deutsche Elektrotechnik

(Germany), Vol. 11, No. 5, May 1957, pp. 204-211. No. refs. (In German) (1957-4883)
[1957] E. T. B. Gross and R. L. Bolger, "Rating of autotransformer having three windings", Trans.
AIEE Pt. III, Vol. 76, Power Apparatus and Systems No. 33. Dec/ 1957, pp. 1220-1224, disc. p.
1224. 2 refs. (electrical equations to determine kva in different parts of winding for loading) (1958-
2832)
[1957] I. G. Lobenstein, "The heat transfer coefficient of transformer oil in the cooling channels of
cylindrical coils", Deutsche Elektrotechnik (Germany), Vol. 11 No. 10, Oct. 1957, pp. 481-484. 8
refs. (In German)
[1958] E. T. B. Gross and J. C. Pohlman, "Rating of autotransformers for system interconnections",

Trans. AIEE Pt. III, Vol. 76, 1957, Power Apparatus and Systems No. 33. Feb. 1958, pp. 1236-
1244, disc. p. 1244. (electrical equations to determine kva in different parts of winding) (1958-2833)
[1958] J. J. Kunes, "Characteristics of thermosiphon flow in a model transformer oil circuit",

Trans. AIEE, Vol. 77, Part III, Power Apparatus and Systems, No. 39, December 1958, pp. 973-
976, disc. pp. 976-977. 7 refs. (1959-2664)
[1958] E. D. Taylor, B. Berger, and B. E. Western, "An experimental approach to the cooling of
transformer coils by natural convection", Proc. IEE, Vol. 105A, 1958, pp. 141-152, disc. 646-648.
27 refs. (1958-1794)
[1959] H. Reinke and L. Zinke, "The effect of cooling air temperature on the internal cooling of oil-
filled transformers", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift. Ausgabe A: Zentralblatt fur Electrotechnik.
(Germany), Vol. 80 No. 23, Dec. 1, 1959, pp. 812-816. 5 refs. (In German) (1960-3990)
[1959] W. Schuisky, "Determination of the heating of electrical machines and transformers by

means of the thermal network", Association Suisse des Electriciens Bulletin (Switzerland), Vol. 50,
No. 17, Aug. 15, 1959, pp. 825-832. (In German) (1959-6933)
[1959] G. Senft "Contribution to the calculation of heating in test transformers", Archiv fur
Elektrotechnik (Germany), Vol. 44, No. 6, 1959, pp. 363-372. 5 refs. (In German) (1960-7201)
[1960] P. H. G. Allen, "Heat transfer in layer type windings in high voltage power transformer", Ph.
D. Thesis, University of London, 1960. 170 refs.
[1960] W. Bollmann, "The individual processes in the cooling of oil transformers with built-on
radiators", B.B. C. Nachrichten. (Brown, Boveri und Cie, Manheim, Germany), Vol. 42, No. 9,
Sept. 1960, pp. 473-481. (In German) (1961-2228)
[1960] D. de Kuijper, "The distribution of temperature in a coil of a transformer with natural oil
circulation", Electrotechniek (Netherlands) , Vol. 38, No. 8, April 14, 1960, pp. 215-221. (In
Dutch) (1960-5376)
[1961] Boduroglu, "Contribution to the development of air and oil cooled transformers containing a
reduced weight of copper by multiple stepping of the outer winding", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift.
Ausgabe A: Zentralblatt fur Electrotechnik (Germany), Vol. 82, No. 3, 1961, pp. 68-75. 4 refs. (In
German) (1963-4593)
[1961] G. Gotter, "Problems in connection with the cooling of large transformers", Revista
Electrotecnica (Argentina), Vol. 47, No. 6, June 1961, pp. 199-209. (In Spanish) (1962-3539)
[1962] H. Brechnina and H. Tschudi, "Heat dissipation of insulated oil-impregnated transformer

winding in laminar oil flow", Association Suisse des Electriciens Bulletin (Switzerland), Vol. 53,
No. 22, Nov. 3, 1962, pp. 1069-1081. (In German) (1963-4593)
[1962] D. Cirstea and V. Tenescu, "Experimental studies on the cooling of power transformers",
Electrotehnica (Rumania), Vol. 10, No. 9, Sept. 1962, pp. 347-354. 9 refs. (In Rumanian) (1963-
2585)
[1962] G. Gotter, "Problems of heating in transformers", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift Ausgabe A:

Zentralblatt fur Electrotechnik (Germany), Vol. 83, No. 5, Feb. 26, 1962, pp. 117-121. (in German),
10 refs.
[1962] H. F. Larrue, "Group 12 discussion" CIGRE, 1962, Vol. I, pp. 262-266.
[1962] S. Muur, "On the modes of oil flow in self cooled transformers and the associated
temperature distributions", CIGRE, 1962, Vol. II, Paper No. 124, 19 pp. 3 refs. (1962-7451)
[1962] I. Popov, "Temperature rise and length of life of transformers", CIGRE, 1962, Vol.II, paper
101, 17 pp. 4 refs. (1972-7453)
[1962] I. Popov and F. Wandel, "Temperature rise and life expectancy of transformers", Elektrie
(Germany), Vol. 16 No. 7, July 1962, pp. 222-226. 7 refs. (In German), (1963-6751)
[1963] P. H. G. Allen, and D. J. Allan, "Cooling transformer windings", Electrical Times (GB),
Vol. 143, April 4, 1963, pp. 505-508. 5 refs.
[1963] P. H. G. Allen and D. J. Allan, "Layer-type transformer winding cooling factors derived
from analogue solution of governing equations", Proc. IEE, Vol. 110, No. 3, 3 March 1963, pp.
523-534, Disc., Vol. 112, No. 1, Jan. 1965, pp. 125-126. 32 refs. (1963-6571)
[1963] H. Gabriel, "Economics of cooling of oil-filled transformers with natural oil circulation",
Elektrie (Germany), Vol. 17 No. 5, May 1963, pp. 139-142. 4 refs. (In German) (1964-147)
[1963] H. E. Green, "Forced cooling - a summary of the development of forced cooling of electrical
machines with references", Electrical Times (GB), Vol. 143, June 6, 1963, pp. 859-862. 44 refs.
[1964] P. H. G. Allen and D. J. Allan, "The solution of a complex thermal problem by hybrid
computation", Proc. 4th International Analogue Computation Meeting, Brighton, England, 1964,
pp. 500-505. 5 refs.
[1964] K. W. Kerr, and S. Palmer, "Development in the design of large power transformers", IEE
Proc., Vol. 111, No. 5, April 9, 1964, pp. 823-832. 18 refs.
[1964] A. Lowicki, "Calculation of transformer-winding temperature rise", Przeglad

Elektrotechniczny (Poland) , Vol. 40, No. 2, March 1964, pp. 132-137. (In Polish) (1965-7072)
[1965] H. T. Antunes, "Heating of transformers immersed in oil", Tecnica (Portugal), No. 351, Oct.
1965, pp. 49-59. (In Portuguese) (1967-172)
[1965] H. T. Antunes, "Heating of transformers immersed in oil", Tecnica (Portugal), No. 352, Nov.
1965, pp. 101-110. (In Portuguese) (1967-173)
[1965] R. Boersma, "The influence of the method of circulation of the cooling media on the cooling
process in transformers", Smit Mededelingen (Netherlands) , Vol. 20, No. 2, April-June 1965, pp.
48-55. (In Dutch) (1966-1869)
[1965] C. Eastgate, "Simplified steady state thermal calculations for naturally cooled transformers",
IEE Proc., Vol. 112, No. 6, June 1965, pp. 1127-1134. 9 refs. (Oil and air cooled windings) (1965-
13725)
[1965] C. Truta and A. Mereanu, "Determination of temperature gradients in transformer windings",

Electrotehnica (Rumania), Vol. 13, No. 2, Feb. 1965, pp. 46-52. (In Rumanian) (1965-16741)
[1966] E. A. Goodman, "Sheet wound transformers - Allis Chalmers experiences", Insulation

(USA), Vol. 12, No. 7, July 1966, pp. 24-28. no refs.
[1966] M. A. Gudgeon, "AEI's new T.L. transformer", AEI Engineering (GB), Vol. 6 no. 2, March-
April 1966, pp. 74-77. 4 refs. (1966-12330)
[1966] G. A. Hall and R. L. Dormer, "Thermal design and temperature measurements of power
transformers", The Engineer (GB), Vol. 221, 11 Feb. 1966, pp. 234-236. 3 refs. (1966-12325)
[1966] A. G. Kraiz, "Some operating characteristics of power transformers with split windings",
Elektricheskie Stantsii (USSR) , No. 6, June, 1966, pp. 48-52. (In Russian) (1967-3566)
[1966] Y. A. Vasil'chenko, M. S. Barbarltskaya, and S. N. Suborova, "The hydraulic resistance of

the natural circulation loop: transformer tank-radiator", Elektrotekhnika (USSR), No. 5, May, 1966,
pp. 56-58. (In Russian) (1967-3591)
[1967] G. Lobenstein, "Horizontal cooling channels in oil transformers", Elektrie (Germany), Vol.
21, No. 2, March 1967, pp. 53-56. 7 refs. (In German) (1967-15917)
[1967] V. Preingerova, "On convergence of computer solving of partial differential equations",

Apilkace Matematiky (Czechoslovakia), Vol. 12, 1967, pp. 171-184. No refs. (In Czech with
English summary)
[1967] V. Preiningerova and S. Korinek, "Digital computation of heat transfer in layer-type

transformer windings", S.N.T.L. Technical Digest No. 9, 1967, pp. 683-688. 5 refs.
[1967] O. I. Sisunenko, V. V. Bondar, and N. Shifrin, "A study of overheating in transformer

windings that takes account of non-uniformities in the distribution of eddy-current losses",
Elektrotekhnika (USSR), No. 4, April 1967, pp. 46-48. (In Russian) (1967-18361)

[1968] T. Ciubotaru, and E. Lazarescu, "The thermic calculus of aluminum foil windings for oil
transformers", Electrotehnica (Rumania), Vol. 16, No. 6, June 1968, pp. 222-225. (In Rumanian)
(1968-25334)
[1968] M. Kozlowski, "The continuous limit rating of the transformer 'with split windings' at non-
uniform loading of windings", Rozprawy Electrotechniczne (Poland), Vol. 14, no. 3, 1968, pp. 467-
486. 12 refs. (In Polish) (1969-3896
[1969] P. H. G. Allen and A. H. Finn, "Transformer winding thermal design by computer",

International Conference on Computer Aided Design, Southhampton, UK, 15-18 April 1969. IEE
Conference Publication No. 51, 1969, pp. 589-599. 13 refs. (1969-25570)
[1969] A. K. Bose, "Improved cooling of transformer windings by directed oil flow", Smit
Mededelingen (Netherlands), Vol. 24e, No. 2, June 1969, pp. 59-72. (In Dutch) (1969-22363)
[1969] M. G. Carruthers and E. T. Norris, "Thermal ratings of transformers - introduction of

multiflow principle", Proc. IEE, Vol. 116, No. 9, 1969, pp. 1564-1570. 10 refs.
[1969] W. Fink, "Temperature distribution in power transformers with layer windings in the
presence of separate cooling with forced oil circulation", Elektrie (Germany), Vol. 23, No. 8, Aug.
1969, pp. 331-333. 2 refs. (In German), (1970-19361)
[1969] N. Kersic, "Efficiency of oil cooling of coils", Elektrotehniski Vestnik (Yugoslavia), Vol. 36,
No. 11-12, 1969, pp. 280-287. 16 refs. (In Slovene) (1970-23186)
[1969] L. Kiss, "Thermal problems of directed-oil-flow transformers", Elektrotechnika (Hungary),

Vol. 62, No. 1, Jan. 1969, pp. 1-18. (In Hungarian) (1969-10258)
[1970] M. Kozlowski, "Thermal conductivity in axial direction of transformers' windings",

Rozprawy Electrotechniczne (Poland), Vol. 16, No. 1-2, 1970, pp. 107-126. (In Polish) (1970-
26620)
[1970] S. Kuze, K. Mitsui, M. Takeda, and M. Suzuki, "Hottest spot temperature rise in oil
immersed transformers", Meiden Review (International Edition) (Japan), No.2, 1970, pp. 1-19. 9
[1970] E. T. Norris, "Power transformer - a proposed new standard rating", Electronics & Power
(GB), Vol.16, Aug. 1970, pp. 282-284. 4 refs. (1970-36536)
[1970] I. Pinkiewicz, "Distribution of oil temperature rise in a transformer with radiator tank at
natural cooling", Rozprawy Electrotechniczne (Poland), Vol. 16, Nos. 1-2, 1970, pp. 273-284. (In
Polish) (1970-26627)
[1971] P. H. G. Allen, "Transformer rating by hottest spot temperature", Electrical Times (GB),
Vol. 159, No. 10, March 12, 1971, pp. 33-38. 15 refs. (1971-16956)
[1971] A. H. Finn, "Further investigations into high voltage layer type winding cooling", Thesis,
University of London, 1971.
[1971] A. T. Lebedev and Y. v. Latyshev, "Heat runs on a 400 mva transformer", Elektricheskie
Stantsii (USSR) , Vol. 42, No.11, 1971, pp. 50-52. (In Russian) (1972-6314)
[1971] K. Malek, "Thermal calculation of oil transformers", Elektrotechnicky Obzor
(Czechoslovakia) , Vol. 60, No. 10, 1971, pp. 520-524. 6 refs. (In Czech) (1972-12108)

[1971] E. T. Norris, "Thermal rating of transformers - application of multiflow principle to
naturally cooled transformers", IEE Proc., Vol.118, No.11, Nov. 1971, pp. 1625-1629, disc., Vol.
119, No.8, Aug. 1972, pp. 1183-1187. 19 refs. (1972-3262)
[1972] N. V. Boryu and I. P. Savchenko, "Representation of the thermal field of a power

transformer on electrical conducting paper, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Energetika i Transport
(USSR), No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 1972. 3 refs. (In Russian) (1993-7191)
[1972] C. E. M. de Kuijper, "Design, tests and service considerations associated with temperature
rise and temperature distribution in transformers, paper presented in the name of study committee
12 (transformers), CIGRE 24th. session, 28 Aug.-6 Sept. 1972, paper 12-04, 15 pp. 27 ref.
[1972] W. Lampe, B. G. Persson, and T. Carlsson, "Hot spot and top oil temperatures proposal for
a modified heat specification for oil immersed power transformers", CIGRE 24th. session, 28 Aug.-
6 Sept. 1972, paper 12-02, 11 pp. 14 refs.
[1972] G. N. Petrov and V. A. Mashkin, "Matching thermal and hydraulic calculations when
modeling the temperature fields of transformer windings", Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol. 43 No. 3,
March 1972, pp. 17-20. (in Russian) English translation in Soviet Electrical Engineering. (1972-
22596)
[1972] M. Pivrnec and K. Havlicek, "Investigation of the thermal dependencies on models of a

transformer winding", Elektrotechnicky Obzor (Czechoslovakia) , Vol. 61, No. 4, pp. 175-181,
April 1972. 1 ref. (In Czech) (1972-22581)
[1972] L. Plechac, "Thermal calculation of a continuous winding of transformers with natural oil
circulation", Elektrotechnicky Obzor (Czechoslovakia) , Vol. 61, No. 1, 1972, pp. 5-10. 9 refs. (In
Czech) (1972-8907)
[1972] V. Preiningrova, "Expediting iterative solutions in computer aided design for laminar flow
heat transfer", Computer Aided Design (GB), Vol. 4, No. 2, Jan. 1972, pp. 79-85. 9 refs. (1972-
12100)
[1972] "Group 12 transformers discussion", CIGRE 24th. Session, 28 Aug.-6 Sept. 1972, 32 pp.
[1973] P. H. G. Allen, "Some suggestions for implementing the thermal rating of transformers",
Conference On Diagnostic Testing Of High Voltage Power Apparatus In Service, Power Division
Of British Institute Of Electrical Engineers & Institute Of Electrical And Electronics Engineers,
London, UK, March 6-8, 1973, IEE Conf. Pub. No. 24, Part I, pp. 83-88, Paper No.83, Disc. Part II,
pp. 93-95. 10 refs. (1973-15314)
[1973] G. J. Hulsink, "Some aspects of building large transformers", Holectechniek (Netherlands),

Vol. 3, No. 2, July 1973, pp. 42-51. 10 refs. (back to back heat runs on large FOA units) (1973-
34318)
[1973] E. T. Norris, "Transformer multiflow hottest-spot rating", Electrical Review (GB), Vol.192,
No. 14, April 6, 1973, pp. 493-494. 4 refs. ((1973-22471)
[1973] M. Pivrnec, "Calculation of the windings of oil transformers", Elektrotechnicky Obzor

(Czechoslovakia) , Vol. 62, No. 7, July, 1973, pp. 434-440. 4 refs. (In Czech) (Flow rate through the
channels.) (1973-34308)
[1973] V. Preiningerova, "Thermal calculations of the windings of oil transformers",
Elektrotechnicky Obzor (Czechoslovakia), Vol. 62, No. 12, Dec. 1973. pp. 727-735. no refs. (In
Czech) (1974-8823)
[1973] V. Preiningerova and K. Visnak, "Numerical solution of heat transfer and hydraulic
resistance in cooling channels of transformers", Elektrotechnicky Casopis (Czechoslovakia), Vol.
24, No. 8, 1973, pp. 577-608. 10 refs. (In Czech) (1974-4792)
[1973] J. Rachwalski and S. Witczak, "Continuous load capacity of triple-winding transformers

during double-winding operation", Biuletyn Institutu Energetyki (Poland), Vol. 15, No. 9-10, Sept.-
Oct. 1973, pp. 68-71. 2 refs. (In Polish) (1974-4780
[1973] A. B. Shvidler, S. N. Suvorova, and Y. A. Mikhailovsky, "Investigation of windings heat

transfer of the transformers with forced oil circulation in vertical ducts", Elektrotekhnika (USSR),
Vol.44, No. 3, 1973, pp. 26-29 3 refs. (in Russian)
[1973] G. E. Tarle, "Intensifying the cooling of transformers by directed circulation of oil", Soviet
Power Engineering (USA), Vol. 2 No. 6, June, 1973, pp. 425-428. 4 refs. English translation of
Elektricheskie Stantsii (USSR) No. 6, 1973, pp. 52-56. (In Russian) (1973-31235)
[1973] A. M. Ufimtsev, "Methods and results of heat runs on power transformers", Soviet Power
Engineering (USA), Vol. 2, No. 1, Jan. 1973, pp. 62-65. No refs. English translation of
Elektricheskie Stantsii (USSR), No. 11, 1973, pp. 64-67. (In Russian) (measurement of resistance in
service) (1973-22474)
[1974] "Group 12 transformers discussion", CIGRE, 25th Session, 1974.
[1974] L. Kiss, I. Szita, G. Ujhazy, "Some characteristic design problems of large power
transformers", CIGRE, 25th session, 1974, paper 12-07, 15 pp. (also loading)
[1974] E. T. Norris, "Transformer multiflow hottest-spot rating: proposed standard specification",

IEE Proc., Vol. 121, No. 8, Aug. 1974, pp. 840-844, disc. Vol. 122, No.5, May 1975, pp. 545-546.
13 refs. (1974-37914)
[1974] G. N. Petrov, V. A. Mashkin, and A. N. Rassal'skii, "Concerning the determination of

maximum temperature in the winding insulation of power transformers", Elektrotekhnika (USSR),
No. 4, April 1974, pp. 17-19. 4 refs. (In Russian) (1974-33093)
[1975] P. H. G. Allen, "Rating transformers by winding hottest spot temperatures", Electrical Times
GB), no. 4335, 20 June 1975, pp. 10-11. 7 refs. (1975-35968)
[1975] V. A. Mashkin and a. N. Rassal'skii, "Determination of heat transfer coefficients in layered

windings in transformers", Problemy Tekhnicheskoi Elektrodinamiki (USSR), No. 51, 1975, pp. 85-
88. no refs. (In Russian) (1976-11561
[1975] G. N. Petrov, A. N. Rassalskii, and V. a. Mashkin, "The temperature field in transformer

windings, Power Engineering, Vol. 13 No. 1, 1975, pp. 87-91. English translation of Izvestiya
Akademii Nauk S. S. S. R. Energetika i Transportt (in Russian). 5 refs. (1976-23552)
[1976] W. Felber, "OD cooling of transformers", Elin-Zeitschrift (Austria), Vol. 28, No. 2, 1976, pp.
72-79. 7 refs. (In German) (1977-2223)
[1976] L. Imre, "Determination of the steady state temperature distribution of transformer windings
by the heat flux network method", Perodica Polytechnica (Electrical Engineering-Elektrotechnik)
(Hungary), Vol. 20, No. 4, 1976, pp. 461-471. 8 refs. (In English)
[1976] Y. Langhame and J. H. Van Sant, "Natural convection in a power transformer", Canadian
Communications and Power Conference, Montreal, Canada, 20-22 Oct. 1976, IEEE Pub. 76 CH
1126-2 REG 7, pp. 319-322. 3 refs. (In French) (1977-12039)
[1976] "A calculating method of temperature rise in a self-cooled oil-immersed transformer for
electric traction loading", Quarterly Report of the Railway Technical Research Institute (Japan),
Vol. 17, No. 2, June 1976, pp. 60-63. 4 refs. (1977-7661)
[1977] L. Imre, "Determination of steady-state temperature distribution of transformer coils by

means of heat flow network models", Elektrotechnika (Hungary), Vol. 70, no. 7, July 1977, pp. 256-
261. 8 refs. (In Hungarian) (1978-4312)
[1977] S. V. Preingerova and M. Pivrnec, "Temperature distribution in the coil of a transformer

winding", Proc. IEE, Vol. 124, No. 3, March 1977, pp. 218-222. 2 refs. (1974-33131)
[1978] L. Imre, I. Szabo, and A. Bitai, "Determination of the steady state temperature field in
naturally oil cooled disc type transformers", Sixth International Heat And Mass Transfer
Conference, Toronto, Canada, 7-11 Aug. 1978, Vol. 2, pp. 123-128. 13 refs. (1978-3209)
[1978] I. D. Kutyavin, "Permissible power flows within the windings of autotransformers", Izvestiya
Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Energetika (USSR), Vol. 12, Dec. 1978, pp. 116-118. 3 refs. (In
Russian) (Circuit analysis of nine cases to determine overloaded windings) (1979-29246)
[1978] N. I. Nikitenko, A. M. Kulakovskii, and A. F. Gorbuntsov, "A network method of

investigating heat exchange in oil-cooled transformers", Teplofizika i Teplotekhnika (USSR), No.
34, 1978, pp. 40-44. 2 ref. (In Russian) (solves Navier Stokes eq.) (1978-48404)
[1978] V. Preiningerova and M. Pivrnec, "Thermal problems of a radial wide winding of

transformers", Elektrotechnicky Obzor (Czechoslovakia), Vol. 67, No.2, Feb. 1978, pp. 67-73. 4
refs. (In Czech) (1978-40971)
[1978] A. B. Shvidler, G. B. Cherednichenko, and Y. A. Mikhailovskii, "Investigation of heat

transfer from cylindrical windings of transformers using blower-circulation and circulation cooling
Systems", Soviet Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol. 49, No. 4, 1978, pp. 80-84. 2 refs. English
translation of Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol. 49, No. 4, 1978, pp. 47-50 (In Russian) (1979-41253)
[1978] A. B. Shvidler, S. N. Suvorova, and Y. A. Mikhailovskii, "A study of the heat loss from the
windings of transformers with forced flow of oil through vertical channels", Elektrotekhnika
(USSR), No. 3, 1973, pp. 26-29. (in Russian) English translation in Soviet Electrical Engineering,
No. 3, 1973. 3 refs. (1973-22488)
[1978] “Measurement of temperature rise on a 750/1000 MVA generator transformer",

Elektrizitatswirtschaft (Germany), Vol. 77, No. 5, 27 Feb. 1978, pp. 176-177. no refs. (In German)
(1978-31709)
[1979] P. H. G. Allen, O. Szpiro, and E. Campero., “The power transformer winding as a thermal
problem”, Proc of the CNR Symposium on Power and Measurement Transformers, Positano, Sept.
1979, pp. 75-81.
[1979] L. Imre, A Batai, and P. Csenyi, "Investigation of parameters influencing the heating of oil
transformers", Elektrotechnika (Hungary), Vol. 72, No. 9-10, Sept.-Oct. 1979, pp. 254-256. 9 refs.
(In Hungarian) (1980-47115)
[1979] L. Imre, A. Bitai, and P. Csenyi, "The role of the characteristic parameters in the warming of
oil transformers", Perodica Polytechnica (Electrical Engineering-Elektrotechnik) (Hungary), Vol.
23, 1979, pp. 293-300. 9 refs. (In English)

[1979] L. Imre, A. Bitai, and P. Csenyi, "Parameter sensitivity investigations of the warming of oil
transformers", Proc. First International Conference on Numerical Methods In Thermal Problems,
Swansea, U. K., July 2-6, 1979, Pine Ridge Press, pp. 850-858. 4 refs.
[1979] H. Lobenstein, "The representation of the heat transmission coefficient in the oil-immersed
transformer for means of exponential functions", Elektrie (Germany), Vol. 33, No. 4, 1979, pp. 218-
220. 12 refs. (In German) (1979-32917)
[1980] P. E. Azaryan, "Criteria for the nonuniformity of the temperature field in the layer windings
of oil-filled transformers", Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Energetika (USSR), No. 8,
Aug. 1980, pp. 33-39. 4 refs. (In Russian) (1981-9279)
[1980] V. I. Dechev, L. E. Tyutina, and G. N. Gidina, "Investigating the interaction of the annular
channels on the hydraulic resistance of the end insulation of the windings of large power
transformers", Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Energetika (USSR), No. 10, Oct. 1980, pp.
104-108. 1 ref. (In Russian) (1981-18166)
[1980] A. J. Oliver, “Estimation of transformer winding temperatures and coolant flows using a
general network method”, Proc. IEE, Vol 127, Pt. C, No. 6, Nov. 1980, pp. 395-405. 12 refs,
[1980] A. J. Oliver, “A general method for predicting the flows and temperature in a network of
interconnecting ducts,” in Numerical Methods in Thermal Problems: Proc. 2nd Int. Conf., R. W.
Lewis, K. Morgan, and B. A. Schefler, (Eds.), Swansea, U.K.: Pineridge. 1981, pp. 623-635.
[1980] A. B. Shvidler, A.B. Et.Al., "Heat transfer of internal coil windings of transformers", Soviet
Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol.51, No.7, 1980, pp. 42-46. 2 refs. English translation of
Elektrotechnika (USSR), Vol.51, No.7, 1980, pp. 19-21. (in Russian)
[1980] O. Szpiro, “Research into temperatrue and oil flow distribution in disc-type power
transformer windings”, Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 1980.
[1980] R. Wallnig, "The heating and cooling of large oil transformers", Doctoral dissertation, 1980.
Die vorliegende Arbeit entstand am Institut fur Industrieofenbau und Warmetechnik im Huttensesen
der Rheinisch-Westfalischen Technischen Horschule Aachen in Zusammenarbeit mit dem
Transformatorenwerk der Schorch Gmbh in Monchengladbach. 99 pp. 26 refs. (In German)
[1980] M. Yamaguchi, T. Kumasaka, Y. Inui, and Y. Tsutsumi, Oil flow characteristics of disc
winding of transformer", Trans. of the Institution of Electrical Engineers of Japan, Vol. 100, No. 9,
Sept. 1980, pp. 956-963. (In Japanese)
[1981] P. H. G. Allen, O. Szpiro, E. Campero, "Thermal analysis of power transformer windings",

Electric Machines and Electromechanics (USA), Vol. 6, No. 1, Jan./Feb. 1981, pp. 1-11. 23 refs.
(1981-31285)
[1981] V. I. Dechev, G. N. Kidina, and L. B. Tyutina, “Finding the coefficient of hydraulic

resistance of the annular section of the lower insulation for the windings of large power
transformers”, Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Energetika (USSR), No. 11, Nov. 1981,
[1981] F. Guerra, "Oil bath transformers: cooling by thermosiphon", Electricidade (Portugal), Vol.
24, No. 159, Jan. 1981, pp. 487-494. 4 refs. (In Portugese) (1981-31282)

[1981] V. Preiningerova and V. Kahoun, "Numerical calculation method of distribution of
additional losses and of temperature rise in the winding of great transformers", Elektrotechnicky
Obzor (Czechoslovakia), Vol. 70, No. 11, Nov. 1981, pp. 633-639. 13 refs. (In Czech) (1982-
27955)
[1981] A. N. Rassaal'skii, V. A. Mashkin, and Y. A. Mikhailovskii, "Calculation of maximum

temperature of transformer bobbin windings", Elektrichestvo (USSR), No. 8, Aug. 1981, pp. 45-47.
4 refs. (In Russian) (1983-16461)
[1981] M. Yamaguchi, T. Kumasaka, Y. Inui, and S. Ono, "The flow rate in a self cooled
transformer", IEEE Trans. On Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-100, No.3, March 1981,
pp. 956-963, disc. p. 963. 5 refs.
[1982] V. Kohoun, "Cooling of internal windings of oil-transformers", Elektrotechnicky Obzor

(Czechoslovakia), Vol. 71, No. 10, Oct. 1982, pp. 583-585. 2 refs. (In Czech) (1983-22079)
[1982] M. Sato, T. Sato, T. Abe, M. Endo, and Y. Hirayama, "A naturally air-cooled main
transformer for rolling stock", Mitsubishi Denki Giho (Japan), Vol. 56, no. 5, 1982, pp. 31-35. 2
refs. (In Japanese) (Air from train cools oil transformer) (1983-5503
[1982] O. Szpiro, P. H. G. Allen, C. W. Richards, "Coolant distribution in disc type transformer

windings horizontal ducts and its influence on coil temperatures", Proc. 7th International Heat
Transfer Conference, Munchen, Fed. Rep. of Germany, 1982. Vol. 6 pp. 251-256. 9 refs.
[1982] “Group 12 transformers discussion”, CIGRE, 1982 Session, pp. 1, 19-25, 33-38.
[1983] V. Preiningerova, V. Kahoun, and I. Dolezel, "Thermal analysis of large oil-immersed

transformer windings", Electrical Machines and Power Systems (USA), Vol. 8, No. 2, Mar-Apr.
1983, pp. 89-102. 10 refs.
[1984] Allan, D.J., "Special report for group 12", CIGRE, 1984, Paper 12-00, 7 pp.
[1984] P. E. Azaryan, "A general method of controlling thermohydrodynamic processes and

planning the best cooling systems for M-series transformers", Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh
Zavedenii, Energetika (USSR), No. 10, Oct. 1984, pp. 31-36. 6 refs. (In Russian) (math. model)
(1985-16082)
[1984] P. J. Burton, J. Graham, and A. C. Hall, "Recent developments by CEGB to improve the
prediction and monitoring of transformer performance", CIGRE, 1984 session, paper 12-09, 10 pp.
13 refs.
[1984] W. Felber, B. Damm, K. Loderer, G. Preininger, "Evaluation of thermal conditions of large

transformers", CIGRE, 1984, paper 12-05, 8 pp. 11 refs.
[1984] Y. A. Mikhailovsky, A. B. Shvidler, G. E. Tarle, V. M. Tchornogotsky, I. D. Voevodin, and

I. Sh. Lyublin, "Methods of temperature rise calculation of power transformer windings", CIGRE,
30th Session, 1984, paper 12-16, 6 pp. 6 refs.
[1984] V. Preiningerova, V. Kahoun, and I. Dolezel, "Combined calculation of magnetic field,

losses, and temperature distribution in large oil transformers", Elektrotechnicky Obzor
(Czechoslovakia), Vol. 73, No. 2, Feb. 1984, pp. 69-76. 11 ref. (In Czech) (1984-40288)
[1984] R. Sarunac, "Transformer winding cooling by the flow rate induced by flow controlling
bodies", Technika (Yogoslavia), Vol. 39, No. 5, 1984, pp. 667-670. 5 refs. (In Croatian) (1984-
62589)
[1984] P. Venkateswarlu, and A. R. Prasad, "Numerical prediction of the temperature distribution in
the coils of a transformer winding", CIGRE, 1984, Paper 12-04, 6 pp. 12 refs
[1984] D. Zvizdic, "Numerical calculations of mining transformers steady state temperature rise",
Elektrotehnika, Zagreb (Yugoslavia), Vol. 27, No. 5, Sept-Oct. 1984, pp. 311-320. 6 refs. (in
Croatian) (1985-21678)
[1984] "Discussion, group 12, transformers", CIGRE, 1984 Session, Vol. I., Discussion pages 1-17,
59-61.
[1985] Z. Godec, R. Sarunac and Z. Kisic, "An apparatus for investigations of thermo-and
hydrodynamical characteristics of power transformers", Elektrotehnika, Zagreb (Yugoslavia), Vol.
28, No. 3, May-June 1985, pp. 111-114. no refs. (1985-48988)
[1985] F. Simkovic, "Temperature rise of an oil-filled transformer solved by a graphic method",

Elektrotechnicky Obzor (Czechoslovakia), Vol. 74, No. 4, April 1985, pp. 207-213. No refs. (In
Slovak) (1985-53734)
[1986] P. H. G. Allen, and D. Childs, "Conjugated heat transfer in disc type power transformer
windings", Proc. 8th International Heat Transfer Conference, San Francisco, USA, August 1986,
Vol.6, pp. 2977-2982. 12 refs.
[1986] Y. Changmina and Z. Jian, "A numerical method for calculating temperature rise at the
hottest point in large modern transformers", Journal of Tsinghua University (China), Vol. 26, No. 1,
1986, pp. 72-80. 7 refs. (In Chinese), (1986-61558)
[1986] L. Imre, B. Bitai, and S. Palkovics, "Heat transfer and flow characteristics of large oil
transformer windings", Proc. Eighth International heat Transfer Conference, San Francisco, USA,
August, 1986, Vol. 6, pp. 2989-2994. 19 refs.
[1986] M. Kobayashi, "Finite element analysis of flow and heat transfer in transformer winding. I.
Takaoka Review (Japan), Vol. 33, No. 3, 1986, pp. 235-240. 4 refs. (In Japanese) (1987-37611)
[1986] V. A. Mashkin, K. A. Markhachashvili, and M. A. Ignatenko, "The effect of hydraulic

resistance of finite insulation on the temperature field of transformer windings", Izvestiya Vysshikh
Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Elektromekhanika (USSR), No. 8, Aug. 1986, pp. 34-38. 4 refs. (In Russian)
(1987-22462)
[1986] R. Sarunac, “Non-linear heat and mass transfer of composite device of oil-immersed self-
cooled power transformer using general network model”, Proc. International Conference on
Numerical Methods for Non-linear Problems, Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, 1986 pp. 1035-1047.
[1986] "Group 12 discussion", CIGRE 1986 Session, 34 pp. (See pp. 8,12,14,15)
[1987] P. E. Azaryan, "The boosting of thermal and hydrodynamic processes and their control in a
cooling system for 'M' transformers", Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Energetika (USSR),
No. 9, 1987, pp. 44-47. 1 ref. (In Russian) (1988-11265)
[1987] E. P. Childs, Flow Maldistribution in disc-type power transformer windings, in

Maldistribution of Flow and Its Effect on Heat Exchanger Performance, presented at 24th National
Heat Transfer Conference and Exhibition, Pittsburgh, Aug. 9-12, 1987, ASME HTD-Vol. 75, pp.
137-143. 14 refs.

[1987] K. Hirano and M. Kobayashi, "Finite element analysis of flow and heat transfer in
transformer windings II.", Takaoka Review (Japan), Vol. 34, No. 2, 1987, pp. 160-163. 3 refs. (In
Japanese) (1987-72202)
[1987] M. Pivrnec, P. H. G. Allen, and K. Havlicek, "Calculation of the forced directed oil-
circulation rate through a transformer cooling system", IEE Proc Gen. Transm. Distrib.., Vol. 134
Pt. C, No. 4, July 1987, pp. 306-312. 12 refs.
[1987] A. B. Shivdler, Y. A. Mikhailovskii, G. B. Cherednichenko, L. E. Vakulevskaya, and V. G.

Gorovykh, Intensification of heat exchange in transformer coil windings", Soviet Electrical
Engineering (USA), Vol. 58, No. 5, 1987, pp. 13-17. 6 refs. English translation of Elektrotekhnika
(USSR), Vol. 58, No. 5, 1987, pp. 8-10) (In Russian) (1988-30760)
[1987] B. S. Shuster, G. E. Goldberg, "A cooling system for transformer multi layer windings",
Soviet Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol. 58, No. 7, 1987, pp. 81-82. No refs. English translation
from Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol. 58, No. 7, 1987, p. 48. (In Russian) (1988-37264)
[1988] A. K. Bose, C. Kroon, and G. Hulsink, "Some topics on designing transformers with low
load losses", CIGRE, 1988, Paper 12-05. 7 pp. plus erratum. 8 ref. (Loading back heat run results)
[1988] A. D. Goroshko and L. I. Chukturova, "Hydraulic Resistance of transformer-winding end

insulation", Soviet Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol 59, No. 3, 1988, pp. 59-62. No refs. English
[1988] A. Peterson, "Application of fibre optics thermometer in measurement of transformer

winding temperatures", Seventh Conference on Electric Power Supply Industry (7th CEPSI),
Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 15-22 Oct. 1988, Vol. 3, P 3.17/1-15. 13 refs. (tests on 6 units)
(1990-33838)
[1988] R. Sarunac, “Optimization of transformer cooling circuit with forced oil flow through
winding”, PhD Thesis, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Shipbuilding, University of Zagreb,
1988. (In Croatian)
[1989] G. Puchner, M. Lindner, and D. Roseburg, "Numeric magnet and heat field computation in
large transformers", Elektrie (East Germany), Vol. 43 No. 12, 1989, pp. 450-452. 2 refs. (In
German) (1990-25954)
[1989] D. Roseburg and G. Puchner, "Numerical calculations of temperature fields in power

transformers", Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Technischen Universitat Dresden (East Germany),
Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 165-169. 5 refs. (In German) (1990-25969)
[1989] R. Sarunac, “Numerical calculation of winding temperatures and coolant flows in power
transformer with ODAF type of cooling”, Proc. Of the Sixth International Conference on Numerical
Methods in Thermal Problems, Swansea, U. K., 1989, pp. 1644-1654.
[1990] K. Goto, H. Tsukioka, and E. Mori, "Measurement of winding temperatures of power

transformers and diagnosis of aging deterioration by detection of CO2 and CO", CIGRE, 26 Aug. - 1
Sept. 1990, Paper 12-102. 7 pp. 9 refs. (also ageing) (1992-8118)
[1990] J. S. Lewis, M. W. Collins, and P. H. G. Allen, "Flow rate predictions for a thermosyphon
loop", Proc. Ninth International Heat Transfer Conference, Jerusalem, Israel, 1990, Vol. 2, pp.
549-554, Paper 5-NC-12. 16 refs.
[1990] G. Lobenstein, "To the warm point determination in large transformer coils", Elektrie (East
Germany), Vol. 44, No. 1, 1990, pp. 34-36. 5 refs. (In German) (1990-33819)
[1990] M. Scala, "The characteristics of the hot-spot temperature in oil-cooled transformers and its
measurement", Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik (Austria), Vol. 107, No. 10, 1990, pp. 479-
483. 12 refs. (In German) (1991-14600)
[1990] M. Yamaguchi, T. Komaseka, and Y. Tsutsumi, "Flow rate distribution between windings in
a self-cooled transformer", Trans. of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, Part B (Japan),
Vol. 110-B, No. 12, Dec. 1990, pp. 1035-1042. 5 refs. (In Japanese) (1991-74671)
[1991] W. Xiuchun and Y. Changming, "Calculation of the directed oil flows and oil temperature
rise in a power transformer at forced directed circulation", Proc. of the Chinese Society of Electrical
Engineers (China), Vol. 11, No. 3, May 1991, pp. 43-50. 4 refs. (In Chinese) (1991-80974)
[1992] B. P. Dooher, “Natural convection effects in transformer windings”, Masters Thesis for
MSME , University of California at Los Angeles, Sept. 1992.
[1992] Z. Godec and R. Sarunac, "Steady-state temperature rises of ONAN/ONAF/ONAF

transformers", IEE Proc.-C, Vol. 135, No. 5, Sept. 1992, pp. 448-454. 23 refs.
[1993] N. Bensmaia, J. Aubin, and A. Skorek, Simulation of the behavior of fluids in thermal
analysis of the windings of power transformers", 1993 Canadian Conference on Electrical and
Computer Engineering, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 14-17 Sept. 1993, IEEE Cat. No. 93TH0590-0,
Vol. 1, pp. 297-300. 8 refs. (In French) (1994-100205)
[1993] G. Cannistra and M. S. Labini, "Thermal analysis of the distribution transformers by thermal
network method and finite element method", Proc. ICEMA International Conference on Electrical
Machines in Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia, 14-16 Sept. 1993, Vol. 1, pp. 175-179. 3 refs.
(1994-42295)
[1993] I. T. Carstea, "The optimum control of the heat transfer in electrical transformers",
Modelling, Measurement & Control A (France), Vol. 50, No. 4, 1993, pp. 43-50. 5 refs. (In English)
(1993-52808)
[1993] J. N. L. Sacchi and A. Rifardi, "The heating of transformers", Revista Electrotecnica

(Argentina), Vol. 79, no. 3, May-June 1993, pp. 87-98. 7 refs. (In Spanish) (1994-40285)
[1994] P. Boss and Brandle, “Measurement of the temperature profile in transformer windings”,
Trafotech 1994, Paper V2, Bangalore, India, 1994.
[1994] I. T. Carstea, "Program for heat transfer analysis in electrical transformers", Modelling,
Measurement, & Control A (France), Vol. 54, No. 4, 1994, pp. 57-64. 3 refs. (In English) (1994-
100192)
[1994] I. T. Carstea, "Program for heat transfer analysis in large power transformer windings",
Modelling, Measurement & Control A (France), Vol. 57, No. 3, 1994, pp. 31-39. 3 refs. (In English)
(1994-78676)
[1995] CIGRE Working Group 09 of Study Committee 12, "Analytical determination of

transformer windings hot-spot factor", CIGRE Electra (France), No. 161, August 1995, pp. 29-33. 2
refs. (In French and English)
[1995] CIGRE Working Group 09 of Study Committee 12, "Experimental determination of power
transformer hot-spot factor", CIGRE technical brochure no. 96, pp. 125-134, Summary in CIGRE
Electra (France), No. 161, August 1995, pp. 35-39. no refs. (In French and English)

[1995] R. S. Girgis, C. J. Baldwin, W. N. Kennedy, S. Monaco, S. R. Lindgren, R. D. Holm, and R.
E. Kothmann, "Design and performance improvements in power transformers using ribbon cable",
IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 10, No. 2, April 1995., pp. 869-879. 1 ref.
[1995] E. A. Simonson and J. A. Lapworth, "Thermal capability assessment for transformers",

Second International Conference on The Reliability of Transmission and Distribution Equipment",
Conventry, U.K., 29-31 March 1995, IEE Conf. Pub. 406, pp. 103-108. 8 refs. (1995-44101)
[1996] Z. Radakovic and Z. Lacarevic, "Novel methods for determining characteristic - quantities
for developing a thermal model of power transformers", Conf. Proceedings 31st. Universities Power
Engineering Conference, Iraklio, Greece, 18-20 Sept. 1996, Vol. 2, pp. 481-484. 10 refs. (1997-
19823)
[1996] V. P. Zenova, E. I. Levitskaya, A. I. Lur'e, I. Sh. Lyublin, and a. N. Panibratets, "REST

software for calculating the electrodynamic stability, losses, and heating of transformers and
reactors", Russian Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol. 67, No. 8, pp. 45-53, 1996. 5 refs. English
translation of Elektrotekhnika (USSR), No. 8, 1996, pp. 37-44. (In Russian). (1998-32835)
[1997] I. N. Dul'kin, I. Sh. Lyublin, "Thermal calculations of the windings of oil-filled power
transformers", Russian Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol. 68, No. 2, 1997, pp. 24-32. 13 refs.
English translation of Elektrotekhnika (USSR), No. 2, 1997, pp. 16-22. (In Russian) (1998-93797)
[1997] T. Jokinen and J. Saari, "Modeling of the coolant flow with heat flow controlled temperature
sources in thermal networks", IEE Proc., Electric Power Applications, Vol. 144, No. 5, Sept. 1997,
pp. 338-342. 14 refs.
[1997] Z. Radakovic and D. Kalic, “Results of a novel algorithm for the calculation of the
characteristic temperaature of transformers’, Elec. Eng. Vol. 80, June, 1997, pp. 205-214.
[1998] G. Cannistra, A. Covitti, and M. S. Labin, "An easy and fast 2D finite element program for
studying the fields in three-phase transformers", COMPEL - International Journal for Computation
and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (UK), Vol. 17, No. 1-3, 1998, pp. 342-
346. 6 refs. (1998-93810)
[1998] J. Declercq, W. Van Der Veken, and E. Van Den Bulck, "Accurate hot spot modeling in a
power transformer using a general network model", IEE MEDPOWER 98 Conf., 1st Mediterranean
Conf. on Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution. Lefkosia, Cyprus, Nov. 16-18, 1998,
Session 8: Intelligent Monitoring and Modern Control.
[1999] J. Declercq and W. Van Der Veken, "Accurate hot spot modeling in a power transformer
leading to improved design and performance", Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE Transmission and
Distribution Conference, New Orleans, LA, USA, 11-16 April 1999, IEEE Cat. No. 99CH36333,
Vol II, pp. 920-924. 7 refs.
[1999] R. M. Del Vecchio and P. Fegahi, “Thermal model of a disk coil with directed oil flow”,
Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE Transmission and Distribution Conference, New Orleans, LA, USA,
11-16 April 1999, IEEE Cat. No. 99CH36333, Vol II, pp. 914-919. 6 refs.
[1999] L. W. Pierce and T. Holifield, "A thermal model for optimized distribution and small power
transformer design", Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE Transmission and Distribution Conference,
New Orleans, LA, USA, 11-16 April 1999, IEEE Cat. No. 99CH36333 Vol II, pp. 925-930. 33 refs.
(Page 930 with references 7 through 33 was omitted from the proceedings.)
[2000] IEEE Guide for the Determination of Maximum Winding Temperature Rise in Liquid Filled
Transformers, IEEE Std. 1538-2000, Aug. 2000.
[2000] J. M. Mafuta and E. Bulck, “Modeling of the mixed convection in the windings of a disc
type power transformer”, Appl. Thermal Eng., Vol. 20, 2000, pp. 417-437.
[2002] S. A. Ryder, “A simple method for calculating winding temperature gradient in power
transformers”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 17, No. 4, Oct. 2002, pp. 977-982. 13 refs.
[2002] J. Zhang and X. Li, “A comprehensive resistance network-based hydraulic model for coolant
flow in disk-type electrical transformer windings” Progress Transport Phenomena: Proc. 13th Int.
Symp. Transport Phenomena, S. Dost, H. Struchtrup, and I. Dincer, (eds.), New York, 2002, pp.
545-550.
[2003] Z. Radakovic “Numerical determination of characteristic temperatures in directly loaded

power oil transformers’, Eur. Trans. Elect. Power, Vol. 13, Jan./Feb. 2003, pp. 47-54.
[2003] Z. Radakovic and K. Feser, “A new method for the calculaiton of the hot-spot temperature in
power transformers with ONAN cooling”, IEEE Trans. On Power Deliver, Vol. 18, No. 4, Oct.
2003, pp. 1284-1292, Oct. 2003, pp. 1284-1292.
[2003] Z. Radakovic and A. Popovic, “Variation of steady-state thermal characteristics of
transformers with OFWF cooling in service”, Elect. Power Compon. Syst., Vol. 31, No. 8, 2003, pp.
817-829.
[2004] M. K. Pradhan and T. S. Ramn, “Estimation of the hottest spot temperature (HST) in power
transformers considering thermal inhomogeniety of the windings”, IEEE Trans. On Power
Delivery, Vol. 19, No. 4, Oct. 2004, pp. 1704-1712. 16 refs.
[2004] K. Zhang and X. Li, “Coolant flow distribution and pressure loss in ONAN transformer
winding—Part I: Theory and Model Development”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 19, No.
1, Jan. 2004, pp.186-193. 15 refs.
[2004] K. Zhang and X. Li, “Coolant flow distribution and pressure loss in ONAN transformer
winding—Part II: Optimazation of design parameters”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 19,
No. 1, Jan. 2004, pp. 194-199. 6 refs.
[2006] K. Preis, O. Biro, G. Bachgraber, and I. Ticar,”Thermal-electromagnetic coupling in the

finite-element simulation of power transformers”, IEEE Trans. On Magnetics, Vol. 42, No. 4, April
2006, pp. 990-1002.
[2006] N. E. Wakil, N-C. Chereches, and J. Padet, “Numerical study of heat transfer and fluid flow
in a power transformer,” Int. J. Therm. Sci., Vol. 45, 2006, pp. 615-626.
[2006] J. Zhang and X. Li, “Oil cooling for disk-type transformer windings—Part I: Theory and
model development”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 21, no. 3, July 2006, pp. 1318-1325.
16 refs.
[2006] J. Zhang and X. Li, “Oil cooling for disk-type transformer windings—Part II: Parametric
studies of design parameters”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 21, no. 3, July 2006, pp. 1326-
1332. 9 refs.
[2007] V. Sivan, D. M. Robalino, and S. M. Mahajan, “Measurement of temperature gradients

inside a medium voltage current transformer”, Proc. 39th North American Power Symposium, Las
Cruces, NM, Sept. 2007, pp. 250-254.

[2008] R. Hosseini, M. Nourolahi, and G. B. Gharehpetian, “Determination of OD cooling system
parameters based on thermal modeling of power transformer winding”, Simul. Model. Pract.
Theory, Vol. 16, 2008, pp. 585-596.
[2008] Z. Radakovic and M. Sorgic, “Wirtschaftliche betrachtung der thermischen anslegung von
olgekuhlten leistungstransformatoren”, Elektrizitatswirtschaft, 107, Heft 15, 2008, pp. 32-38.
[2009] C. H. Cha, J. K. Kim, and K. Y. Kweon, “Investigation of the thermal head effect in a power
transformer”, IEEE Transm. Distrib. Conf. Expo: Asia Pacific, 2009.
[2009] M. A. Taghikhani and a. Gholami, “Prediction of hottest spot temperature in power

transformer windings with non-directed and directed oil-forced cooling”, Int. J. Elect. Power
Energy Syst., Vol. 31, 2009, pp. 356-364.
[2009] M. A. Tsili, E. I. Amoiralis, a. G. Kladas, and A. T. Souflaris, “Coupled 3D fluid flow-

thermal FEM model for power transformer temperature analysis”, 17th Int. Conf. Comp.
Electromagnetic fields, Florianopolis, Brazil, 2009, Paper 530.
[2009] M. A. Tuli, E. I. Amoiralis, a. G. Kladas, and A. T. Souflaris, “Hybrid numerical-analytical
technique for power transformer thermal modeling”, IEEE Trans. On Magnetics, Vol, Vol. 45, No.
3, March, 2009, pp. 1408-1411.
[2010] Z. R. Radakovic and M. S. Sorgic, “Basics of detailed thermal-hydraulic model for thermal
design of oil power transformers”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 25, No. 2, April 2010, pp.
790-802. 15 refs.
[2010] M. Sorgic and Z. Radakovic, “Oil-forced versus oil-directed cooling of power transformers”,
IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 25, No. 4, Oct. 2010, pp. 2590-2598. 8 refs.
[2010] F. Torriano. M. Chaaban, and P. Picher, “Numerical study of parameters affecting the
temperature distribution in a disc-type transformer winding"” Appl Thermal Eng., Vol. 30, 2010,
pp. 2034-2044.
[2011] J. Gastelurrutia, J. C. Ramos, G. S. Larraona, A. Rivas, J. del Rio, and L. Izagguirre,

“Numerical modelling of natural convection of oil inside distribution transformers”, Appl. Thermal
Eng., Vol. 31, 2011, pp. 493-505.
[2012] Z. Radakovic, M. Sorgic, W. Van der Veken, and G. Claessens, “Ratings of oil power
transformer in different cooling modes”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 27, No. 2, April
2012, pp. 618-625. 8 refs.
[2012] M. E. Rosillo, . A. Herrera, and G. Jaramillo, “Advanced thermal modeling and experimental
performance of oil distribution transformers”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 27, No. 4, Oct.
2012, pp. 1710-1717. 23 refs.
[2012] M. A. Tsili, E. I. Amoiralis, A. G. Kladas, and A. T. Souflaris, “Power transformer thermal

analysis by using an advanced coupled 3D heat transfer and fluid flow FEM model”, Int. J. The.
Sci., vol. 53, 2012, pp. 188-201.
[2012] A. Weinlader, W. Wu, S. Tembohlen, and Z. Wang, “Prediction of the oil flow distribution
in oil-immersed transformer windigns by network modeling and computational fluid dynamics”,
IET Elect. Power Appl., Vol. 6, no. 2, 2012, pp. 83-90.

[2013] N. M. A. B. N. Supian, “Sensitivity study on influencing parameters of transformer thermal
model with directed oil flow”, Masters Thesis, Electric and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun
Hussein Onn Malysia, July 2013,70 pp. 28 refs. (In English. PDF copy available on the internet.)
[2014] R. M. Del Vecchio, “Directed oil flow cooling of disk windings using graph theory”, IEEE
Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 29, No. 4, Oct. 2014, pp. 2279-2286. 13 refs.
[2015] Z. Radakovic, U. Radoman, and P. Kostic, “Decomposition of the hot-spot factor”, IEEE
Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 30, No. 1, Feb. 2015, pp. 403-411. 25 refs.
8. TRANSFORMERS FILLED WITH FLUIDS OTHR THAN MINERAL OIL
References in this category are for single phase heat transfer. References for vaporization cooling
of transformers with fluids other than mineral oil are given in Section 20.
[1969] S. Askaner, "Insulating fluid for distribution transformers", Elteknik (Sweden), No. 8, Oct.
1969, pp. 16-21. (In Swedish) (1970-15922)
[1977] W. H. Martin, “Chemical and electrical properties of silicone insulating oils for power
transformers”, Conference Record of the IEEE Industrial & Commercial Systems Tech. Conference,
1977, pp. 46-51, 4 refs.
[1977] R. A. Nelson, "Silicone-liquid filled transformers", Proc. American Power Conf. 18-20
April, 1977, Chicago, IL, USA, Vol. 39, pp. 1069-1074. 6 refs
[1979] H. R. Sheppard, and J. W. Grimes, "Transformers for installations requiring low

flammability", Proc. American Power Conf., Chicago, IL, USA, April 23-25 1979, Vol. 41, pp.
1214-1219. 10 refs.
[1979] H. R. Sheppard, "Alternatives to PCB transformers", IEEE Conference Record of the 1979
Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 15-18 May 1979, pp.
115-119. 7 refs. (1979-41259)
[1980] M. Borsani, "Distribution transformers. Solutions today and tomorrow", Elettrificazione

(Italy), No. 8, Aug. 1980, pp. 338-343. no. refs. (In Italian) (1981-9277)
[1980] "Modern transformer coolants replace askerels", International Power Generation (GB), Vol.
12, No. 9, Dec. 1979-Jan. 1980, pp. 81,83. no refs. (1980-22261)
[1982] J. O. Ojo, "Evaluation of Nigerian groundnut oil for use in transformers", Seventeenth
Universities Power Engineering Conference, Manchester, England, 30 March - 1 April 1982, 5 pp.
5 refs. (1983-37118
[1982] M. A. Thompson, M. A., “Development of a new high fire point fluid for railroad
transformers”, IEEE Railroad Technical Conference, Erie, Pennsylvania, April 20, 1982
[1983] P. Glaninger, "Silicone liquid filled transformers", B. B. C. Nachrichten. (Brown, Boveri

und Cie, Manheim, Germany), Vol. 65, 1983, pp. 49-57. 7 refs. (1983-32671)

[1983] F. B. Waddington, "High temperature esters: new dielectric fluids for power-engineering
applications", GEC Journal of Science & Technology (GB), Vol. 49, No. 1, 1983, pp. 18-22, 1983.
3 refs. (1983-43791)
[1984] P. K. Dooley and C. R. Murray, "Nonflammable liquid transformers in paper mill

applications", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. IA-20, No. 2, March-April, 1984, pp.
344-348. 2 refs. (1984-50267)
[1986] D. F. Binns, A. B. Crompton, and A. Jaberansari, "Economic design of a 50 kVA

distribution transformers, Part I: The use of liquids of low flammability", IEE Proc., Vol. 133, Pt. C,
No. 7, Nov. 1986, pp. 445-450. 6 refs. "Part 2: Effect of different core steels and loss
capitalizations", pp. 451-456. 1 ref.
[1986] S. D. Northrup, "The evaluation of less flammable transformer liquids", 5th. BEAMA
International Electrical Insulation Conference, Brighton, UK, 19-22 May 1986, pp. 101-106. 16
refs. (1988-69476)
[1986] L. Kiss and O. Potocnik, "Design manufacture and thermal characteristics of a Nomex-
Midel insulated high temperature locomotive transformer", International Conference on Electrical
Machines, ICEM '86, Munchen, Germany, 8 Sept. 1986, Vol. 1, pp. 238-243. 5 refs. (1987-15841)
[1986] K. J. Sanders, "The totally nonflammable transformer", Electronics and Power. Journal of
the IEE, Vol. 32, No. 5, May 1986, pp. 361-363. 1 ref. (1986-51677)
[1986] H. M. Worthington, "MIDEL synthetic ester replacement for PBS in transformers", GEC
Review (UK), Vol. 2, No. 3, 1986, pp. 190-194. (1987-35976)
[1987] E. D. Senkevitch, V. G. Arakelian, T. V. Glasunova, V. A. Lipshrein, T. I. Morozowa, and

N. M. Panova, “New synthetic liquids for transformers”, Cigre Symposium, Vienna, 1987, Paper
500-04.
[1990] D. Sundin, "The commercial history of R-Temp fluid", 6th. INSUCON 1990, BEAMA
International Electrical Insulation Conference, Brighton, UK, 21-24 May 1990, , pp. 122-125. 2
refs. (1991-17042
[1995] K. Misuno, T. Salamoto, K. Endoo, H. Fujita, and K. Hiraishi, "Practical operation of

perfluorocarbon immersed 275 kv transformers with compressed SF6 gas insulation", Trans. of the
Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, Part B (Japan), Vol. 115-B, No. 4, April 1995, pp. 401-
497. 11 refs. (In Japanese) (Liquid circulated into winding and heat exchanger. Gas insulation from
winding to tank.) (1995-52900)
[1996] K. Mizuno, T. Sakamoto, K. Endo, H. Fujita and K. Hiraishi, "Commercialization of an

extra high-voltage nonflammable transformer", Electrical Engineering in Japan (USA), Vol. 116,
No. 5, May 1996, pp. 97-106. 11 refs. (Liquid circulated into winding and heat exchanger. Gas
insulation from winding to tank.) (1996-102800)
[1997] J. L. Goudie, "Silicone materials in high temperature liquid transformer designs", Proc.
Electrical Insulation Conference and Electrical Manufacturing & Coil Winding Conference,
Rosemont, IL, USA, Sept. 22-25, 1997, IEEE Pub. 97CH36075, pp. 455-458. 11 refs.
[1997] D. A. Hallerberg, "Less-flammable liquids used in transformers", Proc. Electrical Insulation
Conference and Electrical Manufacturing & Coil Winding Conference, Rosemont, IL, USA, Sept.
22-25, 1997, IEEE Pub. 97CH36075, pp. 459-463. 2 refs.
[[1997] IEEE Guide for Application of High-Temperature Insulation Materials in liquid-Immersed
Distribution and Power Transformers, IEEE 1276-1997.
[1998] T. V. Oomen, C. C. Claiborne and E. J. Walsh, "Introduction of a new fully biodegradable

dielectric fluid", 1998 IEEE Annual Textile Fiber and Film Industry Technical Conference,
Charlotte, NC, USA, 7 May 1998, IEEE Cat. No. 98CH36246, P. 3/1-4. no. refs. (1998-77198)
[1999] C. C. Claiborne, E. J. Walsh, and T. V. Oommen “An Agriculturally Based Biodegradable

Dielectric Fluid”, Proceedings of the 1999 Transmission and Distribution Conference, New
Orleans, LA, USA, 11-16 April 1999, IEEE Cat. No. 99CH36333 Vol. II, pp. 876-881. 10 refs.
[1999] D. A. Hallerberg, "Less flammable liquids used in transformers", IEEE Industry

Applications Magazine, Vol. 5, No. 1, Jan./Feb. 1999, pp. 50-55. 2 refs.
[1999] P. Irwin, "Dielectric degradation in the environment", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 213,
No. 2, March/April 1999. p. 86.
[1999] C. P. McShane, G. A. Gauger, and J. Luksich, “Fire resistant natural ester dielectric fluid and
novel Insulation System for its use”, Proceedings of the 1999 Transmission and Distribution
Conference, New Orleans, LA, USA, 11-16 April 1999, IEEE Cat. No. 99CH36333 Vol. II, pp. 890-
894. 9 refs,
[1999] C. P. McShane, “New dielectric coolant concepts for distribution and power transformers”,
Proc. IEEE Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conf., 2009, pp. 55-62.
[2000] W. J. Chatterton and J. L. Goodie, “An update on silicone transformer fluid”, Conf. Rec.
2000 IEEE Int. Symposium on Electrical Insulation, Apil 2-5, 2000, pp. 412-416.
[2000] C. P. McShane, “New safety dielectric coolants for distribution and power transformers”,
IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, Vol. 6, No. 3, May/June 2000, pp. 24-32. 25 refs.
[2001] I. Fofani, V. Wasserberg, H. Borsi, and E. Gockenbach, “Retrofilling conditions of high-

voltage trasformers”, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 17, No. 2, March/April 2001, pp.
17-30. 25 refs.
[2001] C. P. McShane, “Relative properties of the new combustion-resistant vegetable-oil-based

dielectric coolants for distribution and power transformers”, IEEE Trans. On Industry Applications,
Vol. 37, No. 4, July/Aug. 2001, pp. 1132-1139. 25 refs.
[2001] C. P. McShane, K. J. Rapp, J. L. Corkran, G. A. Gauger, and J. Luksich, “Aging of paper
insulation in natural ester dielectric fluid”, Conf. Record 2001 IEEE/PES transmission &
Distribution Conf. And Exposition, Oct. 28-Nov. 2, 2001, Atlanta (USA), paper 01 TD221, 5 pp. 18
refs.
[2002] I. Fofana, V. Wasserberg, H. Borsi, and E. Gockenbach, “Challenge of mixed insulating

liquids for use in high-voltage trnsformers, Part 1: Investigation of mixed liquids”, IEEE Electrical
Insulation Magazine, Vol. 18 No. 3, May/June 2002, pp. 18-31. 19 refs.
[2002] I. Fofana, V. Wasserberg, H. Borsi, and E. Gockenbach, “Challenge of mixed insulating

liquids for use in high-voltage transformers, Part 2: Investigations of mixed liquid impregnated
paper insulation”, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 18 No. 4, July/Aug. 2002, pp. 5-16.
15 refs.
[2002] C. P. McShane, “Vegetable-oil-based dielectric coolants”, IEEE Industry Applications

Magazine, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 34-41. 41 refs.
[2002] T. V. Oommen, “Vegetable oils for liquid-filled transformers”, IEEE Electrical Insulation
Magazine, Vol. 18, No. 1, Jan./Feb. 2002, pp. 8-11. 18 refs.
[2006] C. P. McShane, J. Corkran, K. Rapp, and J. Luksich, “Natural ester dielectric fluid
development”, Proc. IEEE PES Transmission & Distribution Conference, 2006.
[2006] C. Perrier, A. Beroual, and J-L. Bessede, “Improvement of power transformers by using
mixtures of mineral oil with synthetic esters”, IEEE Trans. On Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,
Vol. 13, 2006, pp. 556-564.
[2008] J. C. Mendes, A. S. G. Reis, E. C. Nogawa, C. Ferra, J. A. L. Martins, and A. C. Passos,

“Advanced application of a natural ester vegetable oil in an HV power transformer”, CIGRE 2008,
Paper A2-101.
[2008] S. Tenbohlen, M. Koch, J.. Baum, J. Harthun, M. Schafer, S. Barker, R. Frotscher, D.

Dobnal, and P. Dyer, “Application of vegetable oil-based insulating fluids to hermetically sealed
power transformers”, CIGREe 2008, Paper A2-102.
[2009] D. P. Stockton, J. R.Bland, Jr., T. McClanahan, J. Wilson, D. L. Harris, and P. McShane,
“Seed-oil-base coolants for transformers”, IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, Vol15, No. 1,
Jan./Feb. 2009, pp. 68-74. 32 refs.
[2010] C. Perrier, M. Ryadi, Y. Bertrand and C. T. Duy, “Comparison between mineral and ester
oils”, CIGRE, 2010, Paper D1-102.
[2011] D. Martin, N. Lelekakis, W. Guo, and Y. Odarenko, “Further studies of a vegetable-oil-filled

power transformer”, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 27, No. 5, Sept./Oct. 2011, pp. 6-
13.
[2012] IEEE Standard for the Design, Testing and Application of Liquid-Immersed Distribution,
Power, and Regulating Transformers Using High-Temperature Insulation Systems and Operating
at Elevated Temperatures, IEEE Standard C57.154-2012-2012.
[2013] K. J. Rapp and J. Luksich, “Transformer design and natural ester fluids”, Proc. 12th Int.
Elec. Insulation Conf., Birmingham, U.K., May 29-31, 2013, pp. 48-52.
8.2 Heat Transfer with Fluids Other Than Mineral Oil

Askerels containing polychlorinated biphenyls had heat transfer characteristics similar to mineral oil
No references were identified comparing thermal performances of askerel with mineral oil.
Substitutes for fluids containing polychlorinated biphenyls sometimes had a higher viscosity. The
references are for steady state and transient heat transfer and loading.
[1969] H. E. Green, "Transformer cooling using synthetic liquids", Electrical Times (GB), Vol. 156,
No. 13, Sept. 25, 1969, pp. 55-57. 12 refs. (Also vaporization cooling.) (1970-2818)
[1975] D. A. Duckett, "Wanted: a substitute for askarel", Electric Light And Power (USA), Vol. 53,
No. 7, July 21, 1975, pp. 32-34. no refs.
[1977] T. Orbeck and W. Page, "Performance and safety capabilities of silicone liquid as insulating
liquid for high voltage transformers", IEEE Petroleum and Chemical Conference, Dallas, Texas,
Sept. 13, 1977, IEEE Conf. Record 77CH1229-4-IA, pp. 83-91. 17 refs.

[1979] J. B. Caldwell, "Operation and maintenance of RTEMP fluid filled transformers", 1979
IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual meeting, Cleveland, Ohio, USA, Sept. 30-Oct.4, 1979,
IEEE Pub. 79CH1484-51A, pp. 1042-1046, Paper IAS79-34A. no refs.
[1979] General Electric, "Study to determine the potential use of silicone fluid in transformers",
DOE Report HCP/T-2115 (EX-76-C-01-2115), Nov. 1978, published Feb. 1979, 123 pp. 13 refs.
[1981] R. L. Grubb, M. Hudis, A. R. Traut, "A transformer thermal duct study of various insulating
fluids", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-100, No. 2, Feb. 1981, pp. 466-
472, disc. pp. 473. 10 refs.
[1984] S. D. Northrup, and M. A. Thompson, "Cold start performance of transformers filled with
high molecular weight hydrocarbon liquid", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol.
PAS-103, No.11, Nov. 1984, pp. 3373-3378, disc. p. 3378. 8 refs.
[1985] H. Lloyd, "Totally non-flammable dielectric and coolant fluid for a new generation of
transformers", 8th. International Conference On Electricity Distribution (CIRED), 1985, Part I pp.
65-70, disc. Part II, pp. 9-10,42-43,46. no refs.
[1991] Y. Mukaiyama, F. Nonaka, I. Takagi, M. Higaki, K. Endoo, T. Sakamoto, K. Hiraishi, and

K. Kawashima, “Development of a perfluorocarbon liquid immersed prototype lagge power
transfoemrer with compressed SF6 gas insulation”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 6, No. 3,
July 1991, pp. 1108-1114, dsic. Pp. 1115-1116. 7 refs. (Liquid is circulated through heat exchanger
and windings. Gas is used to insulated from winding to tank.)
[1991] D. Sundin, J. Corkran, "A study of the relationship between insulating fluid viscosity and
transformer cooling performance", Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. on Properties and Applications of Dielectric
Materials, Tokyo, Japan, 8-12 July 1991, IEEE Pub. 91CH2937-1 Vol. 1, pp. 456-457. 3 refs.
(1992-82829)
[1991] H. Yamazaki and T. Sakamoto, “Basic cooling characteristics of perfluorocarbon liquid

immersed windings for nonflammmable transformers. Part 1. Disc coil cooling for large-capacity
forced circulating transformers”, Heat Transfer Japanese Research, Vol. 20, No. 7, 1991, pp. 656-
657.
[1993] J. L. Corkran, C. P. McShane, "A comparative study of transformer cooling performance

with fire-resistant dielectric fluids", 12th International Conference on Electricity Distribution
(CIRED), 1993, IEE Conf. Pub. 373, Vol. 1, Paper 1.15. 5 refs.
[1996] T. I. Morozova, A. K. Lakhania, V. M. Pogoston, "Fire-safe distribution transformers with a
nonflammable ecologically safe liquid", Russian Electrical Engineering (USA) Vol. 67 No. 8, 1996,
pp. 40-44. No refs. English translation of Elektrotekhnika (USSR), No. 8, 1996, pp. 34-37, 1996
(In Russian) (No thermal except property data.) (1998-32834)
[1997] G. G. Gonzalez, A. Yerges, and G. Goedde, "Distribution transformer for the 21st. century",
14th. International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CIRED), 1997, IEE Conf. Pub. 438, Vol.
1, Paper 1.25.
[1997] A. Wagner, "Engineered fluid is key to environmentally friendly distribution transformer",

Electrical World (USA), Vol. 211, No. 4, April, 1997, pp. 24-25. No refs.
[2006] S. D. Smith, “Design and test experience with natural ester fluid for power transformers”,
Proc. IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conf. And Exhibition, 2006, pp. 35-36.

[2007] R. M. Del Vecchio and R. Ahuja, “Comparison fo the thermal performance of FR3, a natural
ester based coolant, with transformer oil”, Proc. CIGRE, Brugge, Belgium, 2007.
[2007] F. Bachinger and P. Hamberger, “Steady state and transient thermal behavior of transformers
filled with various insulating liquids”, CIGRE SC A2 and D1 Joint Colloquium on Power
Transformers, 2007.
[2010] R. Girgis, M. Bernesjo, and G. K. Frimpong, “Detailed performance of a 50 MVA

transformer filled with a natural ester oil versus mineral oil”, CIGRE 2010, Paris, Paper A2-107.
[2012] D. Kweon, K. Koo and J. Woo, “Hot-spot temperature for 154 kV transformer filled with
mineral oil and natural ester fluid”, IEEE Trans. On Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 19,
No. 3, June 2012, pp. 1013-1020. 13 refs.
[2014] D. Martin, J. Wijaya, and N. Lelekakis, “Thermal analysis of two transformers filled with
different oils”, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 30, No. 1, Jan./Feb. 2014, pp. 39-45. 15
refs.
[2015] S. P. Moore, W. Wangard, K. J. Rapp, D. L. Woods, and R. M. Del Vecchio, “”Cold start of
a 240-MVA generator step-up transformer filled with natural ester fluid”, IEEE Trans. On Power
Delivery, Vol. 30 No. 1, Feb. 2015, pp. 256-263. 12 refs.
9. HEATING DUE TO LEAKAGE FLUX OR HIGH CURRENT CONDUCTORS
The references listed in this section address heating due to the leakage flux field or the stray losses
caused by high current conductors in the vicinity of, or passing through steel plates. References
which only address the electromagnetic problem of calculating stray losses are not included unless
remedial solutions are investigated. The electromagnetic problem is highly complex and references
are too numerous to list in this bibliography. The references which address the thermal aspects are
as follows:
[1926] O. R. Schurig and H. P. Kuechni, "Temperature rise and losses in solid structural steel", J.
AIEE, Vol. 45, 1926, pp. 446-453. 14 refs.
[1954] M. Vidmar, "Eddy current heating in large transformer windings", Elektrotechnik und
Maschinenbau (Austria), Vol. 71, May 1, 1954, pp. 249-254. No refs. (In German) (1954-4033)
[1958] L. E. Sauer, "Cell construction for current limiting reactors", AIEE Trans., Vol. 77 Pt. III,
Power Apparatus and Systems, June 1958, pp. 264-267, disc. pp. 267-268. 4 refs.
[1964] E. Jezierski and J. Turowski, "Dependence of stray losses on current and temperature",
CIGRE, 1-10 June, 1964, Vol. 2, paper 102. 14 pp. (In French) (1964-8249)
[1967] P. Kluge and G. Schaffer, "The heating of iron near heavy-current busbars", The Brown
Boveri Review (Switzerland), Vol. 54, No. 2/3, Feb./March 1967, pp. 122-131. 6 refs. (In English)
[1970] "Shunt core tames leakage flux in EHV transformer", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 173, No.
1, Jan. 5, 1970, pp. 43-44.
[1971] L. L. Preston, "Heating in transformers due to leakage flux", Electrical Times (GB), Vol.
159, No. 9, 5 March 1971, pp. 51-54. 1 ref.

[1972] M. Kozlowski and J. Turowski, "Stray losses and local overheating hazard in transformers",
CIGRE, 1972 session, Paper 12-10. 12 pp. 10 refs. (eddy currents in winding, heating)
[1973] K. Hiraishi, "Leakage flux in large power transformers", Hitachi Review (Japan), Vol. 22,
No. 7, 1973, pp. 286-291. 7 refs. (In English)
[1973] M. Kazmirski, "Shielding of transformer tank from the aspect of local overheating", Prace
Instytutu Elektrotechniki (Poland), Vol. 20. No. 74, 1972, pp. 61-93. 10 refs. (In Polish)
[1977] C. J. Carpenter, K. O. Sharples, and M. Djurovic, "Heating in transformer cores due to radial
leakage flux. Part 2: Computed results", Proc. IEE, Vol. 124, No. 12, Dec. 1977, pp. 1181-1186,
disc. vol. 125, No. 11, Nov. 1978, pp. 1265-1268. 10 refs. (For Part 1 see Hemmings, et. al.)
[1977] R. F. Hemmings, and G. D. Wale, "Heating In transformer cores due to radial leakage flux.
Part 1: Experimental models and test results", IEEE Proc., Vol. 124, No. 11, Nov. 1977, pp.
1064-1072. 17 refs. (For part 2 see C. J. Carpenter, et. al.)
[1977] K. Karsai, D. Kerenyi, and V. Kertesz, "Losses and heating rises in the radial stray magnetic
field of transformers", Elektrotechnika (Hungary), Vol. 70, No. 7, July 1977, pp. 237-246. 3 refs. (In
Hungarian) (1978-4311)
[1978] A. Amesen, "Furnace transformers: current carrying can cause temperature rise in
transformer casing", Elektro (Norway), Vol. 91, No. 2, 24 Jan. 1978, pp. 16,18,21. No refs. (In
Norwegian) (1978-3177)
[1978] E. Binder and W. Felber, "Two 500 MVA transformers in back-to-back tests [flux
distribution and temperature measurements]", Elin-Zeitschrift (Austria), Vol. 30, No. 1, 1978, pp. 2-
8. (In German) (1978-31710)
[1978] K. Karsai, D. Kerenyi, L. Kiss, "Some aspects of design associated with the operation
reliability of large and EHV transformers", CIGRE, 1978 session, Vol. 1, paper 12-04. 9 pp. 8 refs.
(Overheating of steel parts due to stray flux.) (1980-47144)
[1978] M. Kubusch, "The calculation of additional losses and the temperature fields of
ferromagnetic components of transformers", Elektrie (Germany). Vol. 32 No. 6, 1978, pp. 334-335.
1 ref. (In German) (1978-52374)
[1978] H. R. Moore, "General report of group 12", CIGRE Electra (France), No. 61, Dec. 1978, pp.
71-82. (In French and English)
[1979] J. Nowaczynski, "Some aspects of determination of temperature of the most hot point in high
power transformers", Energetyka (Poland), Vol. 33, No. 3, March 1979, pp. 107-110. 11 refs. (In
Polish) (1979-329160
[1980] K. Karsai, "Heating and losses occurring in the magnetic stray fields of transformers", Acta
Technica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae (Hungary), Vol. 91, No. 3-4, 1980, pp. 321-333. 5
refs. (In German) (1982-44196)
[1980] P. F. Ryff, and V. Bulat, "Induced heating in steel reinforced ceilings over three phase
transformer delta closures", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-99, No. 6,
Nov./Dec. 1980, pp. 2448-2452. 7 refs.
[1981] J. Lasocinski, "Losses and local temperature rise in transformer yoke beams due to the stray
field", Prace Instytutu Elektrotechniki (Poland) , Vol. 29, No. 117, 1981, pp. 43-54. 3 refs. (In
Polish) (1982-33639)
[1981] J. Lasocinski, "Losses and local temperature rises in non-magnetic yoke beams of a
transformer", Energetyka (Poland), Vol. 37, No. 5, May 1983, pp. 200-203. 3 refs. (1983-64489)
[1981] J. Turowski, "Trends in the calculation and investigation of stray losses and local
overheatings in large transformers", CIGRE Study Committee 12 Transformer Colloquium,
Cambridge, Mass, Sept. 2-8, 1981.
[1982] D. Kerenyi and L. Szabo, "Hot spots caused by the stray field of transformer windings",
International Conference on Electrical Machines, Budapest, Hungary, 5-9 Sept. 1982, Vol. 2, pp.
707-710. 1 ref. (1983-16487)
[1983] V. V. Gurin, "Determining temperature rises of metal structural elements of power

transformers during heating tests", Soviet Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol. 54, No. 9, 1983, pp.
112-115. 2 refs. English translation of Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol. 54, No. 9, 1983, pp. 58-59. (In
Russian) (1985-44057)
[1984] M. Kazmierski, M. Kozlowski, J. Lasocinski, I. Pinkiewicz, and J. Turowski, "Hot spot

identification and over heating hazard preventing when designing a large transformer", CIGRE,
30th. Session, 1984, Paper 12-12. 4 refs.
[1987] B. D. Popovic and M. B. Dragovic, "A solution for loss reduction in ferromagnetic casings
of 160 MVA transformers at hydroelectric plant Bajina Basta", Academie Serbe des Sciences et des
Arts, Glas, Classe des Sciences Techniques (Yugoslavia), No. 26, 1987, pp. 1-12. (In Serbian)
(Manufacturer forgot to use non-magnetic steel near LV bushing. Copper shorts added to reduce
temperature.) (1988-75681)
[1988] Y.I. Furman, V. L. Bereza, V. F. Ivankov, and L. P. Nizhnik, "Losses in tanks of large power
transformers caused by magnetic field, and methods of their reduction", CIGRE, 1988, Paper 12-07.
6 pp. No refs.
[1994] Y. Junyou, T. Renyuan, L. Yan, "Eddy current fields and overheating problems due to heavy
current carrying conductors", IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, Vol. 30, No. 5, Sept. 1994, pp. 3064-3067.
11 refs. (1994-90065)
[1995] B. Cogitore, J. P. Keradac, and B. Krafft, "Understanding wire heating near magnetic
component air gap", EPE '95 6th. European Conf. on Power Electronics and Applications, Seville,
Spain, 19-21 Sept. 1995, Vol. 1, pp. 151-156. (1997-41554)
[1995] T. Ngneguev, M. Maihot, A. Munar, and M. Sacotte, "Zero phase sequence impedance and
tank heating model for three phase three leg core type power transformers coupling magnetic field
and electric circuit equations in a finite element software", IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, Vol. 31, No.
3, May 1995, pp. 2068-2071. 8 refs. (1995-52875)
[1996] K. Tekletsadik and M. Saravolac, "Calculation of losses in structural parts of transformers by

FE method", IEE Colloquium of Field Modelling: Application to High Voltage Power Apparatus,
London, UK, 17 Jan. 1996, IEE Digest No. 1996/008, P. 4/1-3. 4 refs. (1996-49407)
[1997] J. Turowski and A. Pelicant, "Eddy current losses and hot-spot evaluation in cover plates of
power transformers", IEE Proc. Electric Power Applications, Vol. 144, No. 6, Nov. 1997, pp. 435-
440. 4 refs.
[1999] D-H. Kim, S-Y. Hahn, and S-Y. Kim, “Improved design of cover plates of power
transformers for lower eddy current losses, IEEE Trans. On Magnetics, Vol. 15, No. 5, Sept. 1999,
pp. 3529-3511. 4 refs.

[1999] D. A. Koppikar, S. V. Kulkarni, P. N. Srinivas, S. A. Khaparde, and R. Jain, "Evaluation of
flitch plate losses in power transformers", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 14, No. 3, July
1999, pp. 996-1001. 7 refs.
[1999] K. Muramatsu, N. Takahashi, T. Mimura, "Magneto-thermal-fluid analysis taking account of

natural convection using semi-Lagrange coordinate system", IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, Vol. 35,
No. 3, May 1999, pp. 1670-1673. 4 refs.
[2000] M. Rizzo, A. Savini, and J. Turowski, “Influence of flux collectors on stray losses in
transformers”, IEEE Trans. On Magnetics, Vol.36, No. 4, July 2000, pp. 1915-1918.6 ref.
[2000] N. Takahashi, T. Kitamura, M. Horii, and J. Takehara, “Optimal design of tank shield model
of transformer”, IEEE Trans. On Magnetics, Vol. 36 No. 4, July 2000, pp. 1089-1093. 4 ref.
[2001] M. Horii, N. Takahashi, and J. Takehara, “3-D optimization of design variables in x-, y-, and
z- directions of transformer tank shield model”, IEEE Trans. On Magnetics, Vol. 17, No. 5, Sept.
2001, pp. 3631-3634. 5 refs.
[2003] R. M. Del Vecchio, “Eddy-current losses in a conducting plate due to a collection of bus bars
carrying currents of different magnitudes and phases”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 39,
No. 1, Jan. 2003, pp.549-552. 4 refs.
[2004] J. A. C. Forrest and B. Allard, “Thermal problems caused by harmonic frequency leakage
fluxes in three-phase, three-winding converter transformers”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol.
19, No. 1, Jan. 2004, pp. 208-213. 3 refs.
[2004] S. V. Kulkarni, J. C. Olivares, R. Escarela-Perez, V. K. Lakhiani, and J. Turoowski,

“Evaluation of eddy losses in cover plates of distribution transformers”, Proc. IEE, Elect. Eng. Sci.
Meas. Technol., Vol. 151, No. 5, Sept. 2004, pp. 313-318.,
[2004] J. C. Olivares, R. Escarela-Perez, S. V. Kulkarni, F. de Leon, E. Melgoza-Vasquez, and O.

Hernandez-Anaya, “Improved insert geometry for reducing tank-wall losses in pad-mounted
transformers”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 19, No. 3, July 2004, pp. 1120-1126. 19 refs.
[2004] E. Schmidt and P. Hamberger, “Design optimization of power transformers Part 2—Eddy
current analysis for tank wall and core clamping parts”, Proc. Int. Conf. Power Syst. Technol.,
Singapore, 2004, pp. 21-24.
[2006] C. Hernandez, M. A. Arjona, and J. P. Sturgess, “Optimal placement of a wall-tank magnetic
shunt in a transformer using FE models and a stochastic-deterministic approach”, Proc. 12th
Biennial IEEE Conf. On Electromagn. Field Comput., Miami, FL., USA, 2006, pp. 206 ff.
[2010] G. B. Kumbhar, S. M. Mahajan, and W. L. Collett, “Reduction of loss and local overheating
in the tank of a current transformer”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 2519-
2525. 25 refs.
[2012] P. Penabad-Duran, X. M. Lopez-Fernandez, J. Turowski, and P. M. Ribeiro, “3D heating

assessment on transformer covers arrangement decisions”, COMPEL—The Int. J. for Computation
and Mathematics in Electrical and. Electronic Engineering., Vol. 31, No. 2, 2012, pp. 703-715.
[2012] X. M. Lopez-Fernandez, P. Penabad-Duran, J. Turowski, and P. M. Rribeiro, “Non-linear

heating hazard assessment on transformer covers and tank walls”, Przeglad Elektrotechn (Elect.
Rev.). Vol. 88, No. 7b, 2012, pp. 28-31.

[2012] X. M. Lopez-Fernandez, P. Penabad-Dunn, and J. Turowwski, “Three-dimensional
methodology for the overheating hazard assessment on transformer covers”, IEEE Trans. On
Industry applications, Vol. 48, No. 5, Sept./Oct. 2012, pp. 1549-1555.
[2013] A. Lotfi and E. Rahimpour, “Optimum design of core blocks and analyzing the fringing
effect in shunt reactors with distributed gapped-core”, Elec. Power Syst. Res. J., Vol. 101, 2013, pp.
63-70.
[2013] S. Magdaleno-Adame, J. C. Oliveres-Galvan, S. V. Kulkarni, and R. Escurela-Perez,

“Analysis of slots in stainless steel horizontal plates of T-beams of shell-form power transformers”,
Elect. Power Syst. Res. J., Vol. 101, 2013, pp. 88-95.
[2014] S. Magdaleno-Adame, R. Escarela-Perez, J. C. Olivares-Galvan, E. Campero-Littlewood,

and R. Ocon-Valdez, “Temperature reduction in the clamping bolt zone of shunt reactors: Design
enhancements”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 29, No. 6, Dec. 2014, pp. 2648-2655. 42
refs.
[2015] S. Maximov, J. C. Olivares-Galvan, S. Magdaleno-Adame, R. Escarela-Perez, and E.
Campero-Littlewood, “New analytical formulae for electromagnetic field and eddy current losses in
bushing regions of transformers”, IEEE Trans. On Magnetics, Vol. 51, No. 4, April 2015, pp. 1-10.
[2015] S. Maximov, J. C. Olivares-Galvan, S. Magdaleno-Adame, R. Escarela-Perez, and E.

Campero-Littlewood, “Calculation of nonlinear electromagnetic fields in the steel wall vicinity of
transformer bushings”, IEEE Trans. On Magnetics, Vol. 51, No. 6, June 2015, pp. 1-11.
[2016] S. Maximov, R. Escarela-Perez, J. C. Olivares-Galvan, J. Guzman, and E. Campero-

Littlewood, “New analytical formula for temperature assessment on transformer tanks”, IEEE
Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 31, No. 3, June 2016, pp. 1122-1131.14 refs.
10. TRANSFORMER COOLING EQUIPMENT AND CONTROLS
10.1 Radiators and Heat Exchangers – Product Descriptions
[1923] R. Brown, "Testing transformer cooling coils, Power, Vol. 58, Dec. 11, 1923. p. 948.
(Testing water cooling coils for leaks with pressure, not thermal). (1924-511)
[1925] L. H. Hill, "A valve for transformer radiators", The Electric Journal (Pittsburgh, USA), Vol.
22, Jan. 1925, pp. 45-47. No refs. (1925-556)
[1925] M. Lapine, "Natural oil-cooled transformers", Revue Generale De L'Electricite (France),

Vol. 17, March 7, 1925, pp. 373-380. (1925-861)
[1927] W. R. Farley, "Auxiliary cooling for transformer units", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 90,
No. 18, Oct. 29, 1927, p. 885.
[1929] A. H. V. Altmann, "Cooling of large transformers", Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau

(Austria) , Vol. 47, Feb. 10, 1929, pp. 110-114. (In German) (1929-1500)
[1929] J. G. Ritter and E. M. Glenn, "New hollow-fin transformer tank", The Electric Journal
(Pittsburgh, USA), Vol. 26, July 1929, pp. 335-336. No refs. (1929-2183)

[1932] I. Drabeck, "Cylindrical corrugated coolers for transformers", Siemens Zeitschrift
(Germany), Vol. 12, Dec. 1932, pp. 440-444. (In German) (1933-1179)
[1933] "The air cooling of transformers", The Engineer (GB), Vol. 155, March 3, 1933, pp. 218-
219. (1933-1451)
[1934] W. R. Markley, "Self cooled transformers combined with air blast", The Electric Journal
(Pittsburgh, USA), Vol. 31, No. 6, June 1934, pp. 235-236,238. No refs. (1934-2034)
[1943] R. L. Brown, "Transformer radiators separately banked", Westinghouse Engineer (USA),

Vol. 3, No. 1, Feb. 1943, pp. 27-29. No refs. (1943-2025)
[1943] "Fitted tanks for transformers", Westinghouse Engineer (USA), Vol. 3, No. 3, August 1943,
p. 74-75. (Photo of panel radiator). (1943-2392)
[1944] R. L. Brown, "Radiator independent of transformer tank", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 121,
June 10, 1944, p. 124. No refs.
[1945] V. E. Bowers, "Transformers chemically cleaned", Power Plant Engineering (USA), Vol.
49, March 1945, pp. 98-99. (Cleaning oil sludge from inside radiator tubes) (1945-1925)
[1945] "One-piece transportable cooling units for large transformers", The Metropolitan - Vickers
Gazette (GB), Jan. 1945, pp. 10-11. No refs.
[1946] H. Kudrnka, "New transformer oil-tank construction", Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau

(Austria) , Vol. 63, Nov.-Dec. 1946, pp. 248-250. (In German) (Tubes in corner of tank to save oil
and improve cooling. Air goes through the tubes.) (1947-2683)
[1953] H. L. Cole, "A new milestone in transformer-radiator evolution", Westinghouse Engineer

(USA), Vol. 13, Oct. 1953, pp. 188-191. no refs. (1954-882)
[1956] J. A. Ebert, "Power transformer coolers", Allis Chalmers Electrical Review (USA), Vol. 21,
No. 1, First Quarter, 1956, pp. 25-27.
[1957] A. N. Appleyard, "Transformer cooling equipment", BTH Activities (British Thomson-

Houston Co., England), Vol. 28, No. 3, May-June 1957, pp. 109-110. No refs.
[1957] "Stainless Steel Radiators", Engineering (GB), Vol. 183, No. 4763, June 21, 1957, p. 792.
[1959] G. O. Castell, "Cooling of large power transformers", The Electrical Review (London), Vol.
165, No. 16, Nov. 27, 1959, pp. 729-732. (1960-63)
[1959] E. J. Kelly and T. H. Progler, "Dual cooling ups bank rating for emergency", Electrical
World (USA), Vol. 151, No. 21, May 25, 1959, pp. 64-65. (1959-6298)
[1959] "GE adopts flat-type transformer tubes", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 151, Feb. 16, 1959, p.
86.
[1960] L. W. Schoenig, and T. H. Progler, "Saving through dual cooling", Allis Chalmers Electrical
Review (USA), Vol. 25, No. 2, Second Quarter, 1960, pp. 12-15.
[1963] H. L. Deloney and W. W. Renbers, "Heat exchanger ups transformer capacity 35 %",
Electrical World (USA), Vol. 159, No. 8, Feb. 25, 1963, pp. 79,136. (1963-11044)

[1966] Y. A. Vasi'chenko, S. N. Suborova, and A. G. Lifshits, "The characteristics of oil coolers
manufactured by the Aaporozhskii Transformer", Elektricheskie Stantsii (USSR) , No. 10, Oct.
1966, pp. 49-52. (In Russian) (1967-5733)
[1969] V. T. Cherednichok and L. G. Kravchenko, "The flash welding of tubes to headers in

powerful transformers", Automatic Welding (GB), No. 8, Aug. 1969, pp. 55-56. English translation
of Avtomaticheskaya Svarka (USSR), No. 8, 1969, pp. 50-54. (in Russian). (Manufacturing process,
not heat transfer) (1970-26953)
[1971] A. S. Bondarenko, "Converting transformers type ODG-7000/110 to water/oil cooling",

Elektricheskie Stantsii (USSR) , Vol. 42, No. 4, 1971, pp. 88-89. (In Russian) (1971-20766)
[1971] P. Koltzsch, "Sound-proofing measures for oil-air coolers of large transformers",

Energietechnik (Germany), Vol. 21, No. 2, Feb. 1971, pp. 71-75. (In German) (1971-28969)
[1973] G. E. Tarle, "Modernization of transformers with application of direct circulation of oil",

Energetik (USSR), No. 1, 1973, pp. 30-32. no refs. (In Russian) (1973-22480
[1974] N. S. Seshchenko, V. F. Tutskaya, and A. A. Snapiro, "Converting an oil-air system of
transformer cooling to oil-water", Elektricheskie Stantsii (USSR), No. 5, May 1974, pp. 40-44. 8
refs. (In Russian) (1974-33087)
[1976] "Transformer coolers", Asea Journal (Sweden), Vol. 49, No. 1, 1976, p. 23. (In English)
[1977] B. Glavnik, "Transformer cooling with air-coolers", Elektrotehniski Vestnik (Yugoslavia),

Vol. 44, No. 2, March-April 1977, pp. 77-80. No refs. (In Slovene) (1978-17782)
[1978] H. E. Green, "Finned aluminum tubes keep the heat down", The Electrical Review (London),
Vol. 203, No. 6, 11 August 1978, pp. 22-23. 9 refs. (Also Electrical India (India), Vol. 19, No. 24,
31 Dec. 1979, pp. 23-25) (1978-52365,1980-42564)
[1978] A. P. Pilipenko, "The repair of straight-tube radiators for oil-filled power transformers",
Elektricheskie Stantsii (USSR), No. 7, July 1978, pp. 80-81. 1 ref. (In Russian) (1978-48392)
[1978] "Transformer capacity upped with auxiliary coolers", Transmission & Distribution (USA),
Vol. 30, No. 2, Feb. 1978, pp. 18,172.
[1980] S. Akishita, S. Kawanaka, K. Moritsu, and H. Shinagawa, "A new cooler with a low-noise
fan for forced-oil forced-air-cooled large power transformers", Mitsubishi Denki Giho (Japan), Vol.
34, No. 3, March 1980, pp. 37-40. 3 refs. (In Japanese) (1980-47136)
[1981] B. D. Bates, and A. L. Swanson, "Transformer cooler defers substation expansion",

Transmission and Distribution (USA), Vol. 33, No. 4, April 1981, pp. 40-41,44. No refs. (1981-
35232)
[1982] K. J. Sanders, "The corrugated tank transformer enters the U.K. fold", Electrical Review
(GB), Vol. 210, No. 18, 7 May 1982, pp. 29,32,37. No refs. (1982-44205)
[1982] A. M. Teplitzky, R. C. Settembrini, and R. L. Hirt, "Innovative design yields noise relief for
substations", Transmission and Distribution (USA), Vol. 34, No. 1, Jan. 1982, pp. 50,51,54.
[1983] K. J. Sanders, “Corrugated tanks for distribution transformers”, Electronics and Power,
Journal of the IEE, Vol. 29, No. 10, Oct. 1983, pp. 729-732. (1984-7988)

[1984] A. Babare, C. Fratus, C. Gandini, E. Guerrini, and U. Zuretti, "The forced oil-air cooler as
used in large power transformers", Energia Elettrica (Italy), Vol. 61, No. 7-8, July/August 1984, pp.
337-350. 4 refs. (In Italian) (1985-16072)
[1986] D. F. Peelo, "Cathedral Square - B. C. Hydro's urban underground station", Transmission &
Distribution (USA), Vol. 38, No. 5, May 1986, pp. 48,51,52,56,57. (Description of water cooled
heat exchanger p. 51)
[1989] L. Yule, "Redesigned cooler regains transformer rated MVA", Electrical World (USA), Vol.
203, No. 10, Oct. 1989, pp. 41-42.
[1992] K. S. Sullivan, "Cooling system extends transformer life", Electrical World (USA), Vol.
206, No. 9, Sept., 1992, p. 65-66.
[1999] “Transformer cooler retrofit assures capacity”, Transmission & Distribution World, Vol. 51,
No. 13, Dec. 1999, p. 8.
[2003] M. A. A. Wahab, M. M. Hamada, A. G. Zeitoun, and G. Ismail, “A newly modified forced
oil cooling system and its impact on in-service transformer oil characteristics”, IEEE Trans. On
Power Delivery, Vol. 18, No. 3, July 2003, pp.827-834. 23 refs.
10.2 Radiators and Heat Exchangers - Heat Transfer
[1929] R. Pohl, "Calculation of ribbed cooling tubes for electrical machinery", Archiv fur
Elektrotechnik (Germany), Vol. 22, June 15, 1929, pp. 220-234. 1 ref. (In German) (1929-1844)
[1930 "Radiation tests on different types of coolers for transformer oil", Bulletin Oerlikon (London),
No. 104, Feb. 1930, pp. 500-503. (1930-1540)
[1930] "Tests with a large air-cooled oil cooler for transformers", Bulletin Oerlikon (London), No.
114, Dec. 1930, pp. 578-580. (1931-679)
[1931] K. Kupper, "Tests on transformer radiators with natural and forced air cooling", Brown
Boveri Mitteilungen (Germany), Vol. 18, No. 11, Nov. 1931, pp. 333-338. No refs. (in German)
(1932-489)
[1932] M. Wolff, "Thermal properties of tubular transformer tanks", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift

(Germany), Vol. 53, Sept. 22, 1932, p. 912. (In German) (1933-177)
[1942] W. C. Sealey, "How to increase capacity of old and new transformers", Allis Chalmers
Electrical Review (USA), Vol. 7, No. 4, Dec. 1942, pp. 10-14. No refs. (Forced oil history)
[1942] K. P. Wiederkehr, "Blowing transformer ratings upward", Allis Chalmers Electrical Review
(USA), Vol. 7, No. 3, Sept. 1942, pp. 20-24.
[1944] W. C. Sealey, "Get the most from veteran transformers this easy way", Allis-Chalmers
Electrical Review (USA), Vol. 9, No. 1, March 1944, pp. 20-22. No refs. (forced oil)
[1956] S. L. Foster, "How to get emergency transformer capacity", Allis Chalmers Electrical
Review (USA), Vol. 21, No. 2, Second Quarter, 1956, pp. 16-23. No refs.
[1958] D. Friedman, "External heat transfer from cylindrical self-cooled electric equipment", Trans
AIEE, Vol 77 Pt. II, Applications and Industry, Nov. 1958, pp. 372-377. 8 refs.

[1959] H. E. Green, "Transformer cooling tubes", Electrical Times (GB), Vol. 135, Feb. 19 1959,
pp. 277-279. 2 refs. (1959-3333)
[1963] W. C. Sealey and T. H. Progler, "Uprating transformers profitably", Allis Chalmers

Electrical Review (USA), Vol. 28, No. 2, Second Quarter, 1963, pp. 18-20. No refs.
[1969] A. F. Armitage and G. Rowbotham, "Design of transformer radiators", Electrical Review

(GB), Vol. 184, No. 23, June 6, 1969, pp. 828-829. No refs. (1969-18789)
[1969] B. M. Yakub, V. D. Karminskii, G. I. Kurtsuail, and N. L. Gel'man, "Increasing the cooling

capacity of the tubular radiators of high power transformers", Elektricheskie Stantsii (USSR) , No.
12, Dec. 1969, pp. 71-73. (In Russian) (injection system for oil into radiators) (1970-33566)
[1969] "Transformer radiators with elliptical steel tubes", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 172, No. 2,
July 14, 1969, p. 70.
[1970] Y. A. Vasil'chenko and M. S. Barbariyskaya, "Heat loss and hydraulic resistance in the tubes
of power transformers", Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol. 41, No. 11, Nov. 1970, pp. 49-51. (In
Russian). English translation in Soviet Power Engineering. (1971-12247)
[1973] H. Vosen, "Compact transformers", Elektrizitatswirtschaft (Germany), Vol. 72, April 16,
1973, pp. 216-221. (In German) (Liquid cooled distribution transformers known as cable
transformers. Contains some temperature-pressure data and sketch of boundary layer on radiators.)
[1977] V. A. Kuznetsov and R. g. Lisovskaya, "Uprating transformers during modernization",

Promyshlennaya Energetika (USSR), No. 7, July 1977, pp. 17-19. 5 refs. (1977-39701)
[1979] R. T. Rasor, J. J. Kelly, and S. D. Meyers, "Auxiliary transformer cooling systems", Proc. of
the 14th Electrical Insulation Conference, Boston, MA, USA, 1979, IEEE Pub. 79CH1510-7-EI, pp.
233-238. 29 refs. (1980-32961)
[1980] D. D. Agarwal and S. S. Arora, "Heat transfer characteristics of three-flute and five-flute
elements for transformer radiators", Journal Institute Engineers, India, Mechanical Engineering
Division, Vol. 60, Pt. ME6, May 1980, pp. 223-228. 6 refs. (1981-35223)
[1981] D. L. Ayers, D. White, T. Wright, and R. C. Settembrini, "Development of a low noise FOA
transformer cooler. Part I: Fan and heat exchanger designs", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and
Systems, Vol. PAS-100, No. 5, May 1981, pp. 2424-2428. 4 refs. (For part II see A. Z. Hribara, et.
al.)
[1981] A. Z. Hribar, D. White, and A. M. Teplitsky, "Development of a low noise FOA transformer
cooler. Part II: Acoustic design", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-100,
No. 5, May 1981, pp. 2429-2432, 8 refs. (For part I see D. L. Ayers, et. al.)
[1982] M. Pivrnec and V. Kahoun Skoda, "Research of hydraulic and thermal properties of
transformer coolers", Elektrotechnicky Obzor (Czechoslovakia), Vol. 71, No. 4, April 1982, pp.
203-208. 8 refs. (In Czech) (1982-57091)
[1984] M. Pivrnec and V. Kahoun, "Air, hydraulic, and thermal characteristics of transformer cooler
for Skoda electric locomotives", Elektrotechnicky Obzor (Czechoslovakia), Vol. 73, O. 5-6, May-
June 1984, pp. 299-305. 4 refs. (1984-49926)

[1985] A. G. Agapov, V. Y. Klionskii, V. A. Kostyler, V. V. Filippov, "Investigation and
development of air-cooled electric radiators", Soviet Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol. 56 No. 6,
1985, pp. 68-71. 2 refs. English Translation of Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol. 56, No. 6, 1985, pp.
36-38. (In Russian) (Not transformer radiators although oil filled.)
[1985] A. A. Zukauskas, R. V. Ulinskas, and P. I. Daunoras, "Efficiency of heat exchange in banks

of rough tubes subject to transverse streamline flow", Lietuvos TSR Mokslu Akademijos Darbai, B
(USSR), No. 150, 1985, pp. 41-49. 15 refs. (In Russian) (1986-39898)
[1986] Y. A. Vasil'chenko, Z. F. Ivanova, S. S. Polubotko, V. G. Gorouykih, G. N. Gorovykh, and

T. G. Eremining, "Average heat transfer of transformer radiators", Soviet Electrical Engineering
(USA), Vol. 57, no. 6, 1986, pp. 41-46. 5 refs. English translation of Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol.
57, No. 10, 1986, pp. 23-26 (In Russian) (1987-58157)
[1986] E. L. Zhenovskii and R. V. Mikhailovskaya, "Characteristics of cooling devices DTs-40 and

DTs-63 for power transformers", Soviet Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol. 57 no. 9, 1986, pp. 26-
28. No refs. English translation of Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol. 57, No. 9, 1986, pp. 16-17. (In
Russian). (1987-72184)
[1989] Y. A. Mikhailovskii, G. N. Gorovykh, A. D. Goroshko, E. L. Zhenovskii, P. A. Mil'shtein,

"Use of laminated finned heat exchangers in transformer cooling equipment", Soviet Electrical
Engineering (USA), Vol. 60 No. 8, 1989, pp. 93-98. 3 refs. English translation of Elektrotekhnika
(USSR), Vol. 60, No. 8, 1989, pp. 60-64. (In Russian) (1991-22361)
[1990] N. K. Vasil'ev, Y. A. Fominykh, and V. A. Volkov, "Transformer oil heater", Advances in

Soviet Power Systems, Part 1 (Thermal and Mechanical) (USA), No. 5, 1990, pp. 50-53. English
translation of article from Elektricheskie Stantsii (Russia). no. refs. (For installation to free oil of
impurities) (1992-8533)
[1994] R. C. Degeneff, J. Joseph, D. Kaminski, S. Salon, C. Burns, "A method for predicting the
operating condition and performance of power transformer coolers", Proc. American Power
Conference, 25-27 April, 1994, Vol. 56-I, pp. 348-353. 3 refs. (1994-78682)
[2008] H. Nabati, “Optimal pin fin heat exchanger surface”, PH.D. Dissertation, Dept. Mech. Eng.,
Malardalen University, Vasterds, Sweeden, 2009.
[1998] K. S. Hampton, "The design and manufacture of large power transformers", Conf.
Proceedings 33rd Universities Power Engineering Conference. UPEC '98, Edinburgh, U.K., 8-19
Sept. 1998, Vol. 1, pp. 194-197. 4 refs. (1999-10240)
[2009] E. I. Amoiralis, P. S. Georgilakis, M. A. Tsili, and A. G. Kladas, “Global transformer

optimization method using evolutionary design and numerical field computation”, IEEE Trans. On
Magnetics, Vol. 45, No. 3, March 2009, pp. 1720-1723.
[2010] E. I. Amoiralis, M. A. Tsili, A. G. Kladas, and A. T. Souflaris, “Geometry optimization of

transformer cooling system based on coupled 3D FEM-CFD analysis”, 14th Biennial IEEE Conf.
On Electromagnetic Field Computation (CEFC), Chicago, USA, 2010. Paper 32P7.
[2011] R. B. Fdhila, J. Kranenberg, and T. Laneryd, “Samuelsson thermal modeling of power

transformer radiators using a porous medium based CFD approach,” 2nd Int. Conf. Comput. Meth.
Thermal Problems, Dalian, China, Sept. 5-7, 2011.
[2012] E. I. Amoiralis, M. A. Tsili, A. G. Kladas, and A. T. Souflaris, ,”Distribution transformer
cooling system improvement by innovative tank panel geometries”, IEEE Trans. On Dielectrics and
Electrical Insulation, Vol. 19, No. 3, June 2012, pp. 1021-1028. 24 refs.
[2012] M. Kim, S. M. Cho, and J. K. Kim, “Prediction and evaluation of the cooling performance of
radiators used in oil-filled power transformer applications with non-direct and direct-oil-forced
flow”, Expt. Thermal Fluid Sci., Vo. 44, 2012, pp. 392-397.
[2013] C. S. Moon and K. Joong-Kyoung, “Prediction and evaluation of the cooling performance of
radiators used in oil-filled power transformer applications with non-direct and direct-oil-forced
flow”, Exp. Thermal Fluid Sci., Vol. 44, 2013, pp. 392-397.
[2014] S. B. Paramane, K. Joshe, W. Van der Veken, and A. Sharma, “CFD study on thermal
performance of radiators in a power transformer: Effect of blowing direction and offset of fans”,
IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 29, No. 6, Dec. 2014, pp. 2596-2604.15 ref.
10.3 Water Cooled Heat Exchangers
[1922] A. M. Rosman, "A new type of water-flow indicator for transformers", AIEE J., Vol. 41,
Oct. 1922, pp. 805-806. (1923-639)
[1923] H. L. Cole, "The oil-insulated transformer with forced oil circulation", The Electric Journal
(Pittsburgh, USA), Vol. 20, May 1923, pp. 167-171. no refs. (1924-194)
[1926] O. C. Waygood and J. L. Miller, "Experiments on water cooling of oil-filled transformers",

World Power (GB), Vol. 5, March 1926, pp. 146-152. no refs. (1926-856)
[1946] J. R. Meador, "Temperature rise of water cooled power transformer, AIEE Trans., Vol. 65,
Jan. 1946, pp. 18-21. 3 refs. (also General Electric Review (USA), Vol. 49, April 1946, pp. 55-59).
(1946-1285 and 1946-2025)
[1955] H. Wiersma, "Forced cooling of large transformers", Smit Mededelingen (Netherlands), Vol.
10e, No. 1, Jan.-March 1955, pp. 15-25. (In Dutch) (1956-523)
[1963] V. P. Lelekinand and Y. A. Tsirel, "On the water cooling of transformers", Energetik
(USSR), No. 10, Oct. 1963, pp. 5-9. (In Russian)
[1967] O. A. Kucheryavyi, "Oil-water cooling for unit-type transformers", Elektricheskie Stantsii

(USSR) , No. 3, March 1967, pp. 89-90. (In Russian) (1967-18369)
[1967] V. B. Kulakovskii, "A comment on the paper by N. S. Seshchenko and V. Y. Frenkel: "An
oil-water cooling system for transformers"", Elektricheskie Stantsii (USSR) , No. 9, Sept. 1967, p.
89. (In Russian) (1968-12406)
[1967] N. S. Seshchenko and V. Y. Frenkel, "An oil-water cooling system for transformers",
Elektricheskie Stantsii (USSR) , No. 6, June 1967, pp. 53-57. (In Russian0 (1968-491)
[1974] N. S. Seshchenko, V. F. Tutskaya, and A. A. Snapiro, "Converting an oil-air system of

transformer cooling to oil-water", Elektricheskie Stantsii (USSR), No. 5, May 1974, pp. 40-44. 8
[1974] J. Vogler, "Studies of oil-water refrigerating plants for large transformers", Elektrie
(Germany), Vol. 28, No. 3, 1974, pp. 163-166. No refs. (In German) (1974-21822)

10.4 Water Spray Cooling
Water spray cooling is sometimes used as an emergency measure during transformer overloading.
There have been some attempts to use it as a standard practice.
[1922] "Spray increases rating by 50 per cent", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 80, Sept. 16, 1922, p.
613. No refs. (1923-365)
[1937] F. L. Moser and H. B. Wolf, "Industrial unit heaters cool transformers", Electrical
Engineering (USA), Vol. 56, Aug. 1937, pp. 950-952. No refs. (1937-2632)
[1941] C. W. Franklin, "Showers and cooler", Allis-Chalmers Electrical Review (USA), Vol. 6, No.
4, December 1941, pp. 20-25. no refs.
[1943] V. M. Montsinger, and P. M. Ketchum, "How much overload by spray cooling

transformers", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 119, No. 2, Jan. 9, 1943, pp. 33-34. no refs.
[1949] "Water spray cooling of network transformers", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 132, Nov. 19,
1949, pp. 109-111. No refs. 91950-946)
[1949] B. E. Ellsworth, "Water spray saves transformers", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 132, No. 7,
August 13, 1949, p. 104.
[1950] H. P. Seelye, "Selection and application of power transformers", AIEE Trans., Vol. 69 Pt. II,
1950, pp. 830-833. 1 ref. (Discusses water spray cooling) (1951-62 and 1951-2521)
[1969] K. Akashi and E. Nishiyama, "Evaporative cooler for transformers', Mitsubishi Denki
Laboratory Reports (Japan), Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Oct. 1969, pp. 175-188. (1970-33612)
[1970] "Fog cooler solves transformer noise problem", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 174, No. 9,
Nov. 1, 1970, p. 47. (1971-16959)
[1978] W. F. Caplinger, "Clean live transformer fins with water spray", Electrical World (USA),
Vol. 190, No. 12, 15 Dec. 1978, pp. 73-74. No refs. (1979-32912)
[1984] O. Kelnar, I. Korcova adn V. Sklenicka, "Spraying the line equipment in a 400 kv
transformer station at Hyadec near Kabeu", Energetika (Czechoslovakia), Vol. 34, No. 6, June
1984, pp. 265-267. 5 refs. (for cleaning) (1984-57113)
10.5 Fans and Cooling System Controls
[1928] L. H. Hill, "Forced air blast equipment for oil immersed transformers", The Electric Journal
(Pittsburgh, USA), Vol 25, No. 2, Feb. 1928, pp 60-62. no refs. (1928-782)
[1937] L. H. Burnham, "Around and around six billion times", General Electric Review (USA),
Vol. 40, No. 7, July 1937, pp. 312-313. No refs.
[1942] E. V. DeBlievx, "It's not the life of Riley", General Electric Review (USA), Vol. 45, No. 4,
April 1942, pp. 221-222. No refs.

[1951] H. Wiersma, "Automatic control of forced-air cooling of transformers", Smit Mededelingen
(Netherlands) , Vol. 6, Oct.-Dec. 1951, pp. 104-111. (In Dutch) (1952-1530)
[1952] A. L. Holcomb, "Three phase power from single-phase source", Journal Society Motion
Picture and Television Engineers (USA), Vol. 59, July 1952, pp. 32-39, 1 ref. (converts 1 phase 115
volt power to 3 phase 230 volts with non-rotating device) (1952-4740)
[1953] W. D. Albright, "Forced-air cooling of power transformers", Westinghouse Engineer (USA),

Vol. 13, Oct. 1953, pp. 194-196. no refs. (1954-463)
[1953] H. A. Fohraltz, "Cool transformers when ?", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 139, No. 10,
March 9 1953, p. 85.
[1953] H. A. Fohrhaltz, "Transformer cooling equipment has optimum operating conditions", AIEE
Trans., Vol. 72 Part III, Power Apparatus And Systems, No. 6, June 1953, pp. 424-426, disc. pp.
426-427. 3 refs. (1953-3505)
[1963] A. F. Petrulenko, Automatic start-up of transformer cooling fans", Energetik (USSR), No. 1,
Jan. 1963, p. 23. (In Russian) (1963-5663)
[1963] J. Rachwalski, "Some problems of forced-cooling of oil-immersed transformers", Przeglad

Elektrotechniczny (Poland) , Vol. 39, No. 2, Feb. 1963, pp. 67-70. (In Polish) (Optimum criterion
for starting and stopping forced cooling equip.) (1964-1610)
[1967] S. Witczak, "Economic aspect of the control of ventilating fans of the large transformers",
Przeglad Elektrotechniczny (Poland) , No. 3, March 1967, pp. 115-118. (In Polish) (1968-493)
[1967] S. Witczak, "The criteria of the automatic control of large transformer cooling fans",
Przeglad Elektrotechniczny (Poland) , Vol. 43, No. 6, June 1967, pp. 238-240. (In Polish) (1968-
492)
[1968] L. Kiss, "Automatic control of transformer cooling equipment", Transelektro News

(Hungary), No. 10, 1968, pp. 18-42. (1969-3898)
[1969] N. S. Seshchenko, "The operation of fans in the cooling systems of transformers",

Elektricheskie Stantsii (USSR) , No. 7, July 1969, pp. 52-54. (In Russian) (1970-23166)
[1969] "Molded fiberglass fan blades", Westinghouse Engineer (USA), Vol. 29, No. 5, Sept. 1969,
pp. 156.
[1974] G. Lobenstein, "Automatic control of the cooling unit according to IEC load directions for
oil transformers", Elektrie (Germany), Vol. 28, No. 9, 1974, pp. 478-480. 3 refs. (In German)
(1974-40520)
[1975] R. C. Davey, "How to get three-phase power from single phase supply", Plant Engineering
(USA), Vol. 29, No. 20, Oct. 2, 1975, pp. 101-104. No refs.
[1977] V. Z. Berezhnoi, L. V. Vasil'ev, A. I. Zuev and T. M. Romanova, "Axial fan in power

transformer cooling system", Soviet Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol. 48 No. 1, 1977, pp. 95-97.
2 refs. English translation of Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol 48, No. 1, 1977, pp. 56-57. (In Russian).
(1978-40981)
[1986] Y. Suzuki and K. Takayama, "Clean wave VVVF for cooler of transformer", Takaoka
Review (Japan), Vol. 33, No.3, 1986, pp. 211-214. 3 refs. (In Japanese) (variable frequency drive for
pumps and fans) (1987-43214)
10.6 Transformer Pumps
[1942] L. H. Burnham, "Immersed-motor pump for power transformers", General Electric Review
(USA), Vol. 45, Feb. 1942, p. 131. No refs. (1942-887)
[1982] C. J. Bell, "Fluid circulating pump", U. S. Patent 4,320,431, Mar. 16, 1982.
[1982] Mechanical Technology Incorporated, "Improved transformer oil pump", Electric Power
Research Institute Report, EL-2619, Research Project 1797-1, Sept. 1982. 190 pp. 14 refs. (1983-
28393)
[1982] "Transformer oil pumps", EPRI Journal (USA), Vol. 7, No. 8, Oct. 1982, p. 51.
[1987] "Avoid premature oil-pump failure", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 201, No. 10, Oct. 1987,
p. 46.(1988-37256)
[1996] J. A. Palmer, J. K. Nelson, "Intelligent control of large power transformer cooling pumps",
IEE Proc., Generation, Transmission Distribution, Vol. 143, No. 5, Sept. 1996, pp. 474-478. 9
refs. (1996-121546)
[2000] B. W. Kennedy, “Pumps critical for transformer cooling”, Electrical World, Vol. 214, No. 4,
July/Aug. 2000, pp. 34-36.
10.7 Temperature Gages and Simulation of Winding Temperature
Temperature gages are used to indicate top fluid and winding temperatures and may contain
switches to control the cooling equipment or activate an alarm in cases of excessive temperatures.
Temperature gages containing switches are also used for ventilated dry type and cast-resin
transformers. Various methods are used to simulate winding hot spot temperatures.
[1918] V. M. Montsinger and A. T. Childs, "Temperature indicator for transformer windings",

General Electric Review (USA), Vol. 21, No. 6, June 1918, pp. 396-401. No refs.
[1922] "A transformer load indicator", Engineering (GB), Vol. 114, July 7, 1922. p. 11. no refs.
(1922-1130)
[1924] G. H. Cole, "Hot-spots and overload indicators", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 84, No. 7,
Aug 16, 1924, pp. 314-317 and No. 8, Aug. 23, 1924 pp. 360-362. (1924-1590)
[1924] H. Zipp, "Practical notes on the operation of transformers", Der Elektrische Betrieb
(Germany), Vol. 22, Sept. 10, 1924, pp. 172-174. (In German) (1924-1589)
[1928] E. H. Stivender, "How are transformers protected", Power (USA), Vol. 67, June 19, 1928,
pp. 1106-1108. No refs. (1928-1867)
[1928] V. Wiarda and E. Wilm, "New protective device for transformers", Elektrotechnische
Zeitschrift (Germany), Vol. 49, Jan. 19, 1928, pp. 88-90. (In German) (1928-625)
[1930] T. A. Long, “The loading of transformers on a thermal basis, with special reference to
temperature indicators”, J. IEE, Vol. 68, 1930, pp. 1516-1518.

[1934] H. V. Putman, "Transformer proofed against lightning and overload burnouts", Electrical
World (USA), Vol. 103, Jan. 13, 1934, pp. 74-76. (1934-631)
[1939] H. V. Putman and W. M. Dann, "Loading transformers by copper temperature", AIEE

Trans., Vol. 58, Oct. 1939, pp. 504-509, disc. p. 510-513. 3 refs. (1939-2756)
[1939] K. Tauber, "Protection of oil-immersed transformers", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift

(Germany), Vol. 60, March 9, 1939, pp. 314-317. (In German) (pressure gage in chamber
containing air between tank and conservator indicates winding temperature) (1939-1092)
[1941] A. V. Gastel, "The economical utilization of the transformer and the supervision of its
temperature", The Brown Boveri Review, Vol. 28, July 1941, pp. 163-169. (1943-262)
[1942] F. L. Snyder, "Utilizing full transformer capacity safely", Westinghouse Engineer (USA),
Vol. 2, Aug. 1942, pp. 93-96. No refs. (1943-37)
[1943] H. A. Morgan, "Thermostat control for triple rated transformer", Power Plant Engineering
(USA), Vol. 47, Nov. 1943, pp. 72-73. (1945-2464)
[1943] E. T. Norris, "Loading of transformers", Electrical Review (London), Vol 132, Feb. 5, 1943,
pp. 175-177. 2 refs. (1943-1220)
[1944] V. M. Montsinger and G. Camilli, "Thermal protection of transformers under overload

conditions", AIEE Trans., Vol. 63, April 1944, pp. 160-164, disc. pp. 444-446. 4 refs. (1944-1666)
[1944] E. W. Tipton, "An automatic watchman for air-cooled transformers", Westinghouse

Engineer, Vol. 4, No. 6, Nov. 1944, pp. 184-186. (1945-740)
[1947] E. T. Norris, "The thermal rating of transformers with special reference to thermal image and
winding temperature indicators", The BEAMA Journal (GB), Vol. 53. Aug. 1947, pp. 290-294. 6
refs. (abridged slightly from CIGRE, 1946, report 127, 11 pp.) (1947-2958)
[1947] "Thermal images for transformers", FIAT Rep. No. 1155. (H. M. Station. Off: U. S. Dep.
Comm.) , 1947, 27 pp. (1948-1104)
[1948] L. C. Denault, "Thermal protection of transformers", Westinghouse Engineer (USA), Vol. 8,

July 1948, pp. 103-105. (1949-2413)
[1949] E. Gudmundsson, "Auxiliary apparatus for service supervision and maintenance of
transformers", Asea Journal, Vol. 22, Oct. 1949, pp. 159-167. (1950-1323)
[1950] C. J. Richard, "Thermal protection of transformers", CIGRE, 29 June - 8 July, 1950, Vol.
III, paper 309, 7 pp. No refs. (In French) (1950-3316)
[1950] E. T. Norris, "The operation of power transformers", CIGRE, 1950, Vol. II, paper 101. 7
refs. (In French)
[1951] C. F. Book and V. V. Mason, "The hot spot rise simulator", AIEE Trans, Vol. 70, Pr. II,
1951, pp. 1524-1530. 8 reda. (1952-1185)
[1951] G. M. Van Duk, "Thermal protection of oil-cooled transformers", Smit Mededelingen

(Netherlands) , Vol. 6, Oct.-Dec. 1951, pp. 112-119. (In Dutch) (1952-1531)
[1952] “Thermal overload relay”, Elictric Light and Power (USA), Sept. 1952, Vol. 30, No. 9, p.
179 (Per cent thermal load indicator)
[1952] W. Kamber, "Thermal image for transformers in oil", CIGRE, 14th Convention, 1952, Vol.
II, paper 116, 8 pp. 7 refs. (Heating curves and equations.)
[1953] "A visual indication of transformer condition", Westinghouse Engineer (USA), Vol. 13 No.
1, Jan. 1953, pp. 8-9.
[1954] H. Wiershma, "Accessories for oil transformers", Smit Mededelingen (Netherlands) , Vol. 9,
Jan.-March 1954, pp. 7-26. (In Dutch) (1954-3519)
[1955] E. Skowronski, "Temperature measurements on large transformer windings using a thermal

model", Przeglad Elektrotechniczny (Poland) , Vol. 31, No. 2-3, 1955, pp. 206-210. (In Polish)
(1955-4060)
[1955] M. Valsecchi, "Protection of transformers by means of the thermal image", Tecnica Italiana
(Trieste, Italy), Vol. 10, No. 8, Dec. 1955, pp. 495-498. (In Italian) (1956-2984)
[1956] G. A. Van Riemsdijk, "Remote indication of overload on two or more oil-cooled

transformers", Smit Mededelingen (Netherlands) , Vol. 11, No. 3, July-Sept. 1956, pp. 78-82. (In
Dutch) (1957-1173)
[1956] "Breaker trip settings raised on CSP distribution transformers", Westinghouse Engineer
(USA), Vol. 16, No.4, July 1956, p. 128.
[1956] "Overload indicator for distribution transformers", Westinghouse Engineer (USA), Vol. 16,
No. 1, Jan. 1956, p. 16.
[1957] W. May, "A protective device for oil-cooled transformers", Elektrizitatswirtschaft

(Germany) , Vol. 56, No. 5, March 5, 1957, pp. 58-60. (In German) (Expansion of oil to measure
temperature.) (1957-4410)
[1959] A. Bonomo, "Notes on transformer operation", Energia Elettrica (Italy) , Vol. 36, No. 9,
Sept. 1959, pp. 836-853. (In Italian) (1960-2686)
[1959] L. Libert, "Mechanical and thermal protection of transformers", Bulletin de la Societe Belge
des Electriciens (Brussels), Vol. 75, No. 3, July-Sept. 1959, pp. 211-221. (In French) (1960-61)
[1960] J. Caire, "New possibilities offered by thermal relays", Automatisme (France) , Vol. 5, No.
2, Feb. 1960, pp. 45-48. (In French) (Relays based on temp. differential.) (1960-4118)
[1960] "Overload indicator for transformers", Westinghouse Engineer (USA), Vol. 20, No. 1, Jan.
1960, p. 10.
[1963] AIEE Committee Report, “Protection of power transformers, 1962 Relays Committee survey
of practices", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. 82, Dec. 1963, pp. 1040-1043,
disc. pp. 1043-1044. 4 refs. (Includes hot spot relays and gas detectors)
[1963] A. N. Nikanorov, "An instrument for measuring and regulating temperature in the drying of
transformers", Energetik (USSR), No. 6, June 1963, pp. 21-23. (In Russian) (1963-11465)
[1966] W. J. Brown, and H. W. Kerr, "Accessories and parts for transformers", CIGRE, 1966,
paper 101, 27 pp. 22 refs.
[1966] B. Sollegren, "Accessories and parts for transformers", Appendix III, CIGRE paper 142, by
E. T. Norris, "Report of the work of the study committee on transformers (no. 12)", CIGRE, 1966,
40 pp. 7 refs.
[1966] K. H. Schoyen, "Norwegian practice in choice specification and control of transformer
accessories", CIGRE, 1966, Paper 105, 11 pp. 2 refs.
[1967] B. F. Hampton and D. N. Browning, "Temperature measurement in distribution

transformers", Electrical Times (GB), Vol. 152, No. 21, 23 Nov. 1967, pp. 815-819. 5 refs. (1968-
7593)
[1968] E. P. Walker, "Transformer thermal protection and control", Colloquium on Some Present
Day Protection Problems, IEE, London, 28 May 1968, pp. 63-68. (1969-22371)
[1968] E. P. Walker, "Instrumentation for power transformer winding temperature measurement",

English Electric Journal (GB), Vol. 23, No. 3 May/June 1968, pp. 16-22. No refs.
[1968] E. P. Walker, "Instrumentation for power transformer winding temperature measurement",

Instrument Practice (GB), Vol. 22, No. 2, Feb. 1968, pp. 138-143. No refs. (1968-15077)
[1971] R. J. Ristow, "Alert to transformer gage indications", Electrical South (USA), Vol. 51, No. 4,
April 1971, pp. 40-41. No refs.
[1972] H. C. Manger, "Testing transformer windings for temperature", Transmission and

Distribution, Vol. 24, No. 7, July 1972, pp. 54-57. (1972-41755)
[1973] E. Boog and M. Gruttner, "Ring transformer stations with electronic overload time
protection", Elektrizitatswirtschaft (Germany) , Vol. 72, No. 4, 19 Feb. 1973, pp. 88-92. 2 refs. (In
German) (1973-18805)
[1973] P. Holweck, "An electronic control device for optimum thermal rating of a mains coupling
transformer", Technische Mitteilungen AEG-Telefunken (Germany), Vol. 63, No. 7, 1973, pp. 284-
288. 2 refs. (In German) (1974-21837)
[1976] M. J. Estes, "Temperature sensitive transformer primary switch", 1976 Underground

Transmission and Distribution Conference, Atlantic City, NJ, USA, Sept. 27 - Oct. 1, 1976, IEEE
Pub. 76CH1119-7 PWR, pp. 550-551. 2 refs.
[1976] "Winding temperature indicator for power transformers", Asea Journal (Sweden), Vol. 49,
No. 2, 1976, p. 44. no refs. (In English) (1976-36010)
[1977] R. Hole, "Transformer protection using a PTC thermistor", Electronic Engineering (GB),
Vol. 49, No. 594, July 1977, p. 25. no refs. (1977-39682)
[1978] M. Kozelj, "Thermal replica of transformers", Elektrotehniski Vestnik (Yugoslavia), Vol. 45,
No. 2, March-April 1978, pp. 79-86. 3 refs. (In Slovenian) (1979-25551)
[1978] "Y. K. Rozenkron and V. Y. Putnin'sh, "Temperature relay with current correction for
protection of electrical installations against overloads", Soviet Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol.
49 No. 8, 1978, pp. 81-87. 4 refs. English translation of Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol. 49 No. 8,
1978, pp. 39-41. (In Russian) (1980-27080)
[1981] A. Tofan and N. D. Sufletel, I. Antonescu, M. Tomnivc, and S. Ivascan, "Device for
indicating excess heating in a high voltage electrical installation", Energetica (Rumania), Vol. 28,
No. 7, July 1980, pp. 297-303. 11 refs. (Uses fusible material.) (1981-17848)

[1985] Y. K. Rozenkron, V. V Bimanis, "Temperature-current devices protecting transformers
against faults an systematic overloads", Soviet Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol. 56, No. 8, 1985,
pp. 61-64. 2 refs. English translation of Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol. 56, No. 8, 1985, pp. 36-38.
(In Russian)
[1985] V. Y. Sinelnikov, S. V. Kazanskii, and M. L. Landa, "Overload protection of power

transformers in networks", Elektrichestvo (USSR), No. 8, Aug. 1985, pp. 46-48. 7 refs. (in Russian)
(1986-12869)
[1986] J. Bryndza, "Overload protection of power transformers", Wiadomosci Elektrotechniczne

(Poland), Vol. 54, No. 1-2, 1-15 Jan. 1986, pp. 22-24. 6 refs. (In Polish) (1987-15838)
[1988] K. Wetzel, "Overload and short circuit protection for small transformers using SITAC and
PTC thermistors", Siemens Components (English Edition) West Germany, Vol. 23, No. 5, Oct.
1988, pp. 204-205. no refs. (1989-47897)
[1988] "Electronic miniature exchange for medium voltage transformer protection", Elettrificazione
(Italy), No. 5, May 1988, pp. 262-263. No refs. (In Italian) (1988-62410)
[1989] V. S. White, "Electronic winding temperature monitors - a practical interface", IEE

Colloquium on Application of Microprocessors to the Control/Monitoring of Transmission and
Distribution Equipment, London, UK, 2 June 1989, IEE Digest No. 91, P.7/1. (1989-72374)
[1991] Y. K. Rozenkron, V. V. Bimanis, M. A. Biki, "Indirect monitoring of temperature of

windings in power transformers", Soviet Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol. 62, No. 6, 1991, pp.
100-104. 5 refs. English translation of Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol. 62, No. 6, pp. 65-67, 1991. (In
Russian)
[1992] Z. Godec, "Overload protection of oil-immersed distribution transformers", Energija Zagreb

(Yugoslavia), Vol. 41, No. 5, 1992, pp. 303-309. 12 refs. (In Croatian) (1993-20496)
[1993] Z. Godec, "Winding thermal image protection of power transformers", Energija Zagreb
(Yugoslavia), Vol. 42, No. 6, 1993, pp. 371-375. 18 refs. (In Croatian) (1994-25505)
[1996] M. F. Barnes, “QualiTrol™ Sentry transformr monitoring system”, IEE Colloquium on

monitors and condition assessment equipment, Leatherhead, UK, 5 Dec. 1996, IEE Digest no
1996/186, P. 2/1-7. (1997-38803)
[1996] T-S. Lee "Temperature measurement and adjustment of power transformer thermometer",
Monthly Journal of Taipower's Engineering (Taiwan), Vol. 571, March 1996, pp. 29-43. (In
Chinese) (1996-81512)
11. TRANSFORMER BUSHINGS – HEAT TRANSFER
[1967] G. Krasser, "Thermal problems in high voltage bushings", Association Suisse des
Electriciens Bulletin (Switzerland), Vol. 58, No. 7, 1 April 1967, pp. 309-316. 10 refs. (In German)
(1968-2569)
[1969] H. C. Doepken, Jr., "UHV ac and dc gas-insulated bushings", Proc. Ninth Electrical
Insulation Conference, 1969, pp. 217-219, paper 69C33EI-71. (dielectric heating)

[1973] J. Arciszewski and T. Domzalski, "Detection of excessively heated transformer bushings",
Energetyka (Poland), Vol. 27, No. 9, Sept. 1973, pp. 311-312. no refs. (In Polish) (1973-40595)
[1973] M. V. Lokshin, "A method of determining the temperature of the insulation of high-voltage
bushings and current transformers", Elektricheskie Stantsii (USSR), No. 11, Nov. 1973, pp. 86-87. 2
[1974] H. W. Graybill, H. C. Koehler, J. D. Nadkarni, and J. H. Nichols, "Terminations of high

pressure oil cables in SF6 gas-insulated mini substation equipment", IEEE Trans on Power
Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-93, No. 5, 1974, pp. 1669-1673, disc. p. 1674. 7 refs.
[1978] D. O. Craighead and J. K. Easley, "Thermal test performance of a modern apparatus

bushing" IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-97, No. 6, Nov./Dec. 1978, pp.
2291-2297, disc. 2298-2299. 9 refs. (1979-20281)
[1978] P. P. Hebert and R. C. Steed, "A high voltage bushing thermal performance computer
model", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-97, No. 6, Nov./Dec. 1978, pp.
2219-2223, disc. pp. 2223-2224. 7 refs.
[1978] W. J. McNutt and J. K. Easley, "Mathematical modeling - a basis for bushing loading
guides", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-97, No. 6, Nov./Dec. 1978, pp.
2393-2402, disc. pp. 2402-2404. 11 refs.
[1979] F. G. Arcella, J. S. Billings, Jr., G. B. Cushing. C. F. Hufman, "Development and test of a

242 KV heat-pipe-cooled apparatus bushing", Electric Power Research Institute, Palo, Alto, Calif,
USA, Report EPRI-EL-1246, Dec. 1979. 148 pp.
[1980] M. M. A. Aziz, A. Rein, and H. Riese, H., "A new method for thermal analysis of high
voltage bushings, IEEE PES Winter Meeting, New York, NY, USA, Feb. 3-8, 1980, IEEE Pub. No.
80CH1523-0-PWR, Paper A 80 053-9, 5 pp. 6 refs.
[1980] M. M. A. Aziz and Riege, H. "Thermal analysis of cable sealing ends", IEEE Trans. on
Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-99, No. 2, March/April 1980, pp. 829-832. 2 refs.
[1985] V. Raff, and M. G. Daniels, "Considerations for thermal stability of oil impregnated ehv
condenser bushings", IEEE Trans on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-104, No.1. Jan.
1985, pp. 200-206. 12 refs. (dielectric heating)
[1987] H. K. Youssef and R. Hackam, "Computerized thermal analysis of high voltage bushings",
IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. PWRD-2, No. 4, Oct. 1987, pp. 1145-1151. 11 refs.
[1988] H. K. Youssef, M. M. Aziz, and R. Hackam, "Steady state temperature distribution of high
voltage bushings - analysis and measurements", IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 3, No. 1, Feb.
1988, pp. 278-285. 12 refs.
[1992] IEEE Guide for Loading Power Apparatus Bushings, IEEE C57.19.102-1992. (Issued July
1989 for trial use.)
[1991] IEEE Standard General Requirement and Test Procedure for Outdoor Power Apparatus
Bushings, IEEE C57.19.00-1991.
[1993] L. Johansson, B. Magnuson, and P. Riffon, "Loading capability of HVDC transformer
bushings with restricted oil circulation for use in HVDC valve halls", IEEE Trans. on Power
Delivery, Vol 8, No. 3, July 1993, pp. 1607-1613, disc. p. 1614. 5 refs.

[1995] IEEE Guide for Application of Power Apparatus Bushings, IEEE Std. C57.19.100-1995.
[1998] B. Richardson, "Transformer life management, bushings and tapchangers", IEE Colloquium
transformer life management, London, U.K., 22 Oct. 1998, IEE Ref. No. 1998/510, P. 8/1-4. No.
refs. (1999-10235)
[1999] K. P. Ellis, "Development of high current draw lead bushings in accordance with IEEE
standards", Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE Transmission and Distribution Conference, New
Orleans, LA, USA, 11-16 April 1999, IEEE Cat. No. 99CH36333 Vol II, pp. 866-870. No refs.
[1999] D. Zeng, "An improved method for estimating temperature rise of a bushing loaded above
nameplate rating", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 14, No. 3, July 1999, pp. 986-993, disc. pp.
994-995. 2 refs.
[2000] D. Zeng, "An experimental thermal siphon bushing", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol
15, No. 1, Jan. 2000, pp. 175-177. 5 refs.
[2000] D. Zeng, “A study of current-carrying capacity of draw lead cable in condenser bushing”,
IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 15, No. 3, July 2000, pp. 925-930. 5 refs.
[2004] IEEE Standard General Requirements and Test Procedures for Power Apparatus Bushings,
IEEE C57.19.00-2004.
[2006] Z. Radakovac, E. Cardillo, M. Schaefer, and K. Feser, “Design of the winding-bushing

interconnections in large power transformers”, Elec. Eng. (Archiv Elektrotech.), Vol. 88, 2006, pp.
183-190.
[2009] S. Zhang, “Evaluation of thermal transient and overload capability of high-voltage bushings
with ATP”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 24, No. 3, July 2009, pp. 1295-1301. 11 refs.
[2010] N. S. Jyothi, T. S. Ramu and M. Mandlik,”Temperature distribution in resin impregnated

paper insulation for transformer bushings”, IEEE Trans. On Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,
Vol 17, No. 3, June 2010, pp. 931-938. 20 refs.
[2012] IEEE Guide for Applications of Power Apparatus Bushings, IEEE C57.19.100-2012.
12. SHORT CIRCUIT HEATING

[1922] J. B. Gibbs and L. Dorfman, "Temperature and mechanical stresses in current-transformers",
Electrical World (USA), Vol. 79, Feb. 4, 1922, pp. 221-223. No refs. (1922-349)
[1925] R. Edler, "Heating of copper conductors by short circuits and large overloads",
Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau (Austria) , Vol. 23, May 3, 1925, pp. 329-336. (In German)
(1925-1227)
[1927] G. L. E. Metz, "Short-circuit effects upon current transformers", The Electrical Review
(London), Vol. 101, Nov. 25, 1927, pp. 892-894. (1928-453)
[1928] W. Reiche, "Short circuits on current transformers, Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift (Germany),

Vol. 49, Dec. 6, 1928, pp. 1772-1776. (In German) (1929-717)
[1928] H. Schmitt, "Heat resistance of different conductor materials", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift
(Germany), Vol. 49, May 3, 1928, pp. 684-688. (In German) (materials, melting due to short circuit
currents.) (1929-83)
[1929] J. Grillet, "Failure of current transformers on short circuit", Revue Generale De L'Electricite
(France) , Vol. 23, Nov. 23, 1929, pp. 841-851. (In French) (1930-412)
[1930] E. Wirz, "Small transformers to withstand short-circuits", Association Suisse des Electriciens
Bulletin (Switzerland), Vol. 21, July 22, 1930, pp. 469-473. (1930-2283)
[1931] W. Falgenburg, "Current distribution, heating, and losses in a transformer with earthing
reactance", Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau (Austria) , Vol. 49, Oct. 4, 1931, pp. 737-742. (In
German) (1932-284)
[1932] E. Wirz, "Small transformers", Association Suisse des Electriciens Bulletin (Switzerland),
Vol. 23, Jan. 8, 1932, pp. 1-14. (In German) (1932-1232)
[1936] "Thermal stress in current transformers", The Electrical Review (London), Vol. 119, Dec. 4,
1936, pp. 776-777. No refs. (1937-151)
[1941] W. C. Sealey, "Engineering fundamentals, short-time heating of transformers", Allis

Chalmers Electrical Review (USA), Vol. 6, No. 1, March 1941, pp. 24-25. no refs.
[1946] V. M. Montsinger, and J. E. Clem, "Temperature limits for short time overloads for oil
insulated neutral grounding reactors and transformers - II", AIEE Trans., Vol. 65, 1946, pp.
966-973, disc. p. 1155. 4 refs.
[1949] V. M. Montsinger and G. H. Halsey, "Heating of transformers under short circuit

conditions", AIEE Trans., Vol.68 Pt. II, 1949, pp. 947-952, disc. pp. 952-954. 8 refs. (1950-1677)
[1950] J. E. Clem, "Development of the standard for neutral grounding devices", AIEE Trans., Vol.
69 Pt II, 1950, pp. 976-979. 7 ref.
[1953] J. E. Clem, "Short time thermal and mechanical limits for transformers and reactors", AIEE
Power Apparatus And Systems, No. 6, June 1953, pp. 432-445, disc. pp. 445-446. 13 refs. (1953-
4748)
[1951] L. Libert, "Aging of a transformer during a short circuit test", Ateliers de Constructions
Electriques de Charleroi (London), No. 4, 1951, pp. 36-41. (in French) (1952-1525)
[1953] S. P. Kolosov, "Short circuit currents of low-rating transformers", Elektrichestvo (USSR) ,

No. 3, 1953, pp. 58-60. (In Russian) (1954-69)
[1953] B. Torok and T. Csizy, "Thermal and mechanical strength of high voltage current
transformers particularly in the case of aluminum windings", Elektrotechnika (Hungary), Vol. 46,
April 1953, pp. 117-126. (In Hungarian) (1953-3511)
[1954] J. E. Clem, "The effect of reclosing practice on short circuit thermal limits for transformers",
AIEE Trans., Vol. 73 Pt. IIIB, Power Apparatus And Systems, No. 16, 1954, pp. 1726-1734. (Also
transformer aging) (1955-3079)
[1955] W. C. Sealey, "Transformer temperatures on short circuit", AIEE Trans., Vol. 74 Pt. III,
Power Apparatus and Systems, No. 21, Dec. 1955, pp. 1225-1229, disc. p. 1229. 7 refs. (1956-
2488)
[1961] AIEE Working Group On Methods Of Making Temperature Rise Tests, "Thermal limits of
transformers for short circuit conditions", Trans. AIEE, Vol. 79 Pt. 3, Power Apparatus and
Systems, Feb. 1961, pp. 1083-1086, disc. 1086. 5 refs. (1962-43)

[1967] T. Pelikan, "Carrier line traps of high short circuit rating", Brown Boveri Review
(Switzerland), Vol. 54, No. 213, Feb./March, 1967, pp. 89-96. 10 refs. (In English)
[1967] M. Pesici, "The thermic stress of a current transformer at short circuit", Electrotehnica
(Rumania), Vol. 15, 1967, pp. 209-213. (In Polish) (1968-9879)
[1969] M. Kozlowski, "Temperature distribution in transformer winding at short circuit, axial

nonuniformity in losses collocation considered", Archiwum Elektortechniki (Poland), Vol. 18, No.
4, 1969, pp. 851-861. 11 refs. (In Polish) (1970-23151)
[1969] V. A. Kukhitkov, V. K. Timonin, and A. I. Tamozov, "Calculating the thermal stability of

reactors with multi-strand conductors", Elektricheskie Stantsii (USSR) , Vol. 40, No. 10, 1969, pp.
54-57. (In Russian) (Takes into account different temp. rises in strands) (1970-29604)
[1969] L. W. Marks, "Line discharge by potential transformers", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus
and Systems, Vol. PAS-88, No.4, April 1969, pp. 293-299 (Thermal). 1 ref.
[1971] H. Hagenbucher, "Difference between windings made of copper and aluminum within
substation transformers, with a view to its temperature rise", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift, Ausgabe
A: Zentralblatt fur Electrotechnik (Germany), Vol. 92, No. 6, June 1971, pp. 337-341. 6 refs. (in
German) (English translation available) (1971-28964)
[1971] S. Nurek, "The effect of temperature rise of primary windings upon the dynamic strength of
current transformers", Przeglad Elektrotechniczny (Poland) , Vol. 47, No. 10, 1971, pp. 445-449.
(In Polish) (1972-6344)
[1972] M. Pesici, "Successive heat densities of the windings of a transformer designed for short
circuit tests", Electrotehnica (Rumania), Vol. 20, No. 5, May 1972, pp. 176-181. (In Rumanian)
(1972-30773)
[1973] M. Pesici, "Life duration of windings of a transformer designed for short-circuit tests",
Electrotehnica (Rumania), Vol. 121, No. 4, April, 1973, pp. 145-150. 7 refs. (In Rumanian) (1973-
31244)
[1973] H. Rosch, "The thermal short circuit strength of transformer windings - proposal for a new
calculation formula", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift, Ausgabe A: Zentralblatt fur Electrotechnik
(Germany), Vol. 94, Jan. 1973, pp. 15-19. No refs. (in German) (1973-15290)
[1974] R. Nowicz, W. Jalmuzny, and S. Wdowiak, "Heating of current transformer windings with
the short circuit current", Przeglad Elektrotechniczny (Poland), Vol. 50, No. 11, Nov. 1974, pp. 481-
484. 4 refs. (In Polish) (1975-10675)
[1976] J. Arciszewski and T. Donzalski, "Maximum short circuit duration in respect of a

transformer thermal capacity", Energetyka (Poland), Vol. 30, No. 5, May 1976, pp. 163-164. 1 ref.
(In Polish) (1976-36029)
[1977] M. Heissrath, "Release of thermal stress from conducting materials due to short circuit
loading of current transformers", Elektrie (Germany), Vol. 31, No. 4, 1977, pp. 213-215. 12 refs. (In
German) (1977-45199)
[1980] A. F. Gagen and V. I. Gordenko, "Analysis of heating processes in a closed turn of a

transformer winding", Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Elektromekhanika (USSR), No. 9,
Sept. 1980, pp. 911-914. 3 refs. (In Russian) (1981-14117)

[1981] A. S. Zasypkin, "Power transformer equivalent time constant for calculating short-circuit
currents", Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Elektromekhanika (USSR), No. 11, Nov. 1981,
[1990] C. H. Griffin, “Development and application of fault-withstand standards for power

transformers”, IEEE Trans on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-104, No. 8, Aug. 1985, pp.
2177-2186, disc. pp. 2187-2188. 4 refs.
[2000] M. Darcherif, P. Magnier, and D. Scheurer, “Development of a magneto-thermo-

hydrodynamic model and design of a transformer, on load tap changer and bushing oil cable box,
explosion and fire prevention”, CIGRE Expo 2000, World Exhibition of High Voltage and very
High Voltage Electric Power Generation and Transmission, Paris, 28-31 Aug. 2000. 6 pp. 8 ref.
13. TRANSIENT HEAT TRANSFER IN OTHER EQUIPMENT
The results of investigations of transient heat transfer in other electrical equipment could be useful
for similar studies for transformers.
[1902-1903] F. W. Carter, "Some notes on heat runs", J. IEE, Vol. 32, 1902-1903, pp. 1104-1114. 1
ref.
[1905] R. Goldschmidt, "Temperature curves and the rating of electrical machinery", J. IEE, Vol.
34, 1905, pp. 660-691, disc. pp. 692-726. 1 refs. (1905-1112)
[1912] C. H. Lee, W. R. Tonnelier, and W. H. F. Murdoch, "Correspondence, heat tests of

dynamos", The Electrician (GB), Vol. LXVII (68), Jan. 26, 1912, pp. 641-642.
[1912] J. T. Morris, J. W. Elliott, and D. Lewes, "Heat tests of alternate-current transformers", The
Electrician (GB), Vol. 68, Jan. 26, 1912, pp. 638-641. Letter, Feb. 2, 1912, pp. 685. (1912-261)
[1913] P. Grice, "The heating and cooling of electrical machinery", J. IEE, Vol. 51, 1913, pp. 840-
851. 7 refs.
[1913] O. Szilas, "Graphical method of heating problems in electrical machinery", Elektrotechnik

und Maschinenbau (Austria), Vol. 31, Dec. 14, 1913, pp. 1065-1072; Dec. 21, 1913, pp. 1095-1099.
No refs. (In German) (1914-191)
[1915] T. Kopczynski, "The heating of conductors allowing for the change of resistance with
temperature", Elektrische Kraftbetiebe u. Bahnen (Germany), Vol. 13, Feb. 14, 1915, pp. 49-51.
(1915-650)
[1923] P. Girault, "The heating of a portion of an electrical machine subjected to constant iron
losses and to copper losses", Revue Generale De L'Electricite (France), Vol. 14, July 28, 1923, pp.
115-123; Aug 4, 1923, pp. 147-153. (In French) (1923-1389)
[1924] J. Hak, "Graphical method for solving heating problems", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift
(Germany), Vol. 45, March 20, 1924, pp. 235-238, 2 refs. (In German) 2 refs. (1924-787)
[1924] Hughes, E., "The rise and distribution of temperature in small electrical machines", J. IEE,
Vol. 62, 1924, pp. 628-648. 7 refs.

[1924] M. L. Keller, 'Bases for the solution of practical heating problems in electrotechnics", Archiv
fur Elektrotechnik (Germany), Vol. 13, July 31, 1924, pp. 292-310. 37 refs. (In German) (1924-
1552)
[1924] F. Ratkovsky, "The heating of electrical machinery", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift

(Germany), Vol. 45, May 22, 1924, pp. 527-528. 5 refs. (In German) (1924-1434)
[1926] V. Karapetoff, "Parameters of heating curves of electrical machinery", AIEE Trans., Vol.
45, Feb. 1926, pp. 349-351, Disc. pp. 352-354, 681-683. 7 refs.
[1926] A. E. Kennelly, "Temperature rise of machines", AIEE J., May 1926, pp. 438-445. (Report
presented to the International Electrical Convention, USA, April 1926). (1926-992)
[1927] J. Basta and F. Fabinger, "Heating of windings determined from tests of short duration",
AIEE J., Vol. 46, Dec. 1927, pp. 1399-1403. 3 refs. (1928-439)
[1927] H. Ott, "Exponential heating formula", Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau (Austria), Vol 45,
April 17, 1927, pp. 317-319. 3 refs. (In German) (1927-1315)
[1928] R. Kuchler, "Theory of heating and cooling curves", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift

(Germany), Vol. 49, Aug. 2, 1928, pp. 1141-1144. No refs. (In German) (1928-1853)
[1929] W. Diesendorf, “Simplified formulae for temperature rise with intermittent loads”,
Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau (Austria) , Vol. 47, May 26, 1929, pp. 438-442. (In German)
(1929-1638)
[1930] E. Hughes, "Determination of the final temperature-rise of electrical machines from heating
tests of short duration", J. IEE, Vol. 68, 1930, pp. 932-941. 7 refs. (1930-1941)
[1930] Y. Ikeda and K. Yoneta, "Temperature rise of a conductor due to current", Memoirs of the
Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido Imperial University, Sapporo, Japan, Vol. 2, Dec. 1930, pp. 107-
145. (math. analysis, transients) (1931-816)
[1930] H. Jehle, "Temperature-rise in electrical machinery", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift

(Germany), Vol. 51, Aug. 14, 1930, pp. 1166-1170. 1 ref. (In German) (1930-2452)
[1930] H. Mic, "Derivation of a general heating curve and its application", Elektrotechnik und
Maschinenbau (Austria), Vol. 48, April 27, 1930, pp. 389-391. (in German) no refs. (1930-1773)
[1930] H. Osborne, "Heating time constants", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift (Germany), Vol. 51 No.
25, June 19, 1930, pp. 902-904. 2 refs. (In German) (1930-2119)
[1930] W. Zorn, "Theory of intermittent loading", Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau (Austria), Vol.
48, Sept. 14, 1930, pp. 837-840. 2 refs. (In German) (1931-267)
[1931] P. Bunet, "Overheating of electrical apparatus and its rapid measurement", Bulletin de la
Societe Francaise des Electriciens (France) , Vol. 1, Sept. 1931, pp. 971-977. (In French) (1932-
51)
[1931] W. E. French, "Short duration temperature testing of electrical machines", J. IEE, Vol. 69,
1931, pp. 867-874. 3 refs. (1931-2306)
[1931] H. Vollhardt, "Temperature control of conductor loading", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift
(Germany), Vol. 52, Jan. 8, 1931, pp. 37-40. 7 refs. (In German) (1931-819)

[1932] P. Girault, "Heating due to constant iron and copper losses in an electrical machine", Revue
Generale De L'Electricite (France), Vol. 32, Aug. 6, 1932, pp. 171-175. (In French) (1932-2843)
[1932] R. Stix, "Thermal time-constants for the windings of electrical machines", Wissenschaftliche
Veroffentlichungen aus den Siemens-Konzerns (Germany), Vol. 11.1, 1932, pp. 24-59. (1932-2519)
[1933] W. Zorn, "Heating problems", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift (Germany), Vol. 54, Feb. 2,
1933, pp. 104-106. 14 refs. (In German) (1933-1165)
[1934] D. G. Sandeman, "Temperature curves", Electrical Review (GB), Vol. 115, Dec. 28, 1934, p.
896. (1935-560)
[1935] K. Hoerner, "Power-time curve in heating investigations", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift

(Germany), Vol. 56, Nov. 21, 1935, p. 1270. 2 refs. (In German) (1936-149)
[1935] R. Jaques, "Heating curve of electrical machines", Association Suisse des Electriciens
Bulletin (Switzerland), Vol. 26, April 26, 1935, pp. 217-227. (1935-1423)
[1935] A. B. Newman and L. Green, "Heat data on electrically-heated slab", Trans. of the American
Electrochemical Society, Vol. 66, 1935, pp. 345-348, disc. p. 358. (1935-1326)
[1935] M. D. Ross, "Time-temperature test to determine machine losses", Electrical Engineering

(USA), Vol. 54, May 1935, pp. 512-515. 2 refs. (1935-1668)
[1936] J. E. MacFarlane, "Heating curves of motors", The Electrical Review (London), Vol. 119,
Dec. 11, 1936, p. 812. no refs. (1937-476)
[1937] H. Kother, "Graphical determination of heating of electrical machines", Elektrotechnische

Zeitschrift (Germany), Vol. 58, June 10, 1937, pp. 632-635. 11 refs. (In German) (1937-1997)
[1937] A. F. Puchstein, T. C. Lloyd, "Predicting heat rise on electrical machinery", Product

Engineering (USA), Vol. 8, No. 8, August 1937, pp. 305-306. no refs.
[1938] G. F. Freeman, "Temperature maxima in intermittent heating cycles", Engineering (GB),

Vol. 145, April 8, 1938, pp. 377-378. No refs. (1938-1436)
[1941] R. E. Hellmund, "Classification and co-ordination of short time and intermittent ratings and
applications", AIEE Trans., Vol. 60, July 1941, pp. 792-798, disc. pp. 1323-1325. 10 refs.
[1941] F. Jeffrey and R. M. Osborn, "Interpretation of time-temperature curves of rotating
machinery", Allis Chalmers Electrical Review (USA), Vol. 6, No. 2, June 1941, pp. 20-29. 60 refs.
[1949] J. E. Ryan, "Prediction of ultimate temperature rise from early heat run data", AIEE Trans.,
Vol.68, 1949, pp. 1164-1166. 6 refs.
[1951] "Discussion of electrical measurements by thermal effects", Proc. IEE, Vol. 98, Pt. II, Power
Engineering, 1951, pp. 422-424.
[1959] D. G. Gardner, J. C. Gardner, G. Laush, and W. W. Meinke, “Method for the analysis of
multi-component exponential decay curves.” J. Chem. Phys., Vol. 31, No. 4, 1959, pp. 978-986.
[1964] J. A. Curtis, "Predicting the final steady state of the system", In "Your Turn", Product
Engineering (USA), Vol. 35, No. 22, Oct. 26, 1964, pp. 171-172. No refs.

[1972] J. A. F. Cornick, and M. J. Ramsbottom, "Instantaneous temperature rise in thyristers under
invertor and chopper operating conditions", Proc. IEE, Vol. 119, No. 8, Aug. 1972, pp. 1141-1148.
3 refs.
[1974] D. R. Boothman and E. C. Elgar, "Thermal tracking - a rational approach to motor

protection", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. 93, No. 5, 1974 pp. 1335-1343,
disc. pp. 1343-1344. 8 refs.
[1976] H. R. Reimann, "Computing temperature losses", Machine Design (USA), Vol. 48, No. 25,
Nov. 11, 1976, pp. 153-154. no refs.
[1980] S. Pintz, and J. Pospisil, "Equivalent loss energy methods of temperature testing
synchronous machinery", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-99, No.4,
July/Aug. 1980, pp. 1691-1698. 3 refs.
[1987] P. Bustamante, "New technique approximates temperature rise", Machine Design (USA),
Vol. 59, No. 6, March 26, 1987, p. 127, 1 ref.
[1991] G. L. Skibinski, W. A. Sethares, "Thermal parameter estimation using recursive
identification", IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, Vol. 6, No. 2, April 1991, pp. 228-239. 18 refs.
[1993] I. Tosun and I. Aksahin, "Predicting heating and cooling times accurately", Chemical
Engineering (USA), Vol. 100, No. 11, Nov. 1993, pp. 183-184. 1 ref.
14. TRANSINT HEAT TRANSFER IN OIL-FILLED TRANSFORMERS
[1909] E. G. Reed, "Distribution transformers as of interest to central stations", The Electric Journal
(Pittsburgh, USA), Vol. 6, July 1909, pp. 406-420. No refs. (1909-1051)
[1912] J. T. Morris, J. W. Elliott, and D. Lewis, "Heat tests of alternate-current transformers", The
Electrician (GB), Vol. LXVII (68), Jan. 26, 1912, pp. 638-641. no refs.
[1915] J. Klein, "Temperature-rise of oil cooled transformers", Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau

(Austria), Vol. 33, May 2, 1915, pp. 217-219. No refs. (In German) (1915-807)
[1917] V. M. Montsinger, "Cooling of transformer windings after shutdown", AIEE Trans., Vol. 36,
1917, pp. 711-730, disc. pp. 731-734. 4 refs. (1917-453)
[1919] V. M. Montsinger, “Cooling of transformer windings after shutdown”, General Electric
Review (USA), Vol. 22, Dec. 1919, pp. 1056-1065. 1 ref. (1920-296)
[1919] "Method of determining proper loading of distribution transformers", Electrical Review

(Chicago), Vol. 74, April 5, 1919, pp. 562-563. No refs. (1919-617)
[1922] L. L. Elden, "Operating distribution transformers on a temperature basis", Electrical World

(USA), Vol. 79, April 1, 1922, pp. 627-630. no refs. (1922-712)
[1923] N. L. Dolph, "Loading transformers on a heat basis", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 82, Dec.
15, 1923, pp. 1209-1212. No refs. (1924-508)
[1924] F. Sieber, "Overloads for oil-cooled transformers", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift (Germany),
Vol. 45, July 12, 1924, pp. 769-771. 2 refs. (In German) (1924-1434)

[1925] W. H. Cooney, "Predetermination of self cooled oil immersed transformer temperatures
before conditions are constant", AIEE Trans., Vol. 44, 1925, pp. 611-618, (See also correspondence
by T. Rosskopf, J. AIEE, Vol. 45, 1926, pp. 669-670. 2 refs. (1926-395)
[1925] A. E. Kennelly, "The thermal time constants of dynamo-electric machines", AIEE Trans.,
Vol. 44, Feb. 1925, pp. 137-147, disc. pp. 147-154. (Montsinger discusses transformers) (1925-
857)
[1925] E. G. Reed and W. A. Sumner, "Loading transformers on a temperature basis", The Electric
Journal (Pittsburgh, USA), Vol. 22, Nov. 1925, pp. 551-553. No refs. (1926-268)
[1926] A. E. Kennelly, "Can the thermal capacity of electric machines be made a simple and
practical element of rating", AIEE Trans., Vol. 45, 1926, pp. 1290-1298, disc. pp. 1298-1300. 23
refs.
[1926] T. Rosskopf, "Correspondence on predetermination of self cooled, oil immersed transformer

temperatures before conditions are constant by Cooney", J. AIEE, Vol. 45, July, 1926, pp. 669-670.
No refs. (1926-1618)
[1926] M. Vidmar, "Dimensions of lighting transformers", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift (Germany),

Vol. 47, Dec. 23, 1926, pp. 1505-1508. 1 ref. (In German) (Time constants of air cooled and oil
cooled transforers.) (1927-719)
[1927] D. H. Wills, "Heating time constants: their variation in forced cooled machinery", World
Power (GB), Vol. 8, July 1927, pp. 25-28. 2 refs. (1927-1636)
[1928] M. Lapine, "Temperature-rise in transformers", Revue Generale De L'Electricite (France),

Vol. 23, April 7, 1928, pp. 621-625. (In French) (1928-974)
[1928] E. T. Norris, "The thermal rating of transformers", J. IEE, Vol. 66, Aug. 1928, pp. 841-854,
disc. Vol. 67, 1929, pp. 211-212. 17 refs. (1929-127)
[1929] E. T. Norris, "Safe loading of oil immersed transformers", AIEE Trans., Vol. 48, No. 4, Oct.
1929, pp. 1206-1212, disc. pp. 1212-1216. 2 refs. (1929-2184)
[1930] T. A. Long, "The loading of transformers on a thermal basis, with special reference to
temperature indicators", J. IEE, Vol. 68, Nov. 1930, pp. 1516-1518. (1931-508)
[1930] V. M. Montsinger, "Loading transformers by temperature", AIEE Trans., Vol. 49, April
1930, pp. 776-790, disc. pp. 790-792. 5 refs. (1930-1783)
[1930] H. Salazin, "Overloading of transformers", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift (Germany), Vol. 51,

Sept. 18, 1930, pp. 1317-1322. 5 refs. (In German) (1931-271)
[1932] A. Finzi, "Overloading of oil-cooled transformers", Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau

(Austria), Vol 50, Nov. 13, 1932, pp. 629-633. 4 refs. (In German) (1933-727)
[1932] A. Hopp, "Overload capacity and heating of self-cooled oil-immersed transformers",

Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau (Austria), Vol. 50, July 10, 1932, pp. 389-393. No refs. (In
German) (1932-2553)
[1932] A. Stoecklin, "Cooling and protection of transformers", Association Suisse des Electriciens
Bulletin (Switzerland), Vol. 23, June 24, 1932, pp. 331-332. (Overload capacity of oil trans. and size
of air ducts for air cooled trans.) (1932-2311)

[1933] G. Bach, Heating of a system of n bodies", Archiv fur Elektrotechnik (Germany), Vol. 27,
Nov. 3, 1933, pp. 749-760. 5 refs. (In German) (1934-361)
[1934] P. Brindeau, "Heating of transformers on variable load", Revue Generale De L'Electricite

(France), Vol. 35, April 14, 1934, pp. 493-496. No Refs. (In French) (1934-1366)
[1934] F. Dantscher, "Nomographic determination of temperature rise of self-cooled transformers",

Siemens Zeitschrift (Germany), Vol. 14, April 1934, pp. 136-142. No refs. (In German) (1934-1367)
[1934] V. M. Montsinger, and W. M. Dann, "Overloading of power transformers", Electrical

Engineering, AIEE Trans., Vol. 53, Oct. 1934, pp. 1353-1355, disc. Vol.54, July 1935, pp.
771-774. no refs. (1934-2882)
[1934] L. C. Nichols, "Effect of overloads on transformer life", Electrical Engineering, AIEE Trans.,
Vol. 53, Dec. 1934, pp. 1616-1621, disc. Vol. 54, July 1935, pp. 774-779. (1935-382)
[1935] "Heating of transformers loaded through earthing coils", Association Suisse des Electriciens
Bulletin (Switzerland), Vol. 26, Sept. 13, 1935, pp. 540-543. (1935-2659)
[1936] E. A. Church, "Operation of oil-insulated transformers on a temperature basis", Edison

Electric Institute Bulletin (USA), Vol. 4, No. 12, Dec. 1936, pp. 501-509. 7 refs.
[1936] W. Wilson, "Overload periods for electrical equipment", World Power, Vol. 25, Jan. 1936,
pp. 8-11, Feb. 1936, pp. 84-89, March 1936, pp. 138-142. (1936-1349)
[1937] "Engineering fundamentals - hot spot temperature of transformers", Allis-Chalmers

Electrical Review (USA), Vol. 2, No. 2, June 1937, p. 13. no refs.
[1937] P. Waldvogen, "Periodic variation of temperature in electric machines", Revue Generale De

L'Electricite (France), Vol. 41, Feb. 13, 1937, pp. 195-199. No refs. (In French) (1937-1000)
[1938] R. C. Henniker, "Factors affecting the overload capacity of oil immersed naturally cooled
transformers", The Electrical Times (London), Vol. 94, July 7, 1938, pp. 6-8. (1938-2717)
[1938] V. M. Montsinger, "Temperature limits for short time overloads for oil insulated neutral
grounding reactors and transformers", AIEE Trans., Vol. 57, 1938, pp. 39-44, disc p. 286. 3 refs.
[1939] R. Marceau, "Nomograms for the predetermination of transformer heating", Revue Generale
De L'Electricite (France) , Vol. 46, July 8, 1939, pp. 21-26. (In French) (1939-2102)
[1939] W. Petrzelka, "Overload capacity of self-cooled oil transformers", Elektrotechnik und

Maschinenbau (Austria) , Vol. 57, May 26, 1939, pp. 281-285. (In German) (1939-1919)
[1939] W. C. Sealey, "A simple method of calculating the temperature rise of transformers under
variable load", Allis Chalmers Electrical Review (USA), Vol. 4, No. 4, Dec. 1939, pp. 11-15. no
refs.
[1939] A. Schwaiger, "Heating and protection of forced cooled windings", Elektrotechnik und
Maschinenbau (Austria) , Vol. 56, Sept. 9, 1938. pp. 473-477. (1938-3500)
[1939] H. P. Seelye and N. A. Pope, "Maximum allowable loading on distribution transformers",

Edison Electric Institute Bulletin (USA), Vol. 7, Oct. 1939, pp. 491-496. no refs.

[1940] W. Knaac, "Heating of self-cooled transformers under regularly fluctuating load",
Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau (Austria) , Vol. 58, Feb. 16, 1940, pp. 69-77. (In German)
(1941-544)
[1940] V. M. Montsinger, "Effect of load factor on operation of power transformers by

temperature", AIEE Trans., Vol. 59, Nov. 1940, pp. 632-636, disc. pp. 1224-1226. 13 refs. (1941-
1542)
[1941] H. S. Holbrook, "Production temperature rise tests on transformers", J. IEE, Vol. 88, Part II,
No. 3, June 1941, pp. 245-249, disc. Vol. 88 Pt. II, 1941, pp. 590-592. (Abstract in Vol. 88 Pt. I,
1941, pp. 307-308) (1941-1038)
[1942] R. O. Loomis, "Safe transformer overloads readily calculable", Electrical World (USA), Vol.
117, April 18, 1942, pp. 50-52. (1943-1219)
[1942] V. M. Montsinger, and P. M. Ketchum, "Emergency overloading of air cooled oil immersed
power transformers by hot spot temperature", AIEE Trans. Supplemental Issue, Vol. 61, Dec. 1942,
pp. 906-916, disc pp. 993-995. 11 refs. (1944-48)
[1942] V. Sia, "Power transformer loading", page 149-150 of "Some problems encountered on a
distribution system with special reference to Shanghai", J. IEE, Vol 89, 1942, Pt. II, pp. 143-152. no
refs.
[1942] F. J. Vogel, and P. Narbutvskik, "Hot spot winding temperatures in self cooled oil insulated
transformers", AIEE Trans., Vol. 61, March 1942, pp. 133-136, disc pp. 418-422. 4 refs.
(Discussion was by L. Wetherill, the first person to report that the winding duct oil temperature
exceeds the tank oil temperature during high short time overloading. Tests showed duct oil
temperature to be 10 degrees C hotter than tank oil tenoeratyre. Wetherill’s observation was
ignored and forgotten. The effect was rediscovered in modern times.) (1942-1050)
[1943] R. C. Cheek, "Quick determination of safe transformer overloads", Westinghouse Engineer

(USA), Vol. 3, No. 1, Feb. 1943, pp. 11-15, 27,39. 4 refs. (1943-20261)
[1943] L. W. Clark, "Substation transformer emergency overloading practice", AIEE Trans., Vol.
62, March 1943, pp. 126-132, disc, p. 453-454. 10 refs. (1943-1823)
[1943] W. Knaack, "Representation of transformer heating by equivalent electric circuits",

Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau (Austria), Vol. 61, Sept. 3, 1943, pp. 416-424. 3 refs. (In
German) (1948-1106)
[1943] W. C. Sealey, "Cold day - overload transformers", Allis Chalmers Electrical Review, Vol. 8,
No. 3, Sept. 1943, pp. 26-27. 1 ref.
[1943] W. C. Sealey, "Equivalent ambient temperatures for loading transformers", AIEE Trans.,
Vol. 62, Feb. 1943, pp. 87-93, disc. pp. 449-451. 8 refs. (1943-1683)
[1944] H. B. Hansen, "It’s simple to overload transformers safely if you know how", Allis-Chalmers
Electrical Review, Vol. 9, No. 1, March 1944, pp. 24-29. no ref.
[1944] H. B. Keath and W. L. J. F. Godin, "Chart for determining maximum overload of a

transformer for a definite length of time", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 121, No. 12, March 18,
1944, pp. 116. 1 ref.

[1944] H. B. Keath and W. L. J. F. Godin, "Chart for determining the maximum length of time a
given transformer overload may be carried", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 121, No. 16, April 15,
1944, pp. 118. 1 ref.
[1944] H. B. Keath and W. L. J. F. Godin, "Chart gives final continuous oil rise in a transformer",
Electrical World (USA), Vol. 121, No. 20, May 13, 1944. p. 122, 1 ref.
[1944] H. B. Keath and W. L. J. F. Godin, "Chart for obtaining oil rise in transformer for short-time
overloads", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 121, June 10, 1944, p. 120. 3 refs. (1944-1807)
[1944] W. C. Sealey, and J. B. Hodtum, "Overloading transformers - cases not covered by the
general rules", AIEE Trans., Vol. 63, 1944, pp. 149-153, disc. pp. 443-444. (Also Power (USA),
Vol. 88, March 1944, pp. 101,102,104). 24 refs. (1944-1806)
[1944] E. W. Tipton, "Temperatures produced by overloading oil-immersed transformers",

Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol. 63, Sept. 1944. pp. 335-337. 1 ref. (1945-675)
[1945] AIEE Transformer Subcommittee, "Guides for operation of transformers, regulators, and
reactors", AIEE Trans., Vol. 64, Nov. 1945, pp. 797-805, disc. pp. 957-958. 1 ref. (1946-530)
[1945] A. L. Morris, "Charts for transformer overloads", The Electrical Times (London), Vol. 107,
Jan. 4, 1945, pp. 4-5. (1945-1072)
[1947] P. Narbutovskih, "Simplified graphical method of computing thermal transients", AIEE

Trans., Vol. 66, 1947, pp. 78-81, disc. 82-83. 10 refs.
[1948] E. M. Leonard, "Calculating transformer rise for various loads", Allis Chalmers Electrical
Review (USA) Vol. 13, No. 1, First Quarter 1948, pp. 16-19. No refs.
[1948] P. Narbutovski, "Transformer temperatures graphically", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 129,
No. 1, Jan. 3, 1948, pp. 40-42. 2 refs.
[1949] C. de Kuijper, "Calculating the temperature rise of naturally cooled transformers", Smit
Mededelingen (Netherlands) , Vol. 4, April-June 1949, pp. 31-41. (In Dutch) (1949-3532)
[1949] M. R. Dickson, "The calculation of transformer thermal data from readings taken in service",
Rep. Brit. Elect. Ass. Ref. Q/T 115, 1949. 21 pp. (1952-3596)
[1950] M. F. Beavers, "Determination of effective oil temperature in a transformer", AIEE Trans.,
Vol. 69, Pt. II, 1950, pp. 703-708, disc. pp. 708-710. 7 refs. (1951-2534 & 1950-3658).
[ 1950] M. F. Beavers, “Determination of oil temperature in transformers”, Electrical Engineering

(USA), Vol. 69, No. 7, July 1950, p. 611. 1 ref
[1950] H. Demoulin and L. Marique, "A review of the general equations governing the thermal
behavior of transformers", Ateliers de Constructions Electriques de Charleroi (London) (No. 1),
1950, pp. 2-13. (In French) (1950-2090)
[1950] Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Electrical Transmission and Distribution Reference

Book, 4th Ed. 1950. "Power transformers and reactors", Chapter 5, pp. 96-144; "Transformer
temperature time curves", Chapter 7, pp. 109-112; "Guides for loading oil-immersed power
transformers", Chapter 8, pp. 112-115. 14 refs.
[1951] A. L. Hough, "Operating problems of forced air cooled transformers", AIEE Trans., Vol. 70,
Pt II, 1951, pp. 1408-1412, disc. pp. 1412-1413. 6 refs. (1952-78 & 1952-3084)
[1951] P. Letrilliart and J. Delastre, "Intermittent loading of continuously-rated transformers",
Bulletin de la Societe Francaise des Electriciens (Ser. 7) , Vol. 1, June 1951, pp. 279-290. (In
French) (1951-3645)
[1952] H. B. Chevalier, "Thermal problems of transformers - report published in the name of the
international study committee no. 12", CIGRE, 14th Session, 1952, Vol. II, Paper 108, 48 pp. 7 refs.
[1953] G. H. Halsey, "Step by step calculation of transformer hot spot temperature from daily load
curves", AIEE Fall General Meeting, Kansas City, MO., USA, Nov. 5, 1953, Conference Paper, no
number. 18 pp. 5 refs.
[1955] J. Dzikowski, "Load carrying capacity of traction transformers feeding rectifiers", Przeglad
Elektrotechniczny (Poland) , Vol. 31, No. 2-3, 1955, pp. 141-152. (In Polish) (1955-4056)
[1955] L. Zinke, "Permissible star-point loading of three phase auto-transformers",

No. 4, Feb. 11, 1955, pp. 159-164. (In German) (1955-2685)
[1956] M. Schneider, "The thermal overload and fault protection of oil-immersed transformers",
Elektrische Bahnen, Vol. 27 No. 2, Feb. 1956, pp. 39-53. No refs. (In German) (1956-2549)
[1958] S. Bennon, "Thermal analysis of transformer load cycles", AIEE Trans., Vol.77 Pt. III,
Power Apparatus and Systems, No. 35, April 1958, pp. 21-25. 3 refs. (1958-3939)
[1960] K. L. Morphew, "Electro-thermal problems", British Power Engineering (GB), Vol. 1, No.
3, Aug. 1960, pp. 33-36. 15 refs. (1990-7147)
[1960] W. C. Sealey, "Overloading transformers", Allis Chalmers Electrical Review (USA), Vol.
25, No.3, Third Quarter 1960, pp. 32-34. no ref.
[1961] E. Skowron'ski, "Calculation of temperature-time characteristic of oil-filled transformers",

Przeglad Elektrotechniczny (Poland) , Vol. 37, No. 12, Dec. 1961, pp. 503-506. (In Polish) (1962-
8701)
[1962] J. Baudoux, J. Verbesselt, and A. Fremineur, "Study of the thermal condition of electrical
machines by analogous models - applications to cables and transformers", CIGRE, 1962, Vol. II,
paper 126, 36 pp. 19 refs. (1962-7460)
[1962] R. Langlos-Berthelot, "Factors affecting the thermal performance of oil immersed
transformers, paper presented on behalf of CIGRE international study committee on transformers
(no. 12)", CIGRE, 1962, Vol. II, Paper 135, 22 pp. 9 refs.
[1962] H. Reber, "The (time) constant and overload behavior of oil filled transformers", AIEE
Trans., Vol. 81 part III, Power Apparatus and Systems, No. 61, Aug. 1962. pp. 235-241, disc. pp.
241-242. 6 refs. (1963-173)
[1962] J. Verbesselt, "The determination by analogue calculation of the maximum exploitable

power of a transformer as a function of load diagram and ambient temperature", Revue E.
(Belgium), Vol. 3, No. 10, 1962, pp. 411-418. (In French) (1963-1494)
[1963] J. Basta, "Determination of the temperature increase of windings of transformers from short
term cooling", Elektrotechnicky Obzor (Czechoslovakia) , Vol. 52, No. 12, 1963, pp. 633-636. (In
Czech) (1964-6914)

[1963] P. G. Grodinskii, "On the load capacity diagram of transformers", Elektricheskie Stantsii
(USSR) , No. 3, March 1963, pp. 66-69. (In Russian) (1963-6746)
[1963] W. Hendrichs, "A new method for the protection of oil-cooled transformers", Elektrische
Bahnen (Germany), Vol. 34 No. 8, Aug. 1963 pp. 182-188, and No. 9, Sept. 1963, pp. 194-203. 5
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[1963] G. Vjhazy, "The overload capacity of three winding transformers", Elektrotechnika

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1053-1054. 10 refs. (1963-6760)
[1963] L. C. Whitman, "Change of time constant with transformer load", Trans. AIEE, Vol. 81, Part
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[1966] P. H. G. Allen, and A. H. Finn, "Transient convective cooling - how accurate for design
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[1967] L. C. Whitman, "Transient temperature cooling of transformers: I - Derivation and

evaluation of equations", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-86, No. 11,
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and numerical solutions to typical cases", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol.
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[1970] G. Weigel, "Calculation of transformer heating under load varying with time", Elektrische
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pp. 11 refs.

[1972] J. M. Tarpley, "Tests reveal hazardous case temperatures", Electrical World (USA), Vol.
178, Nov. 15, 1972, pp. 49-50. no refs.
[1973] A. Dratua and E. Dvoracek, "Determination of the mean power-transformation winding

temperature", Energetika (Czechoslovakia), Vol. 23, No. 8, Aug. 1973, pp. 341-342. 6 refs. (In
Czech) (1973-37463)
[1973] Y. A. Fokin, "Determining the design load of load center step-down transformers from
characteristics of the stochastic process of load variation", Electric Technology USSR (GB), Vol. 3,
March 1973, pp. 39-46. 3 refs. English translation of Electrichestvo (USSR), No. 8, 1972, pp. 29-32,
(In Russian). (1973-22495)
[1973] J. Kopecek, "Contribution to the ascertainment of the additional losses in a transformer

winding according to measurement by the Pohl method", Elektrotechnicky Obzor
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[1973] J. Kopecek, "Mathematical solution of the transient thermal phenomena in an oil
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[1973] G. G. Markverdt and E. V. Ter-oganov, "Determining the transformer capacity required for a
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[1974] L. Kiss, "Temperature rise of transformers under loads varying in time", Elektrotechnika
(Hungary), Vol. 67, No. 7-9, July-Sept. 1974, pp. 241-246. 1 ref. (in Hungarian) (1975-7506)
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transformers", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift. Ausgabe A: Zentralblatt fur Electortechnik (Germany),
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[1975] V. V. Ovcharov, "Heating of transformer windings during overloads", Soviet Electrical

Engineering (USA), Vol. 46 No. 4, 1975, pp. 98-100. 5 refs. English translation of Elektrotekhnika
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[1976] V. Kahoun, "On heating transformer winding during overloading", Elektrotechnicky Obzor
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[1976] L. Kiss, "Quasi-stationary warming of three winding transformers", Elektrotechnika

(Hungary), Vol. 69, No. 7, July 1976, pp. 241-254. 4 refs. (In Hungarian) (1977-8296)
[1977] J. Gerth, "Loading capacity and working life time of oil immersed transformers",
Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift Ausgabe A: Zentralblatt fur Electrotechnik (Germany), Vol. 98 No. 3,
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[1977] M. L. Landa and I. I. Chernaya, "Permissible systematic overloads of transformers in rural
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[1979] R. Lawrenz, "On the simplified calculation of over temperatures and relative life dissipation
of transformers with alternating loading", Elektrie (Germany), Vol. 33 No. 11, 1979, pp. 605-607. 6
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power transformers", Promyshlennaya Energetika (USSR), No. 2, Feb. 1980, pp. 39-43. 6 refs. (In
Russian) (1980-32949)
[1981] A. S. Borchev, "Analysis of characteristics of random heat process in transformer windings",

Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Elektromekhanika (USSR), No. 2, Feb. 1981, pp. 203-
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[1981] L. Imre, A. Bitai, and P. Csenyi, "Thermal transient analysis of OFAF transformers by
numerical methods", Proc. 2nd. International Conference on Numerical Methods in Thermal
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[1981] J. Rachwalski and I. Pinkiewicz, "Determination of permissible operating time of large

power transformers after the disconnection of forced-cooling installation”, Energetyka (Poland),
Vol. 35, No. 9-10, Sept.-Oct. 1981, pp. 333-337. 3 refs. (In Polish) (1982-7892)
[1982] M. Duval and J. Aubin, "Oil additives for the evaluation of hot spot temperature during
overload tests", IEEE Trans. on Electrical Insulation, Vol. EI-17, No. 5, Oct. 1982, pp. 414-422. 18
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[1982] General Electric Co., "Overload tests on full size power transformers", Section 4 of "Basic
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[1982] B. F. Hampton, "The measurement of transformer winding temperature", CIGRE, 1982,

Paper 12-02, 6 pp. 8 refs. (Also hot spot measurement.)
[1982] L. Imre, A. Bitai, and P. Csenyi, "Transient thermal analysis of large oil transformers",
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[1982] D. R. Penn, and D. J. Melvold, "Thermodynamic response of hv converter transformers
under controlled loading", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-101, No. 5,
May 1982, pp. 1081-1086, disc. p. 1087. 4 refs. (also solar heating)
[1982] A. Pytlak, "Time-constant of the temperature-rise of a converter intended to operate in a DC

driving system", Prace Instytutu Elektrotechniki (Poland), Vol. 30, No. 121, 1982, pp. 61-83. 15
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[1983] G. L. Alegi, "Theoretical thermal model for an oil-immersed forced-air cooled transformer",
M. S. Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, March, 1983, 152 pp. 24 ref.
[1983] Y. I. Boryu, "Static characteristics of generalized power-transformer load", Soviet Electrical

Engineering (USA), Vol. 54, No. 4, 1983, pp. 7-13. 2 refs. English Translation of Elektrotekhnika
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[1983] G. Cannistra, "Finite element analysis of transformer thermal transients", Tecnica Italiana
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[1984] A. Godezz, "A new method for determination of steady-state temperature rise of
transformers", IEE Proc. Pt. A, Vol. 131, No. 5, July 1984, pp. 307-311. 8 refs.
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[1984] W. Lampe, L. Pettersson, C. Ovren, and B. Wahlstrom, "Hot-spot measurements in power
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[1984] J. F. Lindsay, "Temperature rise of an oil filled transformer with varying load", IEEE Trans.
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[1985] D. H. Douglas, C. O. Lawrence, and J. B. Templeton, "Factory overload testing of large

power transformers", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-104, No. 9, Sept.
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[1985] Z. Godec, "A contribution to a more accurate determination of steady-state temperature rises
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[1985] C. S. Indulkar, "Gas-space pressure in sealed transformers", Journal of the Institution of

Engineers (India) Electrical Engineering Division, Vol. 65, Pt. EL5, April 1985, pp. 180-182. 1 ref.
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[1985] B. M. Weedy, "Some aspects of temperature rises in a natural cooled oil-filled three phase
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Pt. A, Vol. 134, No. 10, Dec. 1987, pp. 773-778, 12 refs.
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Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift (West Germany), Vol. 108 No. 21, Nov. 1987, pp. 1036, 1038-1039. 5
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[1988] J. Kondragunta, K. G. Wood, and H. L. Richter, "Increased utilization of overhead

transmission lines and substation equipment", Paper presented at Pacific Coast Electrical
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[1989] L. Barrios, Jr., M. E. Council, "A technique for establishing winter loading guidelines for
15,25, and 50 kva pole and pad mounted distribution transformers based on the direct measurement
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[1989] S. Marczonek, and M. Michalik, "Modelling of thermal phenomena in medium voltage

power transformers for digital overload protection purposes", Modelling, Simulation & Control A
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[1990] G. L. Alegi and W. Z. Black, "Real time thermal model for an oil immersed forced air
cooled transformer", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 5, No. 2, April 1990, pp. 991-997, disc.
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[1990] J. Aubin, R. Bergeron, and R. Morin, "Distribution transformer overloading capability under
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[1990] J. Aubin, "Thermal aspects of transformers: Presented in the name of study committee 12”,
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rated load and at overload", CIGRE, 1990, Vol. 1, paper 12-103, 7 pp. 9 refs.
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measurement in an operating transformer", CIGRE, 1990, Vol. 1, paper 12-106, 8 pp. 3 refs.
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phenomena in oil transformers using the method of equivalent thermal networks", Elektrotechnicky
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[1992] F. Cosaert, J. Goosens, C. Platteau, P. Leemans, G. Moulaert, "Dynamic analysis of thermal
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43, No. 3, March 1992, pp. 37-40. No refs. (In German) (1992-42946)
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[1992] R. Sobocki, "Numerical approximation of heat run test results of transformers by means of
double exponential and power functions", IEE Proc. C, Generation, Transmission, and Distribution,
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[1993] V. V. Gurin, "Statistical modeling of daily temperature fluctuations of power transformers",

Russian Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol. 64, No. 4, 1993, pp. 37-44. English translation of
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characteristic temperatures in power oil transformers during transient states", Archif fur
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[1994] I. R. Funnell, J. A. Lapworth, and E. A. Simonson, "Thermal rating of transformers", 7th

INSUCON, 1994 BEAMA International Electrical Insulation Conference, Brighton, UK, 23-26
May, 1994, pp. 278-282. 7 refs. (1995-83448)
[1994] T. T. Nguyen, "Non-iterative solution for transformer thermal response in cyclic loading
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[1994] T. T. Nguyen, "Developments in Computational methods for transformer cyclic loading
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[1994] L. W. Pierce "Predicting liquid filled transformer loading capability", IEEE Trans. on
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[1995] I. R. Funnell, J. A. Lapworth, and E. A. Simonson, "Aspects of Transformer thermal rating",
Proc. Sixty-Second Annual International Conference of Doble Clients, Boston, Mass., USA, March
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[1995] L. W. Pierce, "Improved equations for a more accurate hot-spot temperature prediction in
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[1995] M. V. Thaden, S. Mehta, S. C. Tuli, and R. L. Grubb, "Temperature rise tests on a forced-
oil-air cooled (FOA) (OFAF) core-form transformer, including loading beyond nameplate", IEEE
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[1996] H. Lobi, R. D. Rogler, and H. Scholz, "Current carrying capacity of the transformer in a
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[1997] O. M. Zodeh and R. J. Whearty, "Thermal characteristics of a meta-aramid and cellulose
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[1998] P. M. Brown, and J. P. White, "Determination of the maximum cycle rating of high-voltage
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[1998] S. Tojo, “Temperature rise simulation of individual transformer and the cooling effect by the
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Disc. Vol. 16, No. 4, Oct. 2001, pp.825-826
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developed magneto-thermo-hydrodynamic model results with measurements made on a 160 KVA
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distribution transformer dynamic thermal modeling", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 15, No.
1, Jan. 2000, pp. 178-185. 5 ref.
[2000] D. J. Tylavsky, Q. He, J. Si, G. A. McCulla, and J. R. Hunt, “Transformer top-oil
temperature modeling and simulation”, IEEE Trans. On Industry Applications, Vol. 36 No. 5,
Sept./Oct. 2000, pp. 1219-1225. 8 ref.
[2001] V. Galdi, L. Ippolito, A. Piccolo, and A. Vaccaro, “Parameter identification of power

transformers thermal model via genetic algorithms”, Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 60,
2001, pp. 107-113
[2001] N. T. Rafsback, “Short-time emergency overloading of power transformers”, Bachelor

Thesis, Power Transformer Company, ABB, Cassa, Finland, 2001.
[2001] G. Swift, T. S. Molinski, and W. Lehn, “A fundamental approach to thransformer thermal

modeling—Part I: Theory and equivalent circuit”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 16, No. 2,
April 2001, pp. 171-175. 15 ref.

[2001] G. Swift, T. S. Molinski, R. Bray, and R. Menzies, “A fundamental approach to transformer
thermal modeling—Part II: Field verification”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 16, No. 2,
April 2001, pp. 176-180. 5 refs.
[2001] S. Tojo, “Loading guide for individual transformer by winding temperature simulation”,
Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. Japan, Vol. 121-B, No. 1, Jan. 2001.
[2001] W. V. D. Veken, J. Declerecq, M. Baelmans, and S. V. Mileghem, “New perspectives to

overloading with accurate modeling of thermal transient in oil-immersed power transformers”,
Proc. IEEE PES, Transmission & Distribution Conf. & Expo, 2001, Vol. 1, pp. 147-152.
[2001] IEEE Recommended Practice For Performing Temperature Rise Tests on Oil-Immersed
Power Transformers at Loads Beyond Nameplate, IEEE C57.19-2001.
[2002] M. K. Pradhan, “Condition monitoring of power and generator transformers based on the
temperature of the hottest spot (HST)”, M. Sc. Eng. Thesis, Dept. of High Voltage Engineering,
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, Feb. 2002.
[2002] W. H. Tang, Q. H. Wu, and Z. J. Richardson, “Equivalent heat circuit based power
transformer thermal model”, Proc. IEE, Elect Power Applications, Vol. 149, No. 3, March 2002,
pp. 87-92.
[2003] M. F. Lachman, W. Walter, and A. Wilson, “Real-time dynamic loading and thermal
diagnostic of power transformers”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 18, No. 1, Jan. 2003, pp.
142-148. 19 refs.
[2003] H. Nordman and M. Lahtinen, “Thermal overload tests on a 400-MVA power transformer
with a special 2.5-p.u. short time loading capability”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 18, No.
1, Jan. 2003, pp. 107-112. 7 refs.
[2003] H. Nordman, N. Rafsback, and D. Susa, “Temperature responses to step changes in the load
current of power transformers”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 18, No. 4, Oct. 2003, pp.
1110-1117. 4 refs.
[2003] M. K. Pradhan and T. S. Ramu, “Prediction of hottest spot temperature (HST) in power and
station transformers”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 18, No. 4, Oct. 2003, pp. 1275-1283.
10 refs. (Also steady state analysis.)
[2003] Z. Radakovic and K. Feser, “A new method for the calculation of the hot-spot temperature in
power transformers with ONAN cooling”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 18, No. 4, Oct.
2003, pp. 1284-1292. 8 refs.
[2004] K. Eckholz, W. Knorr, and M. Schafer, “New developments in transformer cooling

calculations”, CIGRE Int. Conf. Large High Voltage Electric Systems, Aug. 29-Sept. 6, 2004, Paper
12-09.
[[2004] W. H. Tang, Q. H. Wu, and Z. J. Richardson, “A simplified transformer thermal model

based on thermal-electric analogy”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, vol. 19, No. 3, July 2004,
pp.1112-1119. 13 refs.
[2004] S. Tojo, “Loading guide for individual transformers with on-load tap-changer facility and the
comparison of calculation results with established loading guide and the consideration”, Trans. Inst.
Elect. Eng. Japan, Vol. 124-B, No. 9, Jan, 2004.

[2005] J. A. Jardini, J. l. P. Brittes, L. C. Magrini, M. A. Bini, and J. Ysuoka, “Power transformer
temperature evaluation for overloaded conditions”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 20, No. 1,
pp. 179-184. 4 refs.
[2005] X. Mao, “Transformer linear thermal modeling”, Ph.D Dissertation, Arizona State Univ.,
Tempe, AZ, 2005.
[2005] D. Susa, “Dynamic thermal modeling of power transformers,” Ph.D. Dissertation, Dept
Elect. Commun. Eng., Helsinki Univ. Technology, Espoo, Finland. Aug. 2005.
[2005] D. Susa, M. Lehtonen, and H. Nordman, “Dynamic thermal modeling of power

transformers”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 20, No. 1, Jan. 2005, pp. 197-204. 11 refs.
[2005] D. Susa, M. Lehtonen, and H. Nordman, “Dynamic thermal modeling of distribution

transformers”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 20, No. 3, July 2005, pp. 1919-1929. 16 refs.
[2005] D. Susa, J. Palola, M. Lehtonen, and M. Hyvarinen, “Temperature rises in an OFAF

transformer at OFAN cooling mode in service”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 20, No. 4,
Oct. 2005, pp. 2517-2525. 12 refs.
[2005] R. Vilaithong, S. Tenbohlen, and T. Stirl, “Improved top-oil temperature model for
unsteady-state conditions of power transformers”, Proc. 14th Int. Symp. High Voltage Eng., 2005.
[2006] X. Mao, D. J. Tylavsky, and G. A. McCulla, “Assessing the reliability of linear dynamic
transformer thermal modeling"” Proc. IEE, Generation, Transmission, Distribution, Vol. 153 No. 4,
July 2006, pp. 414-422.
[2006] D. Susa and M. Lehtonen, “Dynamic thermal modeling of power transformers: Further
development—Part I”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 21, No. 4, Oct. 2006, pp. 1961-1970.
42 refs.
[2006] D. Susa and M. Lehtonen, “Dynamic thermal modeling of power transformers: Further
development—Part II”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 21, No. 4, Oct. 2006, pp. 1971-1980.
42 refs.
[2006] S. Tojo, “Proposition of individual loading guide for power transformers’, IEEE Trans. On
Power Delivery, Vol. 21, No. 3, July 2006, pp. 1383-1389. 9 refs.
[2006] D. J. Tylavsky, X. Mao, and G. A. McCulla, “Transformer thermal modeling: Improving
reliability using data quality control”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 21, No. 3, July 2006,
pp. 1357-1366. 8 refs.
[2006] R. Vilaithong, S. Tenbohlen, and T. Stirl, “Investigation of different top-oil temperature

models for on-line monitoring system of power transformer”, IEEE Int. Conf. Condition Monitoring
and Diagnosis, Changwong, Korea, 2006.
[2006] G. N. Wu and L. J. Zhou, “Calculating temperature rise of traction transformer using thermal
circuit model”, Int.. Conf. Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis, Changwon, Korea, 2006, pp. 913-
917.
[2007] L. J. Zhou, G. N. Wu, F. F. Yu, and Z. H. Zhang, “Thermal overshoot analysis for hot-spot
temperature rise of transformer’, IEEE Trans. On Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Vol. 14, No.
5, Oct. 2007, pp. 1316-1322. 14 refs.

[2008] O. A. Amoda, D. J. Tylavsky, G. A. McCulla, and W. A. Knuth, “A new model for
predicting hottest-spot temperatures in transformers”, Proc. 40th North American Power Symp.,
2008, pp. 1-8.
[2008] I. Jauregui-Rivera and D. J. Tylavsky, “Acceptability of four transformer top-oil thermal

models: Pt. 1: Defining metrics”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 23, No. 2, April 2008, pp.
860-865.
[2008] I. Jauregui-Rivera and D. J. Tylavsky, “Acceptability of four transformer top-oil thermal

models: Part II: Comparing metrics”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 23, No. 2, April 2008,
pp.866-872.
[2009] O. A. Amoda, D. J. Tylavsky, G. A. McCulla, and W. A. Knuth, “Sensitivity of estimated

parameters in transformer thermal modeling”, Proc. 41st North Amer. Power Symp. Conf., 2009, pp.
1-6.
[2009] F. Ilie, C. A. Baluccea, and M. C. Popescu, “Simulation of oil-filled transformer loss-of-life

models”, Proc. Of the Applied Computing Conference, WSEAS Press, Vouliagment Beach, Greece,
Sept. 2009, pp. 195-202.
[2009] N. Mastorakis, C. A. Buluccea, and G. Manolea, M. C. Popescu, and L. Perescu,

“Electromagnetic and thermal model parameters of oil-filled transformers”, WSEAS Trans. On
Circuits and Systems, Vol. 8, No. 6, June 2009, pp. 475-486.
[2009] N. Mastorakis, C. A. Buluccea,, G. Manolea, M. C. Popescu, and I. Persecu-Popescu,

“Model for predictive control of temperature in oil-filled transformers”, Proc. Of the 11th WSEAS
Int. Conf. On Automatic Control, Modeling and Simulation, Istanbul, Turkey, May-June 2009, pp.
157-165.
[2009] N. Mastorakis, C. A. Buluccea,, and M. C. Popescu, “Transformer electromagnetic and

thermal models”, 9th WSEAS Int. Conf. On Power Systems: Advances in Power Systems, Budapest,
Hungary, Sept. 3-5, 2009, pp. 108-107.
[2009] M. C. Popescu, N. Mastorakis, C. A. Bulucea, G. Manolea, L. Perescu, “Non-linear thermal

model for transformers study”, WSEAS Trans. On Circuits and Systems, Vol. 8, No. 6, June 2009,
pp. 487-497.
[2009] M. C. Popescu, N. Mastorakis, and L. Popescu-Perescu, “Modelling of oil-filled

transformers”, Int. J. Math. Models Meth. Appli. Sci., Vol. 3, No. 4, 2009, pp. 346-355.
[2009] M-C. O. S. Popescu, N. E. Mastorakis, L. N. Popescu-Perescu, “New aspects providing

transformer models” Int. Journal of Systems Applications Engineering & Development, Vol. 3,
Issue 2, 2009, pp. 53-63. 30 refs.
[2009] E. Stoenescu, M. C. Popescu, and C. A. Bulucea, “Assessment of improved transformer

thermal models”, Proc. Of the 11th Int. Conf. On Mathematical Methods and Computational
Techniques in Electrical Engineering, WSEAS Press, Vouliagmeni Beach, Greece, Sept. 2009, pp.
189-195.
[2009] D. Susa, and H. Nordman, “A simple model for calculating transformer hot-spot
temperature”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 24, No. 3, July 2009, pp. 1257-1265. 38 refs.
[2010] S. M. Mahajan, D. M. Robalino, and V. Sivan, “Thermal modeling of an inverted-type oil-
immersed current transformer”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 25, No. 4, Oct. 2010, pp.
2511-2518. 10 refs.
[2010] P. Picher, F. Torriano, M. Chaaban, S. Gravel, C. Rajotte, and B. Girard, “Optimization of
transformer overload using advanced thermal modeling”, Proc. CIGRE Conf., Paris, France, 2010,
Paper A2-305.
[2012] O. A. Amoda, D. J. Tyavsky, G. A. McCulla and Wesley A. Knuth, “Acceptability of three

transformer hottest-spot temperature models”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 27, No. 1, Jan.
2012, pp. 13-22. 21. refs.
[2012] M. A. Arjona, R. B. B. Ovando-Martinez, and C. Hernandez, “Thermal-fluid transient two-

dimentional characteristics-based-split finite-element model of a distribution transformer”, IET
Elect. Power Appl., Vol. 6, No. 5, 2012, pp. 260-267.
[2012] D. Susa and H. Nordman, “IEC 60076-7 loading guide thermal model constants estimation”,
European Trans. On Electrical Power Engineering (Germany), 2012.
[2012] D. Feng, Z. D. Wang, and P. Jarman, “Modelling thermal life expectance of the UK
transmission power transformers:, Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. High Voltage Eng. Eng. Appl, Shanghai,
China, 2012. Pp. 540-543.
[2013] D. Susa and H. Nordman, “IEC 6006-7 loading guide thermal model constants estimation”,
Int. T. Elect. Energy, Vol. 23. 2013, pp. 946-960.
[2014] D. Feng, Z. Wang, and P. Jarman, “Evaluation of power transformers effective hot-spot
factors by thermal modeling of scrapped units”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 29, No. 5,
Oct. 2014, pp. 2077-2085. 20 refs.
[2014] Z. Radakovic, D. Jacic, J. Lukic, and S. Milosavljevic, “Loading of transformers in

conditions of controlled cooling systems”, Int. Trans. Elect. Energy Syst., Vol. 24, No. 2, 2014, pp.
203-214.
[2015] M. Djamali and S. Tenbohlen, “A dynamic top oil temperature model for power
transformers with consideration of the tap changer position”, Proc. 19th Int. Symp. High Voltage
Eng., 2015.
[2015] D. Martin, Y. Cui, C. Ekanayake, H. Ma, and T. Saha, “An updated model to determine the
life remaining of transformer insulation”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 30, No. 1, Feb.
2015, pp. 395-402. 22 refs. (Not a thermal model. Authors discuss aging studies on model
transformers to compare with loss-of-life predictions of IEEE and IEC loading guides)
[2015] S. Tenbohlen and M. Djamali, “A dynamic top-oil temperature model for online assessment
of overload capability of power transformers”, Proc. CIGRE SC A2 Colloq. 2015: “Challenges of
the Future for Transformers & Other Substation Equipment, Sept. 2015.
[2016] Y. Cui, H. Ma, T. Saha, C. Ekanayake, and D. Martin, “Moisture-dependent thermal

modelling of power transformers”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 31 No. 5, Oct. 2016, pp.
2140-2150. 27 refs.

15. ENVIORONMENTAL EFFECTS ON THERMAL PERFORMANCE
15.1 Solar Radiation, Paint, and Altitude Effects
[1913] C. B. Blanchard and C. T. Anderson, "A laboratory investigation of temperature rise as a

function of atmospheric conditions", Trans. AIEE, Vol. 32, Pt. 1, Feb. 1913, pp. 289-299, disc. pp.
358-409. 1 ref.
[1913] J. F. Frank and W. O. Dwyer, "The temperature rise of stationary induction apparatus as
influenced by the effects of temperature, barometric pressure and humidity of the cooling medium",
Trans. AIEE, Vol. 32, Part I, Feb. 1913, pp. 235-258, disc. pp. 358-409. (1913-502)
[1913] C. E. Skinner, L. W. Chubb, and P. Thomas, "Effect of air temperature, barometric pressure
and humidity on the temperature rise of electric apparatus", Trans. AIEE, Vol. 32, Pt. 1, Feb. 1913,
pp. 279-288, disc. pp. 358-409. 1 ref. (1913-503)
[1916] Montsinger, V.M., "Effect of barometric pressure on temperature rise of self cooled
stationary induction apparatus", AIEE Trans., Vol.35 Pt. I, 1916, pp. 599-627, disc. pp. 627-633. 4
refs. (1916-462, 1916-908)
[1917] V. M. Montsinger, "Effect of barometric pressure on temperature rise of self-cooled

transformers", General Electric Review (USA), Vol. 20, Jan. 1917, pp. 44-55. 1 ref. (1917-201, see
also 1916-462 and 1916-908)
[1923] E. J. Moore and J. H. Moulton, "Effects of various colored cases on oil temperatures of
distribution transformers", Journal of Electricity and Western Industry (USA), Vol. 50 No. 11, June
1923, pp. 433-434. No refs.
[1924] R. E. Doherty and E. S. Carter, "Effect of altitude on temperature rise", Trans. AIEE, Vol.
43, 1924, pp. 824-839, disc, pp. 839-843. 18 refs.
[1924] V. M. Montsinger, and W. H. Cooney, "Temperature rise of stationary electrical apparatus as

influenced by radiation, convection and altitude", AIEE Trans., Vol.43, 1924, pp. 814-823, disc. pp.
839-843. 7 refs. (1925-78)
[1926] C. J. Fechheimer, "The rating of electrical machines as affected by altitude", Trans. AIEE,
Vol. 45, Feb. 1926, pp. 354-361, disc. pp. 361-364. 6 refs.
[1929] V. M. Montsinger and L. Wetherhill, “Effect of color of transformer tanks on temperature”,
AIEE J., Vol. 48, Nov. 1929, pp. 821-825.
[1930] L. Wetherhill, and V. M. Montsinger, "Effect of color of tank on the temperature of self
cooled transformers under service conditions", AIEE Trans., Vol.49, No.1, Jan. 1930, pp. 41-50,
disc. pp. 50-51. 5 refs. (1930-838)
[1936] O. A. Saunders, "The effect of pressure upon natural convection in air", Royal Society of
London Proceedings (GB), Ser. A, Vol. 157, 1936, pp. 278-291. 8 refs.
[1940] G. W. Penney, "Temperature rise of electrical apparatus as affected by radiation", AIEE

Trans., Vol.59, June 1940, pp. 338-342, disc. p. 342-345. 15 refs.
[1945] V. M. Montsinger, "Effect of altitude on temperature rise of aircraft transformers", AIEE
Trans., Vol. 64, May, 1945, pp. 251-252. 2 refs. (1944-1326 and 1945-1493) (dry type)

[1950] M. R. Dickson, "The operation of naturally cooled outdoor transformers as affected by
weather and surroundings", Rep. Brit. Elect. Res. Ass. Rep. Q/T 118, 1950, 42. pp. (1952-3595)
[1962] T. J. Eberhardt, "Painting power transformers, too much paint is as bad as not enough",
Transmission & Distribution (USA), Vol. 15, No. 3, March 1962, pp. 8-9. no refs.
[1962] H. D. Einhorn, "Color and cooling of outdoor transformers", Trans. South African Inst.
Electrical Engineers, Vol. 53, No. 9, Sept. 1962, pp. 231-234. 4 refs. (1964-9313)
[1965] R. R. Pattinson, "Transformers of 400 kv and above for use overseas", IEE Conference
Publication No. 15, 1965, pp. 83-87. (1965-18377)
[1967] T. J. Eberhardt, "Selecting paints and colors for use on air cooled power transformers",
Report IEEE Substation Committee Working Group 57.2, Winter Meeting, Feb. 2 1967. no refs.
.[1973] R. H. Lee, "The effect of color on temperature of electrical enclosures subject to solar
radiation", IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting & EHV/UHV Conference, July
15-20, 1973, IEEE Paper C73-388-6. 4 refs.
[1973] "Color affects temperature", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 180, No. 5, Sept. 1, 1973, p . 34.
no refs
[1978] H. Kindler, "Problems in transformer stations for the public energy supply", Polytechnisch
Tijdschrift Elektrotechniek Elektronica (Netherlands), Vol. 33, No. 8, Aug. 1978, pp. 430-441. 14
refs. (In Dutch) (heat balance equation, solar radiation, transformer housing) (1978-52388)
[1980] R. F. Wolff, "Squeeze more out of substations", Electrical World (USA), Vol.193, No.2, Jan
15, 1980, pp. 72-73.
[1981] H. E. Greene, "Transformers in hot climates", Electrical Review (GB), Vol. 208, no. 7, 20
Feb. 1981, pp. 20-21. no. refs. (1981-22384)
[1981] H. Pudelk, "Transformers under the tropical sun", Elektrotechnik (Germany), Vol. 63, No. 5,
19 March 1981, PP. 16-18. no refs. (In German) (1981-35215)
[1982] D. R. Penn, and D. J. Melvold, "Thermodynamic response of hv converter transformers

under controlled loading", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-101, No. 5,
May 1982, pp. 1081-1086, disc. p. 1087. 4 refs. (Includes solar heating.)
[1984] J. P. Nelson, "High altitude considerations for electric power systems and components",
IEEE Trans. On Industry Applications, Vol.IA-20, No.2, March/April 1984, pp. 407-412. 12 refs.
[1985] J. B. Kessler, "Substations in hot zones", Specher News (Switzerland), March 1985. pp. 9-
11. no refs. (1986-51694)
[1986] T. Kunimoto, M. Fujita, and H. M. Shafey, "The effect of paint coating on heat transfer",
Heat Transfer-Japanese Research (USA), Vol. 15, No. 6, 1986, pp. 17-31. 5 refs.
[1986] Guide for evaluating the effect of solar radiation on outdoor metal-enclosed switchgear,
ANSI/IEEE C57.24-1986. 20 refs.
[2003] J. Schlabbach, “Improvement of permissible loading of transformers by solar shield”,
EUROCON, Computer as a Tool, IEEE Region 8, 2003, Vol. 2, pp. 305-309.

[2012] B. Gorgan, P. V. Notingher, J. M. Wetzer, H. F. A. Verhaart, P. A. A. F. Wouters, and A.
van Schijndel, “Influence of solar irradiation on power transformer thermal balance”, IEEE Trans.
On Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Vol. 19, No. 6, Dec. 2012, pp. 1843-1850. 18 refs.
15.2 Low Ambient Temperature Operation
[1922] G. Bruhlmann, "The influence of low temperatures on mineral oils in transformers and oil
switches: testing of oils at low temperatures", Brown Boveri Mitteilungen (Germany), Vol. 9, No.
1, Jan. 1922, pp. 14-18. No refs. (In German) (Also in The Brown Boveri Review (London), Vol. 9,
Jan. 1922, pp. 15-18) no refs.
[1967] C. Eastgate, "Sub-zero operation of oil-immersed transformers", Electrical Review (GB),

Vol. 181, No. 18, 3 Nov. 1967, pp. 648-651. 1 ref. (Eastgate reported that winding duct oil
temperature exceeded tank oil temperature at start up.) (1968-5252)
[1969] S. Partyga, "Preliminary results of distribution transformers operation investigation of

temperatures below C", Energopomiar, Biuletyn Nakowa-Techniczny Zakladu Baden Pomiarow
(Poland), Vol. 15, No. 1, Feb. 1969, pp. 5-7. (In Polish) (1970-2823)
[1969] N. G. Shamraev, N. N. Maksimenko, and A. I. Selyanin, "Thermal operating conditions of

power transformers in the polar regions", Elektricheskie Stantsii (USSR) , No. 5, 1969, pp.49-53.
(In Russian) (1970-23156)
[1975] Y. A. Mikhailovskii and G. B. Cherednichenko, "Introducing transformers and reactors

having directed oil circulation into service at subzero temperatures", Elektricheskie Stantsii (USSR),
No. 5, May 1975, pp. 70-72. no refs. (In Russian) (1975-35971)
[1975] Y. a. Vasil'chenko and S. N. Sovorova, "Starting-up the cooling systems of transformers at

low temperatures", Soviet Power Engineering (USA), Vol. 4 No. 10, Oct. 1975, pp. 606-608. 2 refs.
English translation of Elektricheskie Stantsii (USSR), No. 10 Oct. 1975, pp. 52-54. (In Russian)
(1976-7385)
[1979] H. E. Green, "Design considerations for transformers in cold climates", Electrical Review
International (GB), Vol. 205, No. 22, Dec. 7, 1979, pp. 46-47,49. 8 refs. (Also in Electrical India
(India), Vol. 19, No. 24, 31 Dec. 1979, pp. 42A-42D) (1980-42567)
[1980] B. Bartakova and M. Rychtera, "Electrical Equipment in Arctic conditions", Elektrotechnik

(Czechoslovakia), Vol. 35, No. 9, Sept. 1980, pp. 267-269. (In Czech) (1981-8907)
[1981] P. Boss and J. L. Hermin, "Switching on of transformer at low temperature", Association

Suisse des Electriciens Bulletin (Switzerland), Vol. 72, No. 21, 7 Nov. 1981, pp. 1139-1142. 4 refs.
(In French) (1982-12684)
[1982] H. J. Rindfleisch, J. Schmidt, and D. Woltunik, "Testing of Paraffinic oils in transformer

models", CIGRE, 1982 session, Paper 12-05. 6 pp. 5 refs.
[1983] M. Duval, D. Carchon, S. Lamothe, and Y. Giguere, "Paraffinic transformer oils for use at
low temperatures", IEEE Trans. on Electrical Insulation, Vol. EI-18, No. 6, Dec. 1983, pp. 586-
590. 15 refs. (1984-14773)

[1985] Y. Langhame, J. Castonguay, N. Bedard, and H. St. Onge, "Low temperature performance of
naphthenic and paraffinic oils in transformers and automatic circuit reclosers", IEEE Trans. on
Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-104, April 1985, pp. 910-917. 4 refs.
[1985] Y. Langhame, J. Castonquay, J. P. Crine, M. Duval, and H. St.-Onge, "Physical behavior of

paraffinic oils at low temperatures", IEEE Trans. on Electrical Insulation, Vol. EI-20, No. 3, June
1985, pp. 629-638. 14 refs. (1985-60240)
[1986] W. Lampe, "Power transformers and shunt reactors for Arctic regions", IEEE Trans. on
Power Delivery, Vol. PWRD-1, No. 1, Jan. 1986, pp. 217-224. 14 refs.
[1986] K. Nurdman, "Frost-resistance of transformers", Elektrichestvo (USSR), No. 12, Dec. 1984,
pp. 57-59. 3 refs. (In Russian) (Low temperature operation and transportation) (1986-6829)
[1988] J. Aubin, "Cold load pickup loading guide for oil-immersed distribution transformers",
Canadian Electrical Association Project 131D490, December 1988, 68 pp. 16 refs.
[1992] J. Aubin and Y. Yanghame, "Effect of oil viscosity on transformer loading capability at low
ambient temperatures", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 7, No. 2, April 1992, pp. 516-522,
disc. pp.523-524. 11 refs.
[1993] Y. Langhame, "Study of the thermal behavior of paraffinic oil at low temperatures, Results
for Voltesso 35", Canadian Electrical Association, Final Report CEA/EEMAC Project # 000 T 159,
May 1993, 107 pp. 17 refs. (Derivation of oil flow rate, radiators and windings)
[1995] T. V. Oommen and G. L. Grune, "Low temperature viscosity behavior of transformer oils",
Proc. Electrical Electronics Insulation Conf. & Electrical Manufacturing and Coil Winding Conf.,
Rosemont, IL, USA, 18-21, Sept. 1995, IEEE Cat. No. 95CH35847, pp. 107-112. 6 refs. (1996-
49415)
15.3 Installations in Vaults and Enclosures
[1910] F. C. Green, “Problems in the operation of transformers”, AIEE Proc., Vol. 29, Dec. 1910,
pp. 1919-1936. (Amount of ventilation when several transformers in same space.)
[1925] M. Vidmar, "Present day transformer problems", Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau

(Austria) , Vol. 43, Sept. 13, 1925, pp. 694-704. 1 ref. (In German) (1925-1620)
[1927] M. Hottinger, "Calculation of air-cooling systems", Bulletin des Schweizerischen
Elektrotechnischen Vereins (Switzerland), Vol. 18, Oct. 1927, pp. 629-636. (1928-262)
[1928] F. Titze, "Heating and ventilation of switch houses", Elektrizitat im Bergbau (Germany) ,
Vol. 3, June 20, 1928, pp. 113-116. (In German), (1928-1839)
[1929] F. Sieber and F. Heiles, "Ventilation of transformer chambers", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift

(Germany), Vol. 50, Nov. 1929, pp. 1623-1624. 1 ref. (In German) (1930-411)
[1933] L. A. Nettleton, "Heat dissipation from network manholes", Electrical World (USA), Vol.
102, Sept. 16, 1933, pp. 369-372. 3 refs. (1933-2760)
[1933] W. T. Rose, "Ventilation of transformer manholes and vaults", Electrical World (USA), Vol.
102, Oct. 21, 1933, pp. 529-530. No refs. (1934-144)

[1937] G. W. Jones, W. E. Miller, J. Campbell, and W. P. Yant, "Ventilation of manholes-Effect of
the size of the manhole on natural ventilation", Edison Electric Institute Bulletin (USA), Vol. 5, no.
8, Aug. 1937, pp. 335-338. 1 ref.
[1947] J. E. Gahagan, "Graphical determination of heating attainment factor for transformers

installed in vaults", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 127, March 1, 1947, pp. 72-73. 1 ref. (1947-
1372)
[1949] L. F. Porter, "Transformer manholes and vaults: design and ventilation", AIEE Trans., Vol.
68 Pt. I, 1949. pp. 534-539. 13 refs. (1950-616)
[1950] F. Heileg, "Ventilation of transformer chambers", Zeitschrift fur Elektrotechnik (Germany) ,

Vol. 3, Dec. 1950, pp. 42-45. (In German) (1951-1738)
[1950] G. Schendell, "Nomogram for checking the ventilation of distribution transformer station",
Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift (Germany), Vol. 71, Nov. 1, 1950, pp. 385-586. 10 refs. (In German)
(1951-454)
[1952] E. A. Frowein, "Forced air cooling of transformers installed in cells", Electrotechniek
(Netherlands) , Vol. 30, Oct. 9, 1952, pp. 383-390. (In Dutch) (1953-416)
[1952] E. A. Frowein, "Forced-air cooling of transformers installed in cells II", Electrotechniek

(Netherlands) , Vol. 30, Nov. 6, 1952, pp. 428-434. (In Dutch) (1954-1422)
[1961] K. T. Sterns, "Plan transformer vaults carefully", Electrical World (USA), Vol.155, No.5,
Jan. 30. 1961, pp. 33-35. 3 refs.
[1966] M. R. Dickson, "The ventilation of transformer substation or cubicles", Electrical Research

Association (GB) Report 5096, 23 Feb. 1966, 63 pp. 35 refs. (1966-8344)
[1966] E. A. Goodman, "Submersible distribution transformer thermal performance", Conference

Record on Underground Distribution, Chicago, 1966, IEEE, pp. 535-550. (1968-5257)
[1966] J. G. Howe, "Heat transfer from a 36-inch diameter, below grade residential distribution
transformer enclosure", Conference Record on Underground Distribution, Chicago, 1966, IEEE,
pp. 519-534. (1968-5258)
[1966] A. R. Waehner, "Thermal loading of submersible transformers", Conference Record on

Underground Distribution, Chicago, 1966, IEEE, pp. 509-518. (1968-5259)
[1966] A. R. Waehner, "Should utilities expect 30 years of service from URD transformers",
Electrical World (USA), Vol. 44 No. 9, Sept. 1966, pp. 58-61. (1967-5709)
[1967] E. A. Goodman, "Thermal performance of submersible distribution transformers in vented

underground vaults", IEEE Winter Power Meeting, New York, NY, USA, Jan. 29-Feb. 3, 1967, IEEE
Paper 31 PP 67-120. 11 pp. 5 refs.
[1967] E. A. Goodman, "Tests explore thermal behaviour of submersible transformers", Electric

Light and Power (USA), Vol. 45, No. 8, Aug. 1967, pp. 65-67. (1968-2559)
[1967] E. A. Goodman, "Closed vs ventilated vaults for URD transformers", Allis-Chalmers

Engineering Review (USA), Vol. 32, No. 4, 1967, pp. 11-14. 3 refs. (1968-15085)

[1968] E. A. Goodman, "Thermal performance of submersible distribution transformers in closed
(unvented) underground vaults", Proc. of the American Power Conf., Chicago, 23-25 April 1968,
Vol. 30, pp. 1102-1110.
[1968] E. A. Goodman, "Submersible 65 C rise units promise savings, improve reliability", Electric
Light and Power (USA), Vol. 46, No. 7, July 1968, pp. 94-96. (1969-22350)
[1968] A. M. Lockie and D. K. Whirlow, "Thermal performance of distribution transformers in

underground vaults: I - The problem, II - Mathematical model", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus
and Systems, Vol. PAS-87, No. 9, Sept. 1968; Part I, pp. 1741-1745, Part II by Whirlow and Lockie,
pp. 1746-1754; disc. pp. 1752-1754. 13 refs. (1968-25330 and 25331)
[1969] C. R. Acker, "Submersible transformers outdoor test results", IEEE Special Technical
Conference on Underground Distribution, Anaheim, CA, USA, 12-16 May 1969, pp. 369-378.
(1970-8919)
[1969] R. A. Pratt, "Corrosion protection and thermal tests for submersible URD systems",
Transmission And Distribution (USA), Vol. 22, No. 8, Aug. 1969, pp. 80-85. 4 refs.
[1969] W. A. Stewart, "Cooling of distribution transformers in vented underground vaults", IEEE

Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-88, No. 6, June 1969, pp. 843-851, disc. pp.
851-853. 10 refs.(1969-25555)
[1971] M. Findeisen and R. Liebscher, "Design of ventilation sections in single-room transformer

stations", Elektrie (Germany), Vol. 25, No. 2, 1971, pp. 63-65. 5 refs. (In German) (1971-16965)
[1971] P. S. Yeh, "Some analytical results on the thermal performance of a subsurface sealed-vault
transformer installation", IEEE Conference Record 1971 Conference on Underground Distribution,
Detroit, Michigan, USA, 27 Sept.-1 Oct. 1971, pp. 252-255. (1971-39606)
[1971] P. S. Yeh, "Heat transfer problems of distribution transformers in open underground vaults",
IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. 90, 1971, pp. 2391-2398. 8 refs. (1972-3261)
[1972] K. Aomori, "Thermal performance of distribution transformers in underground vaults II.

Hitachi Hyoron (Japan), Vol. 54, No. 7, July 1972, pp. 33-34. 2 refs. (In Japanese) (1973-3473)
[1972] R. M. Gumarov, G. I. Khan, and B. V. Zakharov, "The temperature conditions in the

cubicles of low voltage distribution switchgear of composite transformer substations",
Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 41-43. (In Russian) English translation in Soviet
Electrical Engineering (USA). 2 refs. (1972-22674)
[1977] P. Leoni, "How to build transformer houses", Elettrificazione (Italy), No. 9, Sept. 1977, pp.
394-400. no refs. (In Italian) (1978-8725)
[1981] D. D. M. Jordao, "Estimating airflow requirements for substations in classified areas",

Electrical Construction and Maintenance (USA), Vol. 80, No. 7, July 1981, pp. 40,42,44. No Refs.
[1994] W. W. Frank, "Control of the environment in electrical equipment rooms in the metals
industry", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 30 No. 6, Nov./Dec. 1994, pp. 1456-1461. 1
ref.
[1994] G. Gambino and V. Vinci, "Thermal behaviour of the MV/LV secondary cubicle
constructed, assembled and tested in the factory according to IED 17C.80.1", Elettrificazione (Italy),
No. 11, Nov. 1994, pp. 72-76. No refs. (In Italian) (Thermal behavior of cubicle) (1995-19905)

[1994] M. P. Saravolac, R. M. Baker, J. W. H. Roberts, and P. G. Rampton, "Installation of power
transformers in underground substations of the central London Area", Proc. of the 35th. CIGRE
Session, Paris, 28 Aug.-3 Sept. 1994, Vol. 1, Paper 12-105. 7 pp. 2 refs. (1995-106509)
[1994] L. H. Schreurg, and A. Lundin, "Optimized ventilation of transformer cells", ABB Review
(Switzerland), No. 6-7, 1993, pp. 45-49. 3 refs. (1994-8483)
[2002] Z. Radakovic and S. Maksimovic, “Non-stationary thermal model of indoor transformer

stations,” Elect. Eng., Vol. 84, 2002, pp. 109-117.
[2005] S. Corhodzic, “A new approach to assessment of Australian distribution transformers”,

Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Elec. Eng., Victoria Univ., Melbourne, Australia, 2005.
[2005] A. Kalam and S. Corhodzic, “Performance of distribution transformers installed in metallic

enclosures—an Australian experience”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, vol. 20, No. 3, July 2005,
pp. 1970-1975. 11 refs.
[2009] P. Lepretre and D. Jacquier, “Thermal mastering of MV/LV prefabricated substation”, Proc.
20th Int. Conf. Elect. Distrib., Prague, Czech Republic, June 8-11, 2009.
[2011] I. Isender and A. Mamizadeh, “An improved nonlinear thermal model for MV/LV
prefabricated oil-immersed power transformer substations”, Elec. Eng., Vol. 93, No. 1, Nov. 21,
2011.
[2013] J. P. A. Sandraz, F. De Leon, and J. Cultera, “Validated transient heat-transfer model for
underground transformer in rectangular vault", IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 28, No. 3,
July 2013, pp. 1770-1778. 7 refs.
[2014] M. Z. Degefa, R. J. Millar, M. Lehtonen, and P. Hyvonen, “Dynamic thermal modeling of

MV/LV prefabricated substations”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 29, No. 2, April 2014,
pp. 786-793. 17 refs. (Transformer installed in an enclosure. Test data for model.)
15.5 Waste Heat Utilization
Methods to utilize the heat generated by transformers is described in the references in this section.
The heat from the windings of dry type and cast-resin transformers has also been used to heat water
as given by the references in section 6.7.
[1954] H. Hergenroder, "Heat loss of transformers for heating switchgear installations",

Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift. Ausgabe B: Der Elektrotechniker (Germany), Vol. 6, Jan. 21, 1954,
pp. 5-6. (In German) (Oil to air cooler used.) (1954-2754)
[1955] V. Aigner, "Utilization of heat losses from transformers by means of heat pumps or heat
exchangers and its economic limitations", Elektrizitatswirtschaft (Germany) , Vol. 54, No. 23, Dec.
5, 1955, pp. 825-831. (In German) (1956-2117)
[1960] V. Aigner, "The reduction, dissipation and utilization of heat loss in transformers",
Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift. Ausgabe B: Der Elektrotechniker (Germany), Vol. 12, No. 7, April 4,
1960, pp. 145-154. (In German) (Also radiators) (1960-3983)
[1973] J. G. Lyon and A. E. O'Sullivan, "World's tallest building to contain 200-Mva substation",
Transmission & Distribution (USA), Vol. 25, No. 8, August 1973, pp. 40-44. 2 refs.

[1975] S. Inui, N. Nakahara, A. Ozaki, "Air-conditioning of underground transformer substation
and its heat-recovery - on the air conditioning system of Dojima Kanden building", Heat Transfer
Japanese Research (USA), Vol. 4, No. 4, Oct.-Dec. 1975, pp. 23-48. no refs. (1976-40230)
[1979] "Heat transformer makes waste heat efficient source", Design News (USA), Vol. 35, No. 20,
Oct. 22, 1979, pp. 20,23. No refs.
[1981] R. Frise, "Heating an administration building by utilizing waste heat from a nearby
transformer station", ETA Elektrowarme im Technischen Ausbau Edition A (German), Vol. 39, No.
4, July 1981, pp. 212-217. No refs. (In German) (1982-39191)
[1981] J. Kebbekus, "Transformer waste heat recovery for heating buildings", ETA Elektrowarme
im Technischen Ausbau Edition A (German), Vol. 39, No. 4, July 1981, pp. 209-212. 2 refs. (In
German) (1982-39190)
[1981] M. Safranek, "Utilization of heat losses of large power transformers", Energetika

(Czechoslovakia), Vol. 31, No. 3, March 1981, pp. 122-123. No refs. (In Czech) (1981-31278)
[1981] A. T. Yamagiwa and P. Logie, "Utilizing transformer waste heat", Transmission and
Distribution (USA), Vol. 33, No. 7, July 1981, pp. 46-48. no refs.
[1982] W. Matthes, "Transformer heat-loss for space heating", Elektrizitatswirtschaft (Germany),

Vol. 81, No. 25, 6 Dec. 1982, pp. 890-894. 10 refs. (In German) (1983-16465)
[1982] A. J. Stopar, "Park kw and hp in same lot", Transmission & Distribution (USA), Vol. 34,
No. 4, April 1982, pp.30-33. no refs.
[1983] G. Lobenstein and K. Borowski, "Use of transformer heat loss", Elektrie (Germany), Vol.
37, No. 9, 1983, pp. 461-463. 1 ref. (In German) (1984-3877)
[1983] W. Matthes, "Putting transformer waste heat to use", Electrical Review (GB), Vol. 212, No.
18, 13 May 1983, pp. 24-25. no refs. (1983-41855)
[1983] K.-P. Weber, D. Markusch, and H. Knaute, "The basis of and practice in the use of waste
heat from transformer losses in the 380/220 kv network of the GDR", Energietechnik (Germany),
Vol. 33, No. 9, Sept. 1983, pp. 337-339. 10 refs. (In German) (1984-3875)
[1983] "Recovery of waste heat: transformers heat the stores, offices and conference rooms of the
ARKE Electrical Company as well as two employees' homes", El & Energi Elektroteknikeren
(Denmark), Vol. 79, no. 24, 17 Dec. 1983, pp. 424-425. No refs. (In Danish) (1984-62568)
[1985] A. de Grout and J.Kooreman, "Measurement results of a heat pump installation for space
heating by extraction of heat from the oil of a 50/10 kv high voltage transformer", Electrotechniek
(Netherlands), Vol. 63, No. 11, Nov. 1985, pp. 1131-1135. No refs. (In Dutch) (1986-33862)
[1985] R. Meier, "Utilization of waste heat in EWZ substation", Association Suisse des Electriciens
Bulletin (Switzerland), Vol. 76, No. 10, 25 May 1985, pp. 578-580. No refs. (In German) (1985-
48985)
[1986] J. Melichar, "The use of heat loss of transformers for space and service water heating in a
400 kv distribution network", Elektrotechnik (Czechoslovakia), Vol. 41, No. 6, June 1986, pp. 165-
168. No refs. (In Czech) (1987-4971)
[1988] D. Markusch, "Meaningful utilization of transformer losses", Elektrotechnik (Switzerland),

Vol. 39, No. 4, April 1988, pp. 47-48. No refs. (In German) (1988-49023)
[1988] "Group 12 Discussion", CIGRE, 1988 Session, 37 pp. (see pp. 29,30)
[1989] H. Eickenhorst and H. Siefen, "The heating of a building by waste heat from transformers",
ETA Elektrowarme im Technischen Ausbau Edition A (West Germany), Vol. 47, No. 4, July 1989,
pp. 140-145. No refs. (In German) (1990-13327)
[1989] V. E. Vorotnitskii, A. V. Stasyukinas, and E. E. Shchegol'kov, "The use of transformer

heating for reducing power consumption in substation auxiliary suppliers", Elektricheskie Stantsii
(USSR), No. 8, Aug. 1989, pp. 89-91. 4 refs. (In Russian) (1991-7118)
[1991] Z. Godec, "How to use heat from a transformer", Energija Zagreb (Yugoslavia),Vol. 40, No.
6, 1991, pp. 409-413. 22 refs. (In Croatian) (1992-27907)
[1991] H. Kikuchi, M. Mabuchi, I. Tsurushima, and T. Sakamoto, "The road snow melting system
utilizing waste heat from a transformer", Takaoka Review (Japan), Vol. 38, No. 1, 1991, pp. 59-65.
No refs. (In Japanese) (1991-36493)
[1993] P. Shbed, R. Novakovskii, and P. Shymchak, "Utilization of heat losses of power
transformers with the aid of heat pumps", Tekhnicheskaya Elektrodinamika (Ukraine), No. 5, Sept.-
Oct. 1993, pp. 47-49. (In Russian) (1994-90088)
15.5 Effects of Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GIC)
[1974] V. D. Albertson, J. M. Thorson, Jr., and S. A. Miske, Jr., "The effects of geomagnetic storms
on electrical power systems", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-93, No. 4,
July-Aug. 1974, PP. 1031-1037. 51 refs. (1974-40301)
[1976] J. Aubin and L. Boldue, "The effects of direct current in power transformers", Canadian
Communications and Power Conference, Montreal, Canada, 20-22 Oct., 1976, IEEE Pub. 76 CH
1126-2 REG 7, pp. 315-318. 5 refs. (In French) (1977-12038)
[1981] J. D. Aspnes, R. P. Merritt, and S. I. Akasfu, "Harmonic generation in transformers relating

to dc excitation and system loading", IEEE Trans on Power Apparatus And Systems, Vol. PAS-100,
No. 4, April 1981, pp. 1845-1851. disc. p. 1851. 6 refs.
[1981] J. G. Kapenman, V. D. Albertson, "Current transformer and relay performance in the

presence of geomagnetically-induced currents, IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol.
PAS-100, No. 3, March 1981, pp. 1078-1088. 8 refs. ((1981-1924)
[1982] J. D. Aspnes and S. I. Akasofu, "Effect of solar induced current on autotransformer tertiary
windings", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-101, No. 3, March 1982 pp.
635-638. 10 refs.
[1983] "Solar flare effect on power transformers", EPRI Journal (USA), Vol. 8 No. 7, Sept. 1983,
pp. 45-46.
[1985] H. Tay and G. W. Swift, "On the problem of transformer overheating due to
geomagnetically induced currents", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-104,
No. 1, Jan. 1985, pp. 212-218, disc. pp. 218-219. 11 refs.

[1989] D. H. Boteler, R. M. Shier, T. Watanabe, R. E. Horita, Effects of geomagnetically induced
currents in the B. C. Hydro 500 KV System, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 4, No. 1, January
1989, pp. 818-823. 11 refs. (1989-45964)
[1989] P. R. Gattens, R. M. Waggel, R. Girgis and R. Nevins, "Investigation of transformer

overheating due to solar magnetic disturbances', Special Panel Session Report, IEEE PES Summer
Meeting, Long Beach, CA, USA, July 12, 1989. Panel session, "Effects of solar-geomagnetic
disturbances on power systems". Summary in IEEE Power Engineering Review, Vol. 9, No. 10,
Oct. 1989, pp. 19-20. No refs.
[1989] J. G. Kapenman, "Power system susceptibility to geomagnetic disturbances: Present and

future concerns", presented at panel session, IEEE PES Summer meeting, Long Beach, CA, USA,
July 12, 1989. Summary in IEEE Power Engineering Review, Vol. 9 no. 10, Oct. 1989, pp. 15-16.
[1989] R. J. Ringlee, J. R. Stewart, "Effects of geomagnetic disturbances on power transformers",

presented at panel session, IEEE PES Summer meeting, Long Beach, CA, USA, July 12, 1989.
Summary in IEEE Power Engineering Review, Vol. 9, No. 10, Oct. 1989, pp. 18-19.
[1990] D. J. Fallon, P. M. Balma, W. J. McNutt, "The destructive effects of geomagnetic induced
currents in power transformers", 1990 Doble Engineering Company Conference, Boston, Mass,
USA, paper 6J. 19 pp. 7 refs.
[1990] P. M. Smith, "Effects of geomagnetic disturbances on the National Grid System", Proc. of
the 25th Universities Power Engineering Conference, Aberdeen, UK, 12-14 Sept. 1990, Vol. 1, pp.
357-360. 7 refs. (1991-21738)
[1990] R. A. Walling, "Why solar storms can cause system havoc (power transmission)", Electrical
World, Vol. 204, No. 8, Aug. 1990,. pp. 39-40. no refs. (1991-14140)
[1991] R. S. Girgis, C. Ko, and D. J. Scott, D. J., “Analysis of transformer overheating due to
geomagnetically induced currents”, Proc. of the American Power Conference, 53rd. Annual
Meeting, Chicago, IL, USA, April 29-May 1, 1991, Vol. 53-II, pp. 1167-1172. 7 refs.
[1991] J. G. Kapenman, S. R. Norr, G. A. Sweezy, D. L. Carlson, V. D. Albertson, J. E. Harder, B.

L. Damsky, "GIC mitigation: A neutral blocking/bypass device to prevent the flow of GIC in power
systems", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 6, No. 3, July 1991, pp. 1271-1278, disc. pp. 1279-
1281. no refs. (1991-74317)
[1991] S. Lu and Y. Liu, "A fundamental analysis of transformer GIC using the finite elements
approach", Proc. of the American Power Conference, 53rd. Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, USA,
April 29-May 1, 1991, Vol. 53-II, pp. 1173-1178. 8 refs.
[1991] R. A. Walling, and A. H. Khan, "Characteristics of transformer exciting-current during

geomagnetic disturbances", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 6, No. 4, Oct. 1991, pp. 1707-
1711, disc. p. 1714. 9 refs.
[1992] J. M. Christini and R. S. Girgis, "Effects of stray dc currents on the performance of large
core-type transformers", Proc. of the American Power Conference, 54th. Annual Meeting, Chicago,
IL, USA, 1992, Vol. 54-II, pp. 1117-1121. 9 refs.
[1992] CIGRE Study Committee 12, "Effects of geomagnetically induced currents on power
transformers, study committee 12 report", CIGRE Electra (France), No. 141, April 1992, pp. 25-33.
no refs. (In French and English)

[1992] J. Elovaara, A. Viljanen, T. Makinen, S. Larsson, P. Lindblad, R. Pirjola, and B. Kielen,
"Geomagnetically induced currents in the Nordic power system and their effects on equipment,
control, protection and operation", CIGRE Proc. 34th. Session, Paris, 30 Aug. - 5 Sept. 1992. Vol.
2, Paper 36-301, 10 pp. 18 refs. (1993-71172)
[1992] M. A. Eitzmann, R. A. Walling, H. Huynh, M. Granger, M. Sublich, A. Khan, A. Dutil,

"Alternatives for blocking direct current in AC system neutrals at the Gadisson/LG2 Complex",
IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 7, No. 3, July 1992, pp. 1328-1335, disc. pp. 1336-1337. 3
refs.
[1992] R. S. Girgis and C. D. Ko, "Calculation techniques and results of GIC currents as applied to
two large power transformers, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 7, No. 2, April 1992, pp. 699-
705. 6 refs.
[1992] R. S. Girgis and R. J. Nevins, “Analysis of observed geomagnetically induced current effects
on transformers”, Proc. EPRI Geomagnetic Induced Current Conf., June 1992, TR-100450, sect. 7,
pp. 1-7.
[1992] C. Ko and R. S. Girgis, "Analysis of core-form transformer performance under the effects of
geomagnetically induced currents", Proc. of the American Power Conference, 54th. Annual
Meeting, Chicago, IL, USA, 1992, Vol. 54. Part II, pp. 1122-1125. 5 refs.
[1993] IEEE Transmission and Distribution Committee Working Group on Geomagnetic

Disturbances and Power System Effects, "Geomagnetic disturbance effects on power systems",
IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 8, No. 3, July 1993, pp. 1206-1215, disc. p. 1216. 22 refs.
[1993] S. Lu and Y. Liu, "FEM analysis of DC saturation to assess transformer susceptibility to

geomagnetically induced currents", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 8, No. 3, July 1993, pp.
1367-1374, disc. pp. 1375-1376. 11 refs.
[1993] R. Pirjoal, T. Makinen, and A. Viljanen, "A project on geomagnetically induced currents",
Electromagnetic Compatibility 1993. Zurich, Switzerland, 9-11 March, 1993, P. 23E2/111-116. 18
refs. (1994-40294)
[1993] J. W. Porter, J. G. Kappenman, S. R. Norr, and S. Simo, "A transformer neutral blocking
device to prevent the flow of geomagnetically induced currents in power systems", Proc. American
Power Conference, Vol. 55-II, 1993, pp. 1640-1645. 4 refs.
[1994] A. A. Fardoun, E. F. Fuchs, M. A. S. Masoum, "Experimental analysis of a DC bucking
motor blocking geomagnetically induced currents", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 9, No. 1,
Jan. 1994, pp. 88-95, disc. pp. 96-99. 20 refs.
[1994] R. L. Lesher, J. W. Porter, R. T. Byerly, "SUNBURST - A network of GIC monitoring

systems", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 9, No. 1, Jan. 1994, pp. 128-135, disc. pp. 136-137.
12 refs. (Discussion about transformers.)
[1994] A. P. Meliopoulos, G. J. Cokkinides, M. Rabinowitz, "Comparison of SS-GIC and MHD-

EMP-GIC effects on power systems", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 9, No. 1, Jan. 1994,
pp. 194-203, disc. pp. 204-207. 27 refs.
[1994] N. Takasu, T. Oshi, F. Miyawaki, S. Saito, Y. Fujiwara, "An experimental analysis of DC

excitation of transformers by geomagnetically induced currents", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery,
Vol. 9, No. 2, April 1994, pp. 1173-1179, disc. pp. 1180-1182. 14 refs.

[1995] A. Ghalayini, F. P. Dawson, G. R. Slemon, E. P. Dick, L. M. Hajagos, and S. Yamada,
“Mitigating GIC in power transformers”, J. Mag. Soc. Japan, Vol. 19, No. 2, 1995, pp. 545-548.
[1996] IEEE Working Group I-11 of the Substation Protection Subcommittee of the Power System
Relaying Committee, "The effects of GIC on protective relaying", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery,
Vol. 11, No. 2, April, 1996, pp. 725-736, disc. pp. 737-739. 25 refs.
[1997] P. Picher, L. Bolduc, A. Dutil, and V. Q. Phamm, "Study of the acceptable dc current limit in
core-form power transformers", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 12, No. 1, Jan. 1997, pp. 257-
263, disc. pp. 264-265. 15 refs.
[1997] P. Picher, L. Bolduc, and G. Olivier, "Acceptable direct current in three-phase power
transformers: comparative analysis", CCECE '97. Canadian Conference on Electrical and
Computer Engineering. Engineering Innovation: Voyage of Discovery Conference Proceedings, St.
Johns, New Foundland, Canada, 25-28 May 1997, IEEE Cat. no. 97TTH8244, Vol. 1, pp. 157-160.
5 refs. (1997-127789)
[1999] E. F. Fuchs, Y. You, and D. J. Reesler, “Modeling and simulation, their validation of three-
phase transformers with three legs under DC bias”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 14, No.
2, April 1999, pp. 443-449. 7 refs,
,
[1999] W. C. Viana, R. J. Micaleff, S. Young, and F. P. Dawson, “Transformer design
considerations for mitigating geomagnetic induced saturation”, IEEE Trans. On Magnetics, Vol.
35, No. 5, Sept. 1999, pp. 3532-3535. 3 refs.
[2002] M. Lahtinen and J. Elovaara, “GIC occurrences and GIC test for 400 kV system
transformer”, IEEE trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 17, April 2002, pp. 555-561.
[2002] P. R. Price, “Geomagnetically induced current effects on transformers”, IEEE Trans. On

Power Delivery, Vol. 17, No. 4, Oct. 2002, pp. 1002-1008. 12 refs.
[2007] C. T. Gaunt and G. Coetzee, “Transformer failures in regions incorrectly considered to have
low GIC risk”, Proc. IEEE Power Tech., Lausanne, Switzerland, 2007, pp. 807-812.
[2012] R. Girgis and K. Vedante, “Effects of GIC on power transformers and power systems”,
Proc. IEEE T&D Conf., Orlando, FL., May 2012.
[2013] L. Marti, A. Rezaei,-Zare, and A. Narang, “Simulation of transformer hotspot heating due to
geomagnetically induced currents”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 28, No. 1, Jan. 2013, pp.
320-327. 17 refs.
[2015] V. V. Vakhnina, V. A. Shapovalov, V. N. Kuznetsov, and D. A. Kretov, “The influence of

geomagnetic storms on thermal processes in the tank of a power transformer”, IEEE Trans. On
Power Delivery, Vol. 30, No. 4, Aug. 2015, pp. 1702-1707. 15 refs.
[2015] IEEE Guide For Establishing Power Transformer Capability While Under Geomagnetic
Disturbances, IEEE C57.163-2015.

16. LOADING APPLICATIONS – OIL FILLED TRANSFORMERS
References in this section include those in which the existing loading equations are used to predict
loading capability of oil filled transformers.
16.1 Loading Guides for Oil Filled Transformers
[1928] "AIEE transformer standards, section 13 proposed appendix, recommendations for the
operation of transformers, induction regulators and reactors", AIEE Journal, Vol. 47, No. 8, August
1928, pp. 617-618.
[1942] American Recommended Practice Guides for Operation of Transformers and Regulators,
C57.3-1942, pp. 83-90.
[1945] AIEE Transformer Subcommittee, “Guide for operation of transformers, regulators, and
reactors”, AIEE Trans. Vol. 64, Nov. 1945, pp. 797-805, disc. p. 957.
[1948] American Standard Guide for Loading Oil-Immersed Distribution and Power Transformers,
ASA C57.92-1948.
[1956] Guide for Loading Oil-Immersed Distribution and Power Transformers, ASA Appendix
C57.92, January 1956.
[1959] Guide for Loading Oil-Immersed Distribution and Power Transformers, ASA Appendix
C57.92, April 1959.
[1962] Guide for Loading Oil-Immersed Distribution and Power Transformers", ASA Appendix:
C57.92, June 1962. (Editorial revision of Appendix C57.92 published April 1959.)
[1964] Standards Publication. Guide for Loading Oil-Immersed Power Transformers With 65 C
Average Winding Rise, NEMA Pub. No. TR 98-1964.
[1969] Guide for Loading Mineral Oil-Immersed Overhead-Type Distribution Transformers with
55C or 65 C Average Winding Rise", USA Standards Institute Appendix: C57.91, August 1969.
[1972] Loading Guide for Oil-Immersed Transformers, IEC Recommendation, Publication 354,
First Edition, 1972.
[1974] American National Standards Institute, Guide for Loading Mineral Oil-Immersed Overhead-
Type Distribution Transformers with 55 C or 65 C Average Winding Rise. Appendix C57.91
(1974).
[1981] American National Standards Institute, Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Overhead
and Pad-Mounted Distribution Transformers Rated 500 KVA and Less with 65 C or 55 C
Average Winding Rise", ANS/IEEE C57.91-1981. (Revision of ANSI C57.91-1974.)
[1981] American National Standards Institute, Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil Immersed
Transformers Up To and Including 100 MVA with 55 C or 65 C Average Winding Rise,
ANSI/IEEE C57.92-1981.
[1984] IEEE Trial-Use Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Power Transformers Rated in
Excess of 100 MVA (65 C Winding Rise), IEEE Std. 756, Issued May 1984 for Trial Use. Also
issued as IEEE C57.115-1984.

[1984] IEEE Guide for Loading Liquid-Immersed Step-Voltage and Induction-Voltage Regulators,
ANSI/IEEE C57.95-1984. (Revision of ANSI C57.95-1955)
[1989] IEEE Trial-Use Guide for Loading Power Apparatus Bushings, IEEE C57.19-101, Issued
July 1989 for trial use.
[1991] IEEE Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Power Transformers Rated in Excess of 100
MVA (65 C Winding Rise)", IEEE C57.115-1991.
[1991] Loading Guide for Oil-Immersed Power Transformers, IEC 354, Second edition, 1991-09.
[1992] IEEE Guide for Loading Power Apparatus Bushings, IEEE C57.19.101-1992.
[1995] IEEE Guide for Loading Mineral-oil-Immersed Transformers, IEEE Std. C57.91-1995.
(Revision of IEEE Std. C57.91-1981, IEEE Std. C57.92-1991, and IEEE Std. C57.115-1991.)
[2002] IEEE Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil Immersed Transformers – Corrigendum 1, IEEE Std.
C57.91-1995/Cor 1-2002
[2005] Power transformers—Part 7: Loading Guide for Oil-Immersed Power Transformers, IEC
60076-7, (2005-12).
[2011] IEEE Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil Immersed Transformers and Step Voltage Regulators,
IEEE Std. C57.91-2011.
16.2 Discussions of Loading
This section includes references with discussions of loading of a general or historical nature.
References deriving equations or giving test data for transient heat transfer are included in section
14.
[1910] J. F. Martin, "Recent Improvements in distribution transformers and their relation to methods
of distribution", Electrical Review and Western Electrician (USA), Vol. 57, Aug. 6, 1910, pp. 273-
274.
[1911] F. C. Green, "Problems in the operation of transformers", Trans. AIEE, Vol. 30, Feb. 1911,
pp. 457-475, disc. 476-494. no refs. (Cooling, ventilation, overloading discussed). (1911-271)
[1912] H. H. Hodgman, "Some notes on the installation and operation of high-voltage
transformers", General Electric Review (USA), Vol. 15, No. 12, Dec. 1912, pp. 746-755. No refs.
(See statement on loading on p. 753)
[1912] "The operation of transformers", The Electrical Times (London), Vol. 42, Aug. 8, 1912, pp.
132-133. (discussion before the South African Institute Electrical Engineers) (1912-1206)
[1913] W. L. Merrill, W. H. Powell, and C. Robbins, "The rating of electrical apparatus", AIEE
Proc., Vol. 32, Feb. 1913, pp. 125-136. (1913-631)
[1913 W. L. Merrill, W. H. Powell and C. Robbins, "Method of Rating Electrical Apparatus", AIEE
Trans., Vol. 32 Pt. I, 1913, pp. 91-100, disc. pp. 101-152. No refs.
[1914] A. R. Everest, "Notes on international standardization of electrical machinery", J. IEE, Vol.
52, 1914, pp. 244-246, disc. pp. 246-253. no refs.

[1914] J. L. Thompson, "Diseases of transformers", J. IEE, Vol. 52, 1914, pp. 754-758.
[1917] E. Hagenlocher, "Comparison of dissimilar transformer ratings", Electrical World (USA),

Vol. 70, July 21, 1917, pp. 110-111. (1917-712)
[1917] G. Muller, "Transformers for overload operation", Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau

(Austria) , Vol. 35, March 25, 1917, pp. 137-138. (In German) (1919-305)
[1921] R. O. Kapp, "Some economic aspects of extra-high tension distribution by underground

cable", J. IEE, Vol. 59, 1921, pp. 94-107, disc. pp. 108-131. (see pp. 94, 101-107)
[1922] Guido Semenza, "The relation of overload to the inner temperature of machines", Trans.
AIEE, Vol. 41, June 1922, pp. 872-874. no refs. (overload , speed, air cooling)
[1923] "Economical loading of distribution transformers", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 82, Dec.
15, 1923 p. 1207. No. refs.
[1926] R. W. Gregory, "North-Eastern center: Chairman's address, J. IEE, Vol. 64, 1926, pp. 16-21.
(transformer hot spots and loading discussed, p. 19). no refs.
[1928] W. Ford, "The rating of electrical machinery", The Electrician (GB), Vol. 101, Dec. 21,
1928, pp. 703-705.
[1928] F. W. Gay and J. G. Winans, Avoiding the stereotyped in transformer installations",

Electrical World (USA), Vol. 92, Nov. 10, 1928, pp. 939-941. 1 ref. (1929-325)
[1928] Mathieu, "Resistance welding", Bulletin de la Societe Francaise des Electriciens (France) ,
Vol. 8, Aug. 1928, pp. 822-834. (In German) (rating, variable nature of load) (1928-1972)
[1929] S. A. Stigant, "Transformer breakdowns", The Electrical Review (London), Vol. 104, Jan.
11, 1929, pp. 85-86, disc. p. 86. Also in The Electrician (GB), Vol. 102, Jan. 4, 1929, pp. 7-8.
(1929-929)
[1930] W. M. Dann, "Operating transformers by temperature", AIEE Trans., Vol. 49, 1930, pp.
793-796, disc. pp. 796-797. (1930-1119)
[1936] S. M. Dean, "Firm ratings as a guide to system loading and design", Edison Electric Institute
Bulletin (USA), Vol. 4, No. 6, June 1936, pp. 253-258,260. no refs.
[1937] E. Ingham, "Fires and explosions in electrical machinery", Mining Electrical Engineer
(England), Vol. 18, Aug. 1937, pp. 47-48. (Can be caused by overloading.) (1937-2905)
[1939] R. T. Henry, "A discussion of proposed ASA transformer standards", Trans. AIEE, Vol. 58,
June 1939, p. 289. (discusses temperature rise and loading) (1939-1922)
[1941] R. C. Freeman, R.C. and A. U. Welch, "The service factor rating of arc-welding generators
and transformers", AIEE Trans., Vol. 60, 1941, pp. 137-141, disc pp. 726-727. 7 refs.
[1941] W. A. Sumner, "Modern load cycles warrant new transformer characteristics", Electrical
World (USA), Vol 115, April 19, 1941, pp. 48-50. (1941-850)
[1942] AIEE Committee On Electrical Machinery Report, "Interim report on guides for
overloading transformers and voltage regulators", AIEE Trans., Vol.61, Sept 1942, pp. 692-694,
disc. pp. 1063-1065. (1943-502)

[1942] H. W. Hartzell, "Transformer operating guide to feasible war loadings", Electrical World
(USA), Vol. 117, June 27, 1942, pp. 52-54. no. refs. (1943-264)
[1942] V. Sia., “Power transformer loading” pp. 149-150 of “Some Problems encountered on a
distribution system with special reference to Shanghai”, J. IEE, Vol. 89, 1042, Pt. II, Power
Engineering, pp. 143-152.
[1943] AIEE Committee On Electrical Machinery, "Interim report on overloading distribution

transformers", AIEE Trans., Vol. 62, 1943, pp. 516-517, disc. pp. 968-969. 19 refs. (1944-51)
[1943] AIEE Transformer Subcommittee, "Interim report on overloading current-limiting reactors",

AIEE Trans., Vol. 62, October 1943, pp. 611-612, disc. p. 968. 1 ref.
[1943] J. K. Hodnette, "Conservation of critical material in transformer design", Iron and Steel
Engineer (USA), Vol. 20, No. 1, Jan. 1943, pp. 36-41, disc. pp. 41-65. No refs. (1943-1460)
[1943] C. H. Pike, "Transformer loading", Electrical Review (London), Vol. 132, May 7, 1943, pp.
611-612. 8 refs. (1943-1684)
[1943] R. J. Salsbury, and A. F. Phillips, "The rating of power transformers as determined by the
war emergency", AIEE Trans., Vol. 62, 1943, pp. 255-260, disc p. 452-453. 9 refs. (1943-2027)
[1944] J. K. Hodnette, "Modern transformer developments and the economic trend", Proc. Midwest
Power Conference, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA, April 13-14, 1944, Vol. VII
pp. 77-85. No refs.
[1944] A. L. Morris, "Loading of Transformers. I-II.", The Electrical Times (London), Vol. 105,
Jan. 20, 1944, pp. 68-71 and Jan. 27, 1944, pp. 102-105. (1944-735)
[1944] C. H. Pike, "Transformer operation", Electrical Review (London), Vol. 135, Oct. 20, 1944.
pp. 549-552. 9 refs. (1945-338)
[1944] P. Shelley, "Load limits determined for distribution transformers", Electrical World (USA),
Vol. 122, Oct. 28, 1944, pp. 86-88. no refs. (1945-674)
[1945] H. Caudron, "The concept of ‘nominal power’ of machines and transformers", Memoires de
la Societe Royal Belge des Ingenieurs et des Industriels B (Brussels), No. 2, 1945, pp. 1-9. (In
French)
[1946] P. L. Bellaschi, "Progress in power transformer insulation and protection", CIGRE 1946
Session, Report 115. 24 pp. (1947-1091)
[1950] D. B. Fleming, and J. S. Lotimer, "Contributing factors in determining the ratings of power
transformers for use on the systems of the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario", AIEE
Trans., Vol. 69, Pt. II, 1950, pp. 1658-1661, disc. p. 1661. no refs.
[1950] F. Redondo, "The heating of power transformers and its effect on their working life", Anales
de Mecanica y Electricidad (Spain), Vol. 26, Nov.-Dec. 1950, pp. 307-311. (In Spanish) (1951-
2115)
[1950] H. P. Seelye, "Selection and application of power transformers", AIEE Trans., Vol. 69 Pt. II,
1950, pp. 830-833. 1 ref. (Also, water spray cooling) (1951-62 and 1951-2521)
[1951] E. T. Norris, "The specification of power transformers", Trans. of the South African Institute
of Electrical Engineers, Vol. 42, April 1951, pp. 129-149.
[1952] E. T. Norris, "Electrical plant and machinery: transformers, regulators, and reactors a review
of progress", Proc. IEE, Vol. 99, Part I. General, 1952, pp. 68-74, 15 refs.
[1952] R. Schiffermuller, "Coil loading and its use on trunk cables", Elektrotechnik und
Maschinenbau (Austria) , Vol. 69, June 15, 1952, pp. 275-281. (In German) (1952-4086)
[1955] W. C. Sealey, and R. O. Okerbers, "How to increase step regulator ratings", Allis Chalmers
Electrical Review (USA), Vol.20, No. 2, Second Quarter 1955, pp. 25-29. no ref.
[1955] W. C. Sealey, "Increased current rating for step regulators", AIEE Trans. Vol. 74, Pt. III,
Power Apparatus and Systems, No.19, Aug. 1955, pp. 737-742, disc. p. 742. 1 ref. (1956-61)
[1956] C. F. Mitchell, "Economic loading of distribution transformers", Proc. of the American

Power Conference, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Il, USA, March 21-23, 1956, Vol. 18,
pp. 369-377. Disc. pp. 377-379. 4 refs.
[1957] "A guide to substation transformer loading capabilities and maximum oil temperatures",
Electrical World (USA), Vol. 147, No. 22, June 3, 1957, p. 96,98,99. no refs.
[1957] "Power transformer loading practice needs review!", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 148, No.
25, Dec. 16, 1957, p. 83.
[1958] C. L. Rose, "Power transformer application", Proc. American Power Conference, Illinois
Institute of Technology, Chicago, Il, USA, March 26-28, 1958, Vol. 20, pp. 521-527. 3 refs.
[1959] H. C. Brem and R. A. Studer, "Guide to regulator loading", Electrical South (USA), Vol. 39,
No. 3, March 1959, p. 62, 64,68.
[1959] J. Wildeboer, "Permitting heavy loads on transformers with natural oil circulation and
natural air cooling", Smit Mededelingen (Netherlands) , Vol. 14, No. 3, July-Sept. 1959, pp. 65-74.
(In Dutch) (1960-1214)
[1960] A. Melchinger, "The control of heating and short circuit problems in large transformers",
No. 2, Jan. 18, 1960, pp. 47-52. (In German) (1960-3982)
[1960] J. Silverstein, "Dual distribution transformers", Distribution (USA), Vol. 22, July 1960, pp.
21-22.
[1961] H. E. Campbell, "The importance of distribution transformer loading", Distribution (USA),
Vol. 23, No. 1, Jan. 1961, p. 18. no refs.
[1961] J. H. Carpenter and C. W. Hiers, "Transformer loadability and the loading guide", AIEE
Winter General Meeting, New York, Jan. 29-Feb. 3, 1961, AIEE Conf. Paper 61 CP 61-340, 10 pp.
4 refs.
[1961] J. R. Meador and J. H. Carpenter, "Thermal upgrading of power transformers", Proc.

American Power Conference, March 21-23, 1961, Vol. 23, pp. 915-920. (Also presented AIEE
Great Lakes District Meeting, Minneapolis, April 19-21, 1961). 5 refs. (1962-10563)
[1961] W. M. Rodgers, J. H. Carpenter, and J. A. Smith, "Insulation improvements boost substation

transformer ratings", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 155, No. 23, June 5, 1961, pp. 52-53. no refs.
[1962] M. F. Beavers, "Rating factors guide loading of 65 C rise distributing transformers",

Electrical World (USA), Vol. 158, No. 2, Nov 12 1962, pp. 52-54,84. No refs.
[1962] R. Langlos-Berthelot, "Factors affecting the thermal performance of oil immersed
transformers. Presented on behalf of the Study Committee on Transformers (No. 12)", CIGRE, 1962
Session, Paper 135, 22 pp. (1962-8689)
[1962] F. Pesak, "Loading of transformers with natural oil cooling", Elektrotechnicky Obzor
(Czechoslovakia) , Vol. 51, No. 3, 1962, pp. T1-T9. (In Czech) (1962-8700)
[1963] "On the permissible operation of transformers with cooling systems type DTs",
Elektricheskie Stantsii (USSR) , No. 5, May 1963, p. 94. (In Russian) (1963-9632)
[1964] C. R. Acker, "Loading guide for 65 C rise distribution transformers", IEEE Trans. on Power
Apparatus and Systems, Vol. 83, No. 9, Sept. 1964, pp. 893-900, disc. pp. 900-901. (1965-1941)
[1967] E. T. Norris, "Loading of power transformers", IEE Proc., Vol.114, No. 2, Feb. 1967, pp.
228-232, disc., No.11, Nov. 1967, pp. 1757-1760. 24 refs.
[1967] "Loading limits for transformers", Electrical Times (GB), Vol. 151, April 6 1967, pp. 543-
544.
[1968] S. Tornkvist, "Overloading of transformers", Elteknik (Sweden), Vol. 11, No. 6, June 1968,
pp. 116-119. (In Swedish) (1968-27905)
[1969] B. Favez, "General remarks on determination of transformer loading rules", Revue Generale
De L'Electricite (France) , Vol. 78, No. 7-8, July 1969, pp. 749-753. (In French) (1970-8908)
[1969] S. Partyga, "Some aspects of overloading of oil-filled transformers", Energopomiar, Biuletyn

Nakowa-Techniczny Zakladu Baden Pomiarow (Poland), Vol. 15, No. 3, June, 1969, pp. 17-21. (In
Polish) (1970-6136)
[1969] F. Salgues, "Definition and justification of the thermal limits taken into account for defining
the loading rules applicable to interconnection and delivery transformers of Electrical de France",
Revue Generale De L'Electricite (France) , Vol. 78, no. 7-8, July 1969, pp. 754-762. (In French)
(1970-8909)
[1971] H. Kraeft, "Burden and overload factor of main current transformers in connection with
intermediary current transformers", Electro-Anzeiger (Germany), Vol. 24, No. 16, July 1971, pp.
345-346. (In German) (1971-39593)
[1971] R. A. Olsson, "Power transformer testing program", Proc. 10th. Electrical Insulation
Conference, Sept. 20-23, 1971, p. 27, paper 71C38EI-9, 5 refs. (Has history 1913-1971) (1972-
15413).
[1973] S. A. Stigant and A. C. Franklin, "Loading of oil immersed transformers", in The J&P
Transformer Book, 10th edition, 1973, 770 pp., Appendix 6, pp. 708-713. No refs.
[1973] V. F. Sviderskii, "Economic ranges of powers of transformers for urban distribution

networks, taking into account the dynamics of load growth", Soviet Power Engineering (USA),
Vol. 2 No. 3, March 1973, pp. 194-197. 6 refs. English translation of Elektricheskie Stantsii
(USSR), no. 3, 1973, pp. 63-64. (In Russian) (1973-25217)
[1974] L. C. Aicher, "The controversy over the application of power transformer loading", Proc.
American Power Conference, Illinois Inst. of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 29 April-1 May
1974, Vol. 36, pp. 898-903. 2 refs. (1975-22771)

[1975] C. A. Abdy, "A new loading guide for oil-immersed transformers", Electrical Review (GB),
Vol 196, No. 2, 17 January 1975, pp. 48-49. no refs. (1975-14013)
[1975] L. C. Aicher, "Power transformer overloading", Proc. 1975 IEEE Southeastcon Region 3
Conference on Electricity and Expanding Technology;, Pt. I, Charlotte, NC, 6-9 April, 1975, Paper
1A-3, 4 pp. (1976-50436)
[1975] J. C. Dutton, "Transformer loading - history and considerations", Proc. Southeastern Electric
Exchange, Bal Harbour, Florida, USA, April 17-18 1975, 12 pp. 15 refs.
[1975] M. Kozlowski, "Outstanding scientific-technical problems in the field of transformers",

Przeglad Elektrotechniczny (Poland), Vol. 51, No. 3, March 1975, pp. 105-115. 44 refs. (In Polish)
(1975-27217)
[1975] W. J. McNutt and R. A. Nelson, "Considerations for loading transformers beyond nameplate
rating", Proc. American Power Conference, April 22 1975, Vol. 37, pp. 1021-1029, disc. p. 1030-
1031. 11 refs.
[1975] R. J. Wilmot, "Loading transformers by temperature, coil insulated natural cooled type",
Proc. of the 50th. Annual Conference of the Electricity Supply Engineers Association of New South
Wales, Sydney, Australia, 11-15 Aug. 1975, pp.7/1-22. 9 ref. (1977-2236)
[1976] L. C. Aicher, "Loading power transformers beyond nameplate rating", Paper in course text,
Application of Distribution and Power Transformers, IEEE, PES Summer Meeting, Portland, OR,
USA, July 17-23, 1976, IEEE Pub. 76 CH 1159-3 PWR, pp. 59-64. 10 refs.
[1976] V. V. Bodnar, "On the article 'proposed new overload standards and methods for choosing
rated capacity of general purpose power transformers'", Soviet Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol.
47, no. 4, 1976, pp. 63-64. 4 refs. English translation of Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol 47, No. 4,
1976, pp. 38-39 (In Russian) (1978-8738)
[1976] A. M. Lockie, "Loading distribution transformers beyond nameplate rating", Paper in Course
Text, Application of Distribution and Power Transformers", IEEE, PES Summer Meeting Portland,
OR, USA, July 17-23, 1976, IEEE Pub. 76 CH1159-3 PWR, pp. 50-58. 36 ref.
[1976] P. E. Mironov, "Proposed new overload standards and methods for choosing rated capacity
of general-purpose oil-filled power transformers", Soviet Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol 47 no.
4, 1976, pp. 55-62. 14 refs. English translation of Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol 47, No. 4, 1976, pp.
33-38 (In Russian) (1978-8737)
[1977] P. G. Grudinskii and others, "Discussion - proposed new standards for overloads and
methods for choosing the nominal capacity of general purpose oil filled power transformers - and
authors reply", Soviet Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol. 48, No. 4, 1977, pp. 51-61. 7 refs.
English translation of Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol.48, No. 4, 1977, pp. 32-39. (In Russian) (1978-
52398)
[1978] P. Martel, "Increased rating of transformers in public power supply systems and its
utilisation", Elektrie (Germany), Vol. 32, No. 6, 1978, pp. 303-304. 13 refs. (In German) (1978-
44744)
[1979] O. O. Chew, "You can stretch transformer ratings", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 192, No.
2, July 15, 1979, pp. 54-56.
[1979] W. J. McNutt, "Considerations for overloading transformers above 100 MVA", Proc.
American Power Conference, April 23-25, 1979, Vol. 41, pp. 1226-1230. 7 refs.
[1980] J. D. MacDonald, "Can large power transformers be loaded beyond nameplate rating", Proc.
South Eastern Electrical Exchange, Substation Committee Meeting, April 18, 1980, 21 pp. 9 refs.
[1980] W. J. McNutt, G. H. Kaufman, A. P. Votolo, and J. D. MacDonald, “Short-time failure mode

considerations associated with power transformer overloading”, IEEE Trans. On Power Apparatus
and Systems, Vol. PAS-99, No. 3, Sept./Oct. 1980, pp. 1186-1197.
[1981] C. E. M. de Kuijper, "Transformer rating and loading", CIGRE Study Committee 12

Transformer Colloquium, Cambridge Mass, Sept. 2-8, 1981, 15 pp. 35 refs.
[1981] D. H. Douglas, "A proposed ‘new approach’ in a loading guide for transformers above 100
MVA", CIGRE Study Committee 12 Transformer Colloquium, Cambridge, Mass, Sept 2-8, 1981,
15 pp. no refs.
[1981] F. W. Heinrichs, "Prepared discussion on loading and overloading limitations of large

transformers", CIGRE Study Committee 12 Transformer Colloquium, Cambridge, Mass. Sept 2-8,
1981, 7 pp. no refs.
[1981] IEEE Task Force To Develop A Loading Guide, "Progress report on a guide for loading oil
immersed power transformers rated in excess of 100 MVA", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and
Systems, Vol. PAS-100, No.8, Aug. 1981, pp. 4020-4028, disc. pp. 4029-4032. 12 refs.
[1981] C. Lindsay, "Overloading large power transformers - a utility's viewpoint and practices,
Ontario Hydro", CIGRE Study Committee 12 Transformer Colloquium, Cambridge Mass., Sept. 2-
8, 1981, 19 pp. no refs.
[1981] L. W. Long, "Discussion plan on loading and overloading limitations of large transformers",
CIGRE Study Committee 12 Transformer Colloquium, Cambridge Mass, Sept. 2-8, 1981, 6 pp.
[1982] S. Partyga, "The load capacity of transformers - a still live issue", Energetyka (Poland), Vol.
36, No. 7, Nov. 1982, pp. 267-268. 6 refs. (In Polish) (1983-16466)
[1983] K. K. Batta, G. S. Choha, and S. C. Verma, "Uprating of power transformers for uprating of
generating units", Electrical India, Vol. 23, No. 1, 15 Jan. 1983, pp. 9-17. 6 ref. (1983-58511)
[1983] F. Gallo, "Overload limits of oil-cooled transformers", Elettrificazione (Italy), No. 11, Nov.
1983, pp. 577-581. No refs. (In Italian) (1984-18164)
[1983] L. W. Long, "Overloading and loading limitations of large transformers, report of the
discussion at The Colloquium Of Study Committee 12", CIGRE Electra (France), No. 86, Jan.
1983, pp. 33-51. 22 refs. (In French and English)
[1983] G. Ujhazy, "Warming up and cooling of power transformers", Villamossag (Hungary), Vol.
31, No. 8, Aug. 1983, pp. 225-233. (5 refs.) (In Hungarian) (1984-7991)
[1984] C. E. M. De Kuijper, "Short-time loading of oil-immersed transformers", Elektrotechniek

(Netherlands), Vol. 62, No. 9, Sept. 1984, pp. 757-769. 13 refs. (1985-3905)
[1984] F. Vorck and E. Torgerseh, "When must transformers be replaced? Thermic lifetime of little
practical interest", Elektro (Norway), Vol. 97, No. 2, 23 Jan. 1984, pp. 32-35. no refs. (In
Norwegian) (1984-57115)
[1985] O. R. Compton, "Nameplate rating is not capability", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 199 No.
3, March 1985, pp. 70-72. No refs. (1986-39861)

[1985] R. Kegel and K. Hevck, "Early identification of thermal overloaded middle voltage
transformers", ETZ Archiv (Germany), Vol. 7, No. 1, Jan. 1985, pp. 17-23. 7 refs. (Detected by
frequency response, heating alters capacitance.) (In German) (1985-32547)
[1988] P. Criscuoli, "A guide to the loading of oil-immersed transformers", Elettrificazione (Italy),
No. 6, June 1988, pp. 292-301. No refs. (1988-9455)
[1989] H. C. Soo, A. C. Liew, and K. S. Lock, "Evaluation of transformer performance above

nameplate rating", IES Journal (Institution of Engineers, Singapore), Vol. 29, No. 2, July 1989, pp.
30-40. (1990-12890)
[1990] CIGRE Task Force of Working Group 09 of Study Committee 12, "A survey of facts and
opinions on the maximum safe operating temperature of power transformers under emergency
conditions", CIGRE Electra, (France), No. 129, March 1990, p. 53-63. 11 refs. (In French and
English)
[1990] J. Kruezer, "Topical problems in power transformers", Bulletin des Schweizerischen

Elektrotechnischen Vereins & des Verbandes Schweizerischer Elektrizitaetswerke (Switzerland),
Vol. 81, No. 7, 7 April 1990, pp. 51-53. No refs. (In German) (Direct measurement using distributed
sensor, overloading) (1991-6970)
[1991] S. D. Lizunov, "Problems in the manufacture of transformers discussed at the 1990 session
of CIGRE", Elektrichestvo (USSR), No. 8, Aug. 1991, pp. 20-28. 17 refs. (In Russian) (1992-8136)
[1992] R. P. de Lhorbe, “Special report for group 12 (transformers)", Proc. of the 34th. session,
CIGRE, 30 Aug. - 5 Sept. 1992, Vol. 1, Paper 12.00. 6 pp.
[1992] R. P. de Lhorbe, “General report for group 12”, Proc. of the 34th. Session CIGRE, 30 Aug. -
5 Sept. 1992, Vol. 1.
[1992] W. J. McNutt, “Notes from Bill McNutt”, The Doble Exchange (USA), Vol. 10, No. 3, Sept.
1992, pp. 9-10.
[1995] Cigre Working Group 09 of Study Committee 12, "Survey of power transformer overload
field practices, CIGRE Electra, (France), No. 161, Aug. 1995, pp. 43-51. no refs.
[1998] "Hot spot debate still heated", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 212, No. 6, June 1998, p. 35.
[1999] L. R. Funnell, M. H. Arthur, S. T. Larsen, and E. a. Simonson, “Application of improved
ratings for NGC’s transformers and cables”, CIGRE Symposium on Working Plant and Systems
Harder, London, UK, 7-9 June 1999, Paper 100-04, 6 pp. 13 refs.
[1999] “Refurbishing LTCs”, Electrical World, Vol. 213, No. 6, Nov./Dec. 1999, p. 21.
[2002] A. Majid, and M. A. Al-Mulhim, “A Probabilistic approach to transformer overloading”,

CIGRE 2002 Session, 25-30 Aug. 2002, Paper presented for Group 12 (Transformers).
[2004] T. Weeks, T. Molinski, and G. Swift, “Transient transformer overload ratings and
protection”, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 20, No. 2, March/April 2004, pp. 32-35. 2
refs.

16.3 Load Prediction and Planning
[1939] W. E. Groves, "Distribution transformer load testing methods used by the Detroit Edison
Company", Edison Electric Institute Bulletin (USA), Vol. 7 No. 2, Feb. 1939, pp. 57-62, 79.
[1940] C. E. Arvidson, "Diversified demand method of estimating residential distribution

transformer loads", Edison Electric Institute Bulletin (USA), Vol. 8, No. 10, October 1940, pp. 469-
473, 496.
[1941] J. Wallis and P. Shelley, "Determine transformer load from customer records", Electrical
World (USA), Vol. 116, Dec. 13, 1941, pp. 72-74,149. no refs. (1942-383)
[1957] P. G. Brittain, "Distribution transformer loading by the load factor-computer method", Proc.
of the American Power Conference, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Il, USA, March 27-
29, 1957, Vol. 19, pp. 472-477. 2 refs.
[1957] H. Lawler, "Distribution transformer loading from customers kilowatthour consumption",

Proc. of the American Power Conference, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Il, USA, March
27-29, 1957, Vol. 19, pp. 478-484. No refs.
[1957] R. F. Lawrence and A. M. Lockie, "Distribution transformer load management",

Westinghouse Engineer (USA), Vol. 19, No. 3, May 1957, pp. 86-89. 1 ref.
[1959] P. G. Brittain, "Distribution transformer load management", AIEE Trans., Vol. 78 Part III,
Power Apparatus and Systems, August 1959, pp. 665-668. 1 ref.
[1959] C. F. Mitchell and J. A. Hughes, "Determination of distribution transformer loading from

kilowatt-hour consumption by electronic computation", AIEE Trans., Vol. 78 Pt. III, Power
Apparatus and Systems, Oct. 1959, pp. 896-903, disc. pp. 903-904. 10 refs.
[1961] C. Denison, "Characteristics of substation loads and problems their variations cause",
Electrical South (USA), Vol. 41, No. 6, June 1961, pp. 74-75,78,80,116-117. No refs.
[1962] H. G. Meyer, P. J. McLafferty, "Load and loss factors of urban residential distribution
transformer loads", AIEE Joint Southwest And Mid America District Meeting, April 30 - May 2
1962, AIEE Paper DP62-62210, pp. 8 refs.
[1963] N. L. Paulson, "Distribution transformer loading", Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol. 82,
No. 2, Feb. 1963, pp. 136-139. (1963-9691)
[1963] D. N. Reps, "Monte-Carlo simulation of residential transformer loads", IEEE Trans., Vol. 81
Part III, Power Apparatus and Systems, No. 64, Feb. 1963, pp. 841-857, disc. pp. 857-864. 12 refs.
(1963-6756)
[1964] J. R. Meinke, "Improved methods and accuracy for transformer load calculations", IEEE
Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. 83, No. 6, June 1964, pp. 640-644. 2 refs. (1964-
10487)
[1965] M. W. Gangel and R. F. Propst, "Distribution transformer load characteristics", IEEE Trans.
on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. 84, Aug. 1965, pp. 671-682, disc. pp. 682-684. 5 refs.
(1965-18382)
[1965] "Load cycles and power costs set pattern for peaking", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 163,
No. 18, May 3, 1965, pp. 82-83.

[1968] V. N. Gusev, y. I. Boryu, V. R. Okorokov, V. M. Shakhidzhanyan, and M. A. Aleksandrova,
"Analyzing the loading of power transformers in power systems of the USSR", Elektrotekhnika
(USSR), No. 7, July 1968, pp. 15-17. (in Russian) English translation in Soviet Electrical
Engineering (USA). (1969-12300)
[1970] N. E. Chang, "Determination and evaluation of distribution transformer losses of the electric
system through transformer load monitoring", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol.
PAS-89, No. 6 July/Aug. 1970, pp. 1282-1284. 3 refs. (1970-33610)
[1971] V. N. Gusev, V. P. Okorokov, and M. A. Aleksandrova, "The statistical indices that

characterize the load capacity of 110 kv power transformers”, Elektricheskie Stantsii (USSR) , Vol.
42, No. 8, 1971, pp. 36-38. (In Russian) (1971-39583)
[1972] V. G. Galitovskii, "Selecting transformers on the basis of the average power of the most
heavily-loaded shift", Soviet Power Engineering (USA), Vol. 1, No. 3, March 1972, pp. 237-238. 2
refs. English translation of Elektricheskie Stantsii (USSR), Vol. 43 No. 3, March 1972, pp. 58-59.
(In Russian) (1972-26825)
[1972] P. C. Gupta, and K. Yamada, "Adaptive short term forecasting of hourly loads using weather
information", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus And Systems, Vol. PAS-91, No. 5, Sept./Oct. 1972,
pp. 2085-2092, disc. pp. 2092-2094.
[1973] G. J. Berg, "Power system load representation", Proc. IEE, Vol. 120, No. 3, March 1973, pp.
344-348. 9 refs.
[1973] Y. A. Fokin and Il G. Reznikov, "The choice of statistically probable patterns of electrical
loads", Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Energetika i Transport (USSR), No. 4, July-Aug. 1973, pp.
58-64. 5 refs. (In Russian) (1974-1714)
[1974] N. G. Wilkins, and E. H. Musa, "Cooling transformers installed indoors", Electrical Times
(GB), No. 4277, 18 April 1974, pp. 5, 15. (1974-28878)
[1980] H. J. Koglin and H. Muller, "Overload reduction through corrective switching actions",
International Conference on Power System Monitoring Control, London England, 24-26 June 1980,
IEE, pp. 159-164. 10 refs. (1980-42227)
[1981] R. N. Allan, A. M. Leite da Silva, and R. C. Burchett, "Evaluation methods and accuracy in
probabilistic load flow solutions", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS- 100,
No. 5, May 1981, pp. 2593-2546. 12 refs.
[1981] G. S. Fiske, E. T. K. Law, and D. Q. Seeto, "The economic analysis of load management: the
case of cycling residential air conditioners",IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol.
PAS-100, No. 12, Dec. 1981, p. 4725-4732. 11 refs.
[1981] R. L. McIntyre, J. D. Cyrulewski, and J. M. Goodrich, "Practical benefits of load

modification for the Detroit Edison Company", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol.
PAS-100, No. 5, May 1981, pp. 2547-2554. 10 refs.
[1982] M. M. Saied, N. H. Fetih, and H. M. El-Shewy, "Optimal expansion of transformer

substations", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-101, No. 11, Nov. 1982, pp.
4333-4340. 7 refs.
[1983] H. Rasokat, "The statistical distribution of the degrees of loading on mains operation
apparatus", Elektrizitatswirtschaft (Germany), Vol. 82, No. 4, 14 Feb. 1983, pp. 92-97. 5 refs. (In
German) (1983-27795)
[1985] C. O. Bjork, and B. G. Karlsson, "Load management applications for industrial loads", IEEE
Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol PAS-104, No. 8, August 1985, pp. 2058-2063. 6 refs.
[1985] G. C. Heffner, and D. A. Kaufman, "Distribution substation load impacts of residential air
conditioner load control", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-104, No. 7,
July 1985, pp. 1602-1608. 5 refs.
[1985] W. A. Johnson, A. M. Maher, and T. M. Devaney, "Experimental results of a load

management system for large commercial customers", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and
Systems, Vol. PAS 104, No. 9, Sept. 1985, pp. 2322-2328. No refs.
[1985] C. F. Walker, and J. L. Pokoski, "Residential load shape modeling based on customer
behavior", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS 104, No. 7, July 1985, pp.
1703-1711. 16 refs.
[1986] D. Elmakis, A. Braunstein, and Y. Naot, "A probabilistic method for establishing the
transformer capacity reserve criteria for HV/MV substations", IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol.
PWRS-1, No. 4, Nov. 1986, pp. 158-164. 7 refs.
[1986] J. A. Morris, "Economic versus reliability: substation loading", Transmission & Distribution
(USA), Vol. 38, No. 5, May 1986, pp. 38,40. No refs. (1986-61570)
[1987] J. P. Bejot, "Distribution transformer load data memory system", CIRED 1987: 9th
International Conference on Electricity Distribution, Liege, Belgium, 4-8 May 1987. p.f.16.1-5. no
refs. (1988-17706)
[1987] Y. I. Boryu, "Statistical investigation of operation load on three-winding 110 kv stepdown

transformer", Soviet Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol. 58, No. 10, 1987, pp. 50-54. 2 refs. English
translation of Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol. 58, No. 10, 1987, pp. 29-32. (1988-55398)
[1988] K. Aoki, T. Satoh, M. Ith, H. Kuwabara, M. Kanezashi, "Voltage drop constrained

restoration of supply by switch operation in distribution systems", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery,
Vol. 3 No. 3, July 1988, pp. 1267-1274. 4 refs.
[1988] L. E. Stetson and G. L. Stark, "Peak electrical demands of individuals and groups of rural
residential customers", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 24, No. 5, Sept./Oct. 1988, pp.
772-776. 13 refs.
[1990] N. D. Hatziargyriou, T. S. Karakatsanis, M. Papadoulous, Probabilistic calculations of
aggregate storage heating loads", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 5 No. 3, July 1990, pp.
1520-1526. 18 refs.
[1990] V. P. Oboskalov, "Limiting the loading of transformers under fault conditions", Izvestiya
Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Energetika (Byelorussian SSR), No. 1, 1990, pp. 58-60. 2 refs. (In
Russian) (1990-41905)
[1990] J. H. Reed, R. P. Broadwater, a. Chadrasekaran, and A. Oka, "Predicting air conditioner load
curves from energy audit data: A comparison of predicted and actual air conditioning data from the
Athens load control equipment", IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 5, No. 2, May 1990, pp. 359-
365, disc. p. 366, 11 ref.
[1991] T-H. Chen, M-S. Chen, K-J. Huang, P. Kotas, and E. A. Chebli, "Distribution system power
flow analysis - a rigid approach", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 6 No. 3, July 1991, pp. 146-
1152. 8 refs.

[1991] A. Pahwa, J. K. Shultis, D. M. Rucker, W. N. Dowling, "Field test of distribution automation
equipment at Kansas Utilities", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 6, No. 4, Oct. 1991, pp. 1564-
1572. 10 refs.
[1991] D. C. Park, M. A. El-Sharkawi, R. J. Marks II, "Electric load forecasting using an artificial
neural network", IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 6, No. 2, May 1991, pp. 442-448, disc. p.
449.
[1991] J. Powers, B. Margossian and B. Smith, "Using a rule-base algorithm to desegregate end-use
load profiles from premise-level data", IEEE Computer Applications in Power, Vol. 4, No. 2, April
1991, pp. 42-47. 1 ref.
[1992] H. Kim, Y. Ko, and K-H. Jung, "Algorithm of transferring the load of the faulted substation
transformer using the best-first search method", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 7, No. 3, July
1992, pp. 1434-1441, disc. p. 1442. 8 refs.
[1992] F. N. Lee and Q. Feng, "Multi-area unit commitment", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery",
Vol. 7, No. 2, May 1992. pp. 591-598, disc. p. 599. 6 refs.
[1992] A. H. Noureddine, A. T. Alouani, and A. Chandrasekaran, "On the maximum likelihood

duty cycle of an appliance and its validation", IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 7, No. 1, Feb.
1992, pp. 228-235
[1992] F. S. Prabhakara, "A fast discrete method for voltage drop and current calculation for
manufacturing facilities with intermittent loads", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 28,
No. 2, March/April 1992. pp. 329-335. 9 refs.
[1992] F. S. Prabhakara and W. E. Kazibwe, "Current calculation methodology for manufacturing

facilities with intermittent loads", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 28 No. 2,
March/April 1992, pp. 324-328. 7 refs.
[1992] N. B. Tweed, Jr. and B. E. Stites, "Managing load data at Virginia Power", IEEE Computer
Applications in Power, Vol. 5 no. 1, Jan 1992, pp. 25-29. 2 refs.
[1993] R. Arseneau, "The performance of demand meters under varying load conditions", IEEE
Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 8, No. 4, Oct. 1993, pp. 1708-1711. 4 refs.
[1993] C. S. Chen and M. Y. Cho, "Energy loss reduction by critical switches", IEEE Trans. on
Power Delivery, Vol. 8 No. 3, July 1993, pp. 1246-1251. no refs.
[1993] M. W. Gustafson, J. S. Baylor, and G. Epstein, "Estimating air conditioning load control
effectiveness using an engineering model", IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 8, No. 3, August
1993, pp. 972-978. 7 refs.
[1993] Y-Y. Hsu, Y. Iwo-Hwu, S. S. Liu, Y. W. Chen, H. C. Feng, and Y. M. Lee, "Transformer
and feeder load balancing using heuristic search approach", IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 8,
No. 1, Feb. 1993, pp. 184-190. 14 refs.
[1993] H-C. Huo, Y-Y. Hsu, "Distribution system load estimation and service restoration using a
fuzzy set approach", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 8, No. 4, Oct. 1993, PP. 1950-1957. 18
refs.
[1993] L. de la Cuadra Oliag, F. C. Sese, and A. Q. Lopez, "Load modeling method at distribution
level - hourly groups approximation (GHAC)", 12th International Conference on Electricity
Distribution (CIRED), 1993, IEE Conf. Pub. 373, Vol. 6, paper 6.21. 18 refs.
[1993] S. Rahman, G. B. Shrestha, "An investigation of the impact of electric vehicle load on the
electric utility distribution system", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 8, No. 2, April, 1993, pp.
591-596. disc. p. 597. 6 refs.
[1994] C. S. Chen, J. C. Hwang, M. Y. Cho, and Y. W. Chen, "Development of simplified loss

models for distribution system analysis", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 9, No. 3, July 1994,
pp. 1545-1551. 9 refs.
[1994] J. A. Jardeni. C. M. V. Tahan, S. U. Ahn. and S. L. S. Cabral, "Determination of the typical

daily load curve for residential area based on field measurements", Proc. of the 1994 IEEE PES
Transmission and Distribution Conference, IEEE Pub. 94 CH 3428-0. (Paper bound separately.
[1994] A. Sargent, R. P. Broadwater, J. C. Thompson, and J. Nazarko, "Estimation of diversity and

kwh-to-peak-kw factors from load research data", IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 9, No. 3,
August 1994, pp. 1450-1456. 2 refs.
[1995] T. Hoff and D. S. Shugar, "The value of grid-support photovoltaics in reducing distribution
system losses", IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, Vol. 10, No. 3, Sept. 1995, pp. 569-576. 10
refs.
[1995] IEEE Task Force on Load Representation for Dynamic Performance, ‘Bibliography on load
models for power flow and dynamic performance simulation”, IEEE Trans. On Power Systems,
Vol. 10, No. 1, Feb. 1995, pp. 523-538.
[1995] J. A. Jardini, “Residential and commercial daily load curve representation by statistical
function for engineering studies purposes”, CIRED Conference, Brussels, BE, 1995, pp. 5.23.1 -
5.23.6. (paper 5.23, 6 pages)
[1995] D-C. Wei, and N. Chen, "Air conditioner direct load control by multipass dynamic
programming", IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 10, No. 1, Feb. 1995, pp. 307-313. 15 refs.
[1996] C. S. Chen, J. C. Hwang, Y. M. Tzeng, C. W. Hwang, and M. Y. Cho, "Determination of

customer load characteristics by load survey system at Taipower", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery,
Vol. 11, No. 3, July 1996, pp. 1430-1435, disc. p. 1436. 7 refs.
[1996] C. N. Claar, "A case study of main service short time demand intervals", IEEE Industry
Applications Magazine, Vol. 2, No. 1, Jan./Feb. 1996, pp. 35-40. 4 refs.
[1996] L. C. Leung, S. Khator, and J. Ponce, "Optimal transformer allocation under single-
contingency", IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 11, No. 2, May 1996, pp/ 1046-1051. 14 refs.
14 refs.
[1996] Z.. Yu, "A temperature based optimization method for daily load prediction considering
DLC effect", IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 11, No. 2, May 1996, pp. 728-733. 10 refs.
[1997] R. P. Broadwater, A. Sargent, A. Yarali, H. E. Shaalan, and J. Nazarko, "Estimating

substation peaks from load research data", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 12, No. 1, Jan.
1997, pp. 451-456. 5 refs.
[1998] W. Charytoniuk, M. S. Chen, and P. Van Olinda, “Nonparametric regression based short-
term load forecasting”, IEEE Trans. On Power Systems, Vol. 13, No. 3, Aug. 1998, pp. 725-730.
18 refs,

[1998] J. M. Daley, "Load transfer strategies for machine and other inrush loads", Conf. Record
1998 IEEE industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference, Edmonton, Alta,
Canada, 3-8 May, 1998, IEEE Cat. No. 98CH36202, pp. 19-24. 4 refs. (1998-94359)
[1998] K. Tomiyama, J. P. Daniel, and S. Ihara, "Modeling air conditioner load for power system
studies", IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 13, No. 2, May 1998, pp. 414-421. 12 refs.
[1999] E. O'Neill-Carrillo, G. T. Heydt, E. J. Kostelich, S. S. Venkata, and A. Sundaram,

"Nonlinear deterministic modeling of highly varying loads", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.
14, No. 2, April, 1999, pp. 537-542. 15 refs.
[1999] M. M. Saied, "The real cost of air conditioning load", IEEE Industry Applications Magazine,
Vol. 5, No. 5, Sept./Oct. 1999, pp. 42-46. 6 refs.
[2000] J. A. Jardini, C. M. V. Tahan, M. R. Gouvea, S. U. Ahn, and F. M. Figueiredo, “Daily load

profiles for residential, commercial and industrial low voltage consumers”, IEEE Trans. On Power
[2000] K. N. Miu and H-D. Chiang, “Electric distribution system load capability: Problem
formulation, solution algorithm, and numerical results”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 15,
No. 1, Jan. 2000, pp. 436-442. 9 refs.
[2000] A. B. Morton and I. M. Y. Mareels, “Overload prevention and loss minimization in managed
distribution networks” , IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 15, No. 3, July. 2000, pp. 972-977. 6
refs.
[2000] T. Rajalanthan. A. S. Meyer, and B. Dwolatsky, “Computer generated transformer zones as

part of township electrification design software”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 15, No. 3,
July. 2000, pp. 1067-1072. 19 refs.
[2000] S. A. Villaba and C. A. Bel, “Hybrid demand model and load estimation and short term load
forecasting in distribution electric systems”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 15, No. 2, April
2000, pp. 764-769. 13 refs.
[2002] R-F. Chang, R-C. Leou, and C-N. Lu, “Distribution transformer load modeling using load
research data”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 17, No. 2, April, 2002, pp. 655-661. 12 refs.
[2002] T-H. Fu and C-J. Wu, “Load characteristics analysis of ac and dc arc furnaces using various
power definitions and statistic method”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 17, No. 4, Oct. 2002,
pp.1099-1105. 16 refs. (considers unbalance and harmonics)
[2002] K. S. Swarup and B. Satish, “Integrated ANN approach to forecast load”, IEEE Computer
Applications in Power, Vol. 15, No. 2, April 2002, pp. 46-51. 6 refs.
[2002] J. Wan, and K. N. Miu, “A zonal-load estimation method for unbalanced, radial distribution
networks”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 17, No. 4, Oct. 2002, pp. 1106-1112. 11 refs.
[J. H. Teng, “A direct approach for distribution system load flow solutions”, IEEE Trans. On Power
Delivery, Vol. 18, No. 3, July 2003, pp. 882-887.
[2004] Y-Y. Hong, and J-J. Wu, “Determination of transformer capacities in an industrial factory
with intermittent loads”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 19, No. 3, July 2004, pp. 1253-
1258. 15 refs.

[2011] H. Turker, A. Florescu, S. Bacha, and D. Chatroux, “Load rates of low voltage transformers
and medium voltage profile assessments on a real distribution electric grid based on average Daily
Load Profile (DLP) of a housing for a high penetration of Plug-inHybrid Electric Vehicles
(PHEVS)”, Proc. IEEE Veh. Power Propulsion Conf. Rec., 2011, pp. 1-8.
16.4 Ambient Temperature Prediction
[1940] P. L. Bellaschi and P. H. Macauley, "Reference values for temperature, pressure and
humidity", AIEE Trans., Vol. 59, 1940, pp. 669-675, disc. p. 1227. 12 refs.
[1940] J. J. Smith and H. W. Tenney, "Temperature survey of the United States", AIEE Trans., Vol.
59, 1940, pp. 769-775, disc. pp. 1090-1092. 14 refs.
[1941] H. W. Tenney, "Variations of atmospheric temperature with altitude in the United States",
AIEE Trans., Vol. 60, May 1941, pp. 230-232, disc. pp. 727-728. 4 refs.
[1942] R. E. Hellmund and P. H. Macauley, "Application of apparatus and conductors under
various ambient temperature conditions", AIEE Trans., Vol. 61, August 1942, pp. 553-558, disc. pp.
992-993. 5 ref.
[1943] M. S. Oldacre, "Use of equivalent annual ambient temperature in overloading", AIEE Trans.,
Vol. 62, 1943, pp. 477-480, disc. pp. 916-918. 11 refs. (1943-2391)
[1948] H. Caudron, "Definition of ‘normal ambient temperature’ related to the concept of

transformer life and power rates. Rules generally accepted in Belgium for transformer operation
includes heading. comparison of various standards". CIGRE, 1948, Paper no. 126. 7 pp. (in English)
(1949-330)
[1950] C. de Kuijper, "The influence of ambient temperature on the temperature rise and life of air-
cooled transformers", Smit Mededelingen (Netherlands) , Vol. 5, April-June, 1950, pp. 22-31. (In
Dutch) (Data on ambient for 70 parts of the world.) (1950-3657)
[1968] V. B. Kulakovskii and M. V. Ivanova, "Equivalent temperatures of the cooling air for
outdoor-mounted transformers", Elektricheskie Stantsii (USSR) , No. 1, Jan. 1968, pp. 54-58. (In
Russian) (1968-22612)
[1974] Y. M. Nikitin, "Allowing for ambient temperature in determining the wear of transformer
insulation", Elektrichestvo (USSR), No. 8, Aug. 1974, pp. 40-43. 8 refs. (In Russian) (1975-22741)
[1976] I. F. Primus, "Temperatures in system stations - economic significance and factors of

influence", Elektrizitatswirtschaft (Germany), Vol. 75, No. 6, 2 Aug. 1976, pp. 451-460. 11 refs. (In
German) (1976-44190)
[1976] I. F. Primus, "Temperatures in system stations - measured results and interpretation",

Elektrizitatswirtschaft (Germany), Vol. 75, No. 22, 25 Oct. 1976, pp. 833-842. 2 refs. (In German)
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[1977] J. R. Eaton, R. P. Merritt, and E. F. Rice, "Electric power engineering in an Arctic

environment", IEEE Trans. On Power Apparatus And Systems, Vol. PAS-96, No. 1, Jan./Feb. 1977,
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[1981] C. E. M. de Kuijiper, "Open-air temperature and weighted ambient temperature, associated
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16.5 Application of the Loading Equations
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urban electrical networks", Elektricheskie Stantsii (USSR) , No. 2, Feb. 1962, pp. 45-49. (In
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[1962] A. H. Knable, "Selecting power equipment for welding loads", Allis Chalmers Electrical
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[1963] R. E. Rood, "A method for estimating the thermal life expectancy of distribution
transformers", IEEE Trans. Vol. , Power Apparatus and Systems, No. 69, Dec. 1963, pp.
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networks", Elektricheskie Stantsii (USSR) , No. 3, March 1963, pp. 65-66. (In Russian) (1963-
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"Evaluation of substation transformer loading using simulation techniques", IEEE Trans. on Power
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[1965] G. L. Gaibrois, "Life loading of industrial power transformers", IEEE Trans. on Industry and
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[1965] R. F. Propst, and M. W. Gangel, "Distribution load study defines load and loss factors",
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[1966] H. Greber, "Loading of electrical equipment on basis of thermal aging", IEEE Winter Power
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[1966] J. C. Hansen, "Permissible loading of transformers from the thermal and economic aspect",
Elektroteknikeren (Denmark), Vol. 62, no. 10, 23 May 1966, pp. 166-171,175. (In Danish) (1967-
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distribution transformers", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-86, No. 9,
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[1970] B. D. Appendini, "Method for the economic evaluation of the effective capacity of three-
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27, 1970, pp. 321-323, 2 refs. (1970-2600)
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Electricidad (Spain), Vol. 34, No. 393, June 1970, pp. 331-335. (In Spanish) (1971-9213)
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Wilker, and D. C. Wood, "Determination of power transmission ratings for the Pennsylvania - New
Jersey - Maryland interconnection", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-90,
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[1971] L. C. Boldrini, "The thermal performance; the present position of protective gear
technology", L'Ingegnere (Italy), Vol. 45, Nos. 7-8, July-Aug. 1971, pp. 593-611. no refs. (In
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[1971] D. O. Craighead and J. Linstrom, "Application of overhead distribution transformers through

a formal loading program", Proc. 10th. Electrical Insulation Conference, Chicago, IL, USA, 20-23
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[1971] J. H. Cronin, "Emergency rating of substation equipment", Pacific Coast Electric

Association, Engineer & Operating Section Conference, March 18-19, 1971, 25 pp. No refs.
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Elektrotechniczny (Poland) , Vol. 47, No. 8-9, 1971, pp. 338-343. 14 refs. (1971-39600)
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Elektrotechnicky Obzor (Czechoslavakia), Vol. 60, No. 3, March 1971, pp. 130-135. 12 refs. (in
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[1972] R. N. Bhargava, "Overloading of oil immersed transformers type ON (air natural cooling)",
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[1972] N. Care, "Choice and siting of transformers for factory distribution", Electrical Times (GB),
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[1972] E. Niemand, "The economic utilization of transformers taking load characteristic and life
into account", Elektrizitatswirtschaft (Germany) , Vol. 71, No. 7, 27 March 1972, pp. 186-191. 7
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Distribution (USA), Vol. 24, No.6, June 1972, pp. 47-50. No refs.
[1973] P. Bonis and F. Coppadoro, "Transformers for arc furnaces", The Brown Boveri Review
(Switzerland), Vol. 60, No. 10-1, Oct-Nov. 1973, pp. 456-467. no refs. (1974-13232)
[1973] H. T. Butenschon, "The economic use of transformers for local systems",

Elektrizitatswirtschaft (Germany) , Vol. 72, No. 16, Aug. 1973, pp. 563-569. 40 refs. (In German)
(1973-37462)
[1973] N. E. Chang, "A dynamic analysis of economic loading of distribution transformers", IEEE
PES Winter Meeting, New York, NY, USA, Jan. 28 - Feb. 2 1973, Paper C73 022-1, 7 pp. 5 refs.
[1973] C. R. Classen, “20 year life ratings cut substation costs” Transmission and Distribution,
(USA), Vol. 25, No. 2, Feb. 1973, pp. 50-53, 64. No refs. (1973-25221)
[1973] J. W. M. Hoppener, "Loading of oil-immersed power transformers and selection of required
rated power", Holectechniek (Netherlands), Vol. 3, No. 2, July 1973, pp. 82-88. 12 refs. (1973-
34323)
[1973] L. K. Lal, "Overloading of oil-immersed transformers", Electrical India, Vol. 13, No. 16, 31
Aug. 1973, pp. 22-23. 3 refs. (1974-8828)
[1973] A. Mereanu and V. Stanila, "Oil transformer overload capacity calculation procedure",
Lucrarile ICPE (Rumania), No. 28, 1973, pp. 33-39. 14 refs. (In Rumanian) (1974-21831)
[1973] J. Nejedly, "Thermal life time of power oil-immersed transformers in operation at constant
rated load", Bulletin EGU (Vyzkumny Ustav Energeticky, Czechoslovakia), No. 77, 1971-1973, pp.
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[1973] D. L. Nickel and S. R. Swanson, "When should you change out transformers", Electrical
World (USA), Vol. 180 No. 1, 1 July 1973, pp. 42-43. No refs. (No thermal.) (1974-1709)
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the random process of relative wear of transformer insulation", Elektrichestvo (USSR), No. 9, Sept.
1973, pp. 62-67. 9 refs. (In Russian) (1974-17532)
[1973] D. H. H. Stolte, "The loading of public supply transformers", Energie (Germany), Vol. 25,
no. 1, Jan. 1973, pp. 1-8. 15 refs. (In German) (1973-22494)
[1974] N. E. Chang, "Loading distribution transformers", Transmission and Distribution (USA),

Vol. 26, No. 8, Aug. 1974, pp. 58-59, 97.
[1974] G. Colombo, M. Domenichini, and G. Tendas, "The direct control of temperature in

windings of working transformers", Elettrotecnica (Italy), Vol. 61, No. 10, Oct. 1974, pp. 899-905.
9 refs. (In Italian) (1975-18182)
[1974] A. S. Pabla, "Hot spot of power transformer supplying arc furnace loads", Electrical India,
Vol. 14, No. 23, 15 Dec. 1974, pp. 10-12. 5 refs. (1975-31559)
[1975] G. Hall and P. Q. Nelson, "Achieving safe and optimum loading of power transformers",
Pacific Coast Electrical Association Annual Conference of the Engineering and Operating Section,
Americana Hotel, Los Angeles, California, USA, March 21 1975. 36 pp. 4 refs.
[1975] M. N. Ololovich, "Estimating the overloads on reserve station services transformers", Soviet
Power Engineering (USA), Vol. 4, No. 11, Nov. 1975, pp. 677-679. 1 ref. English translation of
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[1975] J. J. M. Reguena, "Thermal behavior of transformers and their protection by thermal relays",
Revista Electrotecnica (Spain), Vol. 20, No. 232, Aug. 1975, pp. 39-49. 44 refs. (In Spanish) (1976-
44568)
[1976] G. Cwienk, "Thermal boundary conditions during system optimization [Power

transformer]", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift. Ausgabe A: Zentralblatt fur Electrotechnik.
(Germany) , Vol. 97, No. 6, June 1976, pp. 340-344. 7 refs. (In German) (1976-40224)
[1976] G. P. Harvey, "Is the emergency rated transformer necessary", Electrical Times (GB), No.
4379, May 14, 1976, p. 7. No refs. (1976-36012)
[1976] V. V. Ovcharov, "On the overload capability of power transformers", Promyshlennaya

Energetika (USSR), No. 1, Jan. 1976, pp. 23-24. 5 refs. (In Russian) (1976-50431)
[1976] D. Peter, "The load capacity of 110 kv transformers", Energietechnik (Germany), Vol. 26,
No. 9, Sept. 1976, pp. 389-393. 18 refs. (1977-2227)
[1977] A. R. Spangler, "The economical loading of distribution transformers", IEEE Trans. on

Industry Applications, Vol. IA-13, No. 2, March/April, 1977, pp. 120-124. 3 refs.
[1978] H. E. Campbell and D. W. Gerlach, "Load transformers economically", Electrical World

(USA), Vol. 190, No. 1, July 1, 1978, pp. 62-63. No refs.
[1978] B. Dolven, "Use of distribution transformers", Elektro (Norway), Vol. 91, No.2, 24 Jan.
1978, pp. 23-27. no refs. (In Norwegian) (1978-31718)
[1979] Y. G. Bae, P. N. Adkins, and D. W. Bree, "Quantitative evaluation of the cost and benefits
associated with transformer loadings", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems (USA), Vol.
PAS-98, No.1, Jan./Feb. 1979, pp. 159-164. 7 refs.

[1979] I. S. Benko, D. E. Cooper, D. O. Craghead, and P. Q. Nelson, "Loading of substation
electrical equipment with emphasis on thermal capability. Part II - Application", IEEE Trans. on
Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-98, No. 4, July/Aug. 1979, pp. 1403-1410, disc pp.
1411-1419. 16 refs. (Part I see B. J. Conway, et. al)
[1979] O. O. Chew, "Operation of transformer at loads in excess of name plate ratings", Missouri
Valley Electric Association Engineering Conference, Kansas City, Kansas, USA, April 18, 1979, 5
pp. 9 refs.
[1979] B. J. Conway, D. W. McMullen, A. J. Peat, and J. M. Scofield, "Loading substation

electrical equipment with emphasis on thermal capability: Part I - Principles", IEEE Trans. On
Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-98, No. 4, July/Aug. 1979, pp. 1394-1402, disc. pp.
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[1979] W. Heunemann, "Optimum rating of substations", Elektrotechnik (Germany), Vol. 27, April
1979, pp. 152-154. 5 refs. (In German) (1979-50714)
[1979] "Re-evaluate transformer loadings - lower loadings mean less losses", Electric Light and
Power (USA), Vol. 57, No. 3, March 1979, pp. 40,45.
[1980] R. Laurenz, "The determination of the permissible loading of transformers under varying
load by means of artificial load curves", Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Technischen Universitat
Dresden (Germany), Vol. 29, No. 2, 1980, pp. 515-520. 7 refs. (In German) (three step load curve)
(1980-56258)
[1980] C. E. Mitchell, "Emergency overloading of the large EHV system power transformers
resulting in greater utilization", IEEE PES Winter Meeting, Feb. 3-8, 1980, IEEE Pub.
80CH1523-0-PW, paper A80 052-1. 4 refs.
[1980] H. B. Peck, M. Kaufman, P. B. Heilker, and S. L. Purucker, "Application of daily and

seasonal loss of life for the determination of radical power transformer loading capabilities", IEEE
PES Winter Meeting, Feb. 3-8, 1980, IEEE Pub. 80CH1523-0-PWR, Paper A80 007-5. 3 refs.
[1981] R. G. Harley and E. Ben-Dou "Optimal rating of a transformer for a growing load diagram",
IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-100, No. 12, Dec. 1981, pp. 4854-4859.
9 refs.
[1981] B. D. Lahoti and D. E. Flowers, "Evaluation of transformer loading above nameplate

ratings", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-100, No.4, April 1981, pp.
1989-1997, disc. p. 1998. 19 refs.
[1981] C. Moldoveanu and V. Manitio, "Oil insulated distribution transformer overloading",

Energetica (Rumania), Vol. 29, No. 1, Jan. 1981, pp. 39-42. 10 refs. (In Rumanian) (1981-35213)
[1981] C. J. Mozina, "Stretch your substation transformer rating", Electrical World (USA), Vol.
195, No. 1, Jan. 1981, pp. 98-99. (1981-44132)
[1981] S. Szymanski, "The capacity factor of transformers supplying urban communal consumers",
Energetyka (Poland), Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1981, pp. 98-100. 5 refs. (In Polish) (1981-39024)
[1981] B. S. Timchenko, "Load capacity of power transformers", Soviet Electrical Engineering

(USA), Vol. 52, No. 5, 1981, pp. 35-41. English translation of Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol. 52,
No. 5, 1981, pp. 18-21. (1983-5511)

[1982] V. A. Fedotova and V. E. Shesteren, "The loading of transformers in 35-110 kv distribution
networks with agricultural loads", Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Energetika (USSR),
No. 11, Nov. 1982, pp. 104-107. 3 refs. (In Russian) (1983-28382)
[1982] S. Komberbel, "Rating of feeding transformers and power supply requirements for direct arc
furnace plants", Electrical India, Vol. 22, No. 15, 15 Aug. 1982, pp. 5-7. 2 refs. (1983-28745)
[1982] M. L. Londa and I. G. Serdyok, "Determination of permissible emergency overloading of

power transformers", Elektrichestvo (USSR), o. 3, March 1982, pp. 37-41. 8 refs. (In Russian)
(1983-41858)
[1983] W. E. Featheringill, "Power transformer loading", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications,

Vol. IA-19, No. 1, Jan/Feb. 1983, pp. 21-27. 3 refs.
[1983] M. Konstanciak, "Utilization of small power transformers", Energetyka (Poland), Vol. 37,
No. 12, Dec. 1983, pp. 473-477. 2 refs. (In Polish) (1984-28692)
[1983] L. V. Rosman, "Checking the insulation useful life of transformers in substation automatic
control systems for technical processes", Soviet Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol. 54, No. 7, 1983,
pp. 80-83. 4 refs. English translation of Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol 54 No. 7, 1983, pp. 46-48. (In
Russian) (1985-44053)
[1983] B. S. Timchenko, Y. A. Mikhailouskii, "Standardization of the load capacity of oil-filled

power transformers", Soviet Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol. 54 No. 4, 1983, pp. 1-6. English
[1984] J. Popspisil and J. Nejedly, "Implementation of a microcomputer for determining the

duration of the permissible load on power transformers", Energetika (Czechoslovakia), Vol. 34, No.
6, June 1984, pp. 261-262. 2 refs. (1984-57112)
[1984] S. N. Sharma and D. P. Gupta, "Loading limits of power transformers", Indian Journal of
Power and River Valley Development, Vol. 34, No. 3, March 1984, pp. 179-183. no refs. (1985-
16088)
[1984] J. Vastl and P. Navratil, "Economical loading of networks in an electrical power system",
Acta Polytechnica Ceske Vyoske Uceni Technicke v Prace III (Czechoslovakia), No. 15 (III,4),
1984, pp. 89-96. 7 refs. (In Russian) (1987-15250)
[1985] P. W. Fahy, "SEQEB's loading guide for zone substation transformers", Electric Energy
Conference 1985, "Modern Trends in the generation, Transmission, Distribution and Utilisation of
Electrical Energy", New Castle, Australia, 15-17 Oct. 1985, Australian Institution of Engineers, pp.
32-36. (1986-45486)
[1985] V. I. Shcutskii, Y. A. Fominykh, and V. A. Volkov, "Overload capacity of high-voltage

equipment (substations)", Elektricheskie Stantsii (USSR), No. 1, Jan. 1985, pp. 39-41. (in Russian)
English translation in Soviet Power Engineering (USA). 3 refs. (1987-15921)
[1985] T. O. Zadorina, A. A. Pikovskii, and V. V. Shlenov, "Selecting optimum transformer

capacity taking into account load rise", Promyshlennaya Energetika (USSR), No. 10, Oct. 1985, pp.
42-44. 5 refs. (In Russian) (1986-26108)
[1985] I. V. Zhezhenko, “Choosing the rated powers of power transformers”, Izvestiya Vysshikh
Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Energetika (USSR), No. 6, June, 1985, pp. 8-13, 3 refs. (In Russian) (1985-
53738)

[1986] S. G. Bondarev, "On the problem of selecting the rated power and load of power
transformers", Promyshlennaya Energetika (USSR), No. 1, Jan. 1986, pp. 34-35. 8 refs. (In
Russian) (1986-39902)
[1986] K. Lanasi and D. Volkov, "Power transformer load above the rated load", Elektroprivreda
(Yugoslavia), Vol. 39 No. 11-12, Nov.-Dec. 1986, pp. 468-473. 3 refs. (In Croatian) (1987-64652)
[1987] Y. I. Boryu, G. E. Tarle, I. S. Malakhov, "110 kv transformers with increased load-handling

capacity", Soviet Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol. 58, No. 5, 1987, pp. 1-8. 6 refs. English
translation of Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol. 58 No. 5, 1987, pp. 2-6. (1987-30758)
[1987] J. F. Finch and F. P. D. Turner, "Refined transformer change-out criteria at BC Hydro", 14th
Inter-RAM: International Reliability, Availability, Maintainability Conference for the Electric
Power Industry, Toronto, Ont. Canada, 26-29 May 1987, pp. 623-626. 3 refs. (1988-11278)
[1987] D. L. Flaten, "Cost of load losses in distribution transformers by the method of average
loading", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. PWRD-2, No. 2, April 1987, pp. 411-413. No refs.
[1987] W. B. Perkins, "Consider load and cost in choosing the size of your transformer", Electrical
Systems Design (USA), Vol. 67, No. 8, Sept. 1987, pp. 32-36,38. 7 refs.
[1988] P. Elmakis, A. Braonstein, and Y. Naot, "A probabilistic method for establishing the
transformer capacity in substations based on the loss of the transformer expected life", IEEE Trans.
on Power Systems, Vol. 3, No. 2, May 1988, pp. 353-359, disc. pp. 359-360. 9 refs.
[1989] S. L. Cress, "Transformer loss-of-life calculation using a computerized probabilistic

method", 10th. International Conference on Electricity Distribution, (CIRED), 1989, IEE Conf.
Pub. No. 305, part I, pp. 57-61. 3 refs.
[1989] B. Richardson, and T. H. Harrison, "A range of distribution transformers with multiple
loading regimes", 10th. International Conference on Electricity Distribution, (CIRED), 1989, IEE
Conf. Pub. 305 Part I, p. 62-65. No refs.
[1989] “Economic selection of transformers", Energetyka (Poland), Vol. 43, No.1, Nov. 1989, pp.
401-404. 4 refs. (In Polish) (1990-48295)
[1990] Compton, O. R. “Optimum transformer loading - how we can improve our bottom line.”
Paper Transmitted to IEEE Transformers Committee IEEE Working Group on Guides for Loading,
Montreal, Canada, Oct. 22, 1990. no refs.
[1990] B. T. Desai, H. O. Gupta, and M. K. Uasantha, "Utility improvement of power transformer

by overload time limit control and capacity addition using PC on line", Journal of the Institution of
Engineers (India) Electrical Engineering Division, Vol. 71 Pt. EL-5, Dec. 1990, pp. 238-245. 10
refs. (1991-74655)
[1990] J. O'Grady, "Overloading power transformers - a user's views", Power Engineering Journal
(UK), Vol. 4, No. 2, March 1990, pp. 87-93. 6 refs. (1990-33828)
[1990] W. B. Perkins, "Selecting substation transformers for overload capability", Plant

Engineering (USA), Vol. 44, No. 19, Oct. 18, 1990, pp. 44-47. 4 refs.
[1990] K. R. Rakhimov, "On optimum loading of power transformers", Izvestiya Vysshikh
Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Energetika (Byelorussian SSR), No. 1, 1990, pp. 44-48. 5 refs. (In Russian)
(1990-41903)

[1992] P. R. Brenner, "Economic loading of transformers", Elektrizitatswirtschaft (Germany), Vol.
91, No. 3, 27 Jan. 1992, pp. 105-108. 3 refs. (In German) (1992-34470)
[1992] W. Kaufmann, "Monitoring the thermal aging of transformers", Elektrizitatswirtschaft

(Germany), Vol. 91, No. 9, 21 April 1992, pp. 503-507. 6 refs. (In German) (1992-47646)
[1992] K. C. Schneider, and R. F. Hoad, "Initial transformer sizing for single-phase residential
load", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 7, No. 4, Oct, 1992, pp. 2074-2080, disc. p. 2081. 6
refs.
[1993] M. M. El-Gasseir, K. P. Alteneder, and J. Bigger, "Enhancing transformer dynamic rating

through grid application of photovoltaic arrays", Proc. of the 23rd. IEEE PhotoVoltaic Specialist
Conf., Louisville, Kentucky, May, 10-14, 1993, IEEE Pub. 93CH3283-9, pp. 1279-1284. 2 refs.
(1994-100003)
[1993] H. Guilder, A. Stephan and M. Gloede, "A new method of power rating for locomotive
transformers", PCIM '93 Europe. Official Proc. of the Twenty-Third International Intelligent
Motion Conf., Nurnberg, germany, 22-24 June 1993, pp. 523-531. (1994-40611)
[1993] W. Kaufmann, "Economic overloading of existing local network transformers",

Elektrizitatswirtschaft (Germany), Vol. 92, No. 4, 8 Feb. 1993, pp. 165-166,168,171-172. 11 refs.
(In German) (1993-40183)
[1993] S. Yakov, M. de Nigris, and P. g. Antonloli, "Study of the life consumption of distribution
transformers and assessment of end-of-life criteria", CIRED, 12 International Conference on
Electricity Distribution (CIRED), Birmingham, U.K., 17-21 May 1993, IEE Conf. Publ. No. 373,
Vol. 1, Paper 1.16, 5 pp. 4 refs. (1993-52795)
[1994] G. F. Reid, "Some factors to consider when determining loading levels for substation
transformers", 1994 Rural Electric Power Conference, 38th. Annual Conference, Colorado Springs,
CO, USA, 24-26 April, 1994, IEEE Cat. No. 94CH3362-1, P. B2/1-5. 2 refs. (1994-78765)
[1994] C. C. Wong, "Substation power transformer loading analysis and computer simulating of
loadability under realistic operating conditions", IEE Proc. Generation, Transmission, Distribution,
Vol. 141, No. 5, Sept. 1994, pp. 413-421. 8 refs.
[1995] J. Goldnau, "Investigating the loadability of oil-immersed transformers in electricity

distribution systems", CIRED. 13th International Conference on Electricity Distribution, Brussels,
Belgium, 8-11 May 1995, Vol. 1, P. 4/1-8. 7 refs. (1995-83462)
[1995] D. Harrison, "Loading capabilities of large power transformers", Power Engineering Journal
(UK), vol. 9, No. 5, Oct. 1995, pp. 225-230. 1 ref. (1995-106557)
[1995] L. Pierrat, M. J. Gesende, and J. Santana, "Utilization of similitude relationships to obtain a

compact transformer model useful for technical and economical networks studies", Stockholm
Power Tech International Symposium on Electric Power Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden, 18-22
June 1995, IEEE, Vol. 6, pp. 239-234. 8 refs. (1996-102815)
[1996] M. Givelberg, S. Gurevich, N. Lazar, and D. R. Zelichonok, "An algorithm and software for
distribution transformer operating age monitoring", Proc. Nineteenth Convention of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers in Israel. Jerusalem, Israel. 5-6 Nov. 1996, IEEE Cat. No. 96TH8190, pp.
299-302. 3 refs. (1997-80732)

[1996] Z. Radokovic, D. Kalic, R. Radosauljevic, and D. Katic, "The practice of sizing, loading and
protection of transformers in normal service and under restrictive disconnection of the load",
Elektroprivreda (Serbia), Vol. 49, No. 3, July-Sept. 1996, pp. 87-92. (In Croatian) (1997-19818)
[1996] P. K. Sen, "Understanding and assessment of transformer overloading capability: an

application guideline", Proc. of the American Power Conference, , 58th. Annual Meeting, Illinois
Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA, 1996, Vol. 58-II, pp. 968-973. 10 refs. (1998-127261)
[1997] F. Gagliardi, L. Ippolito, and D. Villucci, "Loading control and thermal protection for power
transformers using neural networks", Energia Elettrica (Italy), Vol. 74, No. 2, March-April 1997,
pp. 135-143. 25 refs. (In Italian) (1997-70340)
[1997] P. Irwin, "Go beyond transformer nameplate rating: think life-cycle costs", Electrical World
(USA), Vol. 211, No. 4, April 1997, p. 38-40. no refs.
[1997] J. A. Jardini, C. M. V. Tahan, S. U. Ahn, and E. L. Ferrari, "Distribution transformer

loading based on load profiles measurements", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 12, No. 4, Oct.
1997, pp. 1766-1770. 5 refs.
[1997] P. T. Staats, W. M. Grady, A. Arapostathis, and R. S. Thallam, "A procedure for derating a
substation transformer in the presence of widespread electric vehicle battery charging", IEEE Trans.
on Power Delivery, Vol. 12, No. 4, Oct. 1997, pp. 1562-1568. 5 refs. (Also harmonics)
[1998] M. S. Kulkarni, "Overload protection for distribution transformers", IEEMA Journal (Indian
Electrical and Electronics Manufacturers' Association), Vol. 18, No. 4, April 1998, pp. 28-32, 34.
(1998-83299)
[1998] Z. R. Radakovic and D. D. Kalic, "The effect of load cycle shape on the permitted
transformer loading", Proc. 33rd. Universities Power Engineering Conference, UPEC '98,
Edinburgh, U.K., Sept, 1998, Vol. 1, pp. 190-193. 2 refs. (1999-10222)
[1998] E. Simonson, "Transformer ratings and transformer life", IEE Colloquium Transformer Life
Management, London, U.K., 22 Oct. 1998, Ref. No. 1998/510. P. 7/1-6. 2 refs. (1999-10234)
[1998] D. J. Tylausky, N. R. Tatikonda, K. Alteneder, and K. E. Brown, "Effects of topology and

feeder capacity on substation distribution loading", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 13, No. 4,
Oct. 1998, pp. 1425-1432.
[1999] V. N. Usikhin, "Determination of the number and power of power transformers in electrical
supply systems of industrial enterprises", Elektrichestvo (Russia), No. 3, March 1999, pp. 23-28. 2
[2000] D. A. Douglass, D. C. Lawry, A-A. Edris, and E. C. Bascom, III, “Dynamic thermal ratings
realize circuit load limits”, IEEE Computer Applications In Power, Vol. 13, No. 1, Jan. 2000, pp.
38-44. 2 refs.
[2000] J. A. Jardini, “Distribution transformer loss of life evaluation; A novel approach based on
daily load profiles”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 15, No. 1, Jan. 2000, pp. 361-366. 10
refs.
[2000] D. Peterchuck, “Transformer thermal prediction and hot-spot sensitivity”, Master’s Thesis,
Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS, May 2000.
[2001] W. Fu, D. McCalley, and V. Vital, “Risk assessment for transformer loading’, IEEE Trans.
On Power Systems, Vol. Vol. 16, Aug. 2001, pp. 346-353.
[2001] IEEE Working Group of the Substation Protection Subcommittee, Power System Relaying
Committee, Power Engineering Society, ‘Adaptive transformer thermal overload protection”, IEEE
Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 16, No. 4, Oct. 2001, pp. 516-521. 18 refs.
[P. K. Sen and P. Sarunpong, “Overloading and loss-of-life assessment guidelines of oil-cooled
transformers”, Rural Electric Power Conf., 2001, PP. B4/1-B4/8.
[2002] D. Peterchuck and A. Pahwa, “Sensitivity of transformer’s hottest-spot and equivalent aging
to selected parameters”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 17, No. 4, Oct. 2002, pp. 996-1001.
6 refs.
[2003] T. Raymond, “Power transformer thermal ratings—An overview”, 2003 IEEE/PES

Transmission & Distribution Conf. And Exposition, Dallas, TX, Sept. 7-12, 2003, Paper 03TD0467.
[2003] M. I. Resende, L. Pierrat, and J. Santana, “The transformer thermal loss of life: Part 1:
Improved deterministic approach for thermal and ageing models”, European. Trans. On Electrical
Power Engineering (Germany), Vol. 13, No. 4, July/Aug. 2003, pp. 259-265.
[2004] S. W. Heunis and R. Herman, “A thermal-loading guide for residential distribution
transformers based on time-variant currrent load models,” IEEE Trans. On Power Systems, Vol. 19,
No. 3, Aug. 2004, pp. 1294-1298.
[2004] T. Weeks, T. Molinski, X. Li and G. Swift, “Risk assessment using transformer loss of life
data”, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 27-31. 4 refs.
[2005] X. Li, R. W. Mazur, D. R. Allen, and D. R. Swatek, “Specifying transformer winter and
summer peak-load limits”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 20, No. 1, Jan. 2003, pp. 185-190.
9 refs.
[2005] W. H. Tang, E. Prempain, Q. H. Wu, and J. Fitch, “A particle swarm optimizer with passive
congregation approach to thermal modelling for power transformers”, Proc. IEEE Congress on
Evolutionary Computation, Sept. 2005, Vol. 3, pp. 2745-2751.
[2005] M. K. Ramu and T. K. Ramu, “On the estimation of elapsed life of oil-immersed power
transformers”,IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 20, No. 3, 2005, pp. 1962-1969.
[2006] S. Tojo, “Proposition of individual loading guide for power transformers”, IEEE Trans. On
Power Delivery, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 1383-1389.9 refs.
[2007] M. Hell, P. Costa, Jr., F. Gomide, “Recurrent neurofuzzy network in thermal modeling of
power transformers”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 22, No. 2, April 2007, pp. 904-910. 14
refs.
[2008] M. Hell, P. Costa, Jr., F. Gomide, “Participatory learning in power transformers thermal
modeling”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 23, No. 4, Oct. 2008, pp. 2058-2067.17 refs.
[2008] J. W. Stahlut, “A preliminary assessment of the impact of ambient temperature rise on

distribution transformer loss of life”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 23, No. 4, Oct. 2008,
pp. 2000-2007. 19 refs.
[2009] P. Jarman, Z. Wang, Q. Zhong, and T. Ishak, “End-of-life modelling for power transformers
in aged power system networks”, CIGRE 2009, 6th Southern Africa Regional Conference, Paper
C105, 7 pp. 9 refs.

[2009] L. Jauregui-Rivera, X. Mao, and D. J. Tylavsky, “Improving reliability assessment of
transformer thermal top-oil model parameters estimated from measured data”, IEEE Trans. On
Power Delivery, Vol. 24, No. 1, Jan. 2009, pp. 169-176. 19 refs.
[2011] S, M. M. Agah and H. A. Abyaneh, “Distribution transformer loss-of-life reduction by

increasing penetration of distributed generation”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 26, No. 2,
April 2011, pp.1128-1136. 27 refs.
[2014] Y. Bicen, F. Aras, and H. Kirkici, “Lifetime estimation and monitoring of power transformer
considering annual load flows”, IEEE Trans. On Electrical Insulation, Vol. 21, No. 3, June 2014,
pp. 1360-1367. 18 refs.
[2014] C. A. Helfrich and R. W. Carlson, “Using insulation aging to size transformers in high-
ambient-temperature secondary-selective applications”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 30,
No. 2, March/April 2014, 1503-1508. 4 refs.
[2015] M. Humayun, M. Degifa A. Safdarian, and M. Lehtonen, “Utilization improvement of

transformers using demand response”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 30, No. 1, Feb. 2015,
pp. 202-210.
16.6 Systems for Monitoring Load and Temperature
References in this section are for various methods to monitor load and the temperatures of the
ambient air oil, and the winding in order to predict or control loading. Some systems have
attempted to calculate the transformer thermal parameters from in-service measurements. These
calculated thermal parameters are then used in the loading equations. References for condition
monitoring systems which evaluate gas-in-oil or moisture content are not included in this section.
[1983] T. D. Poyser, "An on-line microprocessor based transformer analysis system to improve the
availability and utilization of power transformers", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems,
Vol. PAS-102, No. 4, April 1983, pp. 957-962. 8 refs.
[1985] T. D. Poyser, D. A. Yannucci, J. B. Templeton, and B. N. Lenderking, "On-line monitoring

of power transformers", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-104, No. 1, Jan.
1985, pp. 207-211.
[1986] D. J. Allan, "General report of group 12 (transformers)", CIGRE, 1986 session, Vol. 1, pp.
35-41.
[1986] D. J. Allan, "Special report for group 12 (transformers)", CIGRE, 1986 session, Vol. 1, 8 pp.
[1986] "Diagnostic methods for transformers in service - paper presented in the name of study
committee 12 (transformers)", CIGRE, 1986 session, paper 12-06, 6 pp. 9 refs.
[1987] J-S. Hsu, "Transformer monitoring system (TMS)", Proc. of the 18th. Electrical Electronics
Insulation Conference, Chicago, Illinois, Oct. 5-8, 1987, IEEE cat. No. 87CH2452-1, pp. 198-202.
4 refs.
[1988] H. B. Cummings, Jr., J. R. Boyle, and B. W. Arp, "Continuous, on-line monitoring of

freestanding, oil-filled current transformers to predict imminent failure", IEEE Trans. on Power
Delivery, Vol. 3, No. 4, Oct. 1988, pp. 1777-1782, disc. pp. 1782-1783. 8 refs.

[1988] "Transformer monitoring system installed", Power Engineering (USA), Vol. 92 No. 1, Jan.
1988, p. 44.
[1988] "Westinghouse installs transformer monitoring system at Con Ed substation", Transmission

& Distribution (USA), Vol. 40, No. 6, June 1988, p. 20.
[1989] V. S. White, "Electronic winding temperature monitoring - a practical interface", IEE

Colloquium on Application of Microprocessors to the Control/Monitoring of Transmission and
Distribution Equipment, London, 2 June 1989, IEEE Digest No. 91, P. 7/1. no refs. (1989-72374)
[1990] D. L. Johnson, R. H. Langan, J. E. Triner, H. R. Moore, "The development of an on-line

transformer performance analysis system", 1990 Doble Engineering Conference, Boston, Mass.,
USA, paper 6D. 9 pp. No refs.
[1991] R. H. Langan, J. E. Triner and H. R. Moore, "Advanced transformer performance analysis

for the 90's", Proc. of the 1991 IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference, Dallas,
Texas, Sept. 22-27, 1991, IEEE Pub. 91CH3070-0, pp. 613-619. 2 refs.
[1992] E. Hiironniemi, H. Nordman, J. Elouaara, T. Ojanen, R. Andersson, H. Eronen, K.
Heinonen, "Experiences of on-and off-line condition monitoring of power transformers in service",
CIGRE, 1992, Paper 12-102, 9 pp. 8 refs. (Also gas analysis and aging.)
[1992] P. Irwin, Real-time monitor provides predictive transformer maintenance, Electric Light and
Power (USA), Vol. 70, No. 5, May 1992, pp. 27,28.
[1992] A. J. Pereira, "Transformer performance analysis system TPAS', 1992 Doble Engineering
Conference, Boston, Mass., USA, Paper 6F, 8 pp. 1 ref.
[1992] J. H. Provanzana, P. R. Gattens, W. H. Gagman, H. R. Moore, J. W. Harley, J. E. Triner,

"Transformer condition monitoring-realizing an integrated adaptive analysis system", CIGRE,
1992, paper 12-105, 10 pp. 16 refs.
[1993] L. Balgard, L. Lunden, "Monitoring of primary circuit temperatures and breaker condition in
a substation", 12th. International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CIRED), 1993, IEE Conf.
Pub. 373, vol. 1, Paper 1.12. No refs.
[1993] D. Forget, "Monitoring of aging on power and distribution transformers", 12th International
Conference on Electricity Distribution (CIRED), 1993, IEE Conf. Pub. 373, Vol. 1, paper 1.17. 2
pp.
[1993] "Oil temperatures pinpoint load-tap-changer wear", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 207, No.
9, Sept. 1993, p. 48,50. No refs.
[1994] "Group 12 transformers discussion", Proc. of the 35th. session CIGRE, 28 Aug. - 3rd. Sept.
1994, Vol. 1, discussion pages 15 and 16.
[1996] C. Bengtsson, "Status and trends in transformer monitoring", IEEE Trans. on Power
Delivery, Vol. 11, No. 3, July 1996, pp. 1379-1384. 15 refs.
[1996] P. Daponte, D. Grimaldi, A. Piccolo, and D. Villacci, “A neural diagnostic system for the
monitoring of transformer heating,” Measurement, Vol. 18, No. 1, May 1996, pp. 35-46.

[1996] F. J. Hoppe, R. S. Thompson, "Design Installation and field experience with a real time
portable transformer monitoring system", Proc. of the 1996 IEEE PES Transmission and
Distribution Conference, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 15-20 Sept. 1996, IEEE Cat. No. 96CH35968, pp.
52-57. 3 refs. (1996-121553)
[1996] J. L. Kirtley, W. H. Hagman, B. C. Lesieutre, M. J. Boyd, E. P. Warren, H. P. Chou, and R.

D. Tabors, "Monitoring the health of power transformers", IEEE Computer Applications in Power,
Vol. 9, No. 1, Jan. 1996. pp. 18-23. no refs.
[1997] D. A. Douglas, A. A. Edris, and G. A. Pritchard, "Field application of a dynamic thermal

circuit rating method, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 12, No. 2, April 1997, pp. 823-829,
disc. pp. 830-831. 6 refs. (Primarily transmission lines, 3 paragraphs on transformer monitoring.)
[1997] J. Marks, "Substation diagnostics goes on-line - but slowly", Electrical World (USA), Vol.
211, No. 6, June 1977, p. 49-52. No refs.
[1997] R. S. Thompson, F. J. Hoppe, "Getting the most out of your transformers", Transmission &
Distribution World (USA), Vol. 49 No. 4, April 1997, pp. 31-32,34,36,38. no refs.
[1998] T. Leibfried, "On-line monitors keep transformers in service", IEEE Computer Applications
in Power, Vol. 11, No. 3, July 1998, pp. 36-42. 4 refs.
[1998] A. P. S. Meliopoulos, G. J. Cokkinides, and R. I. James, "Transformer loadings increased

without compromising system reliability", Transmission and Distribution World (USA), Vol. 50,
No. 11, Oct. 1998, pp. 16,17,18,20,22.
[1998] M. Scala, "Aspects of online diagnosis for power transformers", Elektrotechnik und
Informationstechnik (Austria), Vol. 115, No. 10, 1998. 11 refs. (In German) (Computer model
describes thermal behavior inside transformer and influence of moisture.) (1999-42929)
[1999] A. Basak, "Condition monitoring of power transformers", Engineering Science and

Education Journal (UK), Vol. 8, No. 1, Feb. 1999, pp. 41-46. 8 Refs. (1999-42930)
[1999] M. Schafer and K. Feser, “Thermal monitoring of large power transformers”, Proc.
PowerTech, Budapest 99, Abstract Rec. 1999, page 98.
[1999] C. P. Stefanski, "Inspecting your autotransformer", Transmission & Distribution World

(USA), Vol. 51, No. 6, June 1999, pp. 18-20,22,24,26. No refs.
[1999] S. P. Walldorf, J. S. Engelhardt, and F. J. Hoppe, “The use of real-time monitoring and
dynamic ratings for power delivery systems and the implications for dielectric materials”, IEEE
Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 15, No. 5, Sept./Oct. 1999, pp. 28-33. 6 refs.
[2000] P. Boss, P. Lorin, A. Viscardi, J. W. Harley, and J. Isecke, “Economical aspects and practical
experiences of power transformer on-line monitoring”, CIGRE Session 2000, Paper 12-339.
[2000] J. Funnell, “Squeezing the system”, Transmission & Distribution World, Vol. 52, No. 10,
Sept. 2000, pp.62,64,66,68,70,72,74.
[2000] V. Galdi, I. Ippolito, A. Piccolo, and A. Vaccaro. “Neural diagnostic system for transformer
thermal overload protection”, Proc. IEE, Power Applications, Vol. 147, No. 5, Sept. 2000, pp. 415-
421.
[2001] T. King, “Transformer monitoring: Key to cost-effective asset management”, Electrical

World, Vol. 215, No. 2, March/April 2001, pp. 17,18,20,22.
[2001] S. Tenbohlen, T. Stirl, and M. Stach, “Assessment of overload capacity of power
transformers by on-line monitoring systems”, Proc. IEEE PES Winter Meeting, Columbus, OH,
USA, 2001, Vol. 1 pp. 329-334.
[2002] S. Tenbohlen, M. Stach, J. Baldauf, and G. Bastos, “Practical experience with overload
calculation and information technologies by using on-line monitoring systems for power
transformers”, CIGRE 2002 Session, 25-30 August 2002, Paper presented to Group 12
(Transformers)
[2003] Y. Han and Y. H. Song, “Condition monitoring techniques for electrical equipment—A
literature survey’, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 18, No. 1, Jan. 2003, pp.4-13. 81 refs.
[2004] S. D. J. McArthur, S. M. Strachim, and G. Jahn, “Design of a mulit-agent transformer

condition monitoring system”, IEEE Trans. On Power Systems, Vol. 19, No. 4, 2004, pp. 1845-
1852.
[2007] K. L. Pylvanainen, K. Nousiainen, and P. Verho, “Studies to utilize loading guides and ANN
for oil-immersed distribution transformer condition monitoring”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery,
Vol. 22, No. 1, Jan. 2007, pp. 201-207. 14 refs.
[2015] W. Zhan, A. E. Goulart, and P. R. Falahi, “Development of a low-cost self-diagnostic

module for oil-immersed forced-air cooling transformers”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol.
30, No. 1, Feb. 2015, pp. 129-137. 45 refs.
17. SPECIAL LOADING APPLICATIONS
17.1 Cold Load Pickup
These references pertain to the use of existing loading or system equations to predict load carrying
capability or to control loading. Fundamental heat transfer performance during low ambient
temperature is included in section 15.2.
[1973] M. W. Davis, "Development of residential central air conditioning transformer load

management correlation equations", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. 92, 1973,
pp. 1298-1306. 3 refs. (1973-40770)
[1974] M. W. Davis, "Distribution transformer load characteristic functions for residential central
air conditioning", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. 93, No. 1, Jan. -Feb. 1974,
pp. 91-99. 3 refs. (1974-25323)
[1979] J. E. McDonald, A. Bruning, and W. R. Mahieu, "Cold load pick up", IEEE Trans. on Power
Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-98, No.4, July/Aug. 1979, pp. 1384-1386. No refs.
[1981] S. Ihara and F. C. Schweppe, "Physically based modeling of cold load pickup", IEEE Trans.
on Power Apparatus And Systems Vol. PAS-100, No. 9, Sept. 1981, pp. 4142-4150, disc. p. 4150. 4
refs.
[1981] R. L. Wilde, "Effects of cold load pickup on distribution substation transformer", IEEE
Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems Vol. PAS-100, No.5, May 1981, pp. 2433-2437. 12 refs.
[1982] W. W. Lang, M. D. Anderson, "An analytical method for quantifying the electrical space
heating component of a cold load pickup", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol.
PAS-101, No. 4, April, 1982,pp. 924-932, disc. p. 932. 52 refs.
[1984] "Utility research ranges from A to Z", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 198, No. 5, May 1984,
pp. 81-83. (1985-16070) (also about EHD pump for DT).
[1984] C. Y. Chong and R. P. Malham," Statistical synthesis of physically based loads with
application to cold load pickup", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-103,
No. 7, July 1984, pp. 1621-1628. 17 refs.
[1985] R. L. Wilde, Effects of cold load pickup at the distribution substation transformer", IEEE
Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. 104, No. 3, March 1985, pp. 704-710. 4 refs.
[1990] J. Aubin, R. Bergeron, and R. Morin, “Distribution transformer overloading capability under
cold-load pickup condition”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 5, No. 4, Oct. 1990, pp. 1883-
1891.
[1990] R. E. Mortensen and K. P. Haggerty, "Dynamics of heating and cooling loads: models,
simulation, and actual utility data", IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 5, no. 1, Feb. 1990, pp.
243-249. 30 refs.
[1993] C. Ucak, and A. Pahwa, "Transformer loading limits during cold load pickup", Proc. 1993
North American Power Symposium, Washington, D.C. USA, 11-12 Oct. 1993, pp. 554-559. 10 refs.
(1995-19265)
[1994] D. Athow and J. Law, "Development and applications of a random variable model for cold
load pickup", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 9 no. 3, July 1994. pp. 1647-1653. 15 refs.
[1994] C. Ucak and A. Pahwa, "An analytical approach for step-by-step restoration of distribution
systems following extended outages, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 9, No. 3, July 1994, pp.
1717-1723. 22 ref.
[1994] J. J. Wakileh and A. Pahwa, "Substation transformer outage and the problem of load
transfer", Proc. of the Twenty-Sixth Annual North American Power Symposium, Manhattan, KS,
USA, 26-27, Sept. 1994, Vol. 1, pp. 420-428. 11 refs.
[1995] J. Law, D. Minford, L. Elliott, and M. Storms, "Measured and predicted cold load pick up
and feeder parameter determination using the harmonic model algorithm", IEEE Trans. on Power
Systems, Vol. 10, No. 4, Nov. 1995, pp. 1756-1763, disc. p. 1764. 7 refs.
[1996] J. J. Wakileh and A. Pahwa, "Distribution system design for cold load pickup", IEEE Trans.
on Power Systems, Vol. 11, No. 4, Nov. 1996, pp/ 1879-1884. 13 refs.
[1997] O. H. Mirza, "Useage of CLPU curve to deal with the cold load pickup problem", IEEE
Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 12, No. 2, April, 1997, pp. 660-665, disc. pp. 666-667. 13 refs.
[1997] J. J. Wakileh and A. Pahwa, "Optimization of distribution system design to accommodate

cold load pickup", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 12, No. 1, Jan. 1997, pp. 339-344, disc. p.
345. 6 ref.
[2012] F. Edstrom, J. Rosenlind, P. Hilber, and L. Soder, “Modeling impact of cold load pickup on
transformer aging using Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process’, IEEE trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 27,
No. 2, April 2012, pp. 590-596.22 refs.
[2013] F. Edstrom, J. Rosenlind, K. Alvehag, P. Hilber, and L. Soder, “Influence of ambient
temperature on transformer overloading during cold load pickup”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery,
Vol. 25, No. 1, Jan. 2013, pp. 153-161. 27 refs.

17.2 Unbalanced Loading
References in this section pertain to determining the current or voltage unbalance. Equations are
derived from electrical considerations and thermal performance is usually not considered.
[1907] B. F. Jakobsen, "Unbalanced loads in three-phase to two-phase transformers", Electrical

World (USA), Vol. 50, Oct. 12, 1907, pp. 717-719. no refs. (1908-59)
[1911] L. F. Blume, "Three-phase vector representation", General Electric Review (USA), Vol. 14,
No. 1, Nov. 1911, pp. 516-522.
[1911] R. Neumann, "Balancing transformer for an unsymmetrical three-phase system",

Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau (Austria), Vol. 29, Sept. 10, 1911. pp. 747-751. No refs. (In
German) (1912-404)
[1912] W. W. Lewis, "Delta-delta transformer banks in multiple", General Electric Review (USA),
Vol. 15, No. 1, Jan. 1912, pp. 47-51. 1 ref.
[1912] A. Willame, "Arrangements for three phase transformer connections", Association des
Ingenieurs Electriciens Bulletin, Liege, Vol. 12, Oct. 1912, pp. 459-480. (1913-167)
[1915] M. Vidmar, "Unsymmetrical loading of transformers", Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau

(Austria), Vol. 33, Feb. 7, 1915, pp. 65-68; Feb. 14, 1915, pp. 82-85; Feb. 21, 1915, pp. 92-95. No
[1917] R. Bauch, "Phenomena in star-connected core transformers with load in one coil only",
Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau (Austria) , Vol. 35, Aug. 5, 1917, pp. 371-375; Sept. 2, 1917, pp.
423-426; Sept. 9, 1917, pp. 430-434. (In German) (1917-843)
[1918] R. Bauch, "Behavior of three-phase transformers in unbalanced load", Elektrotechnische

Zeitschrift (Germany) , Vol. 39, June 20, 1918, pp. 245-248; June 27, 1918, pp. 256-258. (In
German) (1918-651)
[1919] H. B. Dwight, "Load distribution in a bank of dissimilar transformers", Electrical World

(USA), Vol. 74 No. 5, Aug. 2, 1919, pp. 230-231. (1920-100)
[1924] F. Grieb, "The current conditions in transformers working on unbalanced load", The Brown
Boveri Review, Vol. 11, Jan. 1924, pp. 15-19.
[1924] E. C. Starr, "Unbalance in furnace transformers", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 84, No. 7,
Aug. 16, 1924, pp. 320-322. no refs.
[1926] H. S. Lane, "Division of load in three-phase transformer banks", Electrical World (USA),
Vol. 88, No. 6, 1926, pp. 963-965. (1927-317)
[1930] W. Tolwingki, "Unsymmetrical loading of three-phase alternators and transformers", Archif

fur Elektrotechnik (Germany) , Vol. 23, April 15, 1930, pp. 497-521. (In German) (1930-1765)
[1934] J. A. Bock, "Loading a bank of dissimilar transformers", Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol.
53, Dec. 1934, pp. 1597-1598. No refs. (1935-381)
[1934] S. A. Stigant, "Unbalanced loading of star-star transformers", The Electrical Times
(London), Vol. 86, Nov. 1, 1934, pp. 557-558.

[1935] N. G. Larson, "Loads on delta-connected transformers with mid-taps", Electrical
Engineering (USA), Vol. 54, Sept. 1935. pp. 931-934. no refs. (1935-2657)
[1938] F. C. De Weese, "Loading a bank of dissimilar transformers", Allis-Chalmers Electrical

Review (USA), Vol. 3, No. 1, March 1938, pp. 30-34. no refs.
[1943] J. E. Clem, "Open-delta transformer banks - analysis of circuit, Trans. AIEE, Vol. 62, June
1943, pp. 292-297. 3 refs. (1943-2188)
[1944] P. K. Denissov, "Asymmetrical loading of three-phase three-winding transformer banks",

Trans. AIEE, Vol. 63, Jan. 1944, pp. 27-29. no. refs. (1944-979)
[1944] L. B. Robinson, "Transformer loading", General Electric Review (USA), Vol 47, April 1944,
pp. 38-42. no refs. (1944-1473)
[1946] A. L. Morris, "Three-phase distribution and electric welding and furnace loads", IEE J., Pt.
II, Vol. 93, Aug. 1946, pp. 341-352.
[1948] J. Listray, "Note on unbalanced 3 phase circuits and the use of special transformers for
unbalanced secondary loads", Bulletin Scientifique de l'Association des Ingenieurs Electriciens
sortis de l'Institute Electrotechnique Montefiore (Liege), Vol. 61, March 1948, pp. 103-115. (In
French) (1948-2984)
[1952] J. I. Martin Artajo, "Unbalance in 3-phase transformers", Anales de Mecanica y Electricidad

(Spain), Vol. 29, Nov.-Dec. 1952, pp. 283-296. (In Spanish) (1953-4749)
[1952] M. E. Syrkin and L. H. Shnitser, "Determination of available power rating of transformers

under non-symmetrical loads", Elektricheskie Stantsii (USSR) , No. 11, 1952, pp. 42-46. (In
Russian) (thermal considerations) (1953-2386)
[1954] A. S. Anderson and R. C. Ruete, "Voltage unbalance in delta secondaries serving single
phase and 3-phase loads", AIEE Trans., Vol. 73, Pt. III, Power Apparatus and Systems, Aug. 1954,
pp. 928-931, disc. p. 931-932. 4 refs.
[1954] H. M. Bankus and J. E. Gerngross, "Unbalanced loading and voltage unbalance on 3 phase
distribution transformer banks", AIEE Trans., Vol. 73. Pt. III, Power Apparatus and Systems, No.
11, April 1954, pp. 367-375, disc. pp. 375-376. 4 refs. (1954-3128)
[1957] S. W. Anderson, "Unbalanced loading of 3 phase transformer banks, AIEE Trans., Vol. 76
Part III, Power Apparatus and Systems, Dec. 1957, pp. 1173-1182, disc. p. 1182. 8 refs. (1958-
2380)
[1957] P. Ignacz, "The load capacity of transformers in asymmetrical operation", Acta technical
Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae (Budapest), Vol. 19 No. 1-2, 1957, pp. 3-24. (thermal) (1958-
1796)
[1957] P. Ignacz, "Permissible unbalanced loading of transformers", Elektrotechnika (Hungary),

Vol. 50, No. 3, 1957, pp. 81-89. (In Hungarian) (thermal) (1957-6005)
[1958] S. W. Anderson, "Unbalanced loading of 3-phase transformer banks - economics", AIEE

Trans., Vol 76, Pt. III, Power Apparatus and Systems, No. 34, Feb. 1958, pp. 1353-1364, disc. pp.
1364-1365. 10 refs. (1958-3333)

[1958] H. M. Bankus and J. E. Gerngross, "Combined single phase and 3 phase loading of open-
delta transformer banks", AIEE Trans., Vol. 76 Part III, Power Apparatus and Systems, Feb. 1958,
pp. 1337-1343, disc. p. 1343. 6 refs. (1958-3332)
[1959] S. W. Anderson, "Unbalanced loading of 3 phase transformer banks - effect of transformer

impedance", AIEE Trans., Vol. 77 Part III, Power Apparatus and Systems, Feb. 1959, pp. 1536-
1542, disc. pp. 1542-1543. 8 refs. (1958-5037)
[1959] V. I. Kriventsev, "Variations in the voltages of three-phase transformers in unbalanced load

conditions", Elektrichestvo (USSR) , No. 1, Jan. 1959, pp. 48-54. (In Russian) (1959-5031)
[1962] "Unbalanced load in three phase transformers", L'Electricien (France), Vol. 90, July 1962,
pp. 156-157. (In French) (1962-14125)
[1965] F. Provaznik, "Unsymmetric loading of single-phase transformers in Scott connection",

Elektrotechnicky Obzor (Czechoslovakia) , Vol. 54, No. 11, 1965, pp. 514-519. (In Czech) (1967-
2014)
[1981] C. Ghita, "Three-phase electrical transformer operating in unbalanced load conditions",
Electrotehnica Electronica si Automatica. Electrotehnica (Rumania), Vol. 29, No. 4, May 1981, pp.
144-149. 5 ref. (In Rumanian) (1981-49534)
[1988] K. Aoki, H. Kuwabara, T. Satoh, M. Kanezashi, "An efficient algorithm for load balancing
of transformers and feeders by switch operation in large scale distribution systems", IEEE Trans. on
Power Delivery, Vol. 3, No. 4, Oct. 1988, pp. 1865-1872. disc. p. 1872. 8 refs.
[1988] D. R. Smith, H. R. Braunstein, and J. D. Borst, "Voltage unbalance in 3- and 4-wire delta
secondary systems", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 3 No. 2, April 1988, pp. 733-741, disc. p.
741. 8 refs.
[1989] M. Cao and P. P. Biringer, "Minimizing the three-phase unbalance in an electric arc
furnace", IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, Vol. 25, No. 4, July 1989, pp. 2849-2851. 3 refs.
[1996] T-H. Chen and Y-L. Chang, "Integrated models of distribution transformers and their loads
for three-phase power flow analysis, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 11, No. 1, Jan. 1996, pp.
507-513. 5 refs.
[1996] B.-K. Chen and B.-S. Guo, "Three phase models of specially connected transformers", IEEE
Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 11, No. 1, Jan. 1996, pp. 323-330, 13 refs.
[1996] R. Gutman and L. B. Wagenaar, "EHV transformer unbalance: practical issues and
solutions", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 11, No. 4, Oct, 1996, pp. 1830-1835. 9 refs.
[1996] W. H. Kersting and W. H. Phippips, "Modeling and analysis of unsymmetrical transformer

banks serving unbalanced loads", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 32, No. 3, May/June
1996, pp. 720-725. 3 refs.
[1996] M.M. Saied, "Effect of load and short circuit impedance unbalance on operation of Δ-Δ
transformer banks", Conf. Record 1996 IEEE Industry Applications 31st. IAS Annual Meeting, San
Diego, Calif., USA, Oct. 6-10, 1996, IEEE Pub. 96CH35977, Vol. 4, pp. 2431-2435. 3 refs.

17.3 Loading Due to Frequent Motor Starting or Impact Loading
This type loading occurs due to repetitive starting of motors used in log chippers, car crushers, etc.
The pulses are less than short circuit values but may be on the order of 4 or 5 times the rated current
of the transformer. Transformer capability is determined from mechanical and thermal
considerations.
[1918] A. Zelewski, "Heating of transformers", Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau (Austria), Vol.

36, Sept. 22, 1918, pp. 425-429. 2 refs. (In German) (1919-700)
[1945] M. Lapine, "Transformers and auto-transformers for starting synchronous and asynchronous
motors", Revue Generale De L'Electricite (France) , Vol. 54, Feb. 1945, pp. 35-41. (In French)
(1946-79)
[1969] A. N. Benar, "Long log chipper selection through computer simulation", IEEE Pulp and
Paper 15th. Annual Conference, Atlanta, GA, USA, May 7-9, 1969, IEEE pub. No. 69C26-IGA, 29
pp. No refs.
[1969] F. J. McCann, "Unit transformer applications, system considerations, and economic

advantages", Industrial Power Systems (USA), Vol. 12, No. 3, Dec. 1969.
[1970] F. J. McCann, and R. J. Ristow, "Problems of impact loading on unit transformers supplying
chipper motor drives", Conference Record 1970 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical
Conference, Vancouver, BC, Canada, June 17-19, 1970, IEEE Pub 70C24-IGA. 15 pp. 2 refs.
(1971-6327)
[1970] F. J. McCann and R. J. Ristow, "Problems of impact loading on unit transformers",

Industrial Power Systems (USA), Vol. 13, No. 2, June 1970, pp. 22-24. 2 refs.
[1971] L. A. Kilgore and D. C. Washburn, "Operating large excavators on small power systems",
Engineering and Mining Journal (USA), Vol. 172, No. 6, June 1971, pp. 131-135. No refs.
[1971] N. A. Neslin and W. G. Wright, "Factors affecting distribution equipment size for multiple
shovels", Engineering and Mining Journal (USA), Vol. 172, No. 6, June 1971, pp. 119-130. No refs.
[1974] W. Sisson, "Determining starting time and current for a-c motors", Plant Engineering USA),
Vol. 28 No. 11, May 30, 1974, pp. 80-81.
[1978] A. J. Williams and M.. S. Griffith, "Evaluating the effects of motor starting on industrial and
commercial power systems", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. IA-14, No. 4, July/Aug.
1978, pp. 292-305. 16 refs.
[1978] D. A. Yanucci, "Faults influence transformer life", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 190 No. 2,
15 July 1978, pp. 50-51. No refs. (1979-41226)
[1979] S. T. Nichols, T. H. Barton, and O. D. Malik, “Load model of a Bucyrus Erie 1360
dragline”, Trans. Can. El. Assoc. Engr. And Oper. Division, vol. 18, Part 3, paper 79-SP-152, 1979.
[1980] A. S. Pabla, "Impulse loading of transformers", Electrical India, Vol. 20, No. 15, 15 Aug.
1980, pp. 15-16. 3 refs. (1981-14111)
[1986] S. Minasiewicz, G. S. Hopo, and O. P. Malik, "Sizing impact loaded transformers", IEEE
Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, USA, Sept. 28 - Oct 3, 1986, IEEE Pub
86CH2272-3, Vol. 2, pp. 1577-1581. 8 refs.
[1986] F. C. Scheda, "Transient inrush current in high-efficiency and standard motors", IEEE Trans.
on Industry Applications, Vol. IA-22, No. 1, Jan./Feb. 1986, pp. 145-147. 6 refs.
[1988] R. D. Derrick, "Application of isolation transformers for paper machine drives. - A position
paper for panel discussion", Conf. Record 1988 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical
Conference, Milwaukee, Wis., USA, June 6-10, 1988, IEEE Pub. 88CH2570-0, pp. 143-145. 9 refs.
[1989] R. L. Doughty, L. Gise, E. W. Kalkstein, and R. D. Willoughby, "Electrical studies for an

industrial gas turbine cogeneration facility", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 25, No. 4,
July/Aug. 1989, pp. 750-763. 6 refs.
[1994] S. F. Farag, R. G. Bartheld, and W. E. May, "Electronically enhanced low voltage motor
protection and control", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 30, No. 3, May/June 1994, pp.
776-784. 4 refs.
[1995] J. Bredthauer and N. Struck, "Starting large medium voltage motors: design, protection, and
safety aspects", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 31, No. 5, Sept./Oct. 1995, pp. 1167-
1176. 10 refs.
[1997] J. Stout and D. Bogh, “Refiner autotransformer motor start”, 83rd Annual Meeting Technical
Section, COOA preprints 'B', Montreal, Que, Canada, 28-31 Jan. 1997. Canadian Pulp & Paper
Association, Vol. 2, P. B 201-206. 5 refs.
[1998] J. M. Daley, "Load transfer strategies for machine and other inrush loads", IEEE Trans. on
Industry Applications, Vol. 34, No. 6, Nov./Dec. 1998, pp. 1404-1410.
17.4 Transformers Connected to Generators
[1945] L. B. Burckhardt, "The rating of transformers and generators connected in tandem", Brown
Boveri Review (Switzerland), Vol. 32, Dec. 1945, pp. 450-453. No refs. (1947-1666)
[1966] G. W. Alexander, S. L. Corbin, and W. J. McNutt, "Influence of design and operating

practices on excitation of generator transformers", IEEE Trans on Power Apparatus and Systems,
Vol. 85, No. 8, August 1966, pp. 901-908, disc. pp. 908-909. 7 refs.
[1968] P. L. Ballaschi, "Overexcitation of large generator transformers", Transmission &

Distribution (USA), Vol. 20, No. 8, Aug. 1968, pp. 72-73. (1968-27906)
[1977] T. M. McCauley, "Through-fault requirements for unit auxiliary transformers", IEEE Trans.
on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-96, No. 5, Sept./Oct. 1977, pp. 1639-1645, disc. pp.
1646-1647. 2 refs.
[1981] A. W. Goldman, "Selection of generator stepup transformer ratings", IEEE Trans. on Power
Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-100, No. 7, July 1981, pp. 3425-3429, disc. pp. 3430-3431. No
refs.
[1996] A. Lesi, M. Russo, P. Verde and D. Menniti, "Capability chart for generator-transformer
units", MELECON '96, 8th. Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference, Industrial Applications in
Power Systems, Computer Science and Telecommunications, Bari, Italy, 13-16 May 1996, IEEE
Pub. 96CH35884, Vol. 3, pp. 1580-1583. 9 refs. (1997-9197)

17.5 Effects of Overexcitation
[1965] W. C. Sealey, "Overexcitation of power transformers", Allis Chalmers Electrical Review

(USA), Vol. 30, No. 4, 1965, pp. 18-19. No refs.
[1966] G. W. Alexander, S. L. Corbin, and W. J. McNutt, "Influence of design and operating

practices on excitation of generator transformers", IEEE Trans on Power Apparatus and Systems,
Vol. 85, No. 8, August 1966, pp. 901-908, disc. pp. 908-909. 7 refs.
[1968] P. L. Ballaschi, "Overexcitation of large generator transformers", Transmission &

Distribution (USA), Vol. 20, No. 8, Aug. 1968, pp. 72-73. (1968-27906)
[1975] C. Kroon, "Overloading and overexcitation of transformers", Electrotechniek (Netherlands),

Vol. 53, no. 13, Oct. 1975, pp. 706-712. 2 refs. (In Dutch) (1976-3233)
[1978] A. K. Bose and G. J. Hulsinik, "Performance of the magnetic circuit of a transformer in

service", Electrotechniek (Netherlands), Vol. 56, No. 7, July 1978, pp. 516-526. No refs. (in Dutch)
(1979-15935)
[1978] A. K. Bose, C. Kroon, and J. Wildeboer, "The loading of the magnetic circuit", CIGRE,
1978, paper 12-09, 8 pp. 17 refs.
[1978] J. Nowaczynski, "Qualification of a threat to high power transformers due to additional

losses under overexcitation and overload", Energetyka (Poland), Vol. 32, No. 7, July 1978, pp. 291-
294. 11 refs. (In Polish) (1978-48394)
[1979] C. E. M. de Kuijper, "Rated voltage and voltage conditions associated with transformer
loading", Electrotechniek (Netherlands), Vol. 57, No. 12, Dec. 1979, pp. 891-897. 17 refs. (In
Dutch) (electrical, not thermal) (1980-27057)
[2000] J. A. Ebert, "Power transformer operation over and under excitation, benefits and
consequences", IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 15, No. 1, Jan. 2000, pp. 192-197. 5 ref.
[2002] A. Gaudreau, P. Picher, L. Bolduc, and A. Coutu, “No-load losses in transformer under
overexcitation/inrush-current conditions: Tests and a new model, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery,
Vol. 17, No. 4, Oct. 2002, pp. 1009-1017. 7 refs. Disc. Vol. 18, No. 2, April 2003, pp. 648-649. 11
refs.
17.6 Heating Due to Harmonic Load Currents
Harmonic load currents may lead to increased heating in transformers. References for dry type
transformers designed and rated for harmonic load currents (K-Factor transformers) are given in
section 6.4.
[1934] J. C. Addleman, "Effect of frequency change on motors, relays, transformers", The Electric
Journal (Pittsburgh, USA), Vol. 31, Dec. 1934, pp. 475-476.
[1949] AIEE Committee Report, "Rectifier transformer characteristics", Trans. AIEE. Vol. 68, Pt.
II, 1949, pp. 1305-1311. 1 ref. (Product Description) (1950-2439)

[1963] W. Heckmann, "Large rectifier transformers for heavy currents", B. B. C. Nachrichten.
(Brown, Boveri und Cie, Manheim, Germany), Vol. 45, No. 11, Nov. 1963, pp. 543-553. (1964-
3030)
[1963] J. E. Holcomb, "Steady state conditions in a transformer supplying energy to a half-wave

rectifier", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Special Supplement, Vol. S82, 1963, pp.
334-350, disc. pp. 351-352. 6 refs. (1965-3736)
[1964] Pool Cathode Mercury-Arc Rectifier Transformet, ANSI/IEEE C57.18-1964.
[1966] P. L. Dowell, “Effects of eddy currents in transformer windings”, Proc. IEE, Vol. 113, Aug.
1966, pp. 1387-1394.
[1968] IEEE Standard Practices and Requirements for Semiconductor Power Rectifiers,
ANSI/IEEE C34.2-1968.
[1971] Y. S. Rusin and A. M. Cheparukhin, "Measuring the average overheat temperature of

windings", Measurement Techniques (USA), Vol. 14, No. 2, 1971, pp. 326-327. No refs. English
translation of Izmeritel'nata Tekhnika, Vol. 14, No. 2, Feb. 1971, pp. 96- . (In Russian). (also
thermal testing) (1972-565)
[1978] R. L. Haumesser and D. L. Lockwood, "200 kw inverter transformer development", Proc. of

the IEEE 1978 National Aerospace and Electronics Conference, NAECON 78, Dayton, OH, USA,
16-18 May 1978, Pt. III, pp. 1020-1024. 6 refs. (1978-48405)
[1981] A. D. Kline, "Transformers in SCR converter circuits", IEEE Industry Applications Society
Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, USA, Oct 5-9, 1981, IEEE Cat. No. 81CH1678-2, pp. 456-458.
12 refs.
[1985] A. E. Emanuel, and X. Wang, "Estimation of loss of life of power transformers supplying
non-linear loads", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-104, No. 3, March
1985, pp. 628-634, disc. pp. 635-636. 22 refs.
[1986] E. F. Fuchs, D. J. Roesler, and K. P. Kovacs, "Aging of electrical apparatus due to harmonics
of the power system voltage", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. PWRD-1, No. 3, July 1986, pp.
301-307. 7 refs.
[1986] D. E. Rice, "Adjustable speed drive and power rectifier harmonics and their effect on power
systems components", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. IA-22 No. 1, Jan./Feb. 1986, pp.
161-177. 22 refs. (transformer equations based on early draft of IEEE C57.110-1986.)
[1986] IEEE Recommended Practice For Establishing Transformer Capability When Supplying
Nonsinusoidal Load Currents, IEEE C57.110-1986.
[1987] E. F. Fuchs, D. J. Roesler, and F. S. Alaghhab, "Sensitivity of electrical appliances to

harmonics and fractional harmonics of the power systems voltage, Part I: Transformers and
induction machines", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. PWRD-2 No. 2, April 1987, pp.
437-444. (also Int. Conf. on Harmonics in Power Systems, Worcester, Mass, Oct. 22-23, 1984, pp.
89-100)
[1987] E. F. Fuchs, D. J. Roesler, and K. P. Kovacs, "Sensitivity of home appliances to harmonics

and fractional harmonics of the power system voltage. Part II: Television sets, induction watthour
meters and universal machines", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. PWRD-2, April 1987, pp.
445-451. (Also Int. Conf. on Harmonics in Power Systems, Worcester, Mass, Oct. 22-23, 1984, pp.
101-110). Disc. of Parts I & II, pp. 452-453. 15 refs. in Parts I & II.
[1987] L. O'Dell and A. A. Girgis, "The impact of power system harmonics on temperature rise of
distribution transformers", Proc. of the Nineteenth Southeastern Symposium on System Theory,
Clemson, SC, USA, 15-17 March 1987, IEEE Cat. No. TH0180-0, pp. 394-397. 6 refs. (1987-
72226)
[1987] V. Preiningerova, "Calculation of the distribution of losses and temperature rise in windings
of rectifier transformers", Elektrotechnicky Obzor (Czechoslovakia), Vol. 76, No. 9, Sept. 1987, pp.
483-489. 10 refs. (1988-17686)
[1988] M. D. Hwang, W. M. Grady, H. W. Sanders, Jr., "Calculation of winding temperatures in

distribution transformers subjected to harmonic currents", IEEE Trans On Power Delivery, Vol. 3,
No. 3, July 1988, pp. 1074-1079. 12 refs.
[1989] D. Kreiss, "Harmonic analyzer helps solve power problems", Electrical Construction and
Maintenance (USA), Vol. 88, No. 3, March 1989, pp. 73-76.
[1990] A. A. Girgis, E. B. Martin, and J. Nims, "Evaluation of temperature rise in distribution

transformers in the presence of harmonics and distortion", Electric Power Systems Research
(Switzerland), Vol. 20, No. 1, Dec. 1990, pp. 15-22. 11 refs. (In English)
[1990] S. P. Kennedy and C. I. Ivey, "Application design and rating of transformers containing
harmonic currents", Conf. Record of the 1990 IEEE Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conf.,
Seattle, WA, USA, June 18-22,1990, IEEE Pub. 90CH2816-7, pp. 19-31. 23 refs. (1991-22233)
[1991] I. Kerszenbaum, A. Mazur, M. Mistry, J. Frank, "Specifying dry-type distribution

transformers for solid-state applications", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 27, No. 1,
Jan/Feb. 1991, pp. 173-178. 20 refs.
[1991] M. Lehtonen, “Harmonic losses and the load carrying capacity of power systems
components in industrial networks”, CIRED ’91, Leige (Belgium, April 1991., Report 5.02, 6 pages.
[1991] M. A. Masoum, “Generation and propagation of harmonics in power system feeders

containing nonlinear transformers and loads”, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO.,
1991.
[1991] M. A. Masoum. et. al. ,”Impact of nonlinear loads on anistropic transformers”, IEEE Trans.
On Power Delivery, Vol. 6, Oct. 1991, pp. 1781-1788.
[1992] R. C. Dugan, "Currents affect utility transformers", Electric Light and Power, Vol. 70, No.
12, Dec. 1992, pp. 28,29,40
[1992] S. Lu, Yu. Liu, J. De La Ree, "Harmonics generated from a DC based transformer", ICHPS
V, International Conference on Harmonics in Power Systems, Atlanta, Ga, USA, 23-25 Sept. 1992,
IEEE, pp. 309-315. 20 refs. (1993-71656)
[1992] “DC Conversion equipment and harmonics”, Electric Construction and Maintenance, Oct.
1992, p. 24.
[1992] IEEE Guide for Harmonic Control and Reactive Compensation of Static Power Converters,
IEEE Std. 519-1992.
[1993] IEEE Task Force on the Effects of Harmonics on Equipment", Effects of harmonics on
equipment", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 8, No. 2, April 1993, pp. 672-680. 52 refs.
(1993-58098)

[1993] H. Shaibon and F. Hussin, "Analysis of temperature rise in the transformer due to harmonic
voltage propagation and penetration", Conf. Proc. 28th. Universities Power Engineering
Conference, Stafford, U.K., 21-23 Sept. 1993, Vol. 2, pp. 752-755. 4 refs. (1995-5020)
[1994] D. W. Egolf and A. J. Flechsig, "Harmonics - transformer derating", Conf. Record 1994
IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conf., Irvine, CA, USA, 1-5 May, 1994,
IEEE Cat. No. 94CH34256, pp. 79-84. 6 refs. (Claims to supplement C57.110, correct
examples,and simplify equations) (1994-68693)
[1994] D. W. Egolf, "Harmonics and transformer capacity", Official Proc. of the First International
Mass Transit System Compatibility Conf., Dallas, TX, USA, 17-22 Sept. 1994 with PCIM/Power
Quality '94, Intertec Publishing, pp. 115-120. 8 refs.
[1994] S. R. Kaprielian and A. E. Emanuel, "An improved real-time data acquisition method for
estimation of the thermal effect of harmonics", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 9 No. 2, April
1994, pp. 668-674. 10 refs. (time constant approach, example using motors.)
[1994] K. W. Klontz, D. M. Divan, D. W. Novotny, "An actively cooled 120 kW coaxial winding
transformer for fast charging electric vehicles", Conf. Record of the 1994 Industry applications
Conf. Twenty-ninth IAS Annual Meeting, Denver, Colo, USA, Oct. 2-5, 1994, IEEE Cat. No.
94CH34520, Vol. 2, pp. 1049-1054. 8 refs. (water cooled, high frequency dry type transformer)
[1994] G. W. Massey, “Estimation methods for power system harmonic effects on power
distribution transformers”, IEEE Trans. On Industry Applications, Vol. 30, No. 2, March/April
1994, pp. 485-489.
[1995] T. Chaney, and J. M. Bowyer, "Sizing isolation transformers for D.C. drive mine hoists",
Conf. Record of 1995 IEEE Industry Applications Thirtieth IAS Annual Meeting, Orlando, Florida,
USA, Oct. 8-12, 1995, IEEE Pub. 95CH35862, Vol. 3, pp. 2033-2040.
[1995] A. C. Delaib, J. D. de Oliveira, A. L. A. Vilaca, and J. R. Cardoso, "The effect of harmonics

on power transformers loss of life", Proc. 38th. Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Rio
de Janeiro, Brazil, 13-16 Aug. 1995, IEEE Cat. No. 95Ch35853, Vol. 2, pp.. 933-936. 9 refs. (1996-
102776)
[1995] A. W. Kelly, S. W. Edwards, J. P. Rhode, and M. Baran, “Transformer derating for

harmonic currents; a wideband measurement approach for energized transformers”, Conference
Record of the 1995 IAS Conf. Of the thirtieth Annual Meeting, Orlando, Florida, USA, 8-12 Oct.
1995. IEEE Cat. No. 95CH35862, Vol. 1, pp. 840-847.
[1995] M. I. Samesima, J. W. Resende, "Analysis of transformer loss of life driving nonlinear

industrial loads by the finite elements approach", Proceedings of the 1995 IEEE Industry
Applications Society Thirtieth Annual Meeting, Orlando, Florida, USA, Oct. 8-12, 1995, IEEE Pub.
95CH35862, Vol. 3, pp. 2175-2179. 15 refs.
[1996] M. T. Bishop, J. F. Baranowski, D. Heath, and S. J. Benna, "Evaluating harmonic-induced

transformer heating", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 11, No. 1, Jan. 1996, pp. 305-310, disc.
p. 311, 11 refs.
[1996] A. C. Delaib, J. D. de Oliveira, A. L. A. Vilaca, and J. R. Cardoso, "Life expectancy of

transformers under nonsinusoidal operation", Proc. of the ICHQP, 7th. International Conference on
Harmonics and Quality of Power, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 16-18 Oct. 1996., pp. 442-447. 11 refs.
(1998-42891)

[1996] A. W. Galli, and M. D. Cox, "Temperature rise of small oil-filled distribution transformers
supplying sinusoidal load currents, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 11, No. 1, Jan. 1996, pp.
283-289, disc. pp. 290-291. 11 refs.
[1996] L. W. Pierce, "Transformer design and application considerations for non-sinusoidal load
currents", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 31, No. 3, May/June 1996, pp. 633-645, 8
refs. (1996-71398)
[1996] L. Pierrat, M. J. Resende, J. Santana, "Power transformer life expectancy under distorting
power electronics load", Proc. of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics,
Warsaw, Poland, June 17-20, 1996, IEEE Cat. No. 96TH8192, Vol. 2, pp. 578-583. 5 refs.
[1997] D. Lin, E. F. Fuchs, and M. Doyle, “Computer-aided testing of electrical apparatus

supplying nonlinear loads”, IEEE Trans. On Power Systems, Vol. 12, No. 1, Feb. 1997, pp. 11-21.
[1997] P. T. Statts, W. M. Grady, Arapostathis, and R. S. Thallam, “A procedure for derating a

substation transformer in the presence of wide-spread electric vehicle battery charging”, IEEE
Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 12, No. 4, Oct. 1997, pp. 1562-1568.
[1997] Converter Transformers—Part 1: Transformers for Industrial Applications, IEC 61 378-1-

1997.
[1998] A. C. Deliaba and J. C. de Oliveira, “Behavior of three-phase transformers supplying non-

linear loads using time domain representation and finite element analysis”, IEEE Trans. On
Magnetics, Vol. 34, No. 5, Sept. 1998, pp. 3174-3177.
[1998] M. M. Swamy and S. L. Rossiter, "Harmonic interaction between 1500-kVA supply

transformer and VFD load at industrial plant", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 34, No.
5, Sept./Oct. 1998, pp. 897-903. No refs.
[1998] IEEE Standard Practices and Requirements for Semiconductor Power Rectifier
Transformers, IEEE C57.18.10-1998.
[1998] IEEE Recommended Practice For Establishing Transformer Capability When Supplying
Nonsinusoidal Load Current, IEEE C57.110-1998. 61 pp. 21 refs.
[1999] A. W. Kelley, S W. Edwards, and J. P. Rhode, “Transformer derating for harmonic currents:
A wide-band measurement approach for energized transformers”, IEEE Trans. On Industry
Applications, Vol. 35, No. 6, Nov./Dec. 1999, pp. 1450-1457. 8 refs.
[2000] J. Driesen, G. Deliege, R. Belmans, and K. Hameyer, “Coupled thermo-magnetic simulation

of a foil-winding transformer connected to a non-linear load”, IEEE Trans. On Magnetics, Vol. 36,
No. 4, July 2000, pp. 1381-1385. 6 refs.
[2000] E. F. Fuchs, D. Yildrim, and W. M. Grady, "Measurement of eddy current loss coefficient
Pec-r and derating of single phase rectifier transformers", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 15,
No. 1, Jan. 2000, pp. 148-154.
[2000] S. N. Makarov and A. E. Emanual, “Corrected harmonic loss factor for transformers
supplying non-sinusoidal load current,” Proc. 9th Int. Conf. Harmonics Power Quality, Oct. 2000,
Vol. 1, pp. 87-90.

[2000] D. Yildrim and E. F. Fuchs, "Measured transformer derating and comparison with harmonic
loss factor (FHL) Approach", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery. Vol. 15, No. 1, Jan. 2000, pp. 186-
191.7 refs. Correction, Vol. 15, No. 4, Oct. 2000, p. 1357. Disc. Vol. 15, No. 4, Oct. 2000, pp.
1328-1329
[2001] L. Ray, “How to solve neutral overload problems”, Electrical Construction & Maintenance,
Vol. 100, No. 12, Nov. 2001, pp 16-20.
[2002] S-R. Huang, and B-N. Chen, “Harmonic Study of the Le Blanc transformer for Taiwan
Railway’s electrification system”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 17, No. 2, April 2002, pp.
495-499. 4 refs,
[2002] S. P. Kennedy, “Design and application of semiconductor rectifier transformers”, IEEE

Trans. On Industry Applications, Vol. 38, No. 4, July/Aug. 2002, pp. 927-933. 9 refs.
[2003] M. A. Masoum and E. F. Fuchs, “Derating of anisotropic transformers under nonsinusoidal

operating conditions”, Electric Power Energy Syst., Vol. 25, 2003, pp. 1-12.
[2003] M. B. B. Sharifian, J. Faiz, S. A. Fakheri, and Z. Zraatparvar, “Derating of distribution
transformers for non-sinusoidal load currents using finite element method”, Proc. 10th Int. Conf.
Electronics, Circuits and Systems, Dec. 2003, Vol. 2, pp. 754-757.
[2004] A. Damnjanovic, J. Faiz, S. A. Fakheri, and A. Zraatparvar, “The measurement and

evaluation of distribution transformer losses under nonlinear loading”, Proc. Power Eng. Soc.
General Meeting, Jan. 2004, pp. 1416-1419.
[2005] C. C. Hwang, P. H. Tang, and Y. H. Jaiang, “Thermal analysis of high-frequency

transformers using finite elements coupled with temperature rise method”, Proc. IEE, Electric
Power Applications, Vol. 152, No. 4, July 2005, pp. 832-836.
[2005] A. Lefevre, I. Mieeville, J. Fouladgar, and G. Olivier, “3-D computation of transformers

overheating under nonlinear loads”, IEEE Trans. On Magnetics, Vol. 41, No. 5, May 2005, pp.
1564-1567.
[2006] A. Elmoudi, M. Lehtonen, and H. Nordman, “Effect of harmonics on transformers loss of

life”, Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Elec. Insul. Conf. Rec., Toronto, Ont., Canada, 2006, pp. 408-411.
[2006] O. A. Mohammed, N. Y. Abed, and S. Liu, “Investigation of the harmonic behavior of three-
phase transformer under non-sinusoidal operation using finite element and wavelet packets”, IEEE
Trans. On Magnetics, Vol. 42, No. 4, April 2006, pp. 967-970.
[2006] E. F. Fuchs, D. Lin, and J. Martynaitis, “Measurement of three-phase transformer derating

and reactive power demand under nonlinear loading conditions”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery,
Vol. 21, No. 2, April 2006, pp. 665-672. 18 refs.
[2008] M. A. S. Masoum, P. S. Moses, and A. S. Masoum, “Derating of asymmetric three-phase

transformers serving unbalanced nonlinear loads”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 23, No. 4,
Oct. 2008, pp. 2033-2041. 27 refs.
[2008] D. M. Said and K. M. Nor, “Simulation of the impact of harmonics on distribution

transformers”, Proc. 2nd IEEE Int. Conf. Power Energy, Johor Baharu, Johor, Malaysia, 2008, pp.
335-340.

[2008] M. Savaghebi, A. Gholami, and A. Jalilian, “Transformer dynamic loading capability
assessment under nonlinear load currents”, Proc. 43rd Int. Univ. Power Eng. Conf., Padova, Italy,
2008, pp. 1-5.
[2008] IEEE Recommended Practice For Establishing Liquid-Filled and Dry-type Power and
Distribution Transformer Capability When Supplying Nonsinusoidal Load Current, IEEE C57.110-
2008.
[2009] W. Frelin, L. Berthet, M. Petit, and J. C. Vannier, “Transformer winding losses evaluation
when supplying non-linear load”, Proc. 44th Int. Conf. Univ. Power Eng., Glasgow, U.K. 2009, pp.
1-5.
[2006] M. B. B. Sharifian and J. Faiz, “Derating of a distribution transformer for non-linear loads”,
Eur. Trans. Elect. Power, Vol. 16, No. 2, March/April 2006, pp189-203.
[2010] J. Faiz, B. M. Ebrahimi, and M. Ghofrani, “Mixed derating of distribution transformers

under unbalanced supply voltage and nonlinear load conditions using TSFEM”, IEEE Trans. On
Power Delivery, Vol. 25, No. 2, April 2010, pp. 780-789. 18 refs.
18. BURIED TRANSFORMERS
Heat from transformers buried in the ground is dissipated into the soil. Product descriptions and
heat transfer for buried transformers are given in the following references:
[1927] T. R. Smith, "Discussion of paper by J. R. Beard and T. G. Haldane on "The design of city
distribution systems and the problem of standardization", J. IEE, Vol. 65, 1927, pp. 97-112,
discussion on pp. 965-966 about buried transformers. No refs.
[1930] C. E. Schwenger, "Buried distribution transformers", AIEE J., Vol. 49, July 1930, pp. 519-
522. Also Electrical News and Engineering (Canada), Vol. 39, July 15, 1930, pp. 55-58. (1930-
2125)
[1967] N. R. Schultz and J. F. Thomas, "Underground distribution thermal tests in the Phoenix
area", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-86, No. 9, Sept. 1967, pp.
1042-1050, disc. pp. 1050-1051. 10 refs.
[1969] E. A. Link "Problems of direct buried transformers", IEEE Special Technical Conference on
Underground Distribution, Anaheim, CA, USA, 12-16 May 1969, pp. 413-418. (1970-8922)
[1969] P. L. Walden, and L. T. Frey, "Factors in the application of the direct buried transformer",
Distribution (USA), Vol. 31, May 1969, pp. 27-31. 12 refs.
[1970] N. A. Lucic, "Direct - buried transformer thermal tests", IEEE Trans on Power Apparatus
and Systems, Vol. PAS-89, No. 7, Sept/Oct 1970, pp. 1662-1669. 2 refs. (1970-39650)
[1970] A. Price, "Field trial proves in direct-buried URT", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 73, No. 21,
May 25, 1970, pp. 24-25. (Minor thermal data) (1970-33590)
[1970] R. H. Stevens, J. E. J. De Venny, Jr., R. F. Cook, and D. L. Nickle, The Coral Springs
Underground Distribution Laboratory - I. Design and installation", IEEE Trans. on Power
Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-89, No. 2, Feb. 1970, pp. 281-289, disc. p. 289. 5 refs.

[1970] P. L. Waldon and L. T. Frey, III, "Cyclic loading of direct buried transformers", Distribution
(USA), Vol. 32, No. 1, Jan. 1970, pp. 3-6, no. refs.
[1971] L. T. Frey, "Thermal performance of direct buried transformers", Distribution (USA), Vol.
33, Sept. 1971, pp. 36-39. 6 refs.
[1971] S. R. Gilligan, "There's a place for URD in direct buried transformers", Electric Light and
Power, Vol. 49 No. 6, April 1971, pp. 66-68. (1971-28645)
[1971] D. L. Hopkins, "Why direct buried transformers are easier to design", Electric Light and
Power, Vol. 49 No. 8, May 1971, pp. 36-38. (1971-28966)
[1971] D. L. Hopkins and S. R. Gilligan, "Problem solving with the direct buried transformer",
Distribution (USA), May 1971, pp. 3-6. 4 refs.
[1971] W, P. Jenkins, and F. C. Crowell, "Results of field trial of direct buried capacitors",
Transmission (USA), Vol. 33, Sept. 1971, pp. 3-6. no refs.
[1971] M. C. Sutton, and E. B. Hanson, "Direct buried unit looks good in test", Electrical World
(USA), Vol. 175, No. 2, Jan. 15, 1971, pp. 46-48. No refs. (1971-16719)
[1972] L. T. Frey, "Direct buried transformer thermal evaluation", IEEE Trans. on Power
Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-91, No. 3, May/June 1972, pp. 959-966, disc. pp. 966-968. 30
refs. (1972-30793)
[1972] R. E. Frey, and J. Ladden, "Field experience with the direct buried residential transformer",
IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-91, No. 3, May/June 1972, pp. 969-974.
14 refs.
[1972] D. W. Smith and P. L. Waldon, "Cathode protection of direct buried transformers", IEEE
Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-91, No. 3, May-June 1972, pp. 1007-1014.
(1972-30795)
[1974] W. J. Ros, R. E. Bennett, and A. L. Burgess, "An evaluation of direct buried transformers
and systems", IEEE Conf. Record 1974 Underground Transmission and Distribution Conf., Dallas,
Texas, USA, April 1-5, 1974, IEEE Pub. 74 CH0832-6 PWR, pp. 349-357. 2 refs.
[1974] R. H. Stevens, J. E. J. De Venny, Jr., D. L. Nickel, and M. J. Husway, "The Coral Springs
underground distribution laboratory. II. General results and data analysis", IEEE Conf. Record 1974
Underground Transmission and Distribution Conference, Dallas, Texas, USA, April 1-5, 1974,
IEEE Pub. 74 CH0832-6 PWR, pp. 423-428. 7 refs. (1974-32653)
[1974] R. H. Stevens, J. E. J. De Venny, D. L. Nickel, and S. R. Swanson, "The Coral Springs

underground distribution laboratory. III. Transformer thermal analysis", IEEE Conf. Record 1974
Underground Transmission and Distribution Conference, Dallas, Texas, USA, April 1-5, 1974,
IEEE Pub. 74 CH0832-6 PWR, pp. 378-383. 10 refs. (1974-32647)
[1974] P. S. Yeh, "The thermal analysis of a direct-buried distribution transformer under cyclic
loads", IEEE Conf. Record 1974 Underground Transmission and Distribution Conference, Dallas,
Texas, USA, April 1-5, 1974, IEEE Pub. 74 CH0832-6 PWR, pp. 384-390. 9 refs.
[1977] Sigma Research Inc. "The use of two phase heat transfer for improved transformer cooling",
EPRI Report EL-588, Project 479-1, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif., USA,
Nov. 1977. 33 refs. (Also reviews oil cooling and buried transformers.)

[1998] C. Paradis, M. Chaaban, and P. P. Blovin, "World's first solid insulation distribution
transformer", ABB Review (Switzerland), No. 5, 1998, pp. 21-27. no refs. (1999-21604)
[1999] M. Chaaban, and J. Leduc, "Give your transformer a proper burial", Transmission &
Distribution World (USA), Vol. 51, No. 5, May 1999, pp. 64,67,68,70,72,74. No refs.
19. GAS COOLED AND INSULATED TRANSFORMERS
References in this section are for transformers cooled and insulated by a gas.
[1905] H. J. Ryan, "Compressed gas as an insulator", The Electric Journal (Pittsburgh, USA), Vol.
2 No. 7, July 1905, pp.429-436. Abstract in Electrical World and Engineer (USA), Vol. 46, July 22,
1905, p. 148. (1905-1633)
[1948] W. W. Satterlee, "Recent developments in dry-type transformers for submersible service",
Edison Electric Institute Bulletin (USA), Vol. 16 No. 2, Feb. 1948, pp. 37-40. No refs. (1949-15760
[1950] W. M. Terry, Jr. "Hermetically sealed transformers are here", Allis Chalmers Electrical
Review (USA), Vol. 15, No. 1, First Quarter, 1950, pp. 4-8. No refs.
[1951] C. E. Sutton, "Sealed, gas-filled transformer does class H job with B insulation", Electrical
World (USA), Vol. 135, Feb. 12, 1951, pp. 112-113. no refs. (1951-2533)
[1955] G. Camilli, "An experimental gas insulated 138 kv current transformer", AIEE Trans., Vol.
74 Part III, Power Apparatus And Systems, No. 17, April 1955, pp. 100-103, disc. p. 103-104. 5
refs.
[1955] J. DeBaise, "Dry-type flameproof transformers", A.C.E.C. Revue (Ateliers de Constructions

Electriques de Charleroi, London), No. 1, 1955, pp. 13-25, (In French) (1955-4613)
[1955] W. M. Terry, "Performance characteristics of 150 C rise dry type transformers", Allis
Chalmers Electrical Review (USA), Vol. 20, No. 1, First Quarter, 1955, pp. 10-15. No refs.
[1956] G. Camilli, "Gas Insulated transformers", General Electric Review (USA), Vol. 59, No. 3-4,
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[1959] G. Camilli, "Gaseous insulation goes to work", Power (USA), Vol. 103, No. 7, July 1959,
pp. 62-66. No refs.
[1959] G. Camilli, “A 10000 kva gas-insulated transformer – a progress report”, Electrical

Engineering (USA), Vol. 78, No. 8, Aug. 1959, pp. 828-830. (Also AIEE Conf. Paper 59-306.) 2
refs. (1960-69)
[1959] H. W. Dornbush, "Developments in class H transformers and insulation", Proc. Second

Electrical Insulation Conference, paper AIEE CP#5042, 4 pp. No refs.
[1959] G. F. Simmons, "Alpholite insulating materials for sealed dry-type transformers", Industrial
Power Systems (USA), Vol. 2, No. 2, June 1959.
[1959] "Transformers: Gas cooled has promise", Electrical World (USA), Vol. 151, No. 9, March 2,
1959. pp. 54-55.

[1961] B. F. Allen and W. A. Wooldridge, "Gas-insulated transformers broaden their range of
application", Power (USA), Vol. 105, No. 9, Sept. 1961, pp. 80-82. Sept. 1961. 3 refs.
[1961] "Utility installs first special gas filled network transformer", Power Engineering (USA), Vol.
65, August 1961, p. 70.
[1967] G. G. Posner, J. J. Philosophos, and J. P. Manion, "Integrity of C2F6 in gas cooled sealed dry
type transformers", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-86, No. 5, May 1967,
pp. 568-570.
[1969] H. C. Doepken, "UHV gas insulated transformers", Proc. of the 9th. Electrical Insulation
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15945)
[1979] J. R. Morris, II, and S. F. Philp, "A new concept for a compressed gas insulted power
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GA, 1-6 April, 1971, pp. 178-183. 3 refs. (1979-25581)
[1981] T. Sato and T. Ina, "Gas-insulated transformers", Mitsubishi Electric Advance (Japan), Vol.
17, Sept. 1981, pp. 1-3. no refs. (1982-39198)
[1982] P. A. Gnadt, and W. H. Rathbun, "Power transformer features gas insulation", Machine
Design (USA), Vol. 54, No. 7, April 8, 1982, pp. 60,61.
[1982] O. A. Goulden, "Is gas replacing the 'all-dry' substation", Electrical Review (GB), Vol. 210,
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[1982] T. O. Sokoly, J. M. Ghinazzi, F. F. Baronowski, and G. L. Goedde, "Development of a

distribution transformer not subject to destructive failure", EPRI Report EL-2484, Project 1143-1,
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[1982] W. J. McNutt, W. H. Rathbun, J. P. Slocik, and J. P. Vora, "Technology development for

advanced concepts in gas insulated power transformers", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and
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[1983] W. H. Rathbun and J. P. Slocik, "Technology development for advance concepts in power
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[1983] "Oilless transformer", EPRI Journal (USA), Vol. 8, No. 7, Sept. 1983, p. 44.
[1984] T. Hidaka, J. Tokuda, "MAROC SF6 gas-insulated transformer", Meiden Review

(International Edition) (Japan), No. 2, 1984, pp. 38-40. no refs. (1985-5151)
[1984] S. Kumagai, M. Kobayashi, and S. Honda, "SF6 gas insulated transformer II", Takaoka
Review (Japan), Vol. 31, No. 3, 1984, pp. 113-118. 6 refs. (In Japanese) (1985-39067)
{1984] Y. Kuroda, Y. Oue, M. Kowabara, and S. Kusamoto, "Development of gas-insulated neutral

reactor", Souken Houkoku (Japan). No. 35, 1984, pp. 1-6. No refs. (In Japanese) (1987-4766)

[1984] T. O. Sokoly, G. L. Goedde, J. F. Baranowski and J. M. Ghinazzi, "Development of a
Distribution Transformer Not Subject To Destructive Failure - An Update", IEEE Trans. on Power
Apparatus and Systems, Vol. 103, No. 9, Sept. 1984, pp. 2723-2727. 5 refs.
[1985] K. Hirano, Y. Yoshida, Y. Okada, H. Yokata, "77 kv 15 MVA SF6 gas insulated
transformer", Takaoka Review (Japan), Vol. 32, No. 3, 1985, pp. 207-210. 2 refs. (In Japanese)
(1986-61562)
[1985] Y. Kabayama, Y. Yoshida, Y. Miura, E. Tamaki, and T. Hakata, "A high voltage large-
capacity gas-insulated power transformer", Mitsubishi Denki Giho (Japan), Vol. 59, No. 3, 1985, pp.
234-238. 6 refs. (In Japanese) (1986-39899)
[1986] "Development of a distribution transformer that is not subject to catastrophic failures",

Electric Power Research Institute Report EPRI-EL-4426, Palo Alto, CA, USA, 15 March 1986, 108
pp. (1986-51699)
[1987] S. Kumagai, M. Kubayashi, and S. Honda, "Current technology for SF6 gas insulated
transformers", Takaoka Review (Japan), Vol. 34, No. 2, 1987, pp. 169-175. 5 refs. (In Japanese)
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[1987] S. P. Walldorf, P. A. Gnadt, "Development of 1200-kv compressed-gas-insulated

transmission and substation equipment in the United States", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.
PWRD-2, No. 2, April 1987, pp. 374-383, 23 refs.
[1987] "Distribution transformers not subject to destructive failure. Phase 3: design improvements
and preliminary market analysis", Electric Power Research Institute Report EPRI-EL-5442, Palo
Alto, Ca, USA, 30 Nov. 1987. 24 pp. (1988-37280)
[1988] F. Faltermeier, "New current transformer using SF6 and compound support insulation
systems", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 3 No. 2, April 1988, pp. 648-652, disc. pp. 653-
654. 13 refs.
[1988] M. Wada, K. Kawashima, H. Fujita, E. Mori, "Recent technologies for large capacity
transformers", Hitachi Hyoron (Japan), Vol. 70, No. 8, 1988, pp. 69-76. 5 refs. (in Japanese, English
Translation available)
[1989] K. Goto T. Yamazaki, T. Teranishi, M. Ikeda, H. Murase, and H. Okibo,"Development of

insulation technology for high voltage gas insulated transformer", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery,
Vol. 4 No. 2, April 1989, pp. 1096-1102. 6 refs.
[1992] T. Hasegawa, T. Betsui, S. Onishi, K. Itoh, T. Kohan, Y. Makino, and H. Nakazawa,

"Development of a 275 kv liquid cooling-type gas insulated transformer", Electrical Engineering in
Japan (USA), Vol. 112, No. 1, 1992, pp. 84-92. 6 refs. (1992-34569)
[1992] H. Muramoto, T. Yamazak, T. Oshi, K. Uehara, K. Toda, M. Ikeda, and S. Yanabu,

"Development and application of the 275 kv - 300 MVA separate cooling/sheet winding gas-
insulated transformer," IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 7 No. 2, April, 1992, pp. 888-894. 5
refs.
[1994] Y. Mino, K. Shimada, T. Kovan, and N. Nakazawa, "Development of 275 kv 300 mva liquid
cooled gas insulated transformer", Gaseous Dielectrics VII. Proc. of the Seventh International
Symposium, Knoxville, TN, USA, 24-28 April 1994, pp. 547-554. 2 refs. (1996-17413)

[1994] C. T. Wan, A. Kudo, M. Asakura, Y. Murakami, K. Itoh, T. Nishitani, and T. Yoshikawa,
"Development of 275 kv gas cooled type gas-insulated power transformer", Gaseous Dielectrics
VII. Proc. of the Seventh International Symposium, Knoxville, TN, USA, 24-28 April 1994, pp. 539-
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[1996] Y. Aoshima, Y. Mino, T. Takai, y. Makino, and Y. Mihara, "Development of 500 kv liquid
cooled gas insulated transformer", Trans. of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, Part B
(Japan), Vol. 116-B, No. 10, Oct. 1996, pp. 1191-1196. 6 refs. (In Japanese) (1997-9301)
[1996] M. Miyamoto, K. Fujii, K. Yajima, Y. Nakagami, M. Yamada, K. Maruta, K. Ikeda, n.

Hashimoto, S. Wakatsuki, K. Ohkub, M. Wata, and T. Takahasi, "Development of SF6 gas
immersed middle capacity transformer with sheet winding", Trans. of the Institute of Electrical
Engineers of Japan, Part B (Japan), Vol. 116-B, No. 10, Oct. 1996, pp. 1252-1259. 7 refs. (In
Japanese) (1997-9305)
19.2 Gas Filled Transformers Heat Transfer and Loading

[1944] H. M. Hobart, "High voltage compressed gas power transformers", AIEE Trans., Vol. 63,
Sept. 1944, pp. 690-692, disc. pp. 1448-1451. 10 refs. (1945-671)
[1951] M. L. Manning, "The application of class H insulation to transformers", AIEE Trans., Vol.
70 Pt. II, 1951, pp. 1427-1434, disc. pp. 1434-1435. 15 refs. (1952-2685)
[1952] G. Camilli, G. S. Gordon, and R. E. Plump, "Gaseous insulation for high voltage
transformers", Trans. AIEE, Vol. 71 Pt. III, Power Apparatus and Systems, Jan. 1952, pp. 348-356,
disc. pp. 356-357. 9 refs. (1952-3924 & 1953-3956)
[1953] E. W. Tipton, "Sealed dry type transformers proved safe by test", AIEE Trans., Vol. 72 Part
III, Power Apparatus and Systems, No. 7, Aug. 1953, pp. 843-847, disc pp. 847-848. 6 refs.
[1957] L. C. Whitman, “Loading of sealed dry type transformers", AIEE Trans., Vol. 76 Pt. III,
Power Apparatus and Systems, No. 30, June 1957, pp. 214-222, disc. pp. 222-223. 17 refs. (1957-
5693)
[1960] G. Camilli, "Gas insulated power transformers", IEE Proc., Vol. 107 Part A, August 1960,
pp. 375-382. 8 refs. (1960-5369)
[1961] B. F. Allen and G. F. Simmons, "C3F8 as a coolant and dielectric in high temperature sealed
dry type transformers", AIEE Winter General Meeting, New York, N.Y., USA, Jan. 29 - Feb. 3,
1961, .AIEE Paper CP 61-36. 4 refs.
[1961] B. Sollergren, "A test to destruction on a hermetically sealed transformer of dry type", Asea
Journal (London), Vol. 34, No. 7, 1961, pp. 130-132. No refs.
[1964] F. J. McGaughey, "Transformers cooled with fluorinated hydrocarbon gas", Power (USA),
Vol. 108, No. 12, Dec. 1964, pp. 66-67.
[1965] E. A. Goodman and G. C. Posner, "Trends in gas insulated transformers", Insulation (USA),
Vol. 11, No. 1, Jan. 1965, pp. 39-41. 3 refs.
[1966] H. Klammer, "Gas-cooled transformers", Conti Elektro Berichte (Germany), Vol. 12, No. 3,
July-Sept, 1966, pp. 186-196. 15 refs. (In German) (1967-3593)

[1966] Sysoev and V. V. Yakovlev, "Designing the cooling systems of gas filled transformers with
natural circulation", Soviet Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol. 37, No. 8, 1966, pp. 82-85. 3 refs.
English translation of Elektrotekhnika (USSR), No. 8, Aug. 1966, pp. 54-56. (In Russian) (1967-
3578)
[1970] H. C. Doepken, Jr., "Calculated heat transfer characteristics of SF6", IEEE Trans. on Power
Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-89, No. 8, Nov./Dec. 1970, pp. 1979-1984, disc. p. 1585. 12 refs.
[1970] D. Hanesian, "Heat transfer by natural convection with fluoro-carbon gases", IEEE Trans. on
Parts, Materials, and Packaging, Vol. PMP-6, No. 4, Dec. 1970, pp. 147-148. 10 refs.
[1973] A. G. Arson, V. A. Golovachev, S. A. Grabovskii, and N. g. Ivchenko, "Thermal design of

the windings of gas-filled transformers having natural circulation", Elektrotekhnika (USSR), No. 3,
1973, pp. 29-31. (in Russian). English translation in Soviet Electrical Engineering (USA), No. 3,
1973. (1973-22489)
[1975] M. Fotyma, "Application of gas insulation in power transformers", Prace Instytutu

Elektrotechniki (Poland), Vol. 23, No. 90, 1975, pp. 119-128. 4 refs. (1976-15371
[1982] J. M. Ghinazzi and T. O. Sokoly, "The development of a distribution transformer not subject
to destructive failure", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. 101, No. 6, June 1982,
pp. 1674-1677, disc. p. 1678. No refs.
[1982] T. Sato, T. Ina, and M. Matsumoto, "Cooling effect by gas density of SF6 insulated
transformers", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-101, No. 7, July 1982, pp.
2229-2235. 7 refs.
[1984] S. Kumasaya, M. Kubayashi, and S. Honda, "SF6 gas insulated transformer I.", Takaoka
Review (Japan), Vol. 31, No. 2, 1984, pp. 76-82. No refs. (In Japanese) (1985-39066)
[1985] Y. Harumoto, Y. Kabayama, Y. Kuroda, Y. Yoshida, H. Kan, Y. Miura, E. Tamaki, and T.

Hakata, "Development of 275 kv ehv class gas insulated power transformer", IEEE Trans. on
Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-104, No. 9, Sept. 1985, pp. 2501-2507, disc. p. 2508. 6
refs.
[1985] K. Hirano, S. Kumagai, M. Kobayashi, and S. Honda, "SF6 gas insulated transformer. III.
Study on coil cooling characteristics", Takaoka Review (Japan), Vol. 32, No. 3, 1985, pp. 311-215.
5 refs. (In Japanese) (For Pt. II see Vol. 312, No. 3, 1984, pp. 113-118) (1986-61563)
[1987] Z. Zierong, "The calculation of the coil temperature rises in SF6 gas insulated transformer
under natural gas circulation", Proc. of the Chinese Society of Electrical Engineers (China), Vol. 7,
No. 1, Jan. 1987, pp. 59-65. 4 refs. (In Chinese) (1987-51318)
[1988] H. Muramoto, T. Yamazaki, Y. Murakami, T. Yanari, M. Ikeda, H. Okubo, and Y. Togawa,

"Developing separate cooling sheet winding gas-insulated transformer", IEEE Trans. on Power
Delivery, Vol. 3, No. 3, July 1988, pp. 1067-1073, disc. p. 1073. 5 refs.
[1989] K. Goto, T. Yamazaki, H. Hirose, T. Murakami, and M. Ikeda, "Studies on structured

integrity for separate cooling/sheet windings gas insulated transformers", IEEE Trans. on Power
Delivery, Vol. 4, No. 2, April, 1989, pp. 1079-1086. 4 refs.
[1990] T. Kumasaka, K. Seino, and Y. Uwano, "Velocity distribution in disc winding of gas
insulated transformer", Trans. of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, Part D (Japan), Vol.
110-D, No. 12, Dec. 1990, pp. 1219-1226. 12 refs. (In Japanese) (1991-61076)

[1992] K. Kano. Y. Kawabuchi, K. Uchida, Y. Yashire, T. Shibata, "Line trapped charge
discharging characteristic of gas insulated magnetic voltage transformers", IEEE Trans. on Power
[1993] A. Kudo, T. Nishitani, T. Yoshikawa, and T. T. Wan, "Development of 275 kV gas cooled
type gas-insulated power transformer", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 8, No. 1, Jan. 1993,
pp. 264-270. 5 refs.
[1995] E. Takahashi, K. Tanaka, M. Ikeda, T. Teranishi, M. Inaba, and S. Menju, "Development of

large-capacity gas-insulated transformers", Trans. of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan,
Part B (Japan), Vol. 115-B, No. 4, April 1995, pp. 346-352. 5 refs. (In Japanese) (1995-52892)
[1996] K. Aono, Y. Fujiwara, K. Ishikawa, H. Kuratani, Y. Akagi, and H. Murakami,

"Development of high voltage large capacity gas-cooled gas-insulated transformer", Trans. of the
Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, Part B (Japan), Vol. 116-B, No. 10, Oct. 1996, pp. 1260-
1265. 5 refs. (In Japanese) (1997-9302)
[1996] M. Nakadate, K. Toda, K. Sato, D. Biswas, C. Nakagawa, and T. Yanari, "Gas cooling
performance in disc-winding of large capacity gas-insulated transformer", IEEE Trans. on Power
Delivery, Vol. 11, No. 2, April 1996, pp. 903-908. 6 refs.
[1996] N. Nakamura, K. Takagi, Y. Nakagami, and T. Morita, "Velocity measurement of cooling

gas in gas-insulated transformer by ultrasonic wave method", ICEE '96, Proc. of the International
Conference on Electrical Engineering, Beijing, China, 12-15 Aug. 1996, Vol. 1, pp. 544-548. 1 ref.
(1998-73051)
[1996] E. Takahashi, K. Tanaka, K. Tuda, M. Ikeda, T. Teranishi, M. Inaba, and T. Yanari,

"Development of large capacity gas-insulated transformer, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 11,
No. 2, April 1996, pp. 895-901, disc. p. 902. 5 refs.
[1997] K. Aona, Y. Fujiwara, K. Ishikawa, H. Kuratan, Y. Akasi, and H. Murakami, "Development

of a high-voltage large-capacity gas-cooled gas insulated transformer", Electrical Engineering in
Japan (USA), Vol. 120, No. 2, 30 July 1997, pp. 19-26. (translated from Denki Trans. Institute of
Electricl Engineers of Japan, Vol. 116-B, No. 10, Oct. 1996, pp. 1260-1265) 5 refs. (1998-11213)
[1997] Y. Guozheng, L. Qingmia, and Z. Jierong, "Temperature rise calculation for self-cooled gas
insulated transformer", Proc. of the Chinese Society of Electrical Engineers (China), Vol. 17, No. 2,
March 1997, pp. 102-108. 9 refs. (In Chinese) (1997-70333)
[1997] K. Nakamura, T. Morita, and Y. Nakagami, "The velocity measurement of cooling gas in
SF6 gas-transformer by reflective type of ultra sonic wave method", Trans. of the Institute of
Electrical Engineers of Japan, Part B (Japan), Vol. 117-B, No. 5, May 1997, pp. 647-654. 4 refs.
(In Japanese) (1997-80750)
[1998] M. Ikedo, K. Muramatsu, Y. Ebisawa, D. Biswas, K. Kawano, M. Nakadate, and E.

Haginomori, "Application of numerical simulation for coil cooling design of gas insulted
transformer", Trans. of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, Part B (Japan), Vol. 118-B,
No. 10, Oct. 1998, pp. 1097-1102. 6 refs. (In Japanese) (1999-21612)
[1998] Y. Nagagami, K. Kawanishi, M. Miyamoto, S. Ogura, K. Ikeda, and K. Ookubo, "Flow

visualization and numerical calculation in gas insulated transformer windings", Trans. of the
Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, Part B (Japan), Vol. 118-B, No. 10, Oct. 1998, pp. 1123-
1129. 12 refs. (In Japanese) (1999-21613)

[1998] K. Nakamura, T. Morita, Y. Nakagami," The velocity measurement of cooling gas in SF6
gas transformer by reflective ultrasonic wave method", Electrical Engineering in Japan (USA),
Vol. 122 No. 3, Feb. 1998, pp. 1-9. 4 refs. English translation from Trans. of the Institute of
Electrical Engineers of Japan, Vol. 117-B, No. 5, May 1997, pp. 647-654. (In Japanese). (1998-
73051)
[2003] M. B. Eteiba, M. M. A. Aziz, and J. H. Shazly, “Steady state thermal performance of SF6
compressed gas-insulated power transformer”, Proc. XIIIth Int. Symp. High Voltage Engineering
Delft, The Netherlands, Aug. 2003.
[2003] M. B. Eteiba, M. M. A. Aziz, and J. H. Shazly, “Thermal model for compressed gas
insulated power transformers, Proc. 9th Int. Middle East Power Systems Conf. (MEBCON 2003),
Shebien El-Korn, Egypt, Dec. 2003. Pp. 613-616.
[2007] M. R. Eteiba, M. M. A. Aziz, and J. H. Shazly, “Analysis of steady state heat transfer of
compressed gas-cooled-insulated power transformer using finite element technique”, Int. J. Heat.
Technology, Vol. 25, No. 19, June 22007, pp. 137-ff.
[2008] M. B. Eteiba, M. Mamdouh, A. Aziz, and J. H. Shazly, “Heat conduction problems in SF6
gas cooled-insulated power transformers solved by the finite-element method”, IEEE Trans. On
[2009] M. Eteiba, M. M. A. Aziz, and J. H. Shazly, “Sensitivity of steady-state temperatures of SF6

gas-cooled-insulated power transformers to selected parameters”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery,
Vol/ 24. No. 3, July 2009, pp. 1249-1256. 8 refs.
20. VAPORIZATION COOLED TRANSFORMERS
In vaporization cooled transformers heat from the windings vaporize a fluid and then the vapor is
condensed in the heat exchanger. The fluid may be pumped and sprayed on the winding. A
dielectric gas may be used to insulate from the winding to the tank. Another concept, which does
not require a pump, is to totally immersed the core and coil assembly in the vaporizable fluid. This
is referred to as “pool boiling”.

[1951] H. W. Perry, "Vapor cooling of transformers", Electrical Times (GB), Vol. 120, No. 3133,
22 Nov. 1951, pp. 931-932. no refs.
[1951] "Transformer cooling - by vaporization", Westinghouse Engineer (USA), Vol. 11, No. 5,
Sept. 1951, pp. 166-168.
[1958] "High dielectric gas in vapor cooled transformer", Electrical Manufacturing (USA), Vol. 61,
No. 1, Jan. 1958, p. 118.
[1959] "New improvements in vapor cooled transformers permits drastic design innovations", The
Plant (USA), Vol. 20, No. 2, August 1959, pp. 53-54.
[1959] "Vapor cooling", Westinghouse Engineer (USA), Vol. 19, No. 1, Jan. 1959, p. 9.

[1960] "More advances in vapor cooling", Westinghouse Engineer (USA), Vol. 20, No. 1, Jan.
1960, pp. 8-9.
[1961] M. E. Fagan, "Revolutionary era for power transformers", Westinghouse Engineer (USA),
Vol. 21. No. 4, July 1961, pp. 103-105.
[1963] J. H. McWhirter, H. C. Foster, C. F. Hofmann, and D. Berg, "Cast-resin power

transformers", Westinghouse Engineer (USA), Vol. 23, No. 1, Jan. 1963, pp. 13-15.
[1977] "R & D status report, Electrical Systems Division, distribution", EPRI Journal (USA), Oct.
1977, p. 36.
[1978] T. L. Mayes and R. A. Nelson, "A new concept in transformer design VaporTran™
vaporization cooled transformer", Industrial Power Systems (USA), Vol. 21, No. 3, Sept. 1978, pp.
4-8.
[1978] R. T. Morris, "Transformer technology breakthrough", Industrial Power Systems (USA),

Vol. 21 No. 3, Sept. 1978, p. 3.
[1978] "Vapors cool universal transformer", Machine Design, Vol. 50, No. 19, August 24, 1978, p.
42.
[1979] R. H. Hollister, C. L. Moore, and P. Voytik, "Gas vapor and fire resistant transformers",
Proc. 14th. Electrical/Electronics Insulation Conference, Oct. 8-11, 1979, IEEE Pub.
79CH1510-7-EI, pp. 239-242. No refs.
[1979] W. M. Rodgers, "The Vaportran™ transformers successful first year", Industrial Power
Systems (USA), Vol. 22 No. 3, Sept-Dec. 1979, pp. 3-7.
[1979] D. A. Yanucci, "Transformers with two phase cooling", Westinghouse Transmission and
distribution Technology Forum. 1979?. 11 pp. 4 refs.
[1980] "Improved oil-less transformer development: field tests to show overload capabilities",
Electric Light And Power (USA), Nov. 1980, pp. 39.
[1980] "Vapor-cooled transformers", EPRI Journal (USA), Vol. 5, No. 1, Jan./Feb. 1980, p. 24.
[1981] K. R. Linsley, "Nonflammable small power transformers", Proc. American Power

Conference, April 27-29, 1981, Vol. 43, pp. 715-720. 29 refs. (1982-62824)
[1981] "Gas-vapor transformers installed", Electric Light And Power (USA), Vol. 59, No. 4, April
1981, p. 70.
[1981] "Vapor cooling cuts transformer weight", Electrical Review (GB), Vol. 209, No. 21, Dec. 11,
1981, p. 42.
[1981] "2 - phase cooling for New York", Electrical Review (GB), Vol. 208, No. 1, Jan. 9, 1981, p.
8,9.
[1982] Y. Harumoto, Y. Yoshida, Y. Kobayama, T. Ina, and K. Tamura, "Vapor-cooled gas-

insulated transformers", Mitsubishi Denki Giho (Japan), Vol. 56, No. 12, 1982, pp. 48-51. No refs.
(In Japanese) (1983-37101)
[1982] "Two phase cooled power transformers", EPRI Journal (USA), Vol. 7, No. 1, Jan/Feb. 1982,
p. 41.
[1985] A. Kudo, M. Asakura, M. Shichi, H. Mizuno, and K. Ito, "A 77 kv Vapor-cooled gas-
insulated transformer", Mitsubishi Denki Giho (Japan), Vol. 59, No. 7, 1985, pp. 522-526. 5 refs. (In
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20.2 Vaporization Cooled Transformers – Heat Transfer
[1956] L. F. Kilham, Jr. and R. R. Ursch, "Transformer miniaturization using fluorochemical liquids
and conduction techniques", Proc. of the Institute of Radio Engineers (USA), Vol. 44, No. 4, April
1956 pp. 515-520. 9 refs. (1956-3295)
[1959] P. Narbut and A. J. Maslin, "Design, insulation and thermal performance of a 7500 kVA
vapor-cooled transformer", AIEE Winter General Meeting, New York, NY, USA, Feb. 1959, AIEE
Conference paper 59-415, 23 pp. 5 refs.
[1959] P. Narbut, G. A. Monito, "Vapor cooled transformers - their development and present
status", Westinghouse Engineer (USA), Vol. 19, No. 6, Nov. 1959, pp. 162-166. (1960-2691)
[1959] P. Narbut, A. J. Maslin, and C. Wasserman, "Vaporization cooling of power transformers",
AIEE Trans., Vol. 78 Pt.III-B, Power Apparatus and Systems, No. 45, Dec. 1959, pp. 1319-1325,
disc. pp. 1325-1327. 4 refs. (1960-2692)
[1967] R. G. Bull, "Cooling gas - insulated transformers", Electrical Review (GB), Vol. 180, March
31, 1967, pp. 478-480. 5 refs.
[1975] R. Haumesser, D. Lockwood, R. McNall and J. Walsh, "Final technical report on

development of lightweight transformers for airborne high power supplies, Vol. I", Report AFAPL-
TR-75-15 Vol. 1, USAF Aero-Propulsion Laboratory, AFAPL/POD-1, Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio
45433, 30 June 1975. 30 refs. (also cryogenic discussed)
[1976] E. L. Dove, "Parameter sensitivity analysis of a high-voltage vaporization cooled, three-

phase, core-type transformer". Masters Thesis, School of Engineering of the Air Force Institute of
Technology, Air University. June 1976. Report No. GE/EE/76-8, USAF Aero Propulsion
Laboratory, Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio, 45433. 127 pp. 7 refs.
[1977] R. E. Lee, "Ultra high power transformers for airborne applications", Proc. of the IEEE 1977
National Aerospace and Electronics Conference, NAECON '77, Dayton, Ohio, USA, 17-19 May
1977, pp. 610-615. 4 refs. (1978-8751)
[1977] Sigma Research Inc. "The use of two phase heat transfer for improved transformer cooling",
EPRI Report EL-588, Project 479-1, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif., USA,
Nov. 1977. 33 refs. (Also oil cooling and buried transformers)
[1979] P. G. Kosky and H. Jaster, "Coupled dielectric and thermodynamic considerations for the
design of vaporization-cooled electrical systems", Journal of Electrostatics (Netherlands), Vol. 6,
1979, pp. 109-119. 5 refs. (In English)
[1979] C. L. Moore, P. Voytik, and R. H. Hollister, "Recent developments in gas/vapor and fire
resistant transformers", 7th. IEEE PES Transmission And Distribution Conference And Exposition,
Atlanta, GA, USA, April 1-6 1979, IEEE Pub. 79CH1399-5-PWR, pp. 59-61. 3 refs.

[1979] L. W. Pierce, R. E. Gearhart, F. W. Staub, and R. T. Wood, “Development of the non-
flammable vaporization cooled industrial transformer”, IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual
Meeting, Cleveland, Ohio, USA, Sept. 30 – Oct. 4, 1979, IEEE Pub. 79CH1484-51A, pp.
1327-1332. 3 refs. (1979-29258)
[1979] L. W. Pierce and R. E. Gearhart, "Vaporization cooled transformer with non-flammable

liquid", Proceedings of the American Power Conference, 1979, Vol. 41, pp. 1220-1225. 13 refs.
[1979] J. P. Walsh, "Development of lightweight transformers for airborne power supplies", Report
AFAPL-TR-79-2049, Air Force Aero-Propulsion Laboratory (POD), Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio
45433, June 1979, 62 pp. 10 refs.
[1980] Westinghouse Electric Corporation, "Gas-vapor and fire-resistant transformers", EPRI EL-
1430, Project 930-1, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif., USA, June 1980. No refs.
[1982] C. L. Moore, G. F. Mitchell, "Design and performance characteristics of gas/vapor

transformers", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-101, No. 7, July 1982, pp.
2167-2170. 6 refs.
[1982] K. Tokoro, Y. Harumoto, and Y. Kabayama, "Development of 77 kv 40 MVA gas-vapor

cooled transformer", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-101, No. 1, Nov.
1982, pp. 4341-4349. 8 refs.
[1982] "Vapor-cooled transformers", Mitsubishi Electric Advance (Japan), Vol. 22, Dec. 1982, pp.
1-3. no refs. (1983-37100)
[1984] T. Tanabe, Y. Kuroda, Y. Yoshida, Y. Yamada, and Y. K. Abayama, "Development of

large-capacity evaporation-cooled gas-insulated transformers for high voltage", Souken Houkoku
(Japan), No. 36, 1984, pp. 66-78. No refs. (In Japanese) (1987-30737)
[1984] Y. Yoshida, Y. Yamada, Y. Abe, and Y. Hanayama, "Development of gas-insulated shunt

reactor", Souken Houkoku (Japan), No. 36, 1984, pp. 57-65. No refs. (In Japanese) (1987-30736)
[1985] General Electric Co., "Power transformer with two phase cooling", EPRI EL-4003, Project
1499-1, Final Report, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif., USA, May 1985. 244 pp.
(1985-60260)
[1985] A. A. Gusev, N. I. Kaskova, E. A. Mikhailenko, A. I. Pletnev, and I. A. Gorbon, "Loading

capacity of explosion-proof mining transformers and substations with 100 kva capacity with
vaporization-condensation cooling system", Promyshlennaya Energetika (USSR), No. 11, Nov.
1985, pp. 28-30. (In Russian) (1986-33892)
[1990] "Demonstration of a two-phase cooled power transformer", Electric Power Research

Institute Report EPRI EL-6794, Palo Alto, Calif., 30 April 1990, 56 pp. (1990-73999)

21. COOLING OF TRANSFORMERS WITH HEAT PIPES
[1978] A. G. Beinusov and A. A. Peshkov, "Cooling of low power high voltage transformers by
means of thermosiphons", Soviet Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol 49, No. 11, 1978, pp. 69-72. 6
refs. English translation of Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol. 49, No. 11, 1978, pp. 42-44. (In Russian)
(1980-27094)
[1982] S. E. Abo-Shady, E. M. Abo-Elzahab, and K. Gibriel, "Increase of transformer rating using

heat pipes", International Conference on Electrical Machines, Budapest, Hungary, 5-9 Sept. 1982,
Vol. 2, pp. 711-714. 4 refs. (1983-16488)
[1983] N. V. Baranetskii, B. N. Bogomolov, E. I. Brainin, V. A. Morgun, A. I. Polyakova, and V.

V. Senin, "Thermosiphons for transformer heat exchangers: manufacturing technology", Soviet
Electrical Engineering (USA) Vol. 54 No. 12, 1983, pp. 94-97. 6 refs. English translation of
Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol. 54 No. 12, 1983, pp. 54-56. (In Russian). (1985-49000)
[1988] G. A. Kutelev, V. N. Kolchak, "Cooling of dry explosion-proof transformers with horizontal

magnetic system", Soviet Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol. 59, No. 7, 1988, pp. 20-24. 4 refs.
English translation of Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol. 59, No. 7, 1988, pp. 12-15. (In Russian) (1989-
37219)
[1990] G. Martinez and R. Ortiz, “Cooling of power transformers with two-phase thermosyphons”,
Proc. 7th Int. Heat Pipe Conf., 1990, pp. 449-457.
[2005] C. Rosas, N. Moraga, V. Bubnovich, and R. Fischer, “Improvement of the cooling process of
oil-immersed electrical transformers using heat pipes”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 20,
No. 3, July 2005, pp. 1955-1961. 9 refs.
22. SUPERCONDUCTING TRANSFORMERS, MAGNETS, AND COILS
[1956] D. A. Buck, "The cryotron - a superconductive computer component", Proc. Institute of

Radio Engineers, Vol. 44, No. 4, April 1956, pp. 482-493. (1956-3438)
[1962] B. Cerretelli, "Further notes on the thermodynamic cooling of transformers and on future
transformers with super conductors", Elettrotecnica (Italy), Vol. 49, No. , June 1962, pp. 376-382.
Also, Vol. 48, No. 5, May 1961, pp. 325-330. (In Italian) (1963-168)
[1962] G. Saur, "Superconducting magnetic coils", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift. Ausgabe B: Der

Elektrotechniker (Germany), Vol. 14, No. 26, Dec. 1962, pp. 705-708. (In German) (1963-7042)
[1963] K. J. R. Wilkinson, "Superconductive windings in power transformers", Proc. IEE, Vol. 110,
No. 12, Dec. 1963, pp. 227-2279. 3 refs. (1964-1607)
[1964] G. Bon Mardion, B. B. Goodman, and A. Lacaze, "A liquid nitrogen cooled solenoid",
Cryogenics (GB), Vol. 4, No. 1, Feb. 1964, pp. 26-27. (1964-6015)
[1964] D. A. Watt, "Superconducting transformer and charging circuit for a high field magnet", UK
Atomic Energy Authority AERE Mem. M1397, July 1964, 6 pp. (1964-15164)

[1965] P. Burnier, "The cryotransformer", Revue Generale De L'Electricite (France) , Vol. 74, No.
10, Oct. 1965, pp. 835-837. (In French) (1966-6962)
[1965] B. Hochart, "Transformers", Revue Generale De L'Electricite (France) , Vol. 74, No. 7-8,
July-Aug. 1965, pp. 626-628. (In French) (1966-16198)
[1965] S. Lehongre, "Experimental studies on electrical cryomachines", Revue Generale De

L'Electricite (France) , Vol. 74, No. 7-8, July-Aug. 1965, pp. 634-638. (In French) (1966-16196)
[1965] A. Malandain, "The superconducting transformer", Revue Generale De L'Electricite

(France) , Vol. 74, No. 10, Oct. 1965, pp. 837-888. (In French) (1966-6963)
[1966] P. F. Chester, "Practical applications of superconductivity", Electrical Review (GB), Vol.

178, No. 23, 10 June 1966, pp. 875-878. 5 refs. (transformers)
[1966] G. Fournet and R. Bonnefille, "New electrical machines", International Science and
Technology (USA), No. 51, March 1966, pp. 38-44,47. No refs. (Transformer discussed.)
[1967] T. Pech, "Experiments relating to a low power transformer with superconducting windings",
Revue Generale De L'Electricite (France) , Vol. 76, No. 2, Feb. 1967, pp. 271-278. (In French)
(1968-2565)
[1969] P. H. Borcherds, "Conductor losses in superconducting transformers", Cryogenics (GB),

Vol. 9, No. 5, Oct. 1969, pp. 331-333. (1970-8884)
[1969] R. Fasel and J. L. Olsen, "Superconducting rectifiers", Symposium on Low Temperatures

and Electric Power, London, 24-28 March 1969, Pergamon Press, 1970, pp. 303-307. 10 refs.
[1969] H. Gerlach and K. Muller, "The low temperature transformer", Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift
der Elektrotechnik (Germany), Vol. 13, 1969, pp. 49-76. (In German) (1970-15941)
[1969] P. Lair, S. Lehongre, and J. Bonmarin, "Development work on the construction of a

prototype cryotransformer", Symposium on Low Temperatures and Electric Power, London, 24-28
March 1969, Pergamon Press, 1970, pp. 291-299. (In French) (1970-23206)
[1969] H. O. Lorch, "The feasibility of superconducting power transformers", Cryogenics (GB),

Vol. 9, No. 5, Oct. 1969, pp. 354-361. 12 refs. (1970-8885)
[1974] D. E. Prober, "Electrical performance of a liquid helium-cooled transformer", Review of
Scientific Instruments (USA), Vol. 45, No. 6, June 1974, pp. 849-850. 1 ref. (1974-36122)
[1977] J. M. Feldman and B. A. Cogbill, "Superconducting windings in a power transformer, an old

question with a new answer. Part I: An almost practical example", IEEE PES Winter Meeting, New
York, NY, USA, Jan. 30 - Feb. 4 1977, IEEE Paper A77-019-3. 24 refs.
[1977] J. M. Feldman, B. A. Cogbill, and M. S. Sarma, "Superconducting windings in power

transformer, an old question with a new answer. Part II: Some of the practical problems", IEEE
PES Winter Meeting, New York, NY, USA, Jan. 30 - Feb. 4, 1977, IEEE Paper A77 020-1. 16 refs.
[1979] K. Zakrzewski, "Utilization of cryo-cooling windings in stray-loss model of transformers",

Rozprawy Electrotechniczne (Poland), Vol. 25, No. 2, 1979, pp. 419-432. 10 refs. (In Italian) (1979-
50703)

[1980] L. A. Mastryukov and A. A. Danil'chuk, "A superconducting line reactor for a direct current
transmission line", Soviet Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol. 49, No. 10, 1978, pp. 22-26, 6 refs.
English translation of Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol. 49, No. 10, 1978, pp. 18-21. (In Russian)
(1980-27087)
[1981] H. Riemersma, M. L. Barton, D. C. Litz, P. W. Eckels, J. H. Murphy, J. F. Roach,

"Application of superconducting technology to power transformers", IEEE Trans. on Power
Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-100, No. 7, 1981, pp. 3398-3405, disc. pp. 3406-3407.
[1983] V. E. Ignatov, A. V. Kuzmin, and Y. U. Skobarikhin, "Experimental model for a 1000 A

superconducting transformer", Electric Technology USSR (GB), No. 2, 1983, pp. 33-27. 3 refs.
English translation of Elektrichestvo (USSR), No. 4, April 1983, pp. 56-57. (In Russian) (1984-
45472)
[1985] S. Pascasu and G. Calota, "Some design aspects of the cryoresistive transformer",
Electrotehnica Electronica si Automatica. Electrotehnica (Rumania), Vol. 33, No. 3, April 1985,
pp. 101-106. 9 refs. (1985-44038)
[1986] A. Ferrier, G. Bottini, J. C. Kermarrec, J. P. Tauergnier, C. Huue, and M. Bekhaled, "220
kva superconducting transformer", Proc. of the Eleventh International Cryogenic Engineering C
ference, ICEC 11, Berlin Germany, 22-25 April, 1986, pp. 474-478. (1987-43178)
[1986] M. Yamamoto, T. Ishigohka, N. Mizukami, and K. Ohsima, "A feasibility study on a super
conducting power transformer", IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, Vol. MAG-22, No. 5, Sept. 1986, pp.
418-420. 6 refs.
[1987] R. K. Maix, J. C. Rauch, H. Benz, G. Uecsey, B. Jacob, and J. A. Zichy, "Construction and
testing of a superconducting toroidal field coil for the LCT project", Brown Boveri Review
(Switzerland), Vol. 74, No. 1, Jan. 1987, pp. 40-48. 7 refs.
[1987] J. D. Rogers, P. W. Eckels, D. T. Hacksworth, E. J. Shestak, and S. K. Singh, "Cryogenic

pulsed power transformers", Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, Vol. 33. Proc. of the 1987
Cryogenic Engineering Conference, St. Charles, IL. USA, 14-18 June 1987, pp. 1129-1135. 1 ref.
(1988-43256)
[1988] A. Fevier, T. P. Tavergnie, Y. Laumond, and M. Bekhaled, "Preliminary tests on a

superconducting transformer", IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, Vol. 24, No. 2, Pt. 1, March 1988, pp.
1477-1480. 8 refs. (1988-69459)
[1990] G. Le Roy, and P. G. Therond, "Application of superconductors to transformers", Proc.
33rd. session CIGRE, Paris, France, 26 Aug - 1 Sept. 1990, Vol. 2, Section 1.1, 6 pp. 16 refs.
[1990] A. I. Lur'e, L. I. Milman, and O. G. Korobou, "Model of a transformer with a winding made
of a high-temperature superconducting material", Soviet Electrical Engineering (USA), Vol. 161,
No. 4, 1990, pp. 106-109. 7 refs. English translation of Elektrotekhnika (USSR), Vol. 61, No. 4,
1990, pp. 61-63 (In Russian). (1991-48128)
[1991] Y. Kito, H. Okubo, N. Hayakawa, Y. Mita, and M. Yamamoto, "Development of a 6600 V

/2100 100 kVA hybrid-type super-conducting transformer", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 6
No. 2, April, 1991, pp. 816-822, disc. p. 823. 19 refs.
[1992] R. F. Giese, T. P. Sheahen, A. M. Wolsky, D. K. Sharma, "High-temperature
superconductors: potential for utility applications, IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, Vol. 7, No.
3, Sept. 1992, pp. 589-595, disc. pp. 596-597.

[1992] N. Okada, H. Kamijo, T. Ishigohka, M. Yamoto, "Fabrication and test of superconducting
air-core autotransformer", IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, Vol. 28, No. 1, Jan. 1992, pp. 430-433. 4 refs.
[1992] H. Yamaguchi, Y. Sato, T. Kataoka, "Loss characteristics of air-core superconducting

transformer", IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, Vol. 28, No. 5, Sept. 1992, pp. 2232-2234. 5 refs.
[1993] S. Hornfeldt, O. Albertsson, D. Bonmann, F. Konig, "Power transformer with

superconducting windings", IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, Vol. 29, No. 6, Nov. 1993, pp. 3556-3558.
4 refs.
[1993] M. Yamamoto, N. Okada, T. Ishigohka and I. Ishii, "A study on a coreless superconducting
transformer", IEEE Trans. on Applied Superconductivity, Vol. 3 No. 1, March 1993, pp. 889-892. 3
refs.
[1994] H. Mitsui, "Electrical insulation technology for superconducting magnets in Japan", IEEE
Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 10 No. 4, July/Aug. 1994, pp. 23-32, 38 refs.
[1995] J. G. Desteese, J. E. Dagle, and J. A. Dirks, "High-temperature superconducting transformer
evaluation", Proc. of the American Power Conference, 57th Annual Meeting", Chicago, IL, USA,
18-20 April 1995, Vol. 1, pp. 106-111. 8 refs. (1998-116024)
[1995] S. Foner, “High-field magnets and high-field superconductors”, IEEE Trans. On Applied
Superconductivity, Vol. 5, No. 2, June 1995, pp. 121-140. 111 ref. (Historical development.)
[1995] T. Ige, Y. Marutani, y. Murakami, E. Yoneda, and R. Sugawara, "Characteristics of 40 kVA

three phase superconducting transformer and its parallel operation with a conventional transformer",
IEEE Trans. on Applied Superconductivity, Vol. 5, No. 2, June 1995, pp. 941-944. 3 refs.
[1995] N. Schiff, "Development of high temperature superconductors for electric power

applications", Proc. of the American Power Conference, 57th Annual Meeting", Chicago, IL, USA,
18-20 April 1995, Vol. 1, pp. 95-99. 8 refs. (1998-116024
[1995] H. Yamaguchi, Y. Sato, and T. Kataoka, "Comparison between superconducting and

conventional power transformers considering auxiliary facilities", IEEE Trans., on Applied
Superconductivity, Vol. 5, No. 2, June 1995, pp. 937-940. 7 refs. (1995-83433)
[1995] H. Yamaguchi, Y. Sato, and T. Kataoka, "Conceptual design of air-core superconducting

transformer for 500 kv cable transmission system", IEE Proc., Generation Transmission
Distribution, Vol. 142, No. 5, Sept. 1995. pp. 487-493. 9 refs.
[1996] H. Okubo, M. Hikita, H. Goshima, H. Sakakibara, and N. Nayakawa, "High voltage

insulation performance of cryogenic liquids for super conducting power apparatus", IEEE Trans. on
[1996] H. Yamaguchi, Y. Sato, and T. Kataoka, "Conceptual design of air-core superconducting

power transformer for cable transmission system", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 11, No. 2,
April 1996, pp. 917-923. 10 refs.
[1998] P. Irwin, "Superconductors moving from lab to substation", Electrical World (USA), Vol.
212, No. 2, Feb. 1998, pp. 49-51.
[1998] K. Meyer, "High temperature superconductivity: The state of things to come", Modern
Power Systems (UK), Vol. 18, No. 6, June 1998, p. 17, 19-21. no refs. (1998-115534)

[1998] P. G. Therond, C. Levillain, J. F. Picard, B. Bugnon, H. Zeger, S. Hornfeldt, T. Fogelberg,
G. Papst, and D. Bonmann, “IGH temperature 630 kva superconducting transformer”, CIGRE
Session, Paris, France, 1998.
[1998] H. Zueger, ""630 kVA high temperature superconducting transformer", Cryogenics (UK),
Vol. 38, No. 11, Nov. 1998, pp. 1169-1172. 5 refs. (1999-32402)
[1998] "Waukesha Electric Systems selected by DOE to build prototype superconductivity

transformer", IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 14, No. 3, May/June 1998, p. 39.
[1999] K. F. Goddard, J. K. Sykulski, and R. L. Stoll, "A new approach to modeling dominant AC
loss in HTC superconducting solenoidal windings", IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, Vol. 35, No. 3, May
1999. 7 refs.
[2000] CIGRE Task Force of Study Committees 12, 13, 14, 15, 21, 23, and 37, “High temperature
superconductor applications in electrical power systems”, CIGRE Electra, No. 193, Dec. 2000, pp.
5-11. (In French and English)
[2000] B. W. McConnell, S. P. Mehta, and M. S. Walker, “HTS transformers”, IEEE Power
Engineering Review, Vol. 20, No. 6, pp. 7-11.
[2000] E. Serres, et. al., “Current limitations in high temperature superconducting transformers and
impact on the grid”, CIGRE Session 2000, 27 Aug.-1 Sept. 2000, Paper 12-256.
[2000] J. K. Sykulski, R. L. Stoll, C.Beduz, A. J. Power, K. E. Goddard, and M. K. Mosawi, “The

design, construction and operation of high temperature superconducting transformers – practical
considerations’, CIGRE Session 2000, 27 Aug.-1 Sept. 2000, Paper 12-313.
[2000] Y. Yamamoto, M. Yamaguchi, and K. Kaiho, “Superconducting transformers”, IEEE Trans.

On Power Delivery, Vol. 15, No. 2, April 2000, pp. 599-603. 10 refs.
[2005] P. S. Bodger, W. G. Enright, and V. Ho, “A low voltage, mains frequency, partial core, hight
temperature, superconducting transformer”, Proc. Australasian Univ. Power Eng. Conf., Hobart,
Australia, Sept. 2005, p. CD.
[2008] J. Jin and X. Chen, “Development of HTS transformers”, Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Ind.
Technol., Chengdu, China, April, 2008, PP. 1-6.
[2013] A. Lapthorn, P. Bodger, and W. Enright, “A 15 kVA high-temperature superconducting
partial-core transformer—Part 1: Transformer modeling”, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 28,
No. 1, Jan. 2013, pp. 245-252. 28 refs.
[2013] A. Lapthorn, P. Bodger, and W. Enright, “A 15-kVA high-temperature superconducting

partial-core transformer—Part II: Construction details and experimental testing”, IEEE Trans. On
Power Delivery, Vol. 28, No. 1, Jan. 2013, pp. 253-260. . 17 refs.

22.2 Heat Transfer in Superconducting Transformers, Magnets, and Coils
[1961] R. McFee, "Superconducting power transformers - a feasibility study", Electrical

Engineering (USA), Vol. 80, No. 10, 1961, pp. 754-760. 4 refs.
[1964] M. W. Dowley, "Current behavior in a superconducting solenoid prior to and at breakdown",

Applied Physics Letters (USA), Vol. 4, No. 3, 1 Feb. 1964, pp. 41-43. (1964-6014)
[1964] M. A. Mailfert, "Transformer with superconducting winding", Bulletin de la Societe

Francaise des Electriciens (France) , Vol. 5, Oct. 1964, pp. 655-657. (In French) (1965-7396)
[1967] S. F. Grishin, B. V.Glasov and E. Y. Grishing, "Cooled coils to obtain steady magnetic
fields", Cryogenics (GB), Vol. 7, No. 3, June 1967, pp. 176-177. (1967-18886)
[1971] K. Muller, “Heating effect in superconducting transformers with windings of high purity
aluminum", Elektrie (Germany), Vol. 25, No. 8, 1971, pp. 322-323. (16th. International Scientific
Colloquium, Ilmeanau, Germany, 27 Sept - 1 Oct. 1971.) (In German) (1971-39591)
[1974] L. A. Mastryukov, Y. V. Petrovskii, V. N. Elagin, and E. L. Trukhin, "Intensive cooling of
the windings in power transformers of limiting power ratings", Elektrotekhnika (USSR), No. 4,
April 1974, pp. 20-24. 8 refs. (In Russian) (1974-33094)
[1977] Y. Inui, Y. Tsutsumi, T. Miyashita, S. Masuda, T. Sakamoto, Y. Kako, and K. Oluyama, "A
feasibility study and experiments on a cryoresistive transformer cooled At -150 C with
fluorocarbon", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-96, No. 6, Nov./Dec.
1977, pp. 1831-1838, disc. p. 1839, 9 refs.
[1978] T. E. Laskaris, "Transient thermal analysis of epoxy-impregnated superconducting windings

in linearly ramped fields", ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 100, 1978, pp. 702-707. 10 refs.
(Finite difference calculations.)
[1982] Westinghouse Electric Corporation, "Application of low temperature technology to power

transformers", U.S. Dept. of Energy Report DOE/ET/29324-1, Contract DE-AC01-78ET29324, Feb.
1982, 321 pp. 82 refs.
[1985] F. Van Overbeeke, K. Oordt, J. M. Vande Klundert, and A. A. Oldenburger, "Transient

characteristics of a double-coil protection device for superconducting transformers", Proc. of the 9th
International Conference on Magnet Technology, MT-9 1985, Zurich, Switzerland, 9-13 Sept.,
1985, pp. 292-295. 4 refs.
[1985] I. S. Zhitomirsky, T. V. Bandos, and I. N. Nechiporenko, "Critical currents in

hyperconducting windings", Cryogenics (GB), Vol. 25, No. 7, July 1985, pp. 387-392. 11 refs.
(1985-50061)
[1986] B. Dorri, V. Kadambi, "Thermal analysis of quench propagation in superconducting coils",

Numerical Heat Transfer (USA), Vol. 10, No. 2, 1986, pp. 165-178. 6 refs. (Transient FD methods)
[1986] V. Kadambi, and B. Dorri, "Current decay and temperatures during superconducting magnet
coil quench", Cryogenics (UK), Vol. 26, No. 3, 1986, pp. 157-164. 7 refs.
[1986] S. Puscasu, I. Stefanescu, G. Calota, and V. Toaxen, "Design problems of the

cryotransformer output pins”, Electrotehnica Electronica si Automatica. Electrotehnica (Rumania),
Vol. 34, No. 2, Feb.-March 1986, pp. 51-56. 8 refs. (In Rumanian) (1987-58143)

[1987] E. K. Zhigalko, A. Z. Kamaletinov, and P. N. Tokanov, "The effect of intensive cooling on
the characteristics of a transformer", Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Energetika (USSR),
No. 4, April 1987, pp. 59-61. 1 ref. (1987-58163)
[1988] M. V. Sosnenko, A. D. Tkachenko, and I. A. Khrebtov, "Cooled input transformer for high-
speed superconductor bolometers", Instruments and Experimental Techniques (USA), Vol. 31, No.
1, Pt. 2, Jan-Feb. 1988, pp. 234-236, English translation of Pribory i Teknika Eksperimenta (USSR),
Vol. 31, No. 1, Jan.-Feb. 1988, pp. 202-203. (In Russian), 4 refs. (1989-26444)
[1989] A. Matrone, G. Rosatelli, R. Vaccarone, "Current leads with high Tc superconductor bus
bars", IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, Vol. 25 No. 2, March 1989, pp. 1742-1745. 3 refs.
[1991] Y. S. Cha, J. R. Hull, U. S. Choi, "Cryostabilization of high-temperature superconducting

magnets with subcooled flow in microchannels", IEEE Trans. on Applied Superconductivity, Vol. 3,
No. 1, March 1991, pp. 172-176. 16 refs.
[1991] M. Iwakuma, K. Funaki, M. Takeo, and K. Yamafuji, "Quench protection for

superconducting transformers", IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, Vol. 27 No. 2, March 1991, pp. 2080-
2083. 5 refs.
[1991] Y. Wachi, M. Shimada, K. Nakamoto, M. Shibui, T. Hamajima, S. Ioka, O. Motojima, J.

Yamamoto, M. Takeo, T. Mito, and K. Takahata, "Development of forced cooled superconducting
coil for large helical device", IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, Vol. 27 No. 2, March 1991, PP. 2228-
2231. 6 refs.
[1992] T. Amano. S. Nakamura, T. Yamada, S. Watabe, and A. Kamitani, "Comparison of

measured value and calculated value of multiple stability in forced-flow cooled superconductors",
IEEE Trans. on Applied Superconductivity, Vol. 2 No. 4, Dec. 1992, pp. 205-213. 13 refs.
[1992] A. I. Borovkov, P. Ilyin, Y. Krichenkov, A. Panin and G. Sivkova, "Finite element analysis
of effective mechanical and thermal characteristics of micro heterogeneous superconducting
toriodal field coils", IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, Vol. 28, No. 1, Jan. 1992, pp. 927-930. 20 refs.
[1992] L. Bottura, V. Mszanowski, and N. Mitchell, "Analysis of the ITER superconducting coils:
magnetic field, AC losses and cooling", IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, Vol. 28 No. 1, Jan. 1992, pp.
230-233. 7 refs.
[1992] V. I. Deev, V. S. Kharitonov, V. V. Shako, A. I. Ageyev, S. R. Bakholiev, and S. I.

Zinchenko, "Pressure, temperature and helium mass flow development during a quench in the UNK
superconducting magnet system, IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, Vol. 28, No. 1, Jan. 1992. pp. 186-
189. 3 refs.
[1992] K. Funaki, M. I. Wakuma, S. Satoh, M. Hiramatsu, M. Takeo, K. Yamafuji, S. Nonaka, M.

hoshino, M. Simada, E. S. Yoneda, T. Sasaki, T. Fujioka, T. Kumano, and E. Suzuki, "Development
of a large-capacity superconducting cable for 1000 kVA-class power transformers", IEEE Trans. on
Magnetics, Vol. 28 No. 1, Jan. 1992, pp. 394-397. 6 refs.
[1992] V. E. Keilin, V. R. Romanovskii, "Limiting currents in superconducting composites", IEEE

Trans. on Magnetics, Vol. 28 No. 1, Jan. 1992, pp. 771-774. 7 refs.
[1992] T. Mito, K. Takahata, N. Yanagi, T. Vede, K. Sakaki, I. Itch, S. Yamada, J. Yamamoto, Y.

Yasukawa, and K. Veda, "Development of high current vapor-cooled current leads for large
superconductor critical current measuring", IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, Vol 28, No. 1. Jan. 1992,
pp. 960-963. 4 refs.

[1992] B-H. Oh, K. Ishikawa, N. Hayakawa, H. Okubo, and Y. Koto, "Thermal behavior of a
superconducting transformer winding after its quenching due to overcurrent", Trans. of the Institute
of Electrical Engineers of Japan, Part B (Japan), Vol. 112-B, No. 11, Nov. 1992, pp. 1029-1034. 10
refs. (In Japanese) (1993-33356
[1992] T. Verhaege, C. Agnoux, J. P. Tavergnier, A. Lacaze, and M. Collet, "Protection of

superconducting a. c. windings", IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, Vol. 28, No. 1, Jan. 1992. pp. 751-
754. 7 refs.
[1992] A. F. Volkov, V. V. Kalinin, Y. M. Krivohenkov, and A. G. Panin, "Effect of a heat

exchange between turns of a winding pack on cool down mode of forced-cooled s/c magnets", IEEE
Trans. on Magnetics, Vol. 28 No. 1, Jan. 1992, pp. 240-243. 3 refs.
[1993] A. V. Gavrilin, "Computer simulation of thermal process during quench in superconducting

windings of solenoid", IEEE Trans. on Applied Superconductivity, Vol. 3, No. 1, March 1993, pp.
293-296. 6 refs.
[1993] K. Hayakawa, T. Nakano, M. Minami, M. Fujiwara, T. Kanzawa, S. Terai, E. Haraguchi, A.
Ryouman, and Y. Murakami, "Development of superconducting magnet with a low electric power
loss for SMES", IEEE Trans. on Applied Superconductivity, Vol. 3, No. 1, March 1993, pp. 211-
214. no. refs.
[1993] A. Iwamoto, S. Nishijima, and T. Okada, "Study of impregnating materials for stable
superconducting magnets", IEEE Trans. on Applied Superconductivity, Vol. 3, No. 1, March 1993.
pp. 269-272. 8 refs.
[1993] T. Korusu, H. Hashizume, and S. Toda, "Coupled thermo-electromagnetic analysis of type II

superconductors", IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, Vol. 29, No. 2, March 1993, pp. 1550-1553. 7 refs.
[1993] R. G. Mints, A. A. Akhmetov, and A. Devred, "Enhanced quench propagation velocity",

IEEE Trans. on Applied Superconductivity, Vol. 3, No. 1, March 1993, pp. 654-657. 9 refs.
[1993] E. A. Scholle and J. Schwartz, "MPZ stability under time-dependent spatially varying heat
loads", IEEE Trans. on Applied Superconductivity, Vol. 3, No. 1, March 1993, pp. 421-424. 10 refs.
[1993] Q. S. Shu, J. Demko, R. Dorman, D. Finan, D. Hatfield, I. Syromyatnikov, A. Zolotov, P.

Mazur, and T. Petersen, "Thermal optimum analysis and mechanical design of 10-KA vapor-cooled
power leads for SSC superconducting magnet tests at MTL", IEEE Trans. on Applied
superconductivity, Vol. 3, No. 1, March 1993, pp. 408-412, 10 refs.
[1993] A. Unal and M. C. Chyu, "Study of Quenching and recovery for superconducting wires and
cylinders", IEEE Trans. on Applied Superconductivity, Vol. 3, No. 1, March 1993, pp. 305-308. 17
refs.
[1994] L. Bottura and O. C. Zienkiewica, "SARUMAN - an integrated procedure for the analysis of
quench in superconducting magnets", IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, Vol. 30 No. 4, July 1994, pp.
1978-1981. 10 refs.
[1995] D. Netter, J. Leveque, A. Rezzoug, J. P. Caron, and F. M. Sargos, "3D-Computation of a

thermal process in a superconducting coil", IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, Vol. 31, No. 6, Nov. 1995,
pp. 4127-4129. 4 refs.
[1995] H. W. Weijers, Y. S. Hascicek, and S. W. V. Sciver, “Critical current, quench and stability
of a BSCC)/Ag high field shim coil”, IEEE Trans. On Applied Superconductivity, Vol. 5, No. 2,
June,1995, pp. 499-502.
[1995] S. Yoshida, S. W. Biggins, K. V. Ravikumar, and T. h. K. Frederking, "Characteristics of an
‘overload component’ for low-Tc superconducting winding systems", IEEE Trans. on Applied
Superconductivity, Vol. 5, No. 2, June 1995, pp. 933-936. 2 refs.
[1996] T. Nitta, K. Misawa, and H. Nomura, "Some considerations on superconducting

transformers from a design-point of view", IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, Vol. 32. No. 4, July 1996,
pp. 2381-2384. 2 refs.
[1997] K. Funaki, M. Iwakuma, M. Takeo, and K. Yamafuji, et. al. “Preliminary tests of a 500
kVA-class oxide cooled by subcooled nitrogen”, IEEE Trans. On Applied Superconductivity, Vol.
7, No. 2, 1997, pp. 824-827.
[1997] S. P. Mehta, N. Auerga, and M. S. Walker, “Transforming transformers”, IEEE Spectrum,

Vol. 34, No. 7, July 1997, pp. 43-49. 3 refs.
[1997] W-S. Nah, G-S. Cha, S-Y. Hahn, "Analysis on quench characteristics of superconducting
transformer without auxiliary windings", Trans. of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
(South Korea), Vol. 46, No. 12, Dec. 1997, pp. 1730-1735. 5 refs. (In Korean) (1998-73064)
[1999] S. W. Schwenterly, B. W. MCConnell, J. A. Demke, et. al. “Performance of a 1-MVA HTS

demonstration transformer”, IEEE Trans. On Applied Superconductivity, Vol. 9, No. 2, June, 1999,
pp. 680-684.
[1999] J. K. Sykulski, C. Beduz, R. L. Stoll, M. R. Harris, K. F. Goddard, and Y. Yang, "Prospects

for large high-temperature superconducting power transformers: Conclusions from a design study",
IEE Proc., Electric Power Applications, Vol. 146 No. 1, Jan, 1999, pp. 41-52. 42 refs. (1999-42927)
[1999] J. K. Sykulski, K. F.Goddard, and R. L. Stoll, “Hight temperature superconducting

demonstrator transformer: Design considerations and first test results”, IEEE Trans. On Magnetics,
Vol. 35, No. 5, Sept. 1999, pp. 3559-3561. 7 refs.
[1999] L. Xio, T. Kiyoshi, O. Ozaki, and H. Wada, “Case study on quench evolution and passive
protection of high Tc superconducting pancake coil”, Cryogenics, Vol. 39, No. 4, 1999, pp. 293-
298.
[2000] P. Kummeth, R. Schlosser, P. Massek, H. Schmidt, C. Albrecht, D. Breitfelder, and H. W.

Neumuller, “Development and test of a 100 kVA superconducting transformer operated at 77 K”,
Superconduct. Sci. Technol., Vol. 13, No. 5, 2000, pp. 503-505.
[2004] E. Pleva and S. Schwenterly, “Assembly and test of 5/10 MVA HTS transformer”, Proc.
IEEE Power Eng. Soc. General Meeting, June, 2004, pp. 1431-1435.
[2005] S. H. Kim, W. S. Kim, K. D. Choi, H. G. Joo, G. W. Hong, J. H. Han, H. G. Lee, J. H. Park,

H. S. Song, and S. Y. Hahn, “Characteristic tests of a 1 MVA single phase HTS transformer with
concentrically arranged windings”, IEEE Trans. On Applied Superconductivity, Vol. 15, No. 2, Pt.
2, June 2005, pp. 2214-2217.
[2010] A. C. Lapthorn, I. Chew, W. G. Enright, and P. S. Bodger, “An experimental high

temperature superconducting transformer: Design, construction and testing”, Proc. Elec. Eng.
Assoc. New Zealand Ann. Conf., Christ Church, New Zealand, June 2010, pp. 1-9.
[2011] A. C. Lapthorn, I. Chew, W. G. Enright, and P. S. Bodger, “HTS transformer: Construction
details, test results, and noted failure mechanisms”, IEEE Trans. On ower Delivery, Vol. 26, No. 1,
Jan. 2011, pp. 394-399.

23. ELECTROCONVECTION AND ELECTROHYDRODYNAMIC PUMPING
Electroconvection is the effect of electrical stress on the heat transfer of the transformer.
Electrohydrodynamic pumping is used to move the liquid to reduce the temperature.
[1934] R. Hofman, "Observation of the fluid movement caused by electric fields in dielectrics",
Zeitschrift fur Physik (Germany), Vol. 92, 1934. pp. 759-795. 25 refs. (In German)
[1953] K. H. Weber and F. H, Halsey, "Free convection in electric fields", Heat Transfer and Fluid
Mechanics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 1953, pp. 97-110, 9 refs.
[1961] P. H. G. Allen, "Heat transfer at high voltage, increased oil cooling by oil under stress",
Electrical Times (GB), Vol. 139, March 2, 1961, pp. 321-322. 7 refs.
[1967] R. J. O'Brien and A. J. Shine, "Some effects of an electric field on heat transfer from a
vertical plate in free convection", ASME Trans., Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 89, No. 1, Feb.
1967, pp. 114-116. 2 refs.
[1967] O. I. Sisunenko, V. L. Bereza, and V. V. Koval, "Use of an electrostatic field for cooling the
windings of oil-filled electrical gear", Electric Technology USSR (GB), No. 8, August 1967, pp. 84-
93. No refs. English translation from, Elektrichestvo (USSR), No. 8, August 1967, pp. 38-41. (In
Russian) (1968-892)
[1973] S. Kikuchi and K. Murakami, "On the behavior of a DC transformer by the use of dc
electromagnetic pump and MHD generator", Reports of the Research Institute of Electrical
Communications, Tohoku University, (Japan), Vol. 25, No. 3-4, 1973, pp. 107-120. 6 refs. (1974-
40529
[1974] G. A. Ostroumov and N. A. Petrichenko, "Electrical winds in insulating liquids (transformer

oil)", Elektronnaya Obrabotka Materialov (USSR), No. 6, 1974, pp. 37-39. (In Russian), English
translation in Electrochemistry in Industrial Processing and Biology (GB). 8 refs. (1975-28892)
[1978] T. Jones, "Electrohydrodynamically enhanced heat transfer in liquids - a review", Advances

in Heat Transfer, T. F. Irvine, Jr. and J. P. Hartnett, (eds), New York: Academic Press, Vol. 14,
1978, pp. 107-148. 112 refs.
[1979] N. A. Petrichenko, "Pressure during electrodynamic flow in insulating liquids",

Elektronnaya Obrabotka Materialov (USSR), No. 5, 1979, pp. 43-45. 5 refs. (In Russian) English
translation in Electrochemistry in Industrial Processing and Biology (GB). (1980-29392)
[1983] J. D. Cross and J. Juchniewicz, "Inception of electrohydrodynamic phenomena at ac voltages

in oil insulation", Przeglad Elektrotechniczny (Poland), Vol. 59, No. 3, March 1983, pp. 96-98. 3
refs. (In Polish) (1983-55064)
[1983] A. M. Sharbaugh and G. W. Walker, “The design and evaluation of an ion-drag dielectric
pump to enhance cooling in small oil-filled transformers”, IEEE Trans. On Industry Applications,
Vol. 21, 1983, pp. 950-955.
[1984] P. J. Martin and A. T. Richardson, "Conductivity models of electrothermal convection in a

plane layer of dielectric liquid", ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 106, Feb. 1984, pp. 131-136.
12 refs.

[1985] General Electric Company, "Forced convective cooling of a distribution transformer with an
electrohydrodynamic dielectric pump", EPRI EL-4108, Contract TPS 82-635, July 1985, Electric
Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif., USA, 44 pp. 8 refs. (1986-12880)
[1985] A. H. Sharbaugh, II, and G. W. Walker, "The design and application of an ion-drag dielectric
pump to enhance cooling in a small oil-filled transformer", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications,
Vol. IA-21, No. 4, July-Aug. 1985, pp. 950-955. 8 refs. (1986-6834)
[1985] M. J. Theodossiou, M. J. Lee, and J. K. Nelson, "Simulation and verification of transient

EHD motion in a stressed oil duct", Conference on Electrical Insulation & Dielectric Phenomena,
Buffalo, NY, USA, 1985, IEEE Pub 85CH2165-9, pp. 37-43. 5 refs.
[1987] General Electric Company, "Electrohydrodynamic pumping in distribution transformers",

Electric Power Research Institute Report EPRI-EL-5383, Palo Alto, Ca, 30 Nov. 1987, 68 pp.
(1988-37279)
[1987] R. Hanaoka, T. Takashima, R. Ishibaski, and N. Yoshikawa, 'Computation of transformer oil

motion in the dark current region", Trans. of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, Section
E, Vol. 107, no. 3-4, March-April, 1987, pp. 39-46. 25 refs. (1988-11272)
[1988] P. Atten, F. M. J. McCluskey, and A. T. Perez, “Electroconvection and its effect on heat
transfer”, IEEE Trans. On Electrical Insulation”, Vol. 23, No. 4, Aug. 1988, pp. 659-667. 16 refs.
[1988] A. I. Zhakin, "Investigation of an electroconvection and electroconvective heat transfer on

liquid dielectrics with unipolar injection conductivity", Fluid Dynamics (USA), Vol. 23, No. 2,
March/April 1988, pp. 168-174. 12 refs. English translation of Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSR,
Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza (USSR), Vol. 23 No. 2, March/April 1988, pp. 14-20. (In Russian)
[1989] J. Sheshakamal, and J. D. Cross, "Effects of particulate contamination on

electrohydrodynamic motion in insulating liquids", Proc. 19th. Electrical Electronics Insulation
Conf., Chicago, IL, USA, Sept 25-28, 1989, pp. 137-142. 19 refs.
[1989] A. P. Washabaugh, M. Zahn, and J. R. Melcher, “Electrohydrodynamic traveling-wave

pumping of semi-insulating liquids”, IEEE Trans. On Electrical Insulation, Vol. 24, No. 5, Oct.
1989, pp. 807-834. 32 refs.
[1991] J. E. Bryan and J. Seyed-Yagoobi, “Experimental study of ion-drag pumping using various
working fluids”, IEEE Trans. On Electrical Insulation, Vol. 26, No. 4, Aug. 1991, pp. 647-655. 6
refs,
[1991] J. A. Castaneda and J. Seyed-Yagoobi, "Electrodydrodynamic pumping of refrigerant 11",

Conference Record, 1991 IEEE Industry Applications Society 26th. Annual Meeting, Dearborn,
Mich., USA, Sept. 29 - Oct. 4, 1991, IEEE Pub. 91CH3077-5, Vol. 1, pp. 500-503. 7 refs.
[1994] J. E. Bryan and J. Seyed-Yagoobi, "Analysis of 2-dimensional flow field generated by a 1-

electrode-pair ion-drag pump", IEEE Trans. on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Vol. 1, No. 3,
June 1994, pp. 459-467. 11 refs.
[1994] J.-S. Chang and A. Watson, "Electromagnetic hydrodynamics", IEEE Trans. on Dielectrics
and Electrical Insulation, Vol. 1 No. 5, Oct. 1994, pp. 871-895. 71 refs.
[1994] S. Seyed-Yagoobi, B. D. Margo, and J. E. Bryan, "Effect of frequency on heat transfer
enhancement in electrodydrodynamic pumping", IEEE Trans. on Dielectrics and Electrical
Insulation, Vol. 1 No. 3, June 1994, pp. 468-473. 6 refs.

[1995] P. H. G. Allen, and T. G. Karaylannis, "Electrohydrodynamic enhancement of heat transfer
and fluid flow", Heat Recovery Systems & CHP (GB), Vol. 15, No. 5, 1995, pp. 389-423. 143 refs.
(CHP means combined heat and power.)
[1995] J. Seyed-Yagoobi, J. E. Bryan, and J. A. Castaneda, "Theoretical analysis of ion-drag

pumping", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 31 No. 3, May/June 1995, pp. 469-476. 9
refs.
[1995] H. S. Shu and F. C. Lai, "Effect of electrical field on buoyancy-induced flows in an

enclosure", 1995 Industry Applications Conference Thirtieth IAS Annual Meeting, Orlando,
Florida, USA, Oct. 8-12, 1995, IEEE Pub. 95CH35862, Vol. 2, pp. 1465-1471. 17 refs.
[1996] P. Atten, "On the use of an ionic pump in a convector heater", IEEE Trans. on Industry
Applications, Vol. 32 No. 1, Jan./Feb. 1996, pp. 80-89. 9 refs.
[1996] P. Atten, "Electrohydrodynamic instability and motion induced by injected space charge in
insulating liquid", IEEE Trans. on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Vol. 3, No. 1, Feb. 1996,
pp. 1-17. 55 refs.
[1996] S. Jayaram, "Effect of streaming potential on heat transfer in transformer oil", IEEE Trans.
on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Vol. 3, No. 3, June 1996, pp. 410-415. 21 refs. (1996-
91596)
[1997] M. Waawzyniak and J. S. Yagoobi, "Analytical study of electrohydrodynamic induction

pumping of stratified liquid/vapor medium", Conference Record, 1997 IEEE 32nd. Annual IAS
Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, USA, Oct. 5-9, 1997, IEEE Pub. 97CB36096, Vol. 3, pp. 1879-
1886. 9 refs.
[1997] Yang, H. and Lai, F. C., "Effects of joule heating on EHD-enhanced natural convection in an
enclosure", Conference Record, 1997 IEEE IAS 32nd. Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, USA,
Oct. 5-9, 1997, IEEE Pub. 97CB36096, Vol. 3, pp. 1851-1858. 12 refs.
[1998] P. Di Marco and W. Grassi, "Natural convection in the presence of an electric field under
variable gravity conditions", Proc. of the Eleventh International Heat Transfer Conference,
Kyongju, Korea, 23-28 August 1998, Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 3, pp. 495-500.
11 refs.
[2003] P. Atten and J. Seyed-Yagoobi, “Electrohydrodynamically induced dielectric liquid flow

through pure conduction in point/plane geometry”, IEEE Trans. On Dielectrics and Electrical
Insulation, Vol. 10, No. 1, March 2003, pp. 27-36. 17 refs.
[2003] A. Castellanos, “Entropy production and temperature equation in electrohydrodynamics”,

IEEE Trans. On Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Vol. 10, No. 1, Feb. 2003, pp.22-26. 7 refs.
[2003] IEEE-DEIS-EHD Technical Committee, “Recommended international standard for

dimensionless parameters used in electrohydrodynamics”, IEEE Trans. On Dielectrics and
Electrical Insulation, Vol. 10, No. 1, Feb. 2003, pp. 3-6, 21 refs.
[2003] S-I. Jeong, J. Seyed-Yagoobi, and P. Atten, “Theoretical/numerical study of

electrodydrodynamic pumpimng through conduction phenomenon”, IEEE Trans. On Industry
Applications, Vol. 39, No. 2, March/April 2003, pp. 355-361. 16 refs.
[2004] S. I. Jeong, “Fluid circulation in an enclosure generated by elecrohydrodynamic conduction
phenomenon”, IEEE Trans. On Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Vol. 11, No. 5, Oct. 2004, pp.
899-910.15 refs.
24. DIELECTRIC HEATING
For solid dielectrics the rate of generation of heat in an alternating electric field increases with
temperature. The small number of references about this effect in transformers indicates it is of
minor importance.
[1939] C. Copple, D. R. Hartree, A. Porter, and H. Tyson, "The evaluation of transient temperature
distributions in a dielectric in an alternating field", J. IEE, Vol. 85, 1939, pp. 56-66. 11 refs.
(Mathematical, could also be classified as “conduction analysis”.)
[1980] T. H. Sie, "Thermal stability of high voltage current transformers", Brown Bovari Review
(Switzerland), Vol. 67, No. 3, March 1980, pp. 182-187. 6 refs. (1980-42555)
[1985] V. Raff, and M. G. Daniels, "Considerations for thermal stability of oil impregnated ehv
condenser bushings", IEEE Trans on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-104, No.1. Jan.
1985, pp. 200-206. 12 refs.
25. HISTORY – SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHIES
References in this section are provided for those having historical interests and wishing to
conduct further investigations.
25.1 Heat Transfer History
The first twelve references in this section are for early heat transfer information which would be
available to those studying transformer heat transfer.. The last three references give a detailed
historical record on the subject of heat transfer.
[1904] Thomas Preston, The Theory of Heat, 2nd. Edition 1904, revised by J. Rogerson Cotter.
London, Macmillan and Co. Limited, pp. 262-264, 517-544. (Experiments of Dulong and Petit.)
[1912] C. Hering, "Simplification of electrothermal calculations: The watt and thermal ohm",
Trans. AIEE, Vol. 31, 1912, pp. 1191-1201, disc. pp. 1202-1205. 3 refs.
[1912] I. Langmuir, "Convection of heat in gases", The Physical Review (USA), Vol. 34, No. 6,
June 1912, pp. 401-422. 15 refs.
[1912] I. Langmuir, "The convection and conduction of heat in gases", Trans. AIEE, Vol. 31, June
1912, pp. 1229-1240. disc. 1241-1242. 5 ref.
[1912] W. D. Symons and M. Walker, "The heat paths in electrical machinery", J. IEE, Vol. 48,
1912, pp. 674-718, disc. pp. 718-746. 13 refs. Also Electrician, Vol. 68, Jan. 26, 1912, pp. 622-625.
(1913-1242)
[1913] I. Langmuir, "Laws of heat transmission in electrical machinery", Trans. AIEE, Vol. 32,
Feb. 1913, pp. 301-323, disc. pp. 358-409. No refs.

[1916] B. G. Lamme, "Temperature distribution in electrical machinery", Trans. AIEE, Vol. 35 Pt.
II, Nov. 1916, pp. 1471-1488, disc. pp. 1503-1522. 3 refs. (Generators, resistance temperature
measurement, somewhat general).
[1923] G. E. Luke, "The cooling of electric machines", Trans. AIEE, Vol. 42, 1923, pp. 636-652. 26
refs. (fundamental heat transfer and rotating electrical equipment.)
[1923] C. W. Rice, "Free and forced convection of heat in gases and liquids", Trans. AIEE, Vol. 42,
1923, pp. 643-702, disc. pp. 702-706. 55 refs.
[1924] C. W. Rice, "Free convection of heat in gases and liquids - II", Trans. AIEE, Vol. 43, 1924,
pp. 131-143, disc. pp. 143-144. 15 refs.
[1929] Thomas Preston, The Theory of Heat, Fourth Edition 1929, revised by J. Rogerson Cotter.
London, MacMillan and Co. Limited, (Experiments of Dulong and Petit)
[1932] W. J. King, "The basic laws and data of heat transmission", Mechanical Engineering (USA),
Vol. 54, 1932; No. 3, March, pp. 190-194; No. 4, April pp. 275-280; No. 5, May pp. 347-353; No.
6, June pp. 510-415; No. 7, July pp. 492-497; and, No. 8, August pp. 560-565. Approximately 180
refs.
[1983] J. H. Lienhard, "Notes on the origins and evolution of the subject of heat transfer",
Mechanical Engineering (USA), Vol. 105, No. 6, June 1983, pp. 20-27. 13 refs.
[1988] Edwin T. Layton, Jr. and John H. Lienhard (eds.), History of Heat Transfer, New York:
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1988. 260 pp. Numerous references.
[2013] W. J. Marner, “75 years of progress: A history of the ASME Heat Transfer Division”, ASME
Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 135, No. 6, June 2013, 16 pp. 40 refs. (Available on the web.)
25.2 Insulation Aging and Model Life Studies
Insulation life is important to predict transformer loading capability. Selected significant references
on insulation aging and model life studies are listed in this section.
[1930] V. M. Montsinger, “Loading Transformers by temperature”, AIEE Trans., Vol. 49, April
1930, pp. 776-790, disc. pp. 790-792.
[1942] F. M. Clark, “Factors influencing the mechanical strength of cellulose insulation”, Trans.
AIEE, Vol. 61, Oct. 1942, pp. 742-749, disc. pp. 991-992.
[1948[ H. W. Dakin, “Electrical insulation deterioration treated as a chemical rate phenomenon”,

Trans. AIEE, Vol. 67, Pt. I, 1948, pp. 113-118, disc. pp. 118-122.
[1982] EPRI, “Basic transformer life characteristics Vol. 1, Overload characteristics and life test
evaluation”, Report EL-2443, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, June 1982. 18 refs.
[1982] EPRI, “Basic research on transformer life characteristics”, Report EL-2622, Electric Power
Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, Sept. 1982.

[1983] W. J. McNutt and G. H. Kaufmann, “Evaluation of a functional life test model for power
transformers’, IEEE Trans. On Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-102, No. 5, May 1983, pp.
1151-1162.
[1992] W. J. McNutt, “Insulation thermal life considerations for transformer loading guides”, IEEE
Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 12, Jan. 1992, PP. 392-401.
25.3 Standards for Thermal Evaluation of Insulation and Systems
Significant standards which were developed for thermal evaluation of insulation and systems are
listed in this section.
All Electrical Equipment:
[1954] General Principles upon which Temperature Limits are Based in the Rating of Electric
Machines and Other Equipment, AIEE No. 1, Feb. 1954.
[1957] Guide for the Preparation of Test Procedures for the Thermal Evaluation of Electrical
Insulating Materials, AIEE No. 1D, June 1957.
[1957] Guide for the Preparation of Test Procedures for the Thermal Evaluation of Insulation
Systems for Electrical Equipment, Materials, AIEE No. 1E, June 1957.
Dry Type and Solid-Cast and Resin-Encapsulated Transformers:
[1956] Proposed Test Procedure for Thermal Evaluation of Ventilated Dry-Type Power and
Distribution Transformers, AIEE No. 65, Nov. 1956. (Published for trial use.)
1969] IEEE Test Procedures for Evaluation of Insulation Systems for Electronics Power
[1974] IEEE Standard Test Procedure for Evaluation of Systems of Insulation for Specialty
Transformers, IEEE259-1974.
[1986] IEEE Standard Test Procedure for Thermal Evaluation of Insulation Systems for Ventilated
Dry-Type Power and Distribution transformers, IEEE Std. C57.12.56-1986.
[1992] IEEE Guide for Test Procedures for Thermal Evaluation of Insulation Systems for Solid-
Cast and Resin-Encapsulated Power and Distribution Transformers, C57.12.60-1992
[1994] IEEE Standard Test Procedure for Evaluation of Systems of Insulation for Specialty
[1998] IEEE Guide for Test Procedures for Thermal Evaluation of Insulation Systems for Solid-
Cast and Resin-Encapsulated Power and Distribution Transformers, C57.12.60-1998.
[1999] IEEE Standard Test Procedure for Evaluation of Systems of Insulation for Specialty and
General-Purpose Transformers, IEEE 259-1999.

[2009] IEEE Standard Test Procedure for Thermal Evaluation of Insulation Systems for Dry-Type
Power and Distribution Transformers Including Open-wound, Solid-Cast or Resin-Encapsulated
Transformers, IEEE C57.12.60-2009.
[2013] IEEE Standard Test Procedure for Thermal Evaluation of Insulation Systems for Dry-Type
Power and Distribution Transformers Including Open-Wound, Solid-Cast or Resin-Encapsulated
Transformers – Corrigendum , IEEE C57.12.60-2009/Cor 1-2013.
Thermal Evaluation of Liquid Filled Transformers:
[1972] IEEE Standard Test Procedure for Evaluation of Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformers,
IEEE 345-1972.
[1999] IEEE Standard Test Procedure for Thermal Evaluation of Liquid-Immersed Distribution and
Power Transformers, IEEE C57.100-1999.
[2005] Electrical Insulation Systems (EIS) – Thermal evaluation of combined liquid and solid
components- Part 1; General Requirements, IEC/TS 62332-1 ed1.0 (2005)
[2011] IEEE Standard Test Procedure for Thermal Evaluation of Insulation Systems for Liquid-
Immersed Distribution and Power Transformers, IEEE C57.100-2011.
25.4 Evolution of Gas from Insulation During Overloading:
Some believe that evolution of gas during transformer overloading could possibly lead to electrical
failures. A selective list of references on this subject is as follows:
[1979] F. W. Heinrichs, D. E. Truax, and J. D. Phillips, “The effect of gassing during overloads on
the impulse strength of transformer insulation’, IEEE PES 1979 Summer Power Meeting,
Vancouver, Canada, July 15-20, 1979, Paper A79 434-2.
[1979] F. W. Heinrichs, “Bubble formation in power transformer windings at overload

temperatures’, IEEE Trans. On Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-98, No. 5, Sept./Oct.
1979, pp. 1576-1582.
[1983] G. H. Kaufman, and C. W. McMillen, “Gas bubble studies and impulse tests on distribtution
tranasformers during loading above nameplate rating”, IEEE Trans. On Power Apparatus and
Systems, Vol. PAS-102 No. 8, Aug. 1983, pp. 2531-2532.
[1985] W. J. McNutt, T. O. Rouse, G. H. Kaufman, “Mathematical modelng of bubble evolution in

transformers’, IEEE Trans. On Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-104, Feb. 1985, pp. 477-
487.
[1987] EPRI, “Bubble evolution in transformers” Report EL-5384, Electric Power Research
Institute, Palo Alto, Calif., August 1987.
[1989] W. A. Fessler, T. O. Rouse, W. J. McNutt, and O. R. Compton, “A refined mathematical

model for prediction for bubble evolution in transformers’, IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 4,
No. 1, Jan. 1989, pp. 391-404.
[1990] EPRI, “Bubble generation during transformer overload”, Report EL-6761, Electric Power
Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif., March 1990. 6 refs.
[1992] EPRI, “Further experiments in bubble generation during transformer overload’, Report EL-
7291, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif., March 1992. 8 refs.
[2001] T. V. Oommen and S. R. Lindgren, “Bubble evolution from transformer overload”, Proc.
2001 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference, Oct. 28 – Nov. 2, 2001, Atlanta, GA,
USA.
25.5 History of Transformers and Transformer Materials
The selected following references give a historical record of the development of the transformer and
transformer materials. These references are provided to assist those wishing to study this history
and summarize their research for others.
[1884] J. Hopkinson, "The Gaulard and Gibbs secondary generators", The Telegraphic Journal and
Electrical Review (London), Vol. 14, March 29, 1884, p. 262. no refs.
[1895] W. L. R. Emmet, "Existing commercial applications of electrical power from Niagara Falls",
Trans. AIEE, Vol. 12, 1895, pp. 482-492, disc. pp. 492-499.
[1898] F. Carter, "The design of transformers", Trans. AIEE, Vol. 15, 1898, pp. 639-700, disc. pp.
701-710.
[1898] W. S. Moody, "Discussion of, "The design of transformers by F. W. Carter"", Trans. AIEE,
Vol. 15, 1898, pp. 708-710. (About use of oil.).
[1902] G. P. Low, "Fire risks from station transformers", Journal of Electricity, Power, and Gas
(San Francisco), Vol. 12, Aug. 1902, pp. 159-160. (Abstract of paper read before the annual
convention of the Fire Underwriters Association of the Pacific, San Francisco, Feb. 20-21, 1902)
(1903-77)
[1903] A. D. Adams, "Transformers in transmission systems", Electrical Review (New York, USA),
Vol. 42, April 11, 1903, pp. 496-498, April 11, 1903, pp. 535-536. no. refs. (1903-902)
[1903] , "The evolution of the General Electric transformer", Electrical World and Engineer (USA),
Vol. 42, Dec. 19, 1903, pp. 1023-1024. (1904-317).
[1904] J. S. Peck, "Transformers for long-distance power transmission", Cassier's Magazine (GB),
Vol. 26, No. 2, June 1904, pp. 137-154. no. refs. (1904-1835)
[1904] E. W. Rice, Jr., "The relative fire risk of oil and air-blast transformers", AIEE Trans., Vol.
23, 1904, pp. 171-173, disc. pp. 175-197, 236-238, 246-247.
[1905] T. Gray, "Elementary principles of transformer design", Electrical World and Engineer
(USA), Vol. 43, April 23, 1904 pp. 765-767; April 30, 1904, pp. 809-812. no refs. 91904-1585)
[1905] A. Press, "The design of transformers", Electrical Review (London), Vol. 56, June 16, 1905,
pp. 969-970. No refs. (1905-1038)
[1906] H. Bohle, "Modern transformer design", J. IEE, Vol. 38, 1906-1907, pp. 590-598. No refs.

[1908] W. A. Hall, "An outline of the transformer department of the General Electric Company at
Pittsfield, Mass.", General Electric Review (USA), Vol. 11, No. 4, Oct. 1908, pp. 147-156.
[1908] C. P. Steinmetz, “The general equations of the electric circuit”, Trans. AIEE, Vo. 27 Part II,
1908, pp. 1231-1305, disc. pp. 1306-1317. (Development of fundamental equations of circuit
analysis.)
[1910] P. M. Downing, "The developed high tension network of a general power system", AIEE
Trans., Vol. 29, Pt. I, 1910, pp. 705-719, disc. pp. 720-729. (Discusses transformers and fire
hazard.)
[1911] W. T. Taylor, “Modern high-voltage power transformers in practice with special reference to
a “T” three-unit system”, J. IEE, Vol. 48, 1911-1912, pp. 55-102, disc. pp. 103-126. Also
Electrician, Vol. 68, Nov. 10, 1911, p.188-191 and Nov. 17, 1911, pp. 217-219. (1912-262)
[1912] W. S. Moody, "General trend of development in transmission and distribution of electric

power as shown by recent transformer production", General Electric Review (USA), Vol. 15, No. 6,
June 1912, pp. 337-341. No refs.
[1912] "Meeting of transformer specialists", General Electric Review (USA), Vol. 15, No. 1, Jan.
1912, p. 54.
[1919] A. G. Ellis and J. L. Thompson, “Large power transformers”, J. IEEE, Vol. 57, 1919, pp.
547-571, disc. pp. 571-591 and Vol. 58, 1920, pp. 881-890. (1920-841)
[1924] G. W. O. Howe, "A hundred years of electrical engineering", Nature (GB), Vol. 114, Aug.
23, 1924, pp. 277-280. Also in Engineering (GB), Vol. 118, Aug. 8, 1924, pp. 193-195. (1924-
1550)
[1927] H. M. Sayers, “Electrical plant and machinery, including marine applications, J. IEE, Vol.
65, 1927, pp. 327-337. (transformers pp. 331-332)
[1930] A. R. Everest, “Electrical plant and machinery, including marine applications”, J. IEE, Vol.
68, 1930, pp. 139-146, (transformers pp. 142-143)
[1930] L. W. W. Morrow, "Early days in transformers, interview with R. Belfield, Nov. 1, 1930",
Electrical World (USA), Vol. 96, 1930, pp. 819-821. No refs.
[1930] C. E. Skinner, "Development of insulating oils", Trans. AIEE, Vol. 49, No. 1, Jan. 1930, pp.
35-39, disc. pp. 39-40. No refs.
[[1931] R. M. Charley, “Recent progress in large transformers”, J. IEE, Vol. 69, 1931, pp. 1189-
1207, disc. Vol. 70, 1931-1932, pp. 436-438.
[1931] A. D. Verde, “The high voltage systems of Italy”, J. IEE, Vol. 70, 1931-1932, pp. 393-411,
disc. pp. 411-416. (transformers on p. 400)
[1933] J. H. Williams, “Electrical plant and machinery”, J.IEE, Vol. 72, 1933 (Jan.-June), pp. 113-
123. (transformers pp. 113-114, fire risk pp. 115-116.) (1933-1175)
[1934] "Some of the early transformers from which power systems grew", AIEE Trans., Electrical
Engineering, Fiftieth Anniversary Issue, Vol .53, May 1934, pp. 779. (Photographs)
[1934] D. C. Jackson, "The evolution of electrical engineering", Trans. AIEE, Electrical

Engineering, Vol. 53, May 1934, pp. 770-776. 2 refs.
[1935] R. Hodge, "Western center: chairman's address", J. IEE, Vol. 76, 1935, pp. 35-39.
[1936] C. C. Chesney, and C. F. Scott, "Early history of the ac system in America", AIEE Trans.,
Electrical Engineering, Vol. 55, March 1936, pp. 228-235. 8 refs.
[1937] J. A. McManus, "Early contributions of Elihu Thomson to alternating-current development",

General Electric Review (USA), Vol. 40, No. 9, Sept. 1937, pp. 402-409. 2 refs. (McManus was his
secretary.)
[1937] F. E. Smith, 'Fundamental electrical measurements.", J. IEE, Vol. 81, 1937, pp. 701-707.
[1941] Paulev, K. K., How collective genius contributes to industrial progress, General Electric
Review (USA), Vol. 44, No. 5, May 1941, pp. 254-261.
[1941] "Use of non-inflammable, liquid-filled transformers is growing rapidly, report shows",

Edison Electric Institute Bulletin (USA), Vol. 9, No. 3, March 1941, pp. 90,96.
[1942] J. Kubler, "Transformer designs of Brown Boveri & Co. Baden from 1891 to 1941", Brown
Boveri Review (Switzerland), Vol. 29, Nov-Dec. 1942, pp. 319-335. No refs. (1944-50)
[1946] V. P. Hessler, "Teaching electricity and magnetism", AIEE Trans., Vol. 65, Dec. 1946, pp.
828-833. 5 refs.
[1950] W. G. James, "A mid-century appraisal of power transformer design", Proc. Midwest Power
Conference, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, USA, April 1950, Vol. 12, pp. 40-52. 13 refs.
(1950-4025)
[1950] H. Sequenz, "The development of electrical machines since the first world war.", Elin-
Zeitschrift (Austria) , Vol. 2, Dec. 1950, pp. 149-156. 46 refs. (In German) (1951-1258)
[1950] E. D. Treanor and E. L. Raab, "Transformer oil", Trans. AIEE, Vol. 69, Pt. II, 1950, pp.
1060-1070, disc. p. 1070, no refs.
[1952] F. C. Doble, "A new concept of insulating oil life characteristics", AIEE Trans., Vol. 71 Pt.
III, Power Apparatus and Systems, Jan. 1952, pp. 532-537, disc. pp. 537-538. 23 refs.
[1953] C. G. Suits, "Seventy-five years of research in General Electric", Science (USA), Vol. 118,
Sept. 1953, pp. 451-456. No refs.
[1956] E. T. Norris, "Report of the work of the International Study committee on Transformers (No.
12)", CIGRE, 1956, Paper 104. 7 pp. (1956-3290)
[1958] E. T. Norris, "Transformers, regulators, and reactors. A review of progress", Proc. IEE, Vol.
105A, June 1958, pp. 241-249. 42 refs. (1958-3331)
[1959] F. L. Holloway and W. H. Mears, "A Review of gaseous dielectric development", Electrical
Engineering (AIEE, USA), Vol. 78, No. 2, pp. 137-140. Feb. 1959. 16 refs.
[1960] B. A. Leerburger, Jr., "Transformers - a closed case", Product Engineering (USA), Vol. 61,
No. 32, Aug. 8, 1960, pp. 3.
[1961] A. A. Halacsy and G. H. von Fuchs, "Transformer invented 75 years ago", AIEE Trans., Vol.
80, Part III, Power Apparatus and Systems, No. 54, June 1961, pp. 121-125, disc. pp. 125-128. 115
refs. (1962-645)

[1965] F. Knapp, "Epoxy Casting Resins", The Brown Boveri Review (Switzerland), Vol. 52, No. 8,
Aug. 1965, pp. 575-589. 42 refs. (In English)
[1966] J. A. Dorrat, "Arc welding a review of progress", Proc. IEE, Vol. 113, No. 2, Feb. 1966, pp.
302-314. 20 refs.
[1967] IEEE Working Group on Transformer and Inductor Bibliography of the Technical Sessions
and Papers Subcommittee of the Electronics Transformers Technical Committee of the IEEE Parts,
Materials & Packaging Group, “IEEE transformer and inductor bibliography”, June 1967, IEEE
Pub. 21 S 89, 116 pp.
[1972] E. T. Norris, "Transformers", Electra (CIGRE, France), Special Issue, 1972, pp. 87-93. In
French and English. (1972-34556)
[1972] C. A. Stitt and C. R. Bost, "Past, present and potential of iron-silicon alloys",
Insulation/Circuits (USA), Vol. 18, No. 11, Nov. 1972, pp. 25-28. No refs.
[1977] K. D. Lin and B. B. Ellis, "Progress of core technology in transformer manufacturing",
Insulation/circuits (USA), Vol. 23, No. 13, Dec. 1977, pp. 25-30. 31 refs.
[1980] J. C. Dutton and W. J. McNutt, "Transformer standards - status and trends", IEEE Trans. on
Industry Applications, Vol. IA-16, No. 1, Jan./Feb. 1980, pp. 17-29
[1981] D. T. Michael, "The first IEEE standard, IEEE standards - The early years - 1884 to 1900",
IEEE Power Engineering Review (USA), Vol. PER-1, No. 11, Nov. 1981, p. 2.
[1984] B. Grundmark, "The power transformer can soon celebrate its centennial", Asea Journal
(Sweden), Vol. 57, No. 4, 1984, pp. 18-19. 7 refs. (1985-32529)
[1986] H. R. Sheppard, "A century of progress in electrical insulation. 1886 - 1986", IEEE
Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 2, No. 5, Sept. 1986. pp. 20-30. 79 refs.
[1987] R. Bourne, "The performance of an early shell-type transformer", 1987 History of Electrical
Engineering Weekend, Dublin Ireland, 10-12 July 1987, IEE, P. 1/1-3. no refs. (single phase air
cooled 3 kVA transformer manufactured in 1920's) (1988-75707)
[1987] M. Schaible, "Electrical insulating papers - an overview", IEEE Electrical Insulation

Magazine, Vol. 3 No. 1, Jan. 1987, pp. 8-12. 8 refs.
[1988] J. W. Coltman, "The transformer", Scientific American (USA), Vol. 258, No. 1, Jan. 1988,
pp. 86-88, 90, 92-95,112. 3 refs.
[1991] D. J. Allan, "Power transformers - the second century", Power Engineering Journal (UK),
Vol. 5, No. 1, Jan. 1991, pp. 5-14, 7 refs. [1991-29079)
[1991] G. Wise, "Heat transfer research in General Electric, 1910-1960; examples of the product-
driven innovation cycle", Heat Transfer Engineering (GB), Vol. 12, No. 2, 1991, pp. 19-28. 34 refs.
[1996] S. Jeszenzsky, "History of Transformers", IEEE Power Engineering Review, Vol. 16, No.
12, Dec 1996, pp. 9-12. No refs. Also, letter by G. Zingales, Vol. 17, No. 6, June 1997, p. 33.
[1997] E. L. Owen, “The origins of 60-Hz as a power frequency”, IEEE Industry Applications
Magazine, Vol. 3 No. 6, Nov./Dec. 1997. 5 pp. 11 ref. (Starts on page 8. No page numbers after
page 8. 7 pages total, 2 are full page ads.)

[1998] J. Ui-Yan, J. Hong-Wei, Z. Dong-Bai, and Y. Jia-Ziang, “The rapid development of the
transformer industry in China”, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 14, No. 4, July/August
1998, pp. 23-27. 9 refs.
[2000} F. A. Furfari, “The evolution of power-line frequencies 133 1/3 to 25 Hz”, IEEE Industry
Applciations Magazine, “Vol 6, No. 5, Oct. 2000, pp. 12-14. 1 ref.
[2000] “The electric century”, IEEE Spectrum, Vol. 37, No. 6, June 2000, pp. 68-74.
[2001] R. Boehr, “Transformer technology state-of-the art and trends of future development”,
CIGRE Electra, No. 198, Oct. 2001, pp. 13-19. 11 refs.
[2003] E. L. Owen, “Rediscovering William Stanley, Jr.—Part 1”, IEEE Industry Application
Magazine, Vol. 9, No. 6, pp. 9-12. 9 refs.
[2003] C. J. Sulzberger, “Triumph of ac from Pearl Street to Niagara”, IEEE Power & Energy
Magazine, Vol. 1, No.3, May/June 2003, pp.64-67. 6 refs.
[2003] C. J. Sulzberger, “Triumph of ac, part 2 the battle of the currents”, IEEE Power & Energy
Magazine, Vol. 1, No.4, July/Aug. 2003, pp. 70-73. 7 refs.
[2004] L. Ingram, “GE and Westinghouse reflections of a retired electric utility engineer”, IEEE
Power & Energy Magazine, Vol. 2, No. 6, Nov./Dec. 2004, pp. 67-71. 11 refs.
[2004] E. L. Owen, “Rediscovering William Stanley, Jr., Part 2”, IEEE Industry Applications
Magazine, Vol. 10, No. 4, July/Aug. 2004, pp. 10-13. 8 refs.
[2006] T. A. Prevost, and T. V. Oommen, “Cellulose insulation in oil-filled power transformers:

Part I—History and development”, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 28-35.
23 refs. (Part II in Vol. 22, No. 2, March/April 2004, pp. 5-14 discusses maintaining integrity and
life of insulation.)
[2009] G. Younkin, “Our roots”, IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 8-13. 3
refs. (Formation of AIEE, growth of IRE, union of AIEE and IRE, evolution of IAS.)
[2010] T. J. Blalock, “A variety of frequencies transformer testing at the Pittsfield plant”, IEEE
Power and Energy Magazine, Vol 8, No. 4, July/Aug. 2010, pp. 75-84.
[2012] C. Krause, “Power transformer insulation – history, technology and design”, IEEE Trans.
On Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Vol. 19, No. 6, Dec. 2012, pp. 1941-1947. 36 refs.
25.6 Transformer Standards Development 1902 - 1945
This list of references gives a record of early efforts of standardization in the electrical industry.
[1902] G. Dettmar, "Standardization of specification relating to generators and transformers",

Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift (Germany) , Vol. 23, June 5, 1902. pp. 489-491. (In German), (1903-
360)
[1910] C. P. Steinmetz, "Standardization rules of the AIEE", General Electric Review (USA), Vol.
13, No. 1, Jan. 1910, pp. 34-39.

[1914] “Notes on international standardization of electrical macinery”, J. IEE, Vol. 52, 1914, pp.
244-246, disc. pp. 246-253.
[1916] "Standardization rules of the American Institute of Engineers, Approved June 28, 1916",
Proc. AIEE, Vol. 35, Part I, 1916. Published in back of volume. 115 pp.
[1917] H. M. Hobart, "Temperature rise of electrical machines", AIEE Proc. , Vol. 36, March 1917,
pp. 291-319. 5 refs. (1917-273)
[1921] "Standards of the American Institute of Engineers, 1921 revision", AIEE Trans. Vol. 40,
1921, pp. 1539-1742. Chapter VI, "Standards for transformers and other stationary induction
apparatus", pp. 1635-1651.
[1921] International Electrotechnical Commission, "IEC rules for electrical machinery", AIEE
Trans., Vol. 40, 1921, pp. 1707-1722.
[1922] F. D. Newbury, "Questions relating to standards of rating, with particular reference to large
machines using class B insulation", AIEE J., Vol. 41, July 1922, pp. 527-529. No refs. (1922-1159)
[1922] G. Stern, "Notes on German transformer standards", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift

(Germany), Vol. 43, March 23, 1922, pp. 409-415. No refs. (In German) (1922-714)
[1922] "German rules for rating and testing of electrical machines and transformers",
Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift (Germany), Vol. 43, May 11, 1922, pp. 657-674. No refs. (In German)
(1922-927)
[1922] "Rules for Rating and Testing of Transformers", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift (Germany),
Vol. 43, March 9, 1922, pp. 323-331, No. refs. (In German). no refs. (1922-713)
[1925] General Principles Upon Which Temperature Limits Are Based in the Rating of Electrical
Machines, AIEE Standard No. 1, April 1925.
[1925] "Revised standards and the organization of standards activities", AIEE J., Vol. 44, Oct. 1925,
pp. 1084-1087. (List of AIEE standards) (1926-47)
[1927] P. Good, "Electrical standardization", IEE J., Vol. 65, Jan. 1927, pp. 137-142. (1927-858)
[1928] "AIEE transformer standards, section 13 proposed appendix, recommendations for the
operation of transformers, induction regulators and reactors", AIEE Journal, Vol. 47, No. 8, August
1928, pp. 617-618
[1930] Transformers.Induction Regulators and Reactors, AIEE Stamdard No. 13, May 1930.
[1930] Recommendation for the Operation of Transformers, AIEE Standard No. 100, June 1930.
[1937] "AIEE Standards, List", AIEE, Electrical Engineering, Vol. 56 No. 11, Nov. 1937, p 14.
[1925] F. D. Newbury, "A new edition of A.I.E.E. standards", The Electric Journal (Pittsburgh,
USA), Vol. 22, No. 9, Sept. 1925, pp. 447-451. (No refs. but a list of standards.)
[1931] C. H. Schubbe, “Standardization of small air cooled transformers”, Elektrotechnik und

Maschinenbau (Austria), Vol. 49, Aug. 16, 1931, pp. 631-632. (In German) (1932-281)
[1934] H. V. Putman and J. E. Clem, "Recommended transformer standards", Electrical

Engineering (USA), Vol. 53, Dec. 1934, pp. 1594-1597. 8 refs. (1935-380)
[1937] G. Lacroix, "International ELectrotechnical Commission. Paris meeting (June 1937). Work
of No. 2 Committee on Specifications for Electrical Machines", Revue Generale De L'Electricite
(France) , Vol. 42, Oct. 30, 1937, pp. 547-553. (In French) (1938-161)
[1937] S. H. Hemsley, "Standard transformers. Experience with B.S.S. 171-1936", The Electrical
Review (London), Vol. 120, May 7, 1937, pp. 691-692. 5 refs. (1937-1456)
[1941] Report on General Principles for Rating of Electrical Apparatus For Short-Time,
Intermittent or Varying Duty, AIEE No. 1A, Sept. 1941. (Proposed supplement to Standards
Pamplet No. 1.)
[1944] Comision Electrote'cnica, "International standards of the IEC for electrical equipment",
Revista Electrotecnica, Buenos Aires, Vol. 30, June 1944, pp. 285-300. (1945-67)
[1942] A. L. Morris, "The standardization of industrial transformers", Electrical Industries

(London), Vol. 42, Oct. 1942, pp. 308-309. (1943-35)
[1942] American Recommended Practice Guides for Operation of Transformers and Regulators,
C57.3-1942, pp. 83-90.
[1945] AIEE Transformer Subcommittee, “Guide for operation of transformers, regulators, and
reactors”, AIEE Trans. Vol. 64, Nov. 1945, pp. 797-805, disc. p. 957.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY ON

TRANSFORMER HEAT TRANSFER AND LOADING

April 12, 2017

1. TRANSFORMER HEAT TRANSFER – ALL TYPES 1

2. TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT AND THERMAL TEST PROCEDURES 3

3. THEMAL PROPERTIES OF TRANSFORMER MATERIALS 16

5. CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER 24

6. DRY TYPE AND CAST RESIN TRANSFORMERS 27

7. OIL FILLED TRANSFORMERS – STEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER 52

8. TRANSFORMERS FILLED WITH FLUIDS OTHR THAN MINERAL OIL 81

9. HEATING DUE TO LEAKAGE FLUX OR HIGH CURRENT CONDUCTORS 86

ii Copyright 2017 by Linden W. Pierce

11. TRANSFORMER BUSHINGS – HEAT TRANSFER 103

12. SHORT CIRCUIT HEATING 105

13. TRANSIENT HEAT TRANSFER IN OTHER EQUIPMENT 108

14. TRANSIENT HEAT TRANSFER IN OIL FILLED TRANSFORMERS 111

15. ENVIORONMENTAL EFFECTS ON THERMAL PERFORMANCE 129

16. LOADING APPLICATIONS – OIL FILLED TRANSFORMERS 141

17. SPECIAL LOADING APPLICATIONS 173

18. BURIED TRANSFORMERS 186

19. GAS COOLED AND INSULATED TRANSFORMERS 188

20. VAPORIZATION COOLED TRANSFORMERS 194

22. SUPERCONDUCTING TRANSFORMERS, MAGNETS, AND COILS 198

23. ELECTROCONVECTION AND ELECTROHYDRODYNAMIC PUMPING 207

24. DIELECTRIC HEATING 210

25. HISTORY – SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHIES 210

iv Copyright 2017 by Linden W. Pierce

After my retirement from consulting, I continued my IEEE memberships in several societies of

IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery

v Copyright 2017 by Linden W. Pierce

vi Copyright 2017 by Linden W. Pierce

1. TRANSFORMER HEAT TRANSFER – ALL TYPES

References in this category consider multiple topics included in this bibliography.

[1928] H. Gewecke, "Cooling of transformers", A. E. G. Mitteilungen - Allegemeine Elektricitats-

[1938] V. M. Montsinger, "Thermal characteristics of transformers", Chapter 9 of Transformer

[1946] V. M. Montsinger, "Thermal characteristics of transformers", General Electric Review

[1951] V. M. Montsinger, "Thermal characteristics of transformers", Chapter 9 of Transformer

[1961] B. M. Weedy, “Basic considerations in determining the temperature in electrical machines”,

[1993] W. M. Flanagan, "Thermal considerations", Chapter 9, 19 pp. of Handbook of Transformer

[2009] E. I. Amoiralis, M. A. Tsli, and A. G. Kladas, “Transformer design and optimization: A

2 Copyright 2017 by Linden W. Pierce

2.1 Thermal Test Procedures

[1907] A. F. Gustrin, "Heating tests of transformers", Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift, (Germany) Vol.

[1913] C. Fortescue, "Correction of transformer temperatures for variation in room temperature,

[1913] S. E. Johannsen and G. W. Wade, "Methods of determining temperature of transformers and

[1913] W. D. Maxwell and R. A. Beekman, "Effect of room temperature on temperature rise of

[1913] W. M. McConahey and C. Fortescue, "Methods of determining temperature of

[1923] I. B. Smith, "Applications and limitations of thermocouples for measuring temperature",

[1931] P. Jacottet and F. Hillebrand, "Winding temperatures by resistance and thermometer",

[1932] N. P. Bailey, "The measurement of surface temperatures", Mechanical Engineering (USA),

[1932] A. Guilbert, "Tests on machines and transformers", Congres International d'Electricite,

[1951] AIEE Subcommittee on Methods of Making Temperature Rise Tests on Transformers,

[1951] J. Hassden-Teufel, "Testing of power transformers", Elektrotechnicky Obzor

4 Copyright 2017 by Linden W. Pierce

[1953] M. F. Beavers, "Measurement of ambient air temperature during temperature test on

[1955] P. Hoftijzer, "Temperature rise tests on large transformers", Smit Mededelingen

[1959] M. F. Beavers, "Measurement of ambient air temperature during temperature test on

[1961] M. R. Dickson, "Lagged thermometers for temperature-rise tests on small transformers",

[1964] L. Smith, E. Tobin, G. H. Hodgkinson, F. W. Taylor, I. R. Neill, J. T. Wilkins, and R. A.

5 Copyright 2017 by Linden W. Pierce

[1966] E. Cvoracek, "Temperature measurement on oil-immersed self-cooled transformers",

[1972] E. Woschnags, "Automatic data collection in testing transformers and compensation

[1974] A. Bossi, "The measurement of partial unloading in power transformers", Elettrificazione