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Applied Physics II For Science and Engineering

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 Applied Physics II
Applied Physics II
For Science and Engineering
This book is intended for a course in introductory Physics for students in
Engineering and Science. It contains fundamental topics in Classical Physics
and provides an introduction to Modern and Quantum Physics. Chapters 1,

Applied Physics II
2 & 3 covers light and optics, Chapter 4 addresses heat and thermodynamics,
Chapter 5 deals with relativity and Chapter 6 gives an introduction to quantum
mechanics.

For Science and Engineering

For Science and Engineering

Dr. Dattatray Wavhal has been professor and Head
of Physics department at Veermata Jijabai Technological
Institute (VJTI) Matunga, Mumbai, since 1999. He began
his teaching career as a lecturer of Physics in Polytechnic
at VJTI from 1990 to 1998 and subsequently shifted to
Degree Engineering in the year 1999. Dr. Wavhal earned
a PhD degree in Low Temperature Plasma Processing
from Institute of Chemical Technology (UDCT), Matunga,
Mumbai, in the year 1998. For further research he went
to USA and was postdoctoral researcher at Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA, in the year 2001-
2003. In the year 2007-08 he was visiting Scientist at the University of Texas at
Arlington, Texas, USA. Dr. Wavhal has published 27 research papers and has 3 US
patents in nanocomposites W
Dattatray Wavhal
Dattatray Wavhal
 Applied Physics II
For Science and Engineering

Dr. Dattatray S. Wavhal

Professor & Head of Physics Department
Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute
Matunga, Mumbai-400 019

SELF Publications

Applied Physics II.indb 1 23-09-2016 16:03:42

 Applied Physics -II for Science and Engineering
Copyright © 2016 [Dr. Dattatray Wavhal]
ISBN [978-93-5267-180-9]
First published in Mumbai, Maharashtra [2016 Self-Publishing]
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or
distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or
retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the author.
Price ₹325.00
Cover designer: Surabhi Wavhal
Published in India
Printed at: Ketaki Prakashan Private LImited,
Address: Shop No: 22, 2nd Floor , 250, Bazar Gates Street, Borabazar
Precinct, Ballard Estate, Fort, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400001
Applied Physics II.indb 2-3
Preface
It gives me immense satisfaction to publish second book,
“Applied Physics II for Science and Engineering”, after
sucess of the first book. This textbook is intended for a
course in introductory physics for students in engineering
and science. The material in this book covers fundamental
topics in Classical Physics and provides an introduction to
Modern and Quantum Physics. The book is divided into
six chapters, First three Chapters covers light and optics,
Chapter 4 addresses heat and thermodynamics, Chapter
5 deals with relativity and Chapter 6 gives introductory
quantum mechanics. The entire contents of the book could
be covered in one-semester course.
This physics textbook has three main objectives: to provide
the student with a clear and logical presentation of the
basic concepts and principles of physics, to develop strong
problem-solving skills and to strengthen an understanding
of the concepts and principles through a broad range of
interesting applications.
Every effort is made to make this book very simple, lucid
and easy to understand with completeness and continuity
of basic concepts. A good number of solved problems are
given in each chapter. Each chapter ends with unsolved
problems and questions.
In spite of great effort to avoid errors it is inevitable that
some will creep into any book. I shall be grateful to anyone
who finds and reports mistakes and deficiencies in this
book.
Dr. D S Wavhal
23-09-2016 16:03:42
 Contents
1. Interference 1-42
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Interference of light waves 3
1.3 Interference precondition 6
1.4 Coherent sources 7
1.5 Coherence length and coherence time 8
1.6 Temporal coherence and spatial coherence 9
1.7 Type of interference 9
1.8 Fresnel Biprism 10
1.8.1 Theory of Simple cubic 11
1.9 Interference in thin films 13
1.9.1 Interference in plane parallel thin films due to 13
reflected light
1.9.2 Interference in plane parallel thin films due to 15
transmitted light
1.10 Interference in wedge shaped film 16
1.10.1 Fringe width 18
1.11 Newton,s rings 19
1.11.1 Determination of wavelength of light 21
1.11.2 Determination of refractive index of liquid 22
1.12 Michelson interferometer 22
1.12.1 Types of fringes 24
1.13 Anti reflection coating 26
1.14 Solved problems 28
1.15 Unsolved Problems 38
1.16 Exercise 40
2 Diffraction 43- 74
2.1 Introduction 44
2.2 Difference between Interference and diffraction 44
2.3 Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffraction 45
2.4 Fraunhofer diffraction at single slit 46
2.4.1 Intensity of Single Slit diffraction Pattern 47
2.5 Fraunhofer diffraction at double slit 51
2.6 Fraunhofer diffraction at circular aperture 54
2.7 Diffraction grating 55

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 vi Contents Contents vii
2.8 Missing order in diffraction pattern 59 4.2.2 Thermodynamic Parameters 110
2.9 Resolving power and optical Instruments 60 4.2.3 Thermodynamics States 111
2.10 Resolving power of grating 62 4.2.4 Thermodynamic Equilibrium 111
2.11 Solved problems 63 4.2.5 Thermodynamic Transformations 112
2.12 Unsolved problems 72 4.3 Temperature and Zeroth Law of Thermodynamic 114
2.13 Exercise 73 4.3.1 Temperature Scales 115
3 Polarization 75-104 4.3.2 Gas Thermometer and Absolute Temperature 115
3.1 Introduction 76 Scales
3.2 Polarized and Unpolarized light 77 4.3.3 The Ideal Gas Equation of State 116
3.3 Types of Polarization 79 4.3.4 Compressibility Factor 139
3.4 Theory of production of plane, circularly and 80 4.3.5 Virial Equation of State 118
elliptically polarized light 4.3.6 Van der Waals Equation of State 118
3.5 Polarization by reflection 82 4.4 Heat, Work and First Law of Thermodynamics 119
3.6 Malus law 83 4.4.1 Work 119
3.7 Double Refraction 84 4.4.2 Heat 122
3.8 Types of crystals 85 4.4.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics 124
3.9 Nicol Prism 86 4.4.4 Heat Capacity 125
3.9.1 Drawbacks of Nicol Prism 87 4.4.5 Some Special Cases of the First Law of 128
Thermodynamics
3.10 Huygens theory of double refraction 87
4.4.5.1 An Adiabatic Process 128
3.11 Dichroism 90
4.4.5.2 An Isothermal Process 130
3.11.1 Polaroids 90
4.4.5.3 An Isochoric Process or Isovolumetric 130
3.12 Retardation plate 91 Process
3.12.1 Quarter wave plate 91 4.4.5.4 An Isobaric Process 130
3.12.2 Half wave plate 92 4.4.5.5 Cyclic Process 131
3.13 Optical activity 92 4.4.6 Internal Energy 131
3.14 Specific rotation 93 4.4.6.1 Joule Free Expansion of Gas 132
3.15 Polarimeter 93 4.4.7 Enthalpy 133
3.15.1 Laurent’s Half Shade Polarimeter 93 4.4.7.1 Thermodynamics of Joule Thomson 135
3.15.2 Biquartz polarimeter. 95 Expansion
3.16 Applications 96 4.4.7.2 Joule Thomson Coefficient for an
3.17 Solved problems 98 Ideal gas
3.18 Unsolved problems 101 4.4.7.3 Joule Thomson Coefficient for van
der Waals gas
3.19 Exercise 103
4.4.8 Limitations of First Law of Thermodynamics 139
4 Thermodynamics 105-198
4.5 Second Law of Thermodynamics 140
4.1 Introduction 106
4.5.1 Thermal Energy Reservoirs 140
4.2 Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics 108
4.5.2 Heat Engines 141
4.2.1 Thermodynamics Systems 108

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 viii Contents Contents ix
4.5.2.1 Limitation of Thermal Efficiency 4.11.10 Characteristics of Entropy 172
4.5.2.2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics: 143 4.12 The Clausius-Clapeyron equation 172
Kelvin Statement 4.13 The Third Law of Thermodynamics 175
4.5.3 Heat Pumps and Refrigerators 143 4.14 Solved problems 175
4.5.3.1 Refrigerators 144 4.15 Unsolved Problems 193
4.5.3.2 Heat Pumps 145 4.16 Exercise 194
4.5.3.3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics: 5 Special Theory of Relativity 199-242
Clausius Statement
5.1 Introduction 200
4.5.4 Equivalence of Kelvin-Planck and the Clau- 146
5.2 What is Relativity 202
sius Statements
5.3 Galilean Transformations 204
4.5.4.1 Violation of Kelvin-Plank statement 147
leads to violation of Clausius 5.3.1 Inertial Frames 204
Statement 5.3.2 Events and Observer 204
4.5.4.2 Violation of Clausius Statement leads 147 5.3.3 The Galilean Transformations 205
to violation of Kelvin-Plank statement 5.4 Michelson Morle Experiment 206
4.6 Reversible and irreversible Process 148 5.5 Einstein’s Principle of Relativity 209
4.7 Carnot Engine 149 5.6 The Lorentz Transformation Equations 210
4.7.1 The Reversed Carnot Cycle 153 5.7 The Lorentz Velocity Transformation Equations 213
4.7.2 The Carnot Refrigeration and Heat Pump 153 5.8 Consequences of Special Theory of Relativity 214
Cycle 5.8.1 Simultaneity 214
4.7.3 The Carnot Theorem 154 5.8.2 Time Dilation 215
4.7.4 The Corollary of Carnot Theorem 155 5.8.3 The Lorentz-Fitzgerald Contraction 217
4.7.5 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale 156 5.8.4 The Relativistic Doppler Shift 219
4.8 Stirling Heat Engine 159 5.8.5 The Twins Paradox 221
4.8.1 Stirling Cycle 159 5.8.6 Relativistic Mass Variation 222
4.8.2 Applications 162 5.8.7 Mass Energy Equivalence 225
4.9 General Reversible Cycle 162 5.9 The General Theory of Relativity 226
4.10 Clausius Inequality 163 5.10 Experimental Evidence for General Relativity 228
4.11 Entropy 164 5.10.1 Gravitational Deflection of Light 228
4.11.1 Introduction 164 5.10.2 Black Hole 228
4.11.2 The Concept of Entropy 165 5.10.3 Mercury’s Odd Orbit 228
4.11.3 Entropy as a State Function 166 5.10.4 The Global Positioning System (GPS) 229
4.11.4 Entropy Temperature Diagram 167 5.10.5 Gravitational Waves 229
4.11.5 Entropy Change for Carnot Cycle 168 5.11 Solved Problems 230
4.11.6 Increase of Entropy Principle 169 5.12 Unsolved Problems 240
4.11.7 The Central Equation of Thermodynamics 170 5.13 Exercise 241
4.11.8 Entropy Change for an Ideal Gas 171
4.11.9 Entropy Change of a Solid or Liquid 172

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 x Contents

6 Quantum Mechanics 243-263

6.1 Introduction 244
6.2 Black Body Radiation 245
6.2.1 Wien’s Displacement Law 246
6.2.2 Stefan Boltzmann’s Law 246
6.2.3 Number of Modes in the Cavity 247
6.2.4 Rayleigh-Jeans Equation 249
6.2.5 Planks Law 250
6.3 Matter Waves 252
6.4 Wave Velocity 254
6.5 Group Velocity 255
6.6 Characteristic of Matter Waves 257
6.7 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle 258
6.7.1 Application of Heisenberg Uncertainty 259
Principle -why an electron cannot exist in the
nucleus
6.8 Wave Function 260
6.9 Solved problems 262
6.10 Unsolved Problems 262
6.11 Exercise 263
Appendix A 264
Appendix B 265
Appendix C 266
Appendix D 267

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