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!,, nrasvar.l(.! JJng rLrrIa n!s].,.kar :itl clan ,irasva,.k.t l.i nva
.anaJi!r d.ir!,. 1efcr.nsk3r tuju.n yanq jel:rs y.itu pcnrb3nstrn.n.
r1.r.lit.t k,,.,k1., sosi,rk,,lL,lr.l !irtre b,,rbtd. b.d. H.l inil.h l':jng
ri,.:ngaki'b.rla. (ir.b!lny. r,.rbc(j..,, lo scp iilai-n;l.i d:rn no,nra l'.ng.n.1.tr rk.n niL.i-nilii .lar no.'Ia riarnra sosi.l .lala., bab ini
..)si:!l lrn:l bc,l.kL, di rn.s,ng i,.sing l<clorrpLak. Di d:rl.nr slruktur h:flrl.Lit. inc,rindi penuni!o br!'i t.,i Pc,Ichtl u,rluli n.rjadi na
nusir !rne mcnil;ki ke,nanrr)uiD nreDala djrinvr di dalarr percaiuran
|':rn-{s:iy:intjnrr:r1!t:rirular.sIrluJrli.|r,'Dr'tr.d..nkons.ttenl.ngni^
Lai i,iii, daii no'nr. sosi.!l i.l.i.lr n,.Dj.di sL'suarL, y,,,9 bersifal al...i,
!riel. sehingea nr.nusia nreniliki pcr.dab!n y:,ng lirgei.
olcli :drltb itu pc' lL, .i'kcnrb.nSk.n sik.p ialina nr.mallrrri. mcnghar
s,,i. ,J.n p,rn!lr iL)lur:rrsi i trr r)rlg! fI rril.i-rilai drn norn.-n.,rrna
I u.i,.l :,.hig.i daj.' ur)lLtir .rj{rlIr,,krf }r,r.L[..].irr .ii d.lhd, slrulnu.
,,i:,\\,,,riii i)lLri!ljs. _l-i(l:rl!:r!i!,,rl:,i !lii,r irr)r,f,r yr,,! l)!:,ira,gr n,rlr,
.l:iL:rnr nrri 5.rirt k.l,r.poli nr.,,ril;Li lr!:rkr.,isrik nlLi .[n no,n1tr
\..di,i s.ndi,i. oleir s.L..b iru sil(p !.ng bij.l< ad.l!h sik.p ya|8,,rc.
:,',,1r:,,,ri (1.n m.fgh.,r r:rri rtlrri j, lr',t,.(l:i.r sosiokull!r.l
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.iinjr ,,,.i,,liil(i Lonririn.n rii:ri ,,ilti' .l:,F 1(i,nrr no,,nj s!]).9.i prr.h
;,i ,LiirL,l. ,,r.li.,Ji rtrr,.:i:., r,r,iuri:i yiL:,1.: i,,,,:,(liil, l\oiis.li r!rrrrrn!
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,ri il. r,.LLr i:,\.k i!,1i:,,!,, r'r1,r.r ii.hid!"j.,,,,ialiir llr,. , !.,r1rr trc,situl
 t.rr, i .:,;rra 1(rl'ail.r .,rbl<rLonrl)ok rrdirlu iJa bt lct:ti;a
(cr1a r':rn;1 iL,r:
i.nis seflrrI t,riq :,1enlr,,rt pa.x 2hir rerbalt kc cialmr 1(r sLrbkr:lonrpok
ii4asyarriikat lrng masing tr:r-rirrg bcrtugrs Ir.thkuklrn
("1' h \r i ' l 1
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r)

iLrngsi hicl4r y,zng bcrbcJz irc,1a. Atta rang baoya berrugis d,rlnin
iungsi repr,,<lulsi dcngen trr:tclur, rda yrng bcrftrrrgsi sebagar pencati
',.rr.ii+,ri rr:Lkan, rcta yang berlullgsi sebagai ruknql members**an sarang. ad:
\lr'i \, , ",j,,rl -t,. l.c 6.1r+ i7;a xq..ral.
i",.{if.|]o"Lurt 1in,t bcrfungsr clalam menpcrtahankan s:rangaya dan seLag:'.trla'
Selat, mekhluk seldar, serargga juga Lrryrk jtlrs ]rin.rdgyllng
Itclct=it ! r.!:tt.^ c{f .f.a, e.jirl 1..r rr a.at lebih unggi, seF€iti ikxo, b.rnrng, sengaia, baorcng, dan makhluk
fithidupan 1)rriretrornpok darr llcfi nisi Masyarakat r:lkhluk pimara,' hictup scbeg'ai kcsatuan kelornpoL. Dari rntorpelajan
keLompok !r.1omt.,kbinrtrnll:jePeruitu kitadapatrlcngabsrnksikan
I{chidupen EerLelr:mpok daLam AJam Einatang L(betrpx cri t',rnP daPat kita xnggeP cin lhxs kehidupen berkelompol-'
EL,lsn h.x,i r mrkhluk manusra sa;a, oelarnicM juga Lrai)raljenis laitu: (t) pernbagian kerja vn4- Let2P antarx bcrbagai ntacaLn
nr.hhrrih laiD y:rrg hidup L,ctsarl]a indir.idu indrvidu scjcnrsnya d:bn sLrbLesatuar aLau golo gan iodividu dal.'in kclornpok Lrntuk
sr:i:,urh liei.-uuol Dri iirnu ml,;obir,logi, rrri-.a!ora, [iLa rrengetahur
nrclahsenak:.n bcrbrgai mac:rm Fingsi hirtLrp; (2) ketcrgrnn'ngan
h;hl: ornr.:,1: ;crls prr-.rozor hirhif btr:m,r m:rlhluh sel rejenis dalam rndiidu heprdt jndividu lain dalem kclompoi< scbagai rkibat clari
. . l, , , r , pcnbagran !:erlt radij fl) keri,t sanlt xnralnrdivitlu vang disebabLan
\J-. n, r.. - ,r.,r,.1,
fi:ruprlun irclilclu scndri-senrtirl. Dalam kclompo! protozor
lrrcna sifat Lcrersefltonsrr tacLi; ia) konumkasi ?otrrinclividu I'aflg
rnisrbva tenis llr'd::rnnia itu, arta suatu pcmbagian kcrja r.ang flva12 rllperiukrn guna nclaksanaL.n lc:je sana tacii; (5) disknmiresl I ang
aitx,i subk.l()nrpok \cia sub!:clorpok veng terdirj ciari rarusan sel ,jiadehxn :r1lLar,l inrhtidu iodiviclc rv'.irga hebmpoh clarr i ir-id'.r
\,:rng trrntsinl. rrrcc.rti rnrkar bagi seluruh ketorr4roL, .rd: mdiriCu d:ur luarnya.5
suLir.l.irr:p.)L ii,jn ,::.1t iingsi., i nc,,:p|oLl,,ksi j.ni5 irng",r .1':r Iicigcr:x es^s aszs pergeula,r antau rnakhhk .1:Jan kehidupan
.rrrrireteh dirr rct:r subkelon4roh yang, fLrngsinrr n,e,rehn kcxdarn rlarnnh iu, Lcirerat,a ahli l,isrf:rr seprrr i I l,P!'iLc. Ircn!2h rj,rrrlxr:lkn't
l,rykuoger Ccruir: hcmarpuamya ncnbcdakan suhu lare tcrlarpar.r bahwa aitrs cg,iisorc aieu asas tcndrhiiluran kq;entingra.Lri senctiri
Ji etas kpenrhqan 'rarrg lail':". rrurleh pcrlu b:.gi ienis 1r:o:r tlrakflrtL
ti,4,;gr ar:,r r,r1.:,L1,ru , c,rcLh. unark nl:ndctcksi rtl:rnr,r bah.rn lang
.J:j-.:rt :!j:rali.r:. r,1::,r,r )i;rqLu,;1:t raLrg rc,coh u,ruh rr:pliu!sr rlel
rntul: rl:p,er l;.:rreh:n iiai:,rn aien ,valg 1'e;rrrr Iizrr;ia sil:.r1cilois ''eng
lan hn. daprt rrtlrrLuet scrcrlr: nakhluI r-,enjatii hLre: sr:]uagga ir r:oco). 'lir,
,l:rga,r :r):rr lrruk deirar lcrrah.'.n ,lan ii,Jt'p i::att.t) :rik;:p .,q('i!
irl;.,L. bclrio,' rl:r l.uo s,:crr:L l,,.rkr loopok :r I ).rbn
l;rn hilup rrrrrurpklrl-rr "iI. eiital ai tht: ii/4t".
!:rl,l rroli sc.r:,1:.re s,:rurrlrr Iurr clap,: L kiu arrli :rLn.. a pcuLrrirl
' L:l' ilr!|i,, i. 1. )a:t). i)/ '1n^ t\l tLr \.i \iir: trr.tr.. iltrll l!1.. hir. 5il l:lj
ilL,,d r.. ,r , r'!,,t,1:tr.r i.,i,lLi,,: n,il,i,1i nix\ rrxr :r1'rir. i.er.rt iri"ir !!:Pr's',
i,:i:,'l: flf.rl.. j )".1:.:a.,, i,1,,12 1.,,a,, /,,' Cr,,iljrtt!r!. (t,i'.ir,i,:. ir y.r.
t)rfl. Ittz ijjjr .rr, i.i, t:l r.,r,t !r:,ii\i,i r,n:,L .illt,I ll.il ,:,,i] ,,::.lrlrh1:tr,r, a.11:r l;.i!r i.rrrn:11' Jllrrr'
r,,,: ,r,i: h, ,11 i.,,k,.tr l!.,lari lc 'r01rf]llrt iJ!, ',.i1,rl.rr,r.,,_.r.,t,tLr'l.lrl.,, !:,tr.h,4,5rt:r'irirrn:nn'rar!. lrdr:lr!' ftrLrlJ rli'l
frL:!ii,i ij,rr ',ri,,.ir rrrr :L tl:,,,,: -,.ju,i.,lIr Ll i|,.-.rn,,, r,r.,,l1nlrr \\1 tt,\:/r/,,.
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L,r!r
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.eteksj alrnr ',1'rg kciil,,, iiirr rh1,:ri rrcJJrtr]]i Lihr'. .rsas ,rlrtuisnrt ,nr
reru|,ir. bc.aIli l,:ri',r rnrkhlL,), Lr,,irlLl!1, rr,,1r l,l|lrLl, l{,rkrl,,ll,!L
jdsrr! Lrlcnl rhrl,isnrc v|llrg lL,ar, l.n:rkr;rnLs r,;,]Jr1uk bcrirel.arpok
;tlraiDlrti lr€rlg.rnbarillrn srnr,r hriruclrl s.rlr;,g roi,rrg oerr orq
begrt kuar d.:irer brrtahlr hrrlrro rlalr;n rliln !,anr kcianr Jil::, p.,.j3
:c.rui :.1:r in.lj!1,Iu indir.idLr r.rnq ddr!2jL D.nr:n (lr.jil<,rsi nr{rur
1r:,,l zn, dan xr.li\'r!lr 1..1\ idu l!r. r,rrr (t€oi:r,: nrr,,,h ra:r ocngortrmrl
lrniai1^ kf dxrnro l trsnlr. rlri;L !i1tr strmur J,:r-.rr dcDq2:r s(1cnL$rl'l
b.rlf,insem as1 Dada akni.rms LcrLelur sal:L sclrnuq3 dnpir ineneir-stirr
sc,rui Leru r.ng cukup ban'.ah gLr r m.ni;rrn k.linssung"!r hi,:trii
).
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l)coqrn rlcrukirn, rrialie pcnr:crrhr,err rrrnge,,r: .rres es:: hrrJL,ir
L.: l(ltrn!i!)li ri,,,g :rLcn,,i.r,r r.l::h .irlr LLrr p.,t1ial prd" bcrb.flr
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lr:lnrg urrr Lrl. r'rcl:rpri tenri r rien rr: rqcr:r i i )rrrirrl,.ll lrr,ttt, rr r;r,l
maktrlL,h n,,,nrsir.
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.irrn!l1r.rr rrr:riL Lchicl{ru :ct.rrp,,ti L,i,,i r.rni: jri tr.j,t.jL,,rrn
hcl,rrp,,l, nlusia liirrcm ptrro:ri1,rr; tcrjr, ::l-r,r irrs kcrj:r -,rrr.r, ci:il
l.r,Lonrrljl,r::' J.rlrn hirirl:;.r,: 1r:trr:,roir I,jrrl,ri, trrr ::i:L,rrt,:, i
l! iiLi ri!rlrt).j12'i iLrxlri r.rr:rrf,ri,: rrIir r.l1tr rirfrr(:r|.t,)i.h,ri:rrr
tli,ilc:krrr.l,i.r,.l:il.ns,,,ltrrrl,ir.rr:rnr.:,':1 ,c;,;:, Lr1i:rnn iriingl:el
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rlierflLr .lrrlrn tirgkzl: I:luoyr untrrli rncncap:ri efe\rrviras rang
LiIriif i,l,l! :!,I nrolpcJrrhriIr', lrlclup rtrheLiap kekelrm:n alrr
11;::brh ditcrn:lran !d.tu rinekxh blLr 1.ang .fckLil .latalr
r;l renspl,hngi sLrrru luJup n-,ak: ongkah lakrr rru rcnn,
ri:ubnqn.,r sc'.r.rp kall'rns'rl:lh
nlsalah scrup; inrLul Krrni,.iian orafl8
.rens,llrLi,,Ui2,:ik:rr1 polx rirgksh lal:u baru udi kepad2
'i.ljvi.lu
inrLricir lrl,r .ltxn liclo:.p{rli dan remtl:lna l:cpadr LcnrrLvrannya
schi;r:jl]:r 1-.,,ir il1i mcniidi naitap clm rLrerjadi suatu ariaL i-aog
Llilaksanrlrr olrh sctragjad Lcsar uarga kelonpok ir,r Dc'Earr
dcrml-an. l,eayaL d:ri pole ringkah ialru manusia vang telah nenjadi
r.llt isiirJrr lru dijidjkn rlilih rlinnl..a dcngac belajrr
l{tl: Iu:n lrirrrarg betkelonpok (ztozal Ichniot) y..nSL:ettLat
.irLam nriLr,, p:c1: manuslr nrcnjr.li trngkah lakt r:rg dijadlkan
nilili drri ,:]i:ngrn b,:ht;r (harxed actior). l.ger ade suatu pi:mbedaan
i x'r:r lrj2Di :,'rifa kelakua' i,iflrtx'g dn. t1ngli2h laku rnanLlsra dalxm
[ci,rc]up,;n Lcrkclrrnpok. seLnk:r,r:r diadxkan p.nhc.la2n isiil2lr jLlge.
1{clrLkir;rn Lirrrenr cian kelaLuan ma.usi2 }'ang ploscsrt/a rcla}r
dircnc;ro:lL*r clelrrl georvr .lun nerLlpel n milrt dirior': ranpe belajrr
:.Dfrii r.Jl( ks. kcl:l:,,r;r rii,tj, rlar Lei:rlorar laeun,Jr; Lruir, reie])
kir:: sclrur Lclaknan ihla:,i,tr). SebaEkaya., fcnlaku tlendsrr ya')s
pro::tsnr.a ndrL tcrcncana ch)am gcnnre. terapi r-ang liarus djixdika.
rniiih iljrirr,j d!,nga. bclri,rr. liira scLut rindrLal .rre! L',rt(3h i2ku
{ )lc},k .lrr:r p,,ir ;,o1a tiadal:ar rlar tq;L,th ialiu m rrLisi.r ,rd?lah
1,r::,1 btl::,,..r ,nela I.-it:r tl:;r,r nrr,iah mtngcrir batn'r oolr p,:,ie
ri,i,i.! r:,l"pit L( r,i5,rh .lc.!a!, lcbih,:,:par dariprri: pcnrt,airar:
l',nruL :,oilsrsnr:r ripiirla l)r)l,i irelrIu:r, ,]an ir1,i,,l) ;-fl,,,nfoli
: r.,!i;iri,r l. l,:li .l:rii lr.r,rtrh s;rrl!,.!;:r','r !i.i11r lJ.rr,,5:r!..rj;rk rir!:in!:
i:.,,r,,:,,1 i,, hcr:,j-L ai rhn lLrn; i!rj, 1j.l2l d.,n,!:i:ri, irjloi.r.l€nq:
1,'l:rii!l::l:1::hrir'r;r::l:'liiskrhlrkrrhr.irrlLrir'!:r:.,:i:rl,.ldlpit
riLirrri I r.,ri irlc ..:i,:rrr li.ri'.iir,. .l.r':....ir s.karinl I Lr:r';;. :ig,.. .ir:.t:rrrr
rrr, .ll, ,: rr,i :r
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nnggri dalen rLrnah runah gcdmg delarn !r'nplcks perurl'thrn ;..,
jan'aran :rlau perusahran s\r!sre, .l:n ti:rp hrn hittr.rp i1i hartot, ,:;, -, ,.
:,;l;.,cr,J, ' ,j ,"""' 1'o''rrIn
pcrus.rlraarr, at:ru pebrik s(b,s!i dLrekrlrr jcn,lctrLl. manejcr, insinyL:t,
I": ;;;;-,; i I rr :'re \ 'er r:
atzu ehh rcknik l{aoya riu;r .igx g3'r{:rxsi r:rng lalu brnyak orang ", '.zuL
Esl nt-. .li d..crah Paniei LJrara Iianadr cler ,\lasha nrasib bok.-nah
dallr rca<12 tenda yang di'oLrat dari kult l,eruarg,!ang dilin.lrnSi ;" r'r'r r" r'reb '- r"r'.'
,,.,.i "r"i.l,,uo--u" menrrut
i;" b.rtingkrh lekr: adat istradar dan ga'la hidup
',1ch gunpalan'gunpaian ssljLr kr:;as cii sckclililg dar,:ll rtasnya I;;.
fth,r, .lan tiap Lurl bcrburu L,ir:ata,ig-binat:ng es. KeturLrnar langsr:ng onng,\meril<a
p:rra pcnburr rru kini sr:deh.rnggal d;!a:r, afartc,nerl dparlemen !{., n', 't
-;lul ' rhLr]'--'r
t,eng.liiroa'r,l::ri batu da,r scmcn, Jcrgao P.r1:t,rtu'.n sL,hr lang -' n' rrJ"'""'r'p"k
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l:oa'r,rrar' Dl clalan Lahasa
sekumpulan maaLrsia itu krta P2kei isobll
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B(,r.lx-iarlien i,rn.rp l);r,t,rcirgocrro ini ciapat Liikaraktl
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kLrr,:r1: r,res;'rrak:r sa,u: irrgrn koescr koninitasi Kedut rstihh tr
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ualo b:igr surttr kesrrur,r hidup nlrnrrsla. dan ktcnr itulrh bersifar
lcbth lc1s.ladpr.i;r isriirh konrunirrs. N{rsy:r:karadelah so:rL,a kesaru:en
hidrp rrilrorsj,r yang bcrsifat maniap dan tcr:ikat oleh seruen rdar-
isriadxt Cai msa idcnirs bersznra, terapi LoDuairas bersrlat thusr:
k2rcotr clri t:mbahar iketan lokasi dar kesedarzn ualxve| t)rdr fiihar
'l-xl,el 2 hJrrt 1i1)
2. .KB.ega.i,qo6ial
l,1.rst'aralr"r :iuaru kelrmp,rJr n:nL:sia .,'rj'rt s?rital urruil
scbrgi
sif:rtl1a. mengat,Jung 1rc::rtuan I*srruzn yarg silarnva leLih LJrusrs,
lernpj i)chrln trnnr ni:npunya; sy:;rt p,:rg;ket 1'ang srn.r drngrl surrl
FusJ,iiak,,i. Kesart2o soslal y:rng ticlak mempury,u sy'rraL pcrgJkar iru
scrupa clcngan "l<,ninrrrnrn" ztru ,rarl l.ang rc'l:rf lllLa pel:Ljar prrlr
sebelur:lr]'e, ri.t:l< rr:rnpunl'ei sifat sifet rlrst'.1nkrt Keseiurn sosral
iru a.laiah keteg.:ri sa si] (Jolia i .d rt !r0.) ).
K,, tlylt i s,,sirl rrhlah lcsatLuo nrnnusia',a,rg rtrsrrlud krrera
adarrre sr:arrr cirj :rtau suatu konrplcks ciri ciri obl.ktrf rll,rg datl
d;Le,r;lar kepaclr rnalusia rnelusja itu. Cjri .in ,)bicjitiirrd bi.'sant"a
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ohlr yz nt,, ltn.r rflLrtan. Licng:rn sr,atL' rnal'suci pr:ktrs rcnrnnr ir':lisalul
rl.rlan masl,rrkrt ru::tu,rc17re rlircnukrn rrclah:i huLL,on.;r b:i,r':,
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lrtcgori pclej,;r uirtrli ncrrcrj!;r2[al P.ldapaten !eg,!r2 .lllii SP]']
Li.', scbagainvi. ll.agrr t1e,: u"r.rlr, ridak h:r,va pcmcrintah su.tu neg:r':
ar.:u pencriararr ,,uatu kou saja yang dapat rnengaclakan l,erbrgd
macan pclgg(no'rgtl scp.! ti iiu rcrh:.dap 'mrga rnas-;ataka-r tetapi
seorarg pcr:clln uotl,k kcterluan enaiisisnya dapat iuga rnisahva
rreogadalien bcrbagt rnrc:n, pilggc'1r,oga:r rcrhaclap penduduk dari
lrixs!ar.ik.,t lnns ne'rjald obtek peneliuannva t.lap'r ctisadari<']eh nereka
yrng lxrsaogkutan
licluali lersairaai crn objekr:I tadi ya1]g dikeflakao kcPada
nercl<a L,leh pihrk Iuar. bia;arya ridak aila unsur iair yang mengilat
sur.u kategoi sosi.J. Clrmg iJr lrrg &ahm suziu kalegori sosial. nris:lnya
se:rue rnrk rlj b:'r ah I7 ul tun, biasany; ritlak ada su'atu orcnrasi sosi:l
r.ng mcngikaLncreka. N{ercka iuga tidak memilili potersi yang dapat
rnr:ngcmbanglon suatu irrcr;lsi di rotara n-'ere}ta sebagai kesehrrtfi an.''
lr,{c!,:lia inge ridak mempunt':j nleotitus ftnerupakar hal yang logis
l.rrcoa penggolongm ke.l.lmr srrrtu ka.egon sosialitu dilaluk:in oleh
pihzk luri t.in2dxp dr.ri rncrrla, dcrg.rn ciri ciri Friteria yang biasanya
tidak rr€rek sadari). Suxlr ht€!1.'ri sosirl h'sanya iuga ud"k teliLat
oLh kes:rnran adat, sisrcm niri, atau Dornu terterltu. Su2nr k^t€Jlori
sosial ridak mcmpurvar lokasi, tl.tak mcnrPunv-2l otganisasr, tidak
menrpunrri prnpinzn.
.i. Goktrtl1an Sosiai
l',crbcrir rle,,gar: kor',.f l..atcg.rr sosrni ,'er,]rai schr:1-nv:yr-, rria
brsclr hir:, .:lt qab':42 .r.!:.i.'l i<olrsct i11 CrLrrn buhr bukr nehjarr;:
rl,ru ,,nrrcpologr er,ru sr,:ioiogi !,eh:rsr asirg 1ar:r,g ciiprs;i,k:n dtt
Lo,:scp katcgori s,:;1ri ,:rrL iii r i, ra ,lrr:rIrtr [iarr;r', a :nenelg clstbr;t
rirn-ql, :aiu isrihlr lrrrg ,:r,,;, ,1rn rnclnlng scring
"'iru.'aarl,,:'ji1,t. ecia brrkn'r::rrita lit:'
iL,g.,,iix'+'.t:t,l:,cb1g2r s:rL, liolscp,;:rir N;:rrr,rrr,
ri.lrq:i.1:rli:rjr l.crni:'rher: r,rlLr: lic<lu ko'rrc1r irr denga;r,rua isnlah
Itrl'tri,, I iri n k,rn::.l l:rq:t'ri sosi:l'i;-r r.,bl1larr sosirl r:;lrpunyai
t., b..1.:r;r t:,,ri l.i,1s
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\\'r d.illr.tl. !i,21r t iirsxr ua. :rirtr5r? fenlr l:r1:2 s.irJr tjolcri!.,n
rupLrlr :, r:rtu 1,oLo:,gar s,rsirl r.:rra'r,1.rrg dalam suxr u ni?s'rrr:,kir,
":rnu
:i(,ri;rl ir', jllnl,unr.li|:rL:rriciecntrr.o:Lei IJaljrudnpar disebabkan Li:lLm ic.rtu terp.r.i,rng riahm na::y:-r:,Lat irjn "Clololgxn lreJ uda"
Lri.:rr ii!s,rd:xl. r.lirriiris j1u rurbrh scb:gal resp()lis iirxu rceiisi 1'rr1!: gol(Jrgrn rr,s:rl rar+j srng.rL tcrperilang .1al:n
'Ireropnk..
rrisrtlrllt lnrl,rn,::ir l,cIn t.rru r.JI)aD.i,L'i!: dalarn rl:Lsr.atalrar
ftrrii.td:ir, .,!n ),b,iii 1,t., !ni,nit;,!h:q 1l,,Lrigrr: :,o:,i,,t i.,.ii \Jun.ehrt
I'r:t.r L:r!rii1ltoi.rrrir!r il ir I]1cr!:xrt rcfli:1r oi.lr suar,: srsrcrl rrrlar, sisrc r
masr'.airkar di hr;r liLlLrrrs:a, SkrnrJioaria nrlsaLr.,a. Set;eg:l contoh
,,,,rrIr. drr a,],tr jsi:rrl,,r rcncnri! Ilil ln; (lap2r .lijetxjitx11 d',ngx,l Lrr tr. '':tolongan petr nf' trdg nerupeF,ftr surtu golon:Fn y. ng top:{r.l2J€

,r, ri:il:un rreg:ra-regrrr ,vlrItg ckruornryr beriasr:k:rc usaha agran: scpctri

I lIrlorcsia, sura seLeli u.J:rL Lerpand;ng cialam masluahet l:Lifl yang
ll; l:rr t abr l.( krres'r J,,rs.'l'rt',l id3 i^oi\st+ qL)r.rd" !t"t,C.
n,rsr
(loi,r {r,r:c,s,elrn, rer.:ri.i:.nnrln:,,:rr,rng,ri€hprh,illu,rdis.n,k,. L,ttlas:nk,rl ndusrri at2u pi:11lxgeng.rn. SelrrljLrva, d;rlan rnaslr:iat
l,t ri::rrl,r,, r:;rr srnr cjr,, iat,r ".rif:ti mlkir' . N1r'n,r{r, sclln c robie}:ii riugiln ne-!,ir. rerseb,rr rcrahhr, 'jl<,long:r usahawar" Ir1, \r'rg l:,asti
rcrs.ilrt.:t,rlo're1n vrsirl iix diilamb]fkin oleh Lrmull sel)1e! suaru rlerupakan orang tcrpanrlang. Golongan sosi:,J cian orang orang lrng
t, il.,ir! tr r:1,rilrsri l xirg 1r:nuh i.ti:riL;,rc; bc|r'n rrrh. ()it1r kc\.rajiL,1r rncnpucvei ciri lrenggabulsa-n suanr pr.rf.rsi tl:rieniu biase'lta jugir
Itc\';riii-.ii hidun r:r.ir m.mLriri.kIr sehngqr rn]siir saoeg,rp n-rcrupahan kcs:Itu?-Ir rna:rusir tlrng selat. rcriLat oleh persdli2a'r c1rr
,i,!ng:rodj JJj 1,rrl,,rrb1i i.rp?dr ffe!\lLrrti2q pcnuh semangr-t rian .,.r, t..j" r,r ., .,.rL ,.i ...,.. ,.
'. rt;:1,r::'s, rnerL:r:unr.;i (l:|'. nrcnr|.rbarui selix ki:exdrlr:ir yanq Lesrrr
ilai idc'rtitas s,rsiaMrsal't a: para rlolr,:,r tcrikat oleh riili,i .loktcr
,;,:hlrrggr senrua doktcr !al2,n s!i1D rnasItu2hr mcmpunlai pera:ran
. I l. .,., '
sedar ahar golongannvr dan ncmpi,ryl identtxs sosiaL Irxr! 11r:!Lr
i;r tr: rrh rnq r.irs:r mcncr r!kan clelarn se1:rrh
irctrer el:.r 1).ir:riu'a l
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li,i,k in,rl|J,,i, 1,,:Di rrrrh j:rirhu llcle.J rrul])l rehrn 1,145 hjrLrrr rr:Lslarakrr pasLl ,neiirrJL liltl lis^ id€.Etai g.rio,lgal) jLlge
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.i:rrrr ,';,fr: ,,,.r,'h,r rrirk I'r,1'::1, l.trbc,i. rl:,ri 2.1,,, ,s,i:rl,,t cirI '1...-*','s,'r,..i.ir..1r'.!!rirrrrrrri.nsqrisi<1cr:l';gi';:rngkhrrsusl';l:'
ni:,rrle ,'.!t,i.,t riqrtihr Scr:1.:r )ernnlr rrlIupur ;cprrLr i,lcolL,gr 1g2''x r.rir'rrlt, idcoLogi nasional, icleologi
rnL.-".s,c,"ai), t,,r'rpi biesadrr rlaiaa-r suaro 1.lrasyuah1l: rdrk ad:
dci ml:rrkir rer.p saj,1 rernpur)ii r1::r ill(,rdus s,'srri srLar;er
k;.trr, suetu
sueiu 1;,,1,:r;;:r'r khusus Lrrelr clalen nr';i:relier jrL, nrerclix iisic'n Jxri,rg.rn !rlLuk semuz pcnu'Ja yang hrnya trerd;isdhan ciri 'rri
d L.' ,.,f r.J', .rp dr: , nl
ncrencLrhkro ncrckr
Ilalam nrrsy:rekar masil ada sireru Lcsrtlen m:rr:iLsra 1'eng cl:pai Kel o ! i+a k.12 P ttLltmP u ia'
discbLrt golo:rgan sosial, i,:rir.r lapisan, ar:r: |elas sosial. D:rlam Suarrr kelornpok :rtau Emul jusa merupeker slradr masvarxlixl
ln1srraket kuro r rrsalnva acl:L LrPis:n lepisea sclxrd lepisa,r l,anparvaa. kxrenr nrenenulx ,iyar1tr sttuull1l'a. cicogan acian,va sislem intlraksi
lepi!,n {)r1n! bi,rsr, Izpisrn burtak clan seLiSrln,li.l.lan maslrrakei rnrara pare anggora, cicngan adanl'a adar istradtr sertr sistenr
norma
nrs: kini:L<lr iapiser petaor, lzprsan buruh- )rlrsen pi:ga.r'ai, lapisrn I'rns mriitgatu; intc!eksi ilu, dcngan adan).z l<oniinuitxs,
scrtx dengan
pcgx\.i?1 a,iggr. hpis"'r ceodckr".wa.., lapi:r. u:eh:r.r,rn rhr seLeglllr1'e .""^ ia."a.' y.ngncmpcrsan:ken scrrru'r aiijgota tadi Nmrrn'
I-xplsan xt?Lr gol.nrgln s.rlial scmacrm io.i tiedi lqre:ra manustr "a^iy.L.riga .,ui tadl suatu kesar.el nanusia yang disebut kelompok
seialn
flri,Lrsir ,rrnt drltehsLer kc, cl;:brnoyr !n,Jli,i'rrid sL.?nr g,:r1 bjdut dan sistem pimptn:n'
I'e:' Lr.c".p"ll,v!r r;i reribahafl, yuru orgaasasi
vanq khas Bcrdrsarkan ha1 irr: mcr.l.:tr drpi.d.lrq olch orrng 1:r'r d.n seialLit-rpaL sebag:r kesrrrrao rlari indii'idu individu pacla masa
sL'l.aqai Earusie r.ane mrndr:rlutJ surru irp;:,ea r.rr.jrru .l112m n."." y",''g berulang Ltrkumpul dar kemudian bubar legi
rnrsl ar:kat I.epis:ur 1ru rtapar clianggtp L,:5ih reggi et:ru lcbil, rtolah. "".oro
i{e.1,.,a ciri iJ*s terscbut scbenam,va juga rlirniliki oieh kesaLuar
r.,r.qanlllng dNrj sL,dtlt orang yang nrcrnancirng ra& lirren|ratgrrra .unusix yaog paling besar nesa kio, vaitu negala Namun, istilah
or.irpunvaj gr!N hidup lrhes vang smu, nLrkr s,.rrLru Llris;:n rt,ru kelas -l'idak pL:rnah otang biczrr
tli"i ,lil'enakan patla lcgara
,i " , -, I,D.d,nr^.:lm,- ".l""'p"r.
rcnt.rng "KclomP.rk lncionesir" epabila vang dimrksud adahh
negat:t
s.urrr dro rnr iDga suxru.as2 idr:ntires rlolonrrn rcp"rrilL r.,,i,,""srr Kora cllrr dts:r yarrr memfuIlfi1 organis2s;.
$/i!lx,-:1.,!n ir..!.f qolorLgxr sosjal driJ.t llirrLl;,,n ,1:,, ifu'Jscp
'l1r
sisLtn pimpLnan ndrk bi-.e riisel,'.ir [eloopot Kerela Lelon4rrn itir
krr.potl sosiri .r.lalu; riga sy:Lr2r Fc.!I!:ai irgr, t,trinr lrsr.n furJ1-.,:,. sL:lalu lcLih lrccil dad suao ncgxa
rrse jLitrrrlrrs r.sti1, drn konl1llui1.jl1]i ca:rrur: io:rscp g.l,rrgen,rc:irl 'it.iak per'r^h kia nrcrr,ir:ary-r or,rng Lit:rtr rerrtang "kdc"rJrok
1t: s:nr rle'r::.r: k.r1lsel) Iirt.roli s.rsirl, lr. r.hl-: r':.rnrcnLril s):r:t jrr:rk'rn.l' ,riru 'k.r(, P,jL ail-'odas" Hai ini cljschrbkrn tsrcrr.r clri
ul clis,'1;1,i ,:rrsr.r':,k:'r ilelin:di::tlr,,bl:!l.:;L,corrcir,,r,[L.r,,r:r
.,:rt l()itis' iilr truirea ctll kius drr ,r'-ir-rmpr:L JlilrLa:rg a'la L'ir'rr'f"l
|.:rqrli:r rrr:r:1rr"li.r irrrg ridair ii: r:rl.: iirlurIr':,, \rriLr tri.ri:riiri.r m lotprk ;,:rlg rr,:rryunilr iok?:i :ertdrrlr, sril'r ri 1li:s'rll rxrt
S'l)a! ir'rL''
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r { }crr lurr
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e,r,rl,sr:, ,rrlrr:,r:ii si!ir,,r3lris:,::iJr,r :isr,:r: r, ilt!f,a'r'rlx. lMn rrlrPair wrrga lctrrnpok vrng,iiprtrpin lebjt, bcr'isarharr hubungr:r asrs
rLi.rt,, p:,lL,rg:r,-iili tlrr martr, rg:,n,.,r:i iJorrlre,laiLuo,grrires, l)f if),,i',ga'r 'r S<:brLlrl'a. prlrprrral otrLurnpuler
Lriasml; lcbih
rr.,r1 rrlrL,llL..1rL .icn:l,c :cn1t:,rr. r,:r:lr icLel: tcr:Lcrrtul llttnr i,,,.r-,4".t"" tr:r'errrrg der hulur. sc.lrrigken hubrng;rr dengao
rL:iarr rhr:i:rh Llan ihrr!i lielrr1 Ln!. ti,'r,q !L1rl.li2i 1J,1.crnla ,jct!',r!l xrltgor, ln:lonltr)k !a1,g,f1pirnpnr Lrb! h ircrj:rndaslrr huburr3ro anL riirn
i.lrr isri..i2I Lllr slstor nor mr vraq ::elrk rlult r.1:1h tLDnliLrh .l..grJr
r;r1:rl, rll:crrlirjr l{r:rl!e, orgar,i,r:i r,rn11 .lil,c,,iLrk d.,nitm \t :t,jr S.bc:rar"]'r, pcLnitclarn anren 'jr: i:rihh "kcl'rnpok" den
;. hinggr er unr xrdr:rlr .ltr! sisi.ili rolr r '' :nr; nlrgrk ar aaggoranl;. "pct kumoul,m", ciak r iJn;Lr:rnuopologi dur sosloLogi sLrctah diaclakan
jugr drsllsur cl:ngar scr:gei;:. s"1.rl l,,"ir rr;nya saj;r, lrara ahll rnenchrnken pacla aspeli iain dari
Iirior'.p.,i l,ang l:crda::rim ,)rgr,,js:si r rr'd djs.bur pcrta,n2i perLcdlai jLlr C.Ll Ccoley, scpertr rcrscbur t:-di, relah crcmbe'ldrao
aspek ,".s hL'b'nga'r anrar
jrcdur macam istilah it'r schltllga r'ri'rd
, m.;rirye z;u'22 Terigar. Ll.rLan, L,rku brhu 1,cle1:Lrtr arruopologr dan
'f;nnics'
Irgigl: -irr-rjg.l,s.b.r1 at.rr llitt-t )n,:r ,.,,11].
.,,:,: :r]o,qr Cr,lrrr: i,uhrs:: ton:4- ltin.,'r !jo'!.\'.i1 di:a.j./ia, ^t^n vot:dart ltot1lt F'
,-'r,'r'' Si,.;r:,r c,rgari,-aslnr,, :e:rr:q rli:cbu'. r'.hnaai or2oril,ttrr.l'
: scoflrg ehli sosiologi dari eLad yerg l:in rclah membcdekarr dua
lrtJ. (;cnei'Yh4t
l.lclo:,rpok r:Lr; i,crr1:::a;klr i,;:g:t:xsiil r':1r!: ,jiicl:,rr h!dd:, s.tlrl -",,".," "-..y"."t". f,"rd2saI l<in e:as h brrne ^1\ t\trr- l clan antLopologi
PSI\i rrlr (1,:rtkrn SubuC, Jtirn l,u:.r },lr r,clrjarar art-o1,rl,,gi ,lzt r ,rell.":int.'8 E Duklv:irn. seoranl. abli sosiologi
rlxf sosl.rlogl daLam LalLasa lnggns st:urq ds.but .t$1Ltdinn. Sjstctr) l'ra.cis ya.g terherral, mcrnperhaLlkxi asi)ck s'ln]ir]1'rs huLruogan
anr:,ra in.lili,iu,leirrn kclonrpok dln <]al.rn pcrkL'rapular; dar
\pxl,rl:t lstrjah rsrrlah !rh:sr I.egnr {'/,;, n-lotna/ cry.artltttut r..rLe.laka'r alrtar:r.ioitt'nE /rerbaniq,i .antneljlwr helorlr'[, c]an
r" Kei:lrii itLr :torang
,^,,;1:"ir:t, \ltii i.n/t.rl or.Lrn,;arr,t ttr;1;:t: L':lcrranLr:r kt drlarL, Iaha.r r)iin.t.r!' rr?h? yang mti jilai pcrku$pulan
lr,Irrrcsrr s,:i:rl oronirr5, r)rik;j ,.rc ?iirhL:i iir rir islrtrh v:rll,:1t1tl) 2 xb! s.):ij.,logi .rrr*:rik;:. l) -soroljlr, t,l" schiLr rrre'r1:'cCrl'an antara
trrcnj:.ii tid:,li j.li5. sctrrr: aro':rti. tn,tt: .;t: 'tt/1, i.t !.,,.tut. A^r .4d,:ri'i h!jrL,ng,n /;/rtlrr. lLekt iuar;gtn) l arrg rr:ndasarr pr:rgrul::rn ntr'usia
Iit/. r.!.rli. KJrc'ra 1!,,- L,rt,ri, r:rer3hi:rirri r::1;;1, ;-rhr:u digrr::L:::
frjl::1, ,:rihi: hii rl::l:,r lehrs: indo::es. l,rLig empLrrrei erd L rlr
jfLi,j L,!,,!i, t!dstn
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Tat)ct 1
Pe.ir.laan artar. Ketotupok dan perttmputar

It rl.-\\i\.n l;lxiltta tiubbei. r,td,r/

I)i:,ii o r!,'r ris asi i:drr !asa.crJi'riin bu.ra.
Pi.rphr. bc.dasark.n ktwibN,a.. PLrptrr,n bcidlsarkai s c{'e'1ne

I iuLunnlr bcmsns],"an pe.ordrgrn It"buoa,, d:r bc'eses gu"r

^ooun

.\Ishmrz, rvaleq)un ntrt'ilih

-kcmrDar sr':J2. peogiLat "keto.q,rti,, ln'p,r.lxrtunpule,r"pnsrta,,a
dasar c1a; suen, rnaslr,,Lag yur.,
iirluk intenksr, koounuiras, sisten norma, dan idenorxs sosial, i13n1un
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't- cli antar:
l)crf,Lrlllh n-a.!fi pcrkrrDrtrr t|rr nn11 ,rr;,r;,lJn :r.lx dalam sirxru
rir!5!a.?linr rxng kornpl.lis

6. Itihtisar ntcngc':tai 3er2!..,lral \111/utt fi<.saatan Manusia

lg:t: Dr.nj..ii l.:Ljir jet::-:, ,rr:tv :rcrlrga:l rvuiurl kesanran marLrsia
Itrurxr ndj bes.-r1a isiiir l; rsriiehrl a 1 a1]g lin,.rge sctrrang n:srL rctap
Ineruprkan suatu maselah lane bet,,m rranrap cli antata para ahir
anrrofrkrgr m:uour1 s.s1.iloj].1r' .liiirrrLntiao d.ltlrr]r Tabel 2. Clteh
lr.t(fl2 rLLr, ptriu dipe'h.l'jt 2i balNa d:Jirjn s!srclrl isolLh;ang digunakan
,. ral ,.
',.1 b Jd r..
'' r'
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- ' I D'r " hdLl
., r.n ."., r'"1
I n,r.i. ,-.
,1,1apuc tig: lvujud k€satu.n llrxn,jsja (l.artu ..keruntrnar,,.
"L:regol so;ial", den ..g,rt.)11!:311 rosiil-t !.jxk <1ep:rt disebur - : 'iJ&
adr
''nrrsri:raiirr". Hrt trL: L;,r:r,r j.ft,gr.,,, a.i.,t r: un1!:i .:b:!i1. :li, r.nrl scbxq:ai niLl' nh
rrtm.:ruhj krrjm,fs,r x , Lr :.t,1,, 5:.rit oirnrl
' 'lr -' :' -r': 0 t n. n{iv?r

:. rt t(rak.i .{nnifl Cidd rr .ht.;;!1 tres,i.xka t Konrep intereks! irl pc'ilire kat.1r2 ii:rP lrresYatai<at mcn:pakarr
suri ics?tuan ,lari ir,rljlirlu 1'erp. s:rru Je;rgllr' iai;r bereC:r caizn
Prnrl,rhlls,ro ::r.i,,1,,,r,,r.r retrir i,rl,rL,r7r r;ii iliprirr tro'1:..,-, Ilrlruigarr l,r{|rc::l'r,i yrrrg L.:rpoL fi;nr:r'i, Jrrr.l:ksi ;{!r ti-rjirji bjla
"irrr,,r:rlsi"',ergclilrt,rt,:,.,1 !rtr:.it tr.,rr LL:,:r.ri,.tr:r,,eul,.i.ii,Lr.i:1, r:.:, a'rg r,r,tiri,:1u Llrlam nlisr:!:'l$r beihr;i ri,:i:.!l'.ran rup:r s,:htrggr
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suatr LLcxtin, sL:aiu pr:rlarnbrng aiau tain), mcngctul:kan rnakn.r vrng masiflg &barLu olch om !ang terti:ri rlri par'r suporter, asisten, pelatrh,
c1]renql,,r1,. oich pih,rL hciL,:,. llnangkrpn r:llt1or iru lne.Jrdi pa,,sk;i doktr:r <}q l:;n larn, dengrr rlll:tluud oteh benl-.u lrbu penomon
t. . r , t....r," lzng br:rsonk sorx[ rinitu. Dahr lcristiu,a perrma rerdapat nlurid
scpeni \'e.g reitarit nrdnrh:nri
scor:-ng pcrlbaca d.!rk berh?sit ..nrrid sekolah .;ang mcr',rprkan n,isrrrak,r sckolah berm:Lin rrnju
n,lisrr scrr:ng pcrulls "t)rbiL
sehiesga krnr;L:rte, tcr:;,i toiluniLasr enrue :ecatz nd"k res'nj, se.t..tngka d,l,m pc;stir,,a Itedua ada juara dunia
penriis dan perrbaca ridal ada. Scnac juer tenjacn bahrva makna dan 12ngdalam masvaJ2lxrkrum olah ragawar Lermair trnju secara resrni,
cihak pcrtame bobccl, dror::rn iratn,i I,x,r! diungk:p olch pihak irr:clur nlciru.L,t Iiiilo,,12 p.rr:nLlingar: d;riu keiLL:taan dunin.
Dci$n denrili:tfl irdili teqa.li suaru ko,nuniti?st clan rcspons scocrtr (iontoh L:ir arLalah: Ilal:!r h:mpir senr[a masvarakat kita dapat
,'rng clharapkrn nih:l: pi::ramr. D:lln L:,:r:r,rL pros.i inrernk:i di Lro\;tt rlenlFrlaE ,Lklri'rr]]s ma;1usi:r ben.rre'*si dalan hat rnernben petajara1l.
rr1rsr''rr:lrnr rii r r-rr. t!l:ir mcrrrgir;:p scrupe irr saolat scrjng rt;jadi I{ehal mcngajar arjilnya stuLu ptrruinan; ibu m€ngaj:ri an"t<nya ad?t
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tinp nrrstaflir:tr v:mq hidup alat rL,,nah rangga, seorzog pcreri lneagxj:J seor:1ng burul t::oi cara
iI . ."' ._p,r.r L,-". .
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rrrrgt:r:Li sesL.:rtu hd Lr:prd.:- onng ir:'t, rerrpl bclurn tcntu kita semira
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mcr,gr.nr ii IrI ricl,"litinra. j:rtinr),JJ,u anuopi)krgl ko1\.p .Ilaii12,.
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k.osef ' rui'ir l<cbu,lrr.::,n" n.hrk .rcxrga.,thsis ikrj!-ir"s xkn!iias l,rr(nur r\g1r,e Ist..l
menusrr ri:rl:rm rr:s1.:,rri<:,1 ren.q n,:rc!.e p{:t2jarr,' scpxaja.rp, ItrJnt)trga Lk.x,omi da. l'.
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I t'| ", f,cocrirlr K,rerpas, \'rr.s".
2. |j*nata dan Leabaga ll epalt.rnc,1 I I anqdl
Drlmr lr:.hasa scL.,i hrri isr12h ,'rilrtt' sel]lflp Llikrcaujran llivlsr Sili!i.g1
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tcrjadi Isrhh lnrionesia uflruk i.sLirure ?dalah ,lembaga" uakl scsuai
deflgac iu rieirn L:hasr s..rrar t:rb,n,}n bahasa populer di Illr:lonesia
sering kru baca isdlah "chlorbegrkan . l,adrhat, anrara ..pranar', den nc'lj.rcir b,:s:r dal konirieks scr:L::rt ntsl:rtakar bcrl'-ernbacg, naktr
''lcnitra5ra'" h:u.lls d1adak,,) trcrtan:beh pule;Lrmlah praneta r:ng rinbui di clalemnva l'ara ahli
t.rnbed"afl secer? r.i,rln pranare adalah sosiolr,gr tcLah ncLhrLi'xl b.r'b?gai ntllt:nm pcnggoloogan atas iurdah
srsrcm r(,rrn,r ..?Lr atu:r,r-aLLl.,io vaog mene€nai su"rlr ekti!1ras
m lr " U.. pranrLa itu. Penggoiongrn bt:tdas:uka:r eies furgsi dan prarata
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pmn:rte untr:l mcmcnuhi l:epeduan kepetluan llctrrp nianusia sebagzr
.varga :nasyarakat. mtmberiken he1>ad: kite sekadar pcogertrao
nengcnd jLrlrrhh den berbag--u mecao prar;rta yang ecla <lalam suatu
n: sl aral rt i'rng bcser Li'.tr kon,pleks \acntulrr fata snrjana. se'nra
1'r a,rrtr cieper
,lilcehskar Lt d:Jat pr[ng sl.iii:ir ,1c1:pen goi,-'ngan,':

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xn2i: pcodidikan nlt!xr, pendi.iika'r rnmcngrh, p.ndidikan rj,rgJi. srlcnrilja. lJ,n\il, N.i)i'], schnrgg2 jci uaol:r lri rd,llr hxnva {12pat
r. o, .r.d \"r lc.r.. 1
, rligolongkan ke .Llan s;n, golong:o, reL2pi tug:r kc ctrlmr lcbih clari
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r) Irr?'tare pmnrr: rmg berFungsi mcrn€ uhi keperiuzn itm..rtr trn:h ri:n pcnggrep trnxh, r2ng pail haliheaye mcngakibatl<an
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den sebagainva J:n pihak ratr yar sebag;i dasar suilu ncgara dapet clianggap suatu
.5) Pr:rraa pr:lae rmg Lcr{angsr rftrrnenuhi leperluari nurusL ctetam
menghalati ras: kerndahannya dan untuk tekJe.isi adatah ,ff:/.d Scl:in rru dalelrr l-anr masratrkar banvek pula ptalar-e yang tid:-t
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,,,,,.t j::J<.1 t,:rLliri ,hr suen, L.,rptL:k; If,Li.iL,, ti,,l]rjr:jrk:r r,.r1.!,
ditt,'.rr nrcmb;)-:rngh.n i,abr r srru,rzrg, ircti"lli, i)!:tr,xcndlrdul.i
:,rc.ircl)abkr. Lrr\r,ju,:lnya potr pot,r isiriC,t,xrr,rr,rrr|rrt.rr. n.lti,r;r
scmllr st?txs itli, den dalan kchidupar sch:ti haii mctuenrNksn s.mu,
rmrLr:J.r yrrg nehh,lnn nnCal,,a rarcrrtrsi jrLr t,1,,52,1x ,r,.fsan:Jl:,p
didrla br:raLlr Jj:t?m sc,,ru Lerlu,jutrn ..,.,,,r ,"..,.,,,,, F..2d!D inr ,lenga! ir.raljh riaP sa3t clari szhr ke.{udul.r k€ dal:rn
'!l ,;,! j;"; kcdi'duk2n txng l Lrn. Bxhtai pada suerli sa^t i2 mli.iik;r ir.i2.12 dzlam
sLretu keerlaaD di rrra|:r ra bcnntlak <}lan ogi ontnr krdu<luLao
ri.ji llenlFir dcriki:n, konseo kedLrrlL:krn r;;.r;,:.re mc j1.1i L!rs!! k"r,..r . u, l."r ,, , r ,.. . ,. r.;. ., r-.: ., -,. t" : ,
pentag <telm srnrp usahr Utr unru[ qeng:retisrs nrasr;rat<;r padr berhubungan dengar inr sekirlgrs,.hl2m satx vaktt terte'rtu llldrvidu
k,:,l*jukan iruLh prra ..v::rea masv.urlar bc.Endxli mcrluul lroir\x r:r.Li pad'.r saer brrrintlak clcigen L'erperza sosial a,'ali rerba.lap anaknr;,
. .1t,,..,. o I ptla saat laln seb.rgar suar tr,rhadap istrinva, pad,t heesokrn harinya
I tr" I.
..r'l .. t" ih..d.. D- LI .L, ia Lneogunjur rgi .rl ah,ry.r cLer bcryeral.rn setrrgai an:h Lrkr lakt dalzm
t.erg nentr,r,skan surr! kedudulan rrrrenlu.liscbut kc'cluduktnnlr jrt:, cirn dcrnlim selarjunrya. Nrrnut prcla suaru hari
dengan su:r LLr isnt-ah
ir-n,rht l?1:u "perrrran sosiat,' (.tocht nle a,at nI :;.t1n) mLrngkin scka[ ir cl,rcluk r]i run,rh bersama istrinlA, xnxk laki laki,lya,
t,.., . r. .11u, i isl, rrrh laki Lalinl r. cucarr.r, .ian ktl,etLilan scorlng kert:hn bekas
''..,,:.:. rl - r'. ,; .
rcner ;ckolah;rla i1aLm13 rretkun jung. Padr s.3r s.Fi'rti iru ix hrtrrs
mtmankan lina peranar sosirl, yaitu scl'agrj suard, avah, elah nrenru,
I d , .:. ..:. I.o- kakek, dan juga sebagei seorang kkes ternan sc\olah.
,.., ..:1.,-1" ,.,. ,. ."L-.t,.,, ,,". Unnrk Liap indiwidu d:1zn rusyaraker ada dua macam kcdudulrur,
| .] . ' r '". r..- ..<r,... ..,r varu kcdudukan lrng tleper: dipcrcieh derlgen senclirinva, dan
I, .
heduduhao l aag hrnla ,lapat <liperoleh dcngen usaha. (;olongrn ymg
ptrterrra discbur kei1, r.llhrn rcrg:nshan la-tnlu rl: rrrr Ll. Jan i arg ki:dur
l r,.I..-. h,, r .o ,,..,, ..t.u ,lscbur l ciluciL rlrar Jits^l\akzi lAJ t't i ! t t t'I.t)
I .,
I .d .ed r..r..\ ,J .. .,, Tcrurarn. b. lrslrkttn rtzs jcois te)anin dr ar31,rt rtnurva,
: , .: r. I : rirp inclrvidir .leiur rap rnrsy:uel,rL b,rrus mi:n.1u.i'rl.r Lcrbagai
irr.lLrJL,Lan t.tgrLrsir:14 Vi;3nitr drJlm i.nur tlrsr,rrrLh,,i tttntpurtl,ri
rlu.r :rrru lcSrf -- -'*
poarrrr sosrei 1,^a" ,",r, .,,,,t ,"r.,,",' bcrir;'gaL kctrjiLan rctcnru ;:n11 seoiah olah su.lah rlrgrrislcan rurtui<
t,1 lrlrl) i,;ri n,rlru surr i.,:, r,,rrclr r,lr:i, ,,rjer mxj,l xt!k:rt tnar1,r. 11;:,i ricr;,,, scnrlirinr;
. rllrtr rncr:i,,.rtr i; rl ir,r. l,erq liii; rr rLiJ ^r.tsing,
':. ,::,,r r h,r hrrLrs l rl:,1;:r .lu mc,,r'r,r'oL;1, 1,, i u,rtuli ; r r,:,,cr'1,',tr kiitirluhrr
'
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l,:1i t:,\j rr|tr
Ili.rpii si:l:rLi:r 'urirr L orrcs'. Litngan l,cl',:r:p:, rcrgcrurhrn-
ro:.rri:ik.rl sel,agri iiru rurr.,i, L:,rrg:: I)i n,r.rrr:rl'rL Ieir; rvantta
Lrr_:,,riskrn i-ccjLtiui,r" rc.iL , rilr, r ,".,'16 lrtrr,gh n ia;Lr rrl'aij I)at;r;r
,r, ,:; rnrLu :;rrl,i, i,rr1:;r lr,Lrr Jr rrur,rr ch.l2t;11, SLi!!1,,r11.-ir i,xrrrcrr..
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r , l,,,t.l- |!r
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l,ir:r
lj:l itr Lc.l,r.jr .j!nirirr rl Lr.l,rjn,sr, .-ir rr:!ni !.,:jr)jf:L ,j,-jam potirL ,i,.,, '"*'r,,,i,.,t in:.st,', ',','.;'"r;'1"1 pcdcsrnn ''rru nu rra!2ktri
.....1 :r:!itiili.:a. '.r!'lis1,rr,il. al,rn fl's,v?!1Lr:t:1"'len drr
".iirotr.u.
Ji kLrra l;ot: Lcs.lr di duma, l)aias xnr{2 keductLrkan rcg2risJ.ao bagl r4".p.," rert gll raitg cl:rPrli n]€nsg?rrJi)arLur l:drar-
''i'l'J'\'.P1ln,'|'''!rlr''t'rr''dil'' f,;l- ,.;,"" tttutai ,lal:m conlol tcrsebut di atas' dahor ilmu
"t,"g",,'r'.,
r'znitrlah mull]i rDcnernFati trcdu.iDk"r k(<jLrduia, 1'1,rg mltta
1'a1le in rut .l , L. . u JK . ..,l . . r- 11. \. r'r1' r

mul2 h.nya kl)o.ius digarishan orruk kaur: pn: l<ceueti terctasarklul l- f I " 5 e rd'l
,rns oerbcdaer jcnrs Jielafrxr dan unrur, d1 b:n,vak rnasveralrar <Jr c|ura dalsni rl,nr erttropologi, t'airu A li Radclilfe Rrtlvr' Satiaoa
'okoh
keciL:dul<an dan nrrlivjclu thtcnrukrn oJeh lap,san nrrs,varakar araLi k(.las ,ntropol.rgi Inqgnr ifl hidup di rntan 1881 dan 195-5' vxng a'irra 1"rd
s,rsi.l r.npai r,-elcl;r dil:rhirkan. Di traoyak renlrrnr dj tfl.lia (c,ut?ma ., ., ,.. .r, r ,- li
rU dri:r.rh prlc'saar, cli mena sisLcm k:ste rnasitr t:uar, kcdudutran J. .. L, I lL,t.,t, .'.t.,F rr" ..,., ,, D.i r,
incl:vidu cligrriskar oleh k:rsr:: tcmpat n drlahirLrn rl, r. . , .t : t "ji - ti t' ' l'
f,rf.,".-t....-,n"...'oan nrcngenai lonscp rndl rhie tttt' rxlogtnp^
E. Integrasi Masyarakat n,D:rnra mcmane baru kentdian drhembangkann,vr llatu daiam tahun
l!li!r kr,n:qr inr Lliuralan clchn.i2 .lalaar suatu Didit'1 resoi vang
StruidL,r .tosiat I , \', .': .,' tei '- ':r,' L, , r ,' r'r licru"
DJ?!tl h,l nrengan:rhsrs nrzsliuakt. s€orxJrg Dc,leIri nri:merjf cr
Lernt,rgr ltr;,i 4;tunPl'gul lnii,,e aJ C'aat linl'it aill lcbil'l\1
L, L.. .. t..r , ,,..t,,..
,..... -,. i.! . f? O.."' fiU*lr"1l De'rg{rnil strlrlinu sosial iru sE'ara srngkat rdalah
kriudL,L:n sosial, da,r prraoan sosial. \\/rihupun ienikian. ruiuxn \i scpertl lang rcrurer di bru'ah iri:
r.r' I rL nr'/','n... I-U .r ,r,,.. r.-r, i 1 ilergkrl cl;r p ,sat dui scg:la prae]idan rrraslalaiixt dr nrlka bulrr
'''''I rF , r' , ,, ' I , ., ', ,,._.., ,, ., ..-,(;. , .,. i"i, serL'pa dcnga,r pecelitieo Pen€ljiian iLrtLr I';r x iru -vang
p, a..r1,,'terhrdrp susunan hubLng:rn rnr-au nolelul
,
.lt. :.:.,. ..,.,.,",,. .. r ,.,,,..,p1 "'".-.,r"tl,",
t,!rrgeru:r.j rnengerri baeaLLrana clelar;r s!rLLr mxsr,3rxtxt r!,rrenrli nrolehul ;:ng mcn"'rhrbl<rn a.ta:ryr berbag;i r:ar fltnllran puLa
...h ,'-u.,r,. , . .1 .,,, L..',... ilrn,r artLtopol.'gi pach Liesrrn';r harus melli:l:rj'rr susur'ttt
.,,"..r1 i,ul,',",g.1,, .,',r,u: r,rrlilidu irclridu -vrng mcrlebrbk;Ln adlnr:t
;1. lie\.-,tliir.,n-r'r,rr.ree..r;i'rfensirJr.:i,.1 n[rrLrr]:|jrrr:t.LrrrsrLl:irj ocr b,rgrr sr:,,:,r mr!rirrdk:n i'u:ulrLrsu'L'u; l:':rLagr'i nrcror
,,,^,. .. (,. :L's,"r'rn i, ,r',ir,rr ilrirrclr .l:i:ul :r r'r:r lr'-'h:'r :tLr1;rL ir'r rr
,-" .,. ., "i,,',,q,',,
t, rr!rrt, .11:,1\t iirLriiirrl s.rsrrl
,;.,r..... '.
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ri.rsirrri,r:r x1:iLr l rlt,rrr (irj:l s\rxrLr rjLrsr,r:.:tlir1 tui.jrt!. Ir,:]|t\ki.
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' iirlr,rr,i rrr !rfurri.si lrrri,r'irrLlLr tl![,].'i,1,,.\:urhrr a.i:!l:rh h:rl
u;o{ i,,,:rkct r,:.,9.11!t,ir dDirsour Lirr ri'rp:t clrcaur Su:rlrrt
..s,.rl :(.il:.h ol::1, Lt:::dr.li l,.l:ilirnr hrl:,rii|r!r h,rlrkrer llu. ]l:tl
,.i n.'rj.d; tcr::r:g l,ile ki::, pcrh,ir::k::n brru: sfuktur rru hiciup
1..r:-r,,s. scdanllhx', 1,,.liriJLL indj\.iJ'r r.,r,J, i)crec:ah iT?ra {jj
(Ll:,r,'i!ad,ir3r siliL begrrri {io,r,,rhr1'e: I).hi, suxrLr usyaralul
,I.:r: ri:rtibrtsec,rr.r l;onkrct hLbrng:ur a:rr:rra clur orrng rnd!rctu.
r',,i1,, \
rx'19 btrsiklp |ornlaL rcrirr.Lp 1l (rcor:'g rvarga drfl
j:elbrt istr i) ro:nr,-:te hrl iru scl-.:grr lrnliin clari sLrui(ursosjaL r.,,a
brhrrr Lleitr rne-cl212k,t rerscLur hciornpok kcrrL,rr rang
in.,trr!.,,r Br.h:i dd kr:rab:r lerr urrul rl1.:Jike:r j.Lti LAgl p a
Dcttrudr r'a, seirigai pcnrr,nra hiuus bcfllli2f ,.cnghornra' kepadx
, : 1." .L.i ru ".l,lr L, .,,."
n, :i,;'D t,i:, !a,:gs rrg rerus F:]arpLL,, ,\ dn B i:,dr llrr garrr dengao
al dr,r li.l.nrp,rli fc:rcrime, rl:n I ) rirr kclo:rpoI r_.rnrl,rr, rt:rLr
{i.,rqi,r \ k:l!!rpol pen.ri'r,, d1r!] lr .lzri kelofipotr pr;,Lcri.
'llri
l'tr sclaiu akan rrclL.rL hahs r rl;:lIr l,ubu,g:rn :,rr:rtinJivi.lu
rrn!: l::ol]krel. al brrsikaP ll€ gir(!,nar rrba.i:1p D, dan bcgrl
tL,:ra \ rcLhe(lal. Y Dcmillrar ruca rprLil:r i ts. {1. D t dxn Y
sLrcieL meongg:i, tctep rcta indmLiu rn,:liridu larr 1:ure terap rLeo
rrrlr:ik',rr plrrir rnasr ir:L1i!r r;,rli i.rr SrrLrktrit ..(,j;al trerlxlrc
i;r:r iarg.u'rg r,'r'r .)e,r{11.r,ri til:,:.it lr u
I Il.,:c:rjr sttl!tu sosrl rnr .e.n,,g pt:rclin Jrcnrrli.rr ihprr
:icrrr'.lrn llrer brl:rlnlo :clirruI Lcln.lLjrlo sl:rr:Lr lusl.xr:rlet.
l,::,t: hL,!r,rq:r lcl.:cnir3r.n, Ir.r.l,, ),rl ),r,ir.. icll,-, :jl,uIurr rtirrlrr.-l
i,ci,rrrr.rrrrr: lrr':r 1-.rrn,..r:r l::irrr :
:r .iii.rji jil rrir,ri!i,:ri sr;L;l:tL| ::,,,..i rl !u:ir! i;:!5,:rr:,iirr d;L.,rrirrkrii
I
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nr.L,rLj:rj.r i,:rr::r
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s,i:.,,u
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lr ,r r. l'!rr! Cxr !t.rr .rr.:rt:rr:l:.r! I : L,r'ri': :t.jit: t:r.:,r
i_i.11 :i,rrt:n.:
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I !,,,.,rrriifi-J.L.i(rr,',liT':rllrlr: i.:u,.1:,:r1r:r :r:
l :,f,,:.,: jr'.f. ),r1.-i1 !i,:.ir ii: rtr,, ., rrril;ri.:i,i t r;..,,: rr : !n:,lirrr
ir s :r1 .,:,r:,:r !i,,..ri jri!li.lr.r rir.Jrixlr,rr l, r: l,tii:tfr. (l n,i:;inil
"r i':r11r,r.r.:;r.r i '1.!j,, j'xrrl:r'rlf r\t'tr\ilr
,,,IrL,ir ,,i.::r:; l;ri,,rLrsr.r il.r n,:11 li-sr':i:ri-,,r, :l()r1 Irenrl)iirrs:r'L
,1trn l(!r:.p i:i1,srxrirl.u1 s.l)4,,J kcs,r.tan r':r11 i,rri,:ogr r,,:r,rrr4,
su:,tu so:J I:1og t.lrh len, nn,,r_\'rrke:L;n pan eh)i ilrnLL
'r:cnprkrl
sr:slloqr schir rrLr eprk.h baris rizn su:rtu iusiarxkal' \ang
lurhp srram bang:a, soari, brpan dari Langsr ru, seru dese, rrau
,:pr, lb..1cLffe Br.qn s:1,!likrLlr berhata Lrhrv: lr,nsep :t,rknr
so\r1l t2di d2JIr dipa1,.! untuL !1enentu'lj2ri batas clar suaru
,l1s-i,rrxli.r yi.g bol'u.gsi l)cngan clcni!;,:n kcsulit2n drp?t
dihi,rclar, Jrn ndrh perlu leg dipersoahan arre bxtas bxr.s dllrt
suatu n,;rs.r'r,L2r .;/ng drtrl,jrlyx rLr. Barrs k-rrurglr sni,krrLr
lsrrl y;rg .Lrpar ,nndulisdt:r dari lrcnl'atxan iLlJ:rh rar:u mcrLrpakan
jugr t,aras d.ltt mxsyaJakrt tang dipelajar;.
2. ltnaLsjs Sttuklur Sosiai
\\':leupur Redi:Lfic Bro'ur telah mengumikr;, i.onsep raaa;rrzr
,.r:r irl i:r bL )l.ur pcrnr!r rnrLrr:i peturjuL nurpcn-u nrrorlologi 1:nq
,i1l:,ilrxLi,r scor.ng pcnclln ncolpbsraksikm susu.a^ s,):j,il .lri
krnr',rtx.ro ii'l,id,rPr1r nrrs),-rrlkai. Katena ihr rbii :irii ;rntropologi Iarn
rcltrh rnclr..rLu b.rbagai nctoclc '.rrnlr mcrgabsir:l:sikr. rt'Lrhur s.sjal,
L'p:-s drri il:,clcliflr Bro.*r \1':rocle metocle la rg pa ling rm, rm rrl:Jah
nrr!cer! Lcr,r'rgka itrr d;ri ki:liidupan tekcr;b:r:rr'. ll:J'tr :nuru
rn:'\ririxlrl iiec,l thn 1,rlral, irli,jupar kckcrrLrr,;r ncnrpri:n rratLr
slrriin \ ilg s€fllle k^L lr{rrsillt;unat ketrt- r.:.rg iDer]l,tlr,. rrcnlPrlrri,xrulx
s!r1r.r l.pa'r:t:,:r li.hr.Jupxtr r.anq san!+,r l',as, s.:irjrgg:r ,rrl'rnrlirLt b:ny:k
ll.r,', 1:, i,r,{ ,;-.,rr.r:::',':r:ri.::,t j,i,:r,ilin risnlr r''}crrl-.:rr,rr 11:rl,:r,:urir
nr::r".rlirr srrl,P:r ilLr.lap,11 nemberi pe'rge, r:,,rJ) 'nc'rgcnri i)'r,rv2l
ii, lr.1|()li (l r:r i,r!r.L::t ro:iii:l 1111r lltrii-ill'...! tL,,rr ..-/:iit:rir:rjjsr:i r)!r.:jp
i,r;,i!,,i1 j{ i,i i, ll I .ir:,r,!i ,tri;,,i !',:r,r 1n? s,:,,r,,rr:ir ltr.(:,i :,xiii, .1.,r!,,,i
:Lr' f,,:rj:,j'.r. Lt:r::rr:Lr ri:r::. ri;Lrt :.i:lL,r,rr fr::,!:jrrk;r 1,,rtrol,rl,rsl
n,:g r:r,:.r;-. rnr'.ri lL rrr:ri.rrrrr rrlur hrr:, r!.rrr.r .l::i:nr ir:.:
':c,rflj!
trr,,,,rr r,rrL,ll, r,:,r'r,rirLf i.lri'r!.,r!'i,,,rijrJ. lr,lrlr iti,,,irr.,j
L,r, :.'r;t:,, :, '.r,lr'1, r: :,, : irl:r.llr .r:,trLr.:i,r,.lrrr.:1..1 .r :,.!,ri
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ii.!,Llhisau lir1ier, lerleirih l.r$i k:rena ia renyangkut tilai njlai
rr{.al ra]lg .lcJrljkian abstrak
ScsLlai .1.trg:in Per kemb.,,,1]an ji v./n -<erttt interaksin ya
rlr:ng:rn orarg oraig larn, Ilt:llirlsi. akan rnemahami cara cara
rxlhrk meniLri lhcl akaa-tind akal (li tcng:n keLidrpal.L sosialnya.
Pistu-!8 sLLrutnya kadar moraiiias seorang Lr1!livirlu akan nlem
Lrenhrk krisi.rlisas; sistcm nilii lr:rng dalanr tral lni n.'wa.rt.l
karakhrr rnirrai in.iividlr tersebul
Ili:niki;nl:h, moral sel.:gai seiruah sisicn .ilai m,r iliki
tirva ciorong vang kuai Lragi n-,anu-.jr Lrnhrk l)crtii(lak bnik
luetlacrt.Li |cmb.nar.in tindakan nroral lnr, ''<ecara r:tis .lapat
lliuraikirn iilri cotlioh b.-rikrli: Af-akah sr\'tr l:cr:alah:ccar;
:rrcJ.rla :jr.)..i ri!liL 1.,.r:j.rl.1r l)ilil :..r).;r l)nriIr,i:ii. Jc:;Lrai !i.r'g.]]r
tri.fi l'.ln 1)i;rrJ,rrr suri,r I.lriir s ti.r i;,rl.r ]ii...r1 iiLr k€rlifl. .',lax
f.i.rf,:, !;,,'. ,J.Jr.l b!'15il.rir l.il.ri rrl,.,l r1, Lt.t)r!11!:iitn jnr !.t!.1
,rir'rrl ':\i ir.i:rl. rj1,.ji.::rj:ri,, ,; jIr!,r11i::, f.i18 n-,ri1jtjf,.riarl
k'rrcn., s,r\':r rrL:i:rtrrlirlrrl f..ir,r.i,ij) tcrtimbangari or.rlg,^!l
{.,i.i, - rsrrtl.lri!i: f.r!; i:rr Itr'..,ri i.iirrl i: l' r)irirs,r!r ,,i.,,.
., irri rlf1., l..l;ru, :.., r.r r.LtiLi rLrtrrii m,r i,ti,i..rirrri.r r,ci:Ltlr rir,
:.,.i.tr:iri.r-i',.,Ir.rii(r.,.Jrt\:i.,r.,j:ji 2:
11. Pcir}l2!. .rlaJ.l,rr) J-'llik?r 5,;rs;r{l
BtrL':ri;.d .i,;,' rjir&i rils.l!i 1.r.t;JL4 rinliknl r:rnfusi.r
iel3h riignr;sl:.:,n ci€h fara lilsrl J:Lri z.;rnran ke zam.n. Dari
e::p.k susrninl/r r!r.rrri:,;i1 dapai libcd.,kin menjndi (iLra
k.rmi,onen ),.i1rr jjNa drn Jag^. \,fcnur!Lt Arist.rreles, jia'a
nran ji. tcrrliir d,rJi iift,1, r.rsa, il:n k.rrs:, sc.lan8l<ai .aga
terdiri clari r.ri rn.r1i, z.i iuirbuh.r11, d:rl1 zat l.cwani. I)ilihai dari
kcllrrtluk.r,r\'r, r11.rLr:jia .iapai bc..lrri sen.lirr scbagai pribacli
rang nr:tn.lni dan j,rga il.'f.rr h{rrdi.i sebagiii rnakhluk Trrhn.
Krmrr.lirn, dilih,rt !1:rri n..t)i:k sii:alnva, k;ta dapai dibednkan
enjadl sebatai herikLlt.
L Metlllllk lfldivi.tLi
tv,t.n!s;a mi'iniLiki silet n.Uvnlrr tenrtana biia dilihat.lari
keiry:itit:1!i l,alrwa ia rrrc'niliki karaktei keplibaclidr serta
nli'n]rtiLi lrenLiiri:rr. Sismund Freu.t fremah nrengiriakarr
b.trea .ii dal:ul1 .t,ri setr.tP rnarlrrsi.. terrlapai i:t/ yixrg akai
m.i{r.lii kar;rklcr d:,n perilaku n rusia scbrsa] nakhluk
nrdi'J idLl
2 Mekhluk Sosial
Silat sosiil lc.ulnrril tcrlih.l d:1ri adan'a kcingina!l
:n.rnrisi.i tuitLrL hiddp bcrsart.i d€..r:rr rrarLrsle l.rinrrya,
!r,rLorr rrI iL;;,.i,,l.rn l-..rllrlti ri..ri .i"r Lil. ,-r rr; Iain.
A J isioir'l.s I.r,:.it.:kan l.nhrr.r .rinusin .rri iri:h :ear:
-, ,'r . r
'
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, ,/ /
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.r.l rli Ji ./:r,,/.,, r,,r,;i., r/.,
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r :f. : irj.rl ir r':.r.i I ,'.rrrl

lfi.ir.ilri .1i l:ln I)c]n:r1r;rr (.,j,:r:rrL. !:l;ll .rllrujsfic. l:'1or:nlt,
r*rulul !r.!li ]re,:el.1..urLi',rJ, rir.irrisi.r untLrl< rcncrltrJr!;kia
(1jri :,cn.Liri tiirlpa Ir.]dLlLi .l1:r,. huium .lnn kch'njiL,nnnlu
Scbaiik.rr altnrismc l:rcrk.N:ni .lcirgin riri rile.rusia rlniuk
ircrbuat dL'i]li ke|entnrga,r .rr':rr1!, l.rn.
Rd lia.t:l.rr1 licngan .l !.: i.uiui:' f i<:rlrirn arit.'.ra rrcliv jtl Ltr
ljsne dan kol€ktivisme iii! .r:rti.; {ril.,i.rne d.n .rllruislne,
trnjaLr.il yl,ii., I.:Lil, rLlil ,,gri:r,r; h:Lr1: :lLai, r:l:L.ai rlil,:LoLarr
jiLa kii;i 1,..](ia.Li ii,ntj,ri, iedua iitik ckstrrn1 i€rscb.ri
BeiaD:tliun, nldivirtLr rnilrviriLr r .:rr: hiclLrp di icr,gah m:r!varak:t
lj.l.iL lri!. li'i.rs d.:ri fieircntijr ..ir s.rsi.,ii .:inn scir.rrlkn)i su:rtu
sisicn sosi2l iidak daLrri diL--ii1:1jni ianpr ll1ernpclajiri karf,ktcr
ji.l!vidtr iiriiividu i.-,lig tci Ll.il;,i .li JnlalLrrv.. Kt'sosiai.ri
lll.l1lrs;a I.ukrn :ckn J. r i i.rb.han ritLra:ii .lari har lerl-,a.ia!-
i..divi.lireliias rrarlu5ia .,:rnil suileh jadi, nciajnknn se.:tr;
nrcn.trhm .Ln tukil<i n.n.rrl 1r krn rnanrsii dalanl inrl i!.i.lira
lii;rs.lrn kejr.ib:t.tiarn\'ir riinl lhas lUanusia hany. mel]]punr'.j
ck:ist{,nsi kar.n] orarg ir;r Lian ;a irrnva dapai hidLlp.lan
l-.cr kemhllr]g l.r.na .ldar';a oi:I L; l:rui.r Lr:|,, (1,ri jlLl, r,roialiiits
hany; aL:ur L,crl:.lkrr s|nrp'.rrnr .ialan sjtlritsi di lnaia tu1usi:1
Icrhrrbiurgarr dan bcrkorrurrikasi tlcnq:rn manusra y.drg i:ri]l.
]!Ia..tlit.t! ti.ial .r kiin l., r1l il .li|.rt;niraLin jik: ses.o.:r'jg hi.lup
.li ieng;rl, rnrba b.l:lrtrr.r t.r!!ii,r l:ic'ni]h ircrhubuiArr ilcngnn
orarlg lail. !.li; dapai saji eorfiiLruL, {ll]Dg;rrr lcji ai,ru
rrcrrilarlt:ri bin.tln:t LrJir:riiri iii. l.iirl,,r I).(lLrli illirialr nrrr,:l
.4k.rr. t.i:rIi. iirr.i.rl:.Jr jL.|:itj ir! .rl.:;r ,r:.',,rri..krri r,1i1:i <o:.irl
kahL, j., jr.Ib3t.r:rr ,,!'! l.rtr j S.i,:L,1.r j;,r. \ rng .lil.L:!ruh itrl
ill.rl.rlr .,.ii,!. ia!1,1;, rl.;1, r:, f.iii:., ..,,.j,11 1,. r ii r.:ir i:,:rr,!r,j
j t,
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trtd.'li-r;,). rlrr-'rr-,irrJr!:'t 1n.11 rillrr'.,i!:i11t ircilrnduig.rn sJfrv.l
ILrjuan el;ia ad;1;rh ncnrirerilahLrkarl baga;rnan; l<iia riai:,ai
cnolong 1l1a1. Lrsia d i d.lam keb itirhal]nvi \/ang riil y.rn€i secara
s's j 1.1 dapa i d ipertari il!'!rn:jjawabkan Untuk menc.rpai iuju:tn
ir..i, f,cm:rlr:rll1in.k.i €i'ka sosial tidak halrya mcngharuskan
t.:ndalin icniang rlornla nornla sosiai ying berlaku tetipi
tuq:r l.ntang h{rbuhrll:ri kcbuluhau rilanusj^ scrta apa saja l..rr,g
nrendorong turbulnva kcbutulrur iedi l-iil. sosial lebih tranyak
nergrurJ:ng perdebalrr, karena masalah masalah yarlt ada di
Jil..rr'r1);i 1.]rilL nrndel, rrrr:ni,,rl,rrlta,, irc,egan I,rfctangan
,libalrdingk:n deng:rn etika individual. Di sampinS it'r, daiarlr
l,!rr-,;te.J1 d;ip:rt dilil,at baill-a n.rnr., irorlr1a dtrl.rl. {]rika sosial
hrrrr,c selalu ctiterapkan pad3 keadaan yang konkrel. Seiiat
nonna menjclmakan kelvajiban, se.ara ulnun1 kervajitran seiiap
rranusia adiJah nelakulan kcbaikln, namnn.ara-cara untlrk
rnelakukarr kebajkan itu beraneka ra*r . Kewajiban yang
Lrerag;ln ilu iidak tcrlepas satu sama Lrin, letdpi bcrsatu dan
i)erkajintl sert; medlbcifuk sistem llierarki..orln.. Norma yanE
r,{'rniiiki kebenaran nilai yant lebih Lrcsat d:rn iuas atan
i,,enenpati hicrarki yang lebih tjn,jt,i
l1.rso.lirrt ciika sosial r'.cnyerunl< kirier,r :iernrkin l.onl-
t,l€ksr.'.a krhi(lupan li;:st.rr;rk.rf nlcdcr.r l.erba.encrn tlen8;rn
globrlis.rs; .rLasnlnh r.asaltrh so-qial, Politik, ekonr)jli. da11
frrdr;: T.i.j;k.ruan rcl;r:rl'..iilli sosiil frrl srrn]kii ILL;rs, Lrukrrl
:.rji rr.lii,rti!.ni irul,urig:r11 :rni.irl..'lni:iiol Jir.rsy:1raL;rt n:lrrNil
jLtgr .rni:; f lnr:, aii,r llri;i:.ii. 5,.:br:rir l.,Lk!J rnf n.rrik t,;rne
,ir,r:Jrir!ri: olrir i\l:rti)r::r .l:r, 2;,'ili:;ir, ri'rJt1lJjjriis ir.r5:tgit!
Itr!rrr. ! Jrrri,tr.. ii l,r,j .. 7,,;,i, t.\,;.\,,:iaiLt::, \l(-trit!, i]r)t.
 \:n{ ri!'i,iiai.,,1 ltrI, ::uj,iL ir.L.l]ns,xr IriLrar:l:, lr.rl
I,i.i r t.5.ri.,lr,,, l,Ii.l,.r l. it:r! r\,i :ir:rr ii -.i,.1.:j i.rs.l] :r li,it ,; ,liri L.i*rr..i:,
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kons€'\ r!i rl.ur d.u! 1ilrgLu,rg r DeireraPa LLl.l-11'-, ) a,,8 relcl'an .irarlsuctkan ju:1, Li LntLLjr li!l-;i(lur',gi l,iik hak as;-.r illan'-1sia
i,e!1d:rL .l ikc,nu kaken ,:ti srii r.rse!rLri llak ticLry, nl:;:l-,-r r, irtrls)i;J.lkin ketcnhrar\ bih!va
Kebeb,r.an rlan irak .rs::i nnnLrsia serla'ndria d\r.:rct€r- orant iid.1k dairilt nicntilili !il.rirn:rtrs !ridnp oranS 1an1,
D.llan rprbil:r j1:rt !rL.rL!'rrrSL!i LcP,rlltingi!r so5ii1]. Llrrumq)'i d.r'rii<i:ln Fi,la h:* r,iLk ses"oritiit tr.i:rr .ia!,:rl djalihkan k.?ada
riisepeL:rli'o;rhwa h.k 1'.tag i.aling rrrcndas:1r bati Inarlusia 3lnLt o.alg lanr Lecu;li.rias iz:r-, ri.:ri Penrilil teisebui. PelanPasan
d15ebui jlaL rsitsi rncn.;tk tisa k.niPoncn Lreriiu! .rt:rs iraxi; ,1r1!i:1 o1c1-.:corarrg p.r'arnpoL li.trk dapai dibenarkan
rrng:icring P
olch k€nvatiiin baht'. si PcrirlPok rnenggunakan uang iill
L]iltrk nlelnbclikan obai bagl iL.L,nva. IJcIiar]aan yang multcul
P.irgcs.rhan ienl:xll: ir:tl ilc.rsi i1]i .L:il rnelndungi setillJ
I

ial:lr: sel,.raf a jatrh kcbel.rn:.ri in{li!-iiir1 caPai diPerg!nak:!.t

I nanusia dari PensgLrllaan kckerasan !lari orang la1lu1ya, ianpa rnelang8ar kebebasan da!r hak a5.1si orang lajn? Jawaban
I
;itarr lah hurrm hukun \':l1lg ncl;rritng Penlbllnuhan, Ll;1ri pcfian]arr1 iili L'efad.. di scirlrt-rr irerflcrtian tcntang
I fiernlruat c.rcal or.r1g 13ul. tcrnuklrLli, elau sci!]a lllacalll kepeniirLg:rl sosid aieu krpentulEai r!urLt . Di t,agian ]ljn kita
I !.ckeras:r lisik lairn-va akal1 tlreilbahas teniang kepentingarr !irlrn dalan kaiiannya
i 2. i/n* tebas dengan kckuasaan negara.
I J.llnU]ar kcl'ebas.I prilr:ldi Jrldrltngkui L.bcbasan Lrniuk Pesahrva :.rus infcj.orir-.i y.J]g tit; .lnmi Ci zan1ar moden
I
brr5icrra, kcbc'L,.rs.r,r Icr:' itt.ru kcbcLrasi\1r unruk hidilP LrIriuk sct,agi l berpeng:i.uh lula terludaf siiuasi lnofal kita.
I s.:.:rr:r clanriji. allel. k;i rrr ;hr, 5caiu s;stcirl :josi21 )'irig b.r]i K,:ll1du.rn ieLilololli l.l.rh nl.rnun!:kirrlarl |ertLrkarai infotrit)si
I
henti,rtnla n,r'!gL;r enla s.s..l ii:j t nrLlrigk]l1 Perl\'elr-<oran 1d,i, ,:iai..r1 s.Lejap Kejart;a:r cli ncgara \::)rLg s.riu dapat .likelaln!j
I l)uku, :rtau akluaiijisr din seseorang p,da sf,.t )..n3 sanrn ol.h ;11;s),i)ri:k.i tii rlijtari lain Uurni triiS
I 3. H)l .ri/t,I kiri: Lr prti iri seaiielr akan 1.'r.rih jr!i)..''tL'..| .iltbn/ .'//i1ge.
I ilnk rtriliL:lIrr1-.rk.],, j,r,,j,ri:,1 11L:r:: i'eflr]rrjrrrlgirrl (iIei'.9 \i,r.r'.ir:rL.i Ci rreg::: i:r-.g Li1l. li.l:rl. Lrir:r ni.iutup r!itr la.ei
11r:i iilrdrk,rt tjrr:\ il,r,t!r, i ci-rr:r1'okan, fiisionrlisasr. rlrri irJ.rrr)ir lL:Lroar;i Ll;r k{rnrisk;n]., ii I\.tiara )'.'rng lain,
i r..t,::1r .:r:r:,i lIrirurlj.il .r|.!::[],i8rr,r f:1,: s,jr ,l.rngrr hlibLlJrgnll
1,L'itggrl:p:rt rt.ir i,f l.r!r1lrl.tJ.,r ! li r {'il
I ,:irt..rirljrli,li: li.:t',riiirJ.r,rir it.:fi,:j.! r;,r::liLr\,r i'ui-rn:eh:,ii;::
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t
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v, i, 1r:,, LuL., l.:.. r, i ,i ,-, r..Llr l,'rl,' ,. rt .il.rlr n's,r'rtr'ilr llr'!: l_
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I ti, I :r,|rJ'i '.rr,r:lr, i,r i.l.t,1 r'rlrrl,: 'ir,!,: ri1'g:iJ.;'errarr l;jrr
l<.\,.1 . rr, , ;l, L .lt ,., ..,.,i t r.. l'. i: ,1 i . i,riir' ..rr ,. ,'il .r- rrr.rli] :.r. .j,,, : -r:i.il, i,-:,.;ri i',rr :,,i,' ',;r'sar:,
ri
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I1 r..,i,i1:_t,r rr,j t',.r,.,,r .:,jj :!,..r.irir
ar,ltir 1,rrj1r r'1.lfi: r;itilr ir:trif: r,r.r!:rli];r i11i
Jl1u.urrnri.il
r:rJrit::r.Lii: jilrrii:r s: ,irsjijn jL| ::rIiljri. fi,..lrllurre ja!v.1. It.r-.rnqkrrt ..rii ..i';i :rJttrrr Jt, jr.r,,; .j,i ,jLi.i srrrrlr.r .iIrb..r
li.J(.t.j
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l.r,n.l.jI i.'rJii1 i:r,,,rir:rl lr,rl.riri 1!,ir. nr.ircBniit):u sit-ai .lan
c t"rrr
, r I',.!,r rL,rnlr,rlr:n i;ar +l'a!,.t fil',tt trtli!.t:iit.:e, tr uel.:5iarik.i scgala
s.:.Lrnri vnrl!! h'J.iirta (lj bull1l vnrlr,- trra!.r:r ra!!l !.,mPii ini
'l . t. Nil:ir l.rr llral-,fi.it .i., r i pr:rrunbrna:r r,LorLomi Ji t1!g:r.tr neilarir
| ...lt. ! t . , .r.. :. / . . t, .
. .
nrajLr icrnl atn bl liirl,i:ii.r .l ipert:ir tir.iri oleh k,runr koiiser
. .
r t
.f:.xtJtitsn.y. f.iit/s. .\,i.,inq nnx!.t/ t,. r,1r;,r;ln,s ,u )a af
Jtr.rih/. /! ls t t tirtglt r/n nr): i; i.vrht,,.\. ,n,,,,,.5, r.is(rnis, tciitpj jLrq. rlclr I-.:rr a r:k|n0ll1:r:|dirt. Apirkah.rh dari
,,,;ii,
/1.)t,fi.,,l.( /. prriufrlrulrrn il!r jjk.r I'rn-rir s.bdiir 1r..,i1 ca.j peigirrasan
,i.ngan (i€,rnirijr!. ying kria p(-,rlLrkan.rdalah surll.er sLrnrl.cr ti.1i dr r.gara r-.es...r L,xlgsirirn' Ilalrm hai
suafu srLap Lon5erv:rsi silirL; rl.r'r lLLrnl)rrhin l nitLa ilungkur masitr barytrk
','a.c nclihni jrtnsaJ:th rn.srlit.. kelniskinu scbaga; rar;1:gL:rj1;
:"\ I.l ,s,n., A,.,.trtr|a. r.1,, r,.,i.,,.t,n... -,,.f,,. .),.]rit, :Ln!! r,rnril,ri :rni'.rLa,, L(,:.i i..,, .irri|v a clcrgar mrnlrsia
-r 'l I l'I I' ri1,.r.: :cbab ninusia toh tidak merlrililii t(cwaliban nroral te.hadap
r.',,.,. ,L:arl,Lrh.rr-, at;iu lt., nr. ,,cr t.x..i'iLi:irr rJrrr.t] bctunt.rknn ie!aw.b
nclrt.rri rak....ei.tj negar:r ,r.g..a rrrskin m.sih hnr,js tr€it!inl:
-.r''.lr!l n,rrrL,rt!i1sLslJrrr r1.r',ir ilcngai rrt,|ltllt.r.rL,:n k:11a., rlorrlaiif .rniar.l nnLlsi.l
! '.r _i ,..,1,.,r,
I ,:l,JLg:rn n'.rklnuk l.rL .1iat1 teiairi, iit .krn .tipai .trlI{atr secar a
'' | ' Ji .;4p ,. ...,.. .,.t . , r., .. I
rnor.rliras dir; t.rn-,iirp',r fel1]irnpin drrnrLrarkan j,ka .liIr'IIa!1 .l.irt:rr nlrnusia sendirr bahrva
netarn dj tretaha,r bL,ni
rttar; .1an iulF kolriim.n li,orjJnpnr r.cnlxnpin ne8af.l 1,cr[i rri urrrran sitaa (i.rr Iur,l.Lihin ]ai]i:ik. seberLrmra j sr.u
Lrericnr Lrin,,l. k,rrJltfigiln,it,rrrrsi.. 8.,S.,i,n.,1.it:,Lir iirlt: :]Ji:,k.,.r.1, kiia
binit .l.l;rn1 arenec:r hk.:n,rr js.it;11 t:erj)iskinalr. I.su ctes:rnr
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r,:r .r:iir ir{.I rn.rlri-,LrtLiill.r]t sunrbri jjulrl,rf J:t.,,r nt.u I,anii kfta
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]l1eun,if ii,(lj(irli r:rl:t i!rlri:i rrliDcnruiirl i).qiiu s.ja b:jsar
n1anil cr.i! l.rxr h.fui lrl,rli|rhk \V€h.ctl:ul:t LrnirLk DrenLrntui
tcl:rrtan jilr lt.r.us irbs.rl-, l!!..t,lnr 1t) dan keabsahan itli i)erlu
|.rlnLrti lia.'j'.n.q rr!ii)n:i
11. {i.rris-glrris trlcs ;rr L::rrcl:is an Etik:i
5i:!.rg.tinr.ria telil,,liLrierk:rr, .tik.,rc.riJ,:rknn i;i1:Lti s:rhr
cebang .l.ri file:rl.l alli]]! :,eb;1. jru, unrLrk rneripcrolt-1r
Pcmrhalran tent.ng rtil.r !e..rra menweluruh kita helt.tikiva
ni.r'rgl:tji Lri,rti.rii J., lcnrrix..g:rn i intu xlj !r,jak arvat. i.J.eara
:
Yoitrnl h,llo n1.nri:.iitu] srrrnber p€n1iki.nn itll|llh yijrs patxrs
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5,,c.al.s i]7r:l rr,r Sivlt. Irrrr'r (.1.t8-318 S\Il. diri Arlsi.jrei.:; (:rs,1
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irr,l.. k.h.riij:rL: .1.D,
s.liijir'trt.] foln i,.,rirjl:ir r.rltr,ljrjrLrt lirJ!lldi:Ir L,t_'r I b:urv:rL
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pcr..y:r diri Luiiuk ir.rijrd,].. Li(:liLLtdrya liti nk:Lr ilelnbJ1.i.
sc.nra rirlqkis lrcrb:rg;i nrer;nr iliian vang lneilj.r.',i larkl;rsirl
ctjL. sengaj.1 t)cllriirlri:i.d1 ,'i.l:..|i rii.nj;krn sccaJa kroil{}logi,i
seb.b lemyita LrcLr.,r.:p. di ]nl:rr prrker,1bailltan ali.:rn ters.'bui
nrerniliki kerririp:,n, sel.drr nrcrupakar rtrnekanifl, .i-u
rempalat] clrri alir.rl )'.|19 sLL'lih .iia seirclu,nrl!.r
1. Naturalisqre
l'aharn u trerpcndapat halrraa sisteln sisrcnt ctika dalanl
kesusila:* nerr.pLuryai .la:tar alarii, vaitu pembenarnlt-pernbe-
naran lianlra dnl.t (lilakukitrl mcl:iiri pengkajiarr aies fakta darr
buk.xr.i.s i€oii tt-o.i yarg sangat mrt:Jists N.rltir.:rlisme jurr.
berpLldapat balirva manu-cia pi1.la kodratnl:a adalah baik ,
sel,;rgga ir lLirL,s dih.rrgu .i;ur irknjacti ukuran. Tar,pak b.rhrra
nrhrrelisne intrrL r)erturlal lari sesuatll yang ditil1jau s|cara
psikologis (iapii diarnati s.hirlg:li (irpal n1rndasarkar dhi pa.h
Lrengala4ran. Dcr!:.1il ]'c:titLr, tlrh.r'rtLrn penJ.rbernn ai^s
pcril:*rL f,kan rrenlerolel :rs:r:: j'.L1E tetap NJnun. kelcrnrhin
varjl mun,:ui ial;lr br'lirva penJaiigarr t€iirerlj !ni dal:n keiya
trar nlenjal)aikin l'.ig seirarLLs)lr:a darl l .u1g .1da , sLr::itu nlir.
I]. rikirirn-i rnit L.iir !rr!'nr'.\,rlii.r, ,,r lir;r. ir-Lj irr.{'neiil irnri t,iih; ' n
i:,;h)tirr,(riia= kt:l'.tiu Lr.r l ,..n rg 5irl.rh sr-!r:rrg tokohnYa ;:rlalah
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ajar.n hirlra.. Lli Llelem lrubrngan sosial vallg lalinq nokok
.:ii,r1:l: irctiviriL1n.,;r Segala u1rc:i1ksi d.t.rm Ini!r,nralat harus
diii..rLirii .j.Jiri k.u l!ng:l1 tfd'vidrr tJant,ik t)r)srrrf.t:rri
in,l;rrCL!.rlisrile ;r(liIrh tcrp:r.11ny;r p:.sr.rsi .ian kr:(.iIjviies
i,1,li!r,iLr Llr.dr:t :tkar1 menlililii ctos kcrja ynir!, ku.r d'ln sclaiu
iilill,r l,!rL.1rir \.iiiril {{,rLrark l_.aiti (t_rr!ry.t_ Nnnun, (ji !isj l.;f ja
iu':il crr:.ndirnq .l:Inpik ncgaiiJ .ienS:n ke.err].rungnn
l,ilrlrr selrirt, r_.r :!r g .rt:ti,f c,rcrtiilrijLnr tj; j i s|,,,t ir i atrr
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sljrei.n sosll 'rLllrl nI.lt:]dLll1g; lL:rk i.rii rt( g.rtli ini v:xlg ber !rjr'r
hak LuL lrLrtl,( li,tak lcrg:L.ilglr olch c:rnrpur trng.rl or.r1-q lairl
lth/: rltntu al t1)ttttrtit' tI1:)
3. Fledonisrne
ik loiak pcni jk rr.ri l1(r(lniisrr. 1i'rl:rli Pcn.iaP, i l-'i11!\ir
er.urui ko.lrainvi rni{iLrsia srlalir nelrgusah:rkan kc'nikmatar
(Lrah.,s:r
kodr,rii terp.nuht, orate iLLixl nlenrpeloLclI le|'k atar. scPlir'l
puasnyn I'enclaPai irri bermula dari Parlclrngan AristiPPLls,
scorang pcrlcliri In.rhab llyrerre (sekiiar'100 SM).larL ju;:a
t|i(u rs (l'1i 271 5M), ir,,i]i.' I rncncari keserlangirl n1i:nt|,rka!1
ko.lrit n]:rlLrsia. 5i)'nngnva, .lalirIl1 keny.rtaan kita nlelihnt
bahiL:t k:iu,r heJorris iiJ.rL pcrnatr ncncapai iLlju:rlulr'.r BLrkti
bLrktr I nng lncnunjiLkl(in rrahh'a 11;1111512 akan sefantias'l
m.firrj:tr kenikn:rtan ilr.Lvatr iicl:rL tc tknP UP.\a rf.a\usia
:csungi;rrlu1il I'an:t .iilakl!kan oleh inanu:ia ad.-i:1r'irrl-h'tl
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scn.liri. Ia ii.lilk rncrl\'xiltl!.i ras;1 s:rlit mei.rnlail nl.nvrn-ckii
<esLr,1iu
rng rier-L r iiiLLlkilr r rasa sairi 5dt1p:bn pr::nr!irilr'. rlari
p:lrarn )rerloni:rlr' .rrrr.r:,r l::in tcrrrnqlap !l.rl-'.tn Pola
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i,rLiiill\',r ,l.ljlr l ang c]rkr.n-,rrkat:n ,.hanl piji..,rr!r tni, rcrJ].,,rra lcbehdgi:trn Kaurrr SiLra, v.ng lrLdlgaja$in -trrl:e'r,n', Pcl]]ai
,ri,sil1 !lc,rg.!riL,'1g t':,Ilyik k.,trtr.]iaJr Birr b;tlrnanrr_.un r:renge r Lhrl:an i,in11'. a rlnLLrk mclr.:rPaj keLraha!:i.r.jn Inanlrsia

F.rLr:jr ri,l.li.:lrrcidih t,r .tl.,!t rlj dajii: nr.:r,,:.rri1rj hisrri;rr:l harus nienttgrin.lelr :'L.l Pikirnntrle. KonsePsi Pi'ncukuPan
(€butirl1.rri diri s.:Ldlti ('rtu'*t) lrtulvn ri.rIri (lilaksartkan bila
''r .Lr ':r ,-,.,.,t.,, ,
s€perllrhnya manusia enguasai Pcrasa nya dan rnenutl
',,'''' .ulkan nk:rln),:.! 51 Lr.ttJ p..jort1i.. rLla,ia KcbrraLln iang d.Pal
drkrn€ngahl.i,r, iiias',r'ri:ikii.i :ioisism. nli'3lah bahar .lalam
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.lcll iipa pu,1 K.Lrijrtj:{aan }'nnE 5elr\:'u.n. iak PeEuh d !}rjli kj
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ti.r.l1al i<cufulinL , n.r risii dliri :'irna jiLit rJ -c'.1rtah 1r! !n.nriliki
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t,dali !rjr s..rlra j.i:rrn2/ri tlrrapi juga rririini. l_ud.rcntcrl,snre lrlclrcerj kcbij.Lsar'.;1.rr', .1t,rrl lliJup iJten'/iru(irri t(ri.a.jan!:
rICr L( i i:r r j irk:rr1 suas.:i:r Liitiniih v,r!rir lj r-i{r[ru
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u. lLr k rncrirll'.rsk.1n ker.J i l '1f ll;'/.rr'r.r I)cra-.al d a ri z. tnan Lr:adllan yang dikcIr1ukakan ()ich I,i'n peirlikir. Selnaki.
Rorn.,!!i kurlo a(1.r1!h: l.Jnplr.k:n1,e pcrmasalah.r., sosial rr.thar,-Lskan inr.nculnya
''l1isiit'ili.st.o::;lnt1.. I t.t.\i't;t ti/.1 |tl/rittlts,1 s stt"7! n/1tl14. trori icori clan kon:;ep h{rr,-qet ke.dilarr b.rru yang nrampu
l,'1,r',)ii:i ik€ad iliirl i.rlrlr kenr.Lr:r1\ r!, tet.p di:n k.k.1 jnenjrlsib srti:rp pcrmasalii,ii 1cr{el)n I
L.Lntirk 1)i:rik.,1 k.Pi(i. setiit, 1)rrng ap;1 ya11g
'r1.
seincstinYa). e. Keltettasan (hbcrtg4
D.:lurisi iitlah ya,rI n1!'rLji,j! 1nn.1.,5:1n Lrati PlatD Lulil,k SecaIa scclerhana kcb.bas:n dapai dirum!rskan sebagai
nnrr-Lsdr:!i|r]r 'reori ie.irr nr.ngcr;ti Lo.:riil.ur tlal;:nr bukuny; -(e-s lelcluasaan Lnhrk Lrerh,rd]k :ri;ru iidat< txrrixldak berdasarknrt
,Pr./,rzr. Kca(tilan n1eruPikaf -<Lrb:ii3rLsi rrrhani ulrtlun dari sLratu lilt:ri)i pilihar yang tcrs.rdia bagi scseornng. KebeLrasai !nuicul
n1n<r'aral.at \.. ng rr.]lrrii-. i. k.r d r. ncl] jage kesatu ann Ia. riari dokirin baiwa setiap o.ang merniliki hi.luPnya sendirj sefta
\'tas).ra<ri akarl .rdil irilil seiiaFi .rirggoinny,r :nclikrLktul tcgala lnemiliki hak txlilrk be.iin.l:rk menrrJ.trr pititrannya seniliri
5.:'-r.iiL1 vtulg tcrbrik JnrrlutLLt i.€mrnliLr-rfll)'a Lreserla itrngsi le(uali Jika pilihan tiiitrnn rindaLai, rcrsebur rneJ:nggar
r.ang selarns baglrt]': Ncgara y:rng a.iil rn.nrngkinkan scijaP kcbcbasan _!..ang sam^ da.i orang laift. Itul.ll sebabn],a, hulurn
rlarga negara dapat lr1clnksanakan salLr lungsi dalan] mas/a sr.suF.tgiilnya tjdak.iiDl;Lsu.ikan urtuk membarasi kebebnsan
..k.1 lirng t,al!rig ir1:r.ok i,::i:ti|i rr. lJaLm pcrkcmbanE!;rxl'!'.r, l.iapi jr1siru rnluk merlja'nnr kebeb.Lsen jtu :.e|diri.rs Kebebas;rl
bilnr'.k tils!f i::ng D1er1n.l teorl keadilan dari berL.agai scgi. Llilrntang,lart:tkala bLrrhadapan dengan kewajiban rioral.
..!ri-(totclcs, nlirirln-r'., .icfgriek.rn lrrhw. Lc.r.iilnri ntljrut).k.rl ll.il.lln k.ritin jni hal yrnl_t,r.1alu dihurh:i unirrk dipercletlni,a
kelal.*:u1 .Jal.,iit itr.,l.rka,i m.nrr.sia, d.n Dri:Jin.i enlp.rl n,.c.nl -.urIu kebcl-Lrsan a(iaIelt t.rlggrLng jir1nb. Scc.ang yJalik.ri.r
kc.rilil,r: kca,iii.il1;(oqrut.rtjt kr,:r!1i1rrL disfriL, lii, ic.rdilai sosi.ti nu:miiiki kckrr:rsaan dan iicb.basan uniuL ,rtntantbit kehijakan
rlrn kcail;hn h..ikrrnr 5ci'rer:lrrir iirr, ll.il ls': m!-nrcinrrknk;rn L|L,ijaka.r r-:rne msrvix1ghrl wilaralr!1,. i..jasib lrarsn koia arnu
,i Ujrrd \ ar . ,Iii.,r-!:rrr:.a muirgkn ,;cPt
,lrLil js::: Lr:rL!ilr.n .':l Jr,r:/.r/. b:h!,,.r r.ij.i, rr..rng hr]1,l:,lr; :r t..honbr.rgir !..
]lrrnriljki hl]! r.rl.j f.r]]1:r .-,i.r.; lcirrb.,rn,i ria.:t ,{'rl//,r, t'r11rr11
'l;r1,:r1r
nLrixlri tcrta-1irlng keta.L iJra yalf. diL:rlirkitn .1ft€nhrLan
i,l!i-, i,iiiiiot.l t.,r!(.l.rii. ^iau
j
;:r.Lr,,1.r:rr :o:.r;ri rkorrIr:r lrt,r rljrr r ,lr;iur ::r'lrrrrg3,:r rlrrr!rii l.t,iI)i, r:t!et,.r:.;ri yan11 Li!niiklny::
^l..rj j.rr,/,r1, jir:r Lii,i,jrrtin
tiirr: ,1r.1t:;\'rrirtlnl lin!:gurr:r
ir:iiii.i:if ir.l,.s:ii i'i::: ;rrer, l.r: t .,ri. 1,.; Lr',1rr(lulrJl i).lir t t:ii.. ].rie rii:inrLril
r1rljr'lrll!rn!,1.:,L r;., irl.r 1i-l:.-'i rl.'llgin jtrLritrn:r]ri lcJr.lLrk^r1 ''':' t ' r r'

',,ir ,.1.i!J,r, 1.,:r!,,, ,-,:,'?r',/.i ,,li: t,ir jtr: tr:

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E!ii.i .1d r),1r.
rf\irii,.il:r'rgtlrirr!li1!j.rlik:n kl.]g.lgaln| r'ilrbrLt r'li.l: kr"rrl rlLr'
j. k.'na P iir urlhLL lrie.Lenlukarr diri ren'ljrij
2 kc:a,rggr,1:;rr Llf irri 11r(:rrlPcri'r\ggringj.\{'irii'rri I'"i
:iIJr,rt:rvariri i.rn-e rr L('rI LLr tgkir]k' n lrlanLrsii LirliLrk Jrr'llk
:1.
s.rnal.-rn pililLar-pilrharlrLya L'crrta kon-rckLrcrlti !l"L
pilihan ih1.
Ol.rh karcn:1 it.l, iidak ada keirrir'rs]n ianl'a langgung
ja\{ab, d.n bcgjirl PLrl.1 scbali[nva liLiak ad'r rnnS'8r'!ng jnwnb
ianDr kcbehasan -qcrnakrn besar ketreb:rsar yarlg 'iilniliki olch
s.rseorang, semak!1 bc:rar pula tanggurrg l!w'a1'' f:'tr]!r, I11'sri
.liFjiul'1ya.
(tzlt)
f. tr'\ebenann
L]e LeLen.rr':,r biasanta rliPakai ':i;riam pentl'ic;rraan ue
Il,qcn]i loeiki i1:n1.111, schnl::.!'.r kjla m''igcnil lriterin kebcnar:ur
tlala'n l crbag., .at)rr1g ilmd scll1Ls'11 mriemniiki' ilrrtu 1rsika'
trioLogl, s.Jar.h, d.r,r jul',ir illsnf.rt Namur, a'la Pul3 lTbcrr:}'en
Inlrlii!. f.inSi h.1|ln da|.11 .libuLiikai 'i'ngan lelaLilla!1'
Lr'.rkii rjens;]rr frkt,l rang .liicl.lat oiL'jr ieoLosi dail )lnlir
:rS.ri,it l.).rl:i,ri li,llirrt rui.ri,lrlir''I', l''h.rr:I;rr 'krrl !:jte iriri'rLl
I,, r.l:rs:,il::,n Lr!.ikr lil.'q.aji,lcr'.-ran nrcnrl'crt:rnv:ik3l Piunsi
,irri ,,ili! ,1iL,ri 1..-'.1 l.:r.rt. feirr!)rrriir'1r1rr)'1 Jrli'ir i"'iri"lul 'r'
sosr,rl ilil.: lLJirLi.',ir1:r itiLf,iFtr rltrrrl''li'1t'rnj f,ri111r i'L''rr!rn
(.ttJ:!/] :r: ti1,',"rr;4 'lr' kebe;r'trl:r m''rrtttut
il.tl:ill1 fJi:tir.ljr
lrr.,.rt.,ii (oi't;: t'r ', 'it:t,t ilt f.F.r|:irf i(:'l(Iri l";1!rrr lrrrLi
lrlirL !, iirlLl d.!,ri.iii(,rirrii ()1.1r 1)|.Ilil II\''III rrr|: r lr:l'L'tr:rL'rrr
)'.:r_,t i,:. r._.,,,t ' i , . l r l r r i i . .r lr iLr;r 'i.r|ri 'l i:'r:l!'!' rr
, : , r
irtii:., ,l;,ir :rr:,i.i.i]l i', ,iit..,L,l,,r.n N!,i,.rt,l t.l
Ll Perri rn"t--ai6-"11:1 JiAf !-:ri
lelah LlrLerahu, biil, ,r pro:;,:s yirnij icrljbst untuk
r.,11rujL1,jnyi suiitr 1)ndakarl,v3ig irtiiviir,krr! r..ilai 1r;Jai rt1,:I.l
dal.rnl diri l]1an sir! berlinSsuJ,S (lcrLikiarr kornltcLe. l)i datam
hj.tup t cr.nasliarnknt, ltrktor iaklor tang rrl'n.Lorong perilaku
5cseornlig ihr berlrergar oir :rLrc,lr.1 rnir,r.rliil. Pilihan'p!lihan
trndakar lersebut :ljllnre l.rin rlipcngarrrlri oleh perkerrrb.xlgan
u,<ia, Pengalaman ving dipcroleh clar; orang lain, kondisi sosiil
ckonomis, dan pcndidikan akhlak 1'ang pcrnah dikenyam
scscornng. N.mur dJrjki.n, iailaD tahap pcrtrnbangan moral
I,norn/ r.nsanhg) yang ne\sujudkar perilaku scseoran[j rn.rsih
bisi kita la.nk sc.irn lcorcfis. Kiia mulai dari r.rng paling
1. Perrilaian Srrnderegie
Akal manusia arciniliki k.:lt'rbatasan dalam merrilai
kcberu,;,r drn kcbaikan Sebagai rr;Lhlirk ciPlaJi- Dlan sia tak
l.n ni.rnlpu 1nerl.liti si'lint, :isyrr:L yarqirria cli belai:anB saatlL
1-'c'r'riasalairan, lerrllas!k pern:1siti;ir.rr-permasalahan vang
rtlelrtrrlgkul huLungaru,y.r .leng:1r jriib:rdi-pribacii Lain rialallr
surtu sisteln so-ei:ll itLLl.:h scbal.r1,,'. d'{lLir,;! ini kebenar:r,:rela|
L
l.':'rsihi relaiiJ Kcl'eruran rr,srni l.l-.ih scri\g nelriPakan l..istl
li,:scp:rkrti!1.tntn.rnJr1us;a. Jirii, i. tr) kJd:nt dib:lasl oleh ru.ng
,r,r i.rLrLr K,:1,r,',.r,,!r rrrtljL i.,:rj., ji Lirri:jajj ln;rirr 1.r)t)i
l';rit.rnrr11 rir..rn jL!!r niir.r.'i rrrn'!il; ir!i.l'.r t.rLii.n\r iir{uk
JrcrilrjL' l.L,jli:f rijri, k(.l., Jrrr.r, ,1rsaf rri1.rl1 virIi:l
,:rrl.iJr,l.r.;t I'r;,j1.:i,,rr r.'.;";,;i., 1r , 'r'intrr
r, lil)i,;r.r r'i rl.rirrL s,'li.Li)
J,ri ili l.r,f .i,r ii,: l"ri!l.t;,.r .,,r'rrl. r r,;i. ;rL.,rqii:ri.:.!! l,.i|1.r,1
r'r.q h:.li li.qlr ,l:i,rl.:.,rr,rl.; ', -rtl.iifiir,.rti:.r1r(n.r!... r".:i:i,
,. r,1:tr:r r .,r,,,r,.,... I :r.1,rL'r,.rl',,'j, jrq!l,, rl .:.,,:,1 i,,:1, ;,,., Lr