Artificial Intelligence PDF

01/03/2020 PyLecture2
ArtificiAl
intelligence
with python
file:///C:/Users/Zayan/Desktop/PyLecture2.html 1/6
Lecture No 1
Python Programming
Programming Fundamentals
Object Oriented Programming
Data Structures
Python Programming Fundamentals

Python for Windows
1 - python.org
https://www.python.org/ (https://www.python.org/) - Python Official Link

https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-381/ (https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-
381/) - Release Date: Dec. 18, 2019
Windows x86-64 executable installer - 26.3 MB or
Windows x86 executable installer - 25.2 MB
Python 3.8.1 Installer
Python Programming Language
Python Standard Libraries
Pip (Download & Install other Python packages) - https://pypi.org/ (https://pypi.org/)
IDLE & tkinter
Python Official Documentation
2 - vs code
https://code.visualstudio.com/ (https://code.visualstudio.com/) - Visual Studio Code Official Link

https://code.visualstudio.com/Download (https://code.visualstudio.com/Download) - Release Date: January
2020 (version 1.42)
Windows 7, 8, 10 (User Installer) 64 bit - 56.9 MB or
Windows 7, 8, 10 (User Installer) 32 bit - 54.9 MB
VS Code Extensions
Python (Microsoft)
vscode-icons
Debugger for Chrome
Getting Started with Python in VS Code
https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/python/python-tutorial
(https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/python/python-tutorial)
Program in Python 3.x

Windows-cmd, Python-interpreter & IDLE
Windows-cmd
In [1]:
(AMD64)] on win32
In [2]:
Hello, World!
Happy Learning
Lecture No 2
First Program in Python - 'Hello, World!'

Python-interpreter, IDLE & VS Code
Python Interpreter
In [1]:
In [2]:
Hello, World!
'Hello, World!'
print ('Hello, World!')
We are using the 'print' statement
Text strings (str) are always put in 'single' or "double" quotes
Python interpreter can be used as a calculator
Try the following one by one:
5 + 2, 5 - 2, 5 * 2, 5 ** 2, 5 / 2, 5 % 2, 5.0 / 2, 5 / 2.0, 5.0 / 2.0
+, -, * etc. are operators
5 and 2 are operands
In [3]:
Hello, World!
In [4]:
Docstring:
print(value, ..., sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout, flush=False)
Prints the values to a stream, or to sys.stdout by default.

Optional keyword arguments:
file: a file-like object (stream); defaults to the current sys.stdout. sep:
string inserted between values, default a space.
end: string appended after the last value, default a newline.
flush: whether to forcibly flush the stream.
Type: builtin_function_or_method
In [5]: print("Hello, World!")
Hello, World!
Python simple calculator
In [6]: 5 + 2
Out[6]: 7
In [7]: 5 - 2
Out[7]: 3
In [8]: 5 * 2
Out[8]: 10
In [9]: 5 ** 2
Out[9]: 25
In [10]: 5 / 2
Out[10]: 2.5
In [11]: 5 % 2
Out[11]: 1
In [12]: 5.0 / 2
Out[12]: 2.5
In [13]: 5 / 2.0
Out[13]: 2.5
In [14]: 5.0 / 2.0
Out[14]: 2.5
In [15]: 5 // 2
Out[15]: 2
Values and Types

Programs work with values e.g. 5, 2, 'Hello, World!'
Values can be of different types
Basic Data Types (value types) are given below:
Numbers (int, float, bool)
Strings (str)
type(5), type(2), type(5.0), type(2.0), type('Hello, World!')
type('5'), type('2.0'), type(True), type(False)
Values sometimes can be converted from one type to the other
In [16]:
Out[16]: str
In [17]:
Out[17]: float
In [18]:
Out[18]: int
In [19]:
Out[19]: int
In [20]:
Out[20]: float
In [21]:
Out[21]: str
In [22]:
Out[22]:
bool
Variables
Variables hold values

Variables can be assigned any values
x = 2 (x takes the value of 2 or x is assigned the value of 2)
x is the variable and 2 is the value assigned to this variable
y = 'Hello, World!'
type(x), type(y)
Variable names have to start with a letter, generally use lowercase and underscores
and can contain both letters and numbers
In [23]: x = 2
In [24]: print(x)
In [25]: type(x)
Out[25]: Int
In [26]:
In [27]:
Hello, World!
In [28]:
Out[28]: str
In [29]:
In [30]:
In [31]:
In [32]:
In [33]:
Out[33]: str
In [34]: value = int('10')
In [35]: print(value)
10
In [36]: type(value)
Out[36]: Int
In [37]:
In [38]:
10.0
In [39]:
Out[39]: float
Interactive vs Script Mode
Try the following in both modes:

4*3
print (4 * 3)
In [40]:
Out[40]: 12
In [41]:
12
Ctrl + Z then Enter or exit() then Enter
VS Code
Link: https://code.visualstudio.com/ (https://code.visualstudio.com/)
Python extension for Visual Studio Code: https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=ms-
python.python (https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=ms-python.python)
Getting Started with Python in VS Code
https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/python/python-tutorial (https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/python/python-
tutorial)
Create a Python Hello World Program in VS Code
Open VS Code
Close Welcome Screen
Click Explorer (Ctrl + Shift + E)
Open Folder
Click New File with .py
Example: main.py
Write Hello World Python Program
Ctrl + S
Ctrl + `
python main.py
Enter
Note:
Install Python Extension
Ctrl + Shift + P - Select Interpreter
Lecture No 3

Python Built-in Functions
Print Function
In [1]: # help(print)
In [2]: print?
Docstring:
print(value, ..., sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout, flush=False)
Prints the values to a stream, or to sys.stdout by default.

Optional keyword arguments:
file: a file-like object (stream); defaults to the current sys.stdout.
sep: string inserted between values, default a space.
end: string appended after the last value, default a newline.
flush: whether to forcibly flush the stream.
Type: builtin_function_or_method
In [3]:
In [4]:
In [5]: print(end='')
In [6]: print('Hello, ')

print('World!')
Hello,
World!
In [7]: print('Hello, ', end="")

print('World!')
Hello, World!
In [8]:
45
(6-9j)
True
245.8
Python
Programming
20 True
ML NLP
<class 'str'>
In [9]:
AI AP
In [10]:
AIAP
In [11]:
AI - AP
In [12]:
AI & AP
In [13]: x = 35
In [14]:
35
25.8
SIn [15]:
35 25.8
In [16]:
In [17]:
5 10 20.9
In [18]:
print(5 + 10)
print(8 / 5)
print(8 // 5)
print(3 ** 4)
5
15
1.6
1
81
Basic Data Types Functions

Integer, Complex, Boolean, Floating, String
Integer
In [19]: v1 = 10
In [20]:
In [21]: print(v3)
25
In [22]: v4 = int('34')
In [23]: print(v4)
34
In [24]: v5 = int(True)
In [25]: print(v5)
In [26]: v6 = int(False)
In [27]: print(v6)
In [28]:
Init signature: int(self, /, *args, **kwargs)

Docstring:
int([x]) -> integer
int(x, base=10) -> integer
Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments are

given. If x is a number, return x. int (). For floating point numbers,
this truncates towards zero.
If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,

bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
>>> int('0b100', base=0)
4
Type: type
Subclasses: bool, IntEnum, IntFlag, _NamedIntConstant, Handle
Complex
In [29]:
In [30]:
(4+8j)
In [31]:
In [32]:
Init signature: complex(real=0, imag=0) Docstring:
Create a complex number from a real part and an optional imaginary part.
This is equivalent to (real + imag*1j) where imag defaults to 0.

Type: type
Subclasses:
Boolean
In [33]: b1 = True
b2 = False
In [34]:
In [35]:
In [36]: print(b4)
True
In [37]: bool?
Init signature: bool(self, /, *args, **kwargs)

Docstring:
bool(x) -> bool
Returns True when the argument x is true, False otherwise.

The builtins True and False are the only two instances of the class bool.
The class bool is a subclass of the class int, and cannot be subclassed.
Type: type
Subclasses:
Float
In [38]:
In [39]:
In [40]:
In [41]: print(f3)
47.0
In [42]: f4 = float('37.9')
file:///C:/Users/Zayan/Desktop/PyLecture3.html 10
In [43]: print(f4)
37.9
In [44]: float?
Init signature: float(x=0, /)

Docstring: Convert a string or number to a floating point number, if pos
sible.
Type: type
Subclasses:
String Manipulation
Display String
In [45]: print('python programming')
python programming
In [46]: print("python programming")
python programming
In [47]: print('''python programming''')
python programming
In [48]: print("""python programming""")
python programming
In [49]: print('Basic "Python" Programming')
Basic "Python" Programming
In [50]: print("Basic 'Python' Programming")
Basic 'Python' Programming
In [51]: print("Basic 'Python' 'Programming'")
Basic 'Python' 'Programming'
In [52]: print('''Basic 'Python' "Programming"''')
Basic 'Python' "Programming"
String Variables
In [53]:
In [54]:
In [55]:
In [56]:
python for data science
In [57]:
In [58]:
In [59]:
In [60]:
In [61]:
In [62]: s9 = str('101')
In [63]: print(type(s9))
<class 'str'>
In [64]: print(s9)
101
In [65]:
Init signature: str(self, /, *args, **kwargs)

Docstring:
str(object='') -> str

str(bytes_or_buffer[, encoding[, errors]]) -> str
Create a new string object from the given object. If encoding or

errors is specified, then the object must expose a data buffer
that will be decoded using the given encoding and error handler.
Otherwise, returns the result of object. str () (if defined)
or repr(object).
encoding defaults to sys.getdefaultencoding().
errors defaults to 'strict'.
Type: type
Subclasses: _rstr, LSString, include, SortKey
String Operations
Strings are immutable

We can perform certain operations on strings
Try the following:
'5' – '2',
'hello' – 'world'
'hello' + 'world'
'hello' + ' ' + 'world'
'hello' * 3
'hello' * 'hello'
len('hello')
In [66]:
In [67]:
In [68]:
Out[68]: 'helloworld'
In [69]:
Out[69]: 'hello world'
In [70]:
Out[70]: 'hellohellohello'
In [71]:
Out[71]: 'hello hello hello '
In [72]:
In [73]:
Out[73]: 5
The in Operator
Try the following:
'e' in 'hello'
'a' in 'hello'
In [74]: 'e' in 'hello'
Out[74]: True
In [75]: 'a' in 'hello'
Out[75]: False
Indexing and Slicing and Other String Operations
Indexing and Slicing are very common String Operations

Each character in a string is identified by an index
Index starts from 0 (not 1)
Slicing is when we select multiple characters from a string
m1 = 'hello', m1[0] will give us 'h'
m2 = 'hello', m2[:2] gives us 'he'
Try: m3 = 'abcdefghij', m3[2:8:2]
In [76]: m1 =
In [77]:
Out[77]: 'h'
In [78]:
Out[78]:
'he'
In [79]: m3 =
In [80]:
Out[80]: 'ceg'
In [81]:
In [82]:
In [83]:
Out[83]: 'p'
In [84]:
Out[84]: 'n'
In [85]:
Out[85]: 'p'
In [86]:
Out[86]: 'n'
In [87]:
In [88]:
Out[88]: 18
In [89]:
Out[89]: 'thon programming'
In [90]:
In [91]: course[2:len(course)]
In [92]: course[2:19]
In [93]: course[:18]
Out[93]: 'python programming'
In [94]: course[:len(course)]
In [95]: course[2:5]
Out[95]: 'tho'
In [96]: course[:]
In [97]: course[0: len(course): 1]
In [98]: course[0: 18: 2]
Out[98]: 'pto rgamn'
In [99]: course[ : : ]
In [100]: course[ : : -1]

Out[100]: 'gnimmargorp nohtyp'
In [101]: course[:-2]
Out[101]: 'python programmi'
Basic Data Type Conversions

In [102]: a = 10.5
In [103]: print(type(a))
<class 'float'>
In [104]: b = int(a)
In [105]: print(type(b))
<class 'int'>
In [106]: print(b)
10
In [107]: n1 = int(45.6)
In [108]: print(n1)
45
In [109]: # n2 = int('45.6') # invalid literal for int() with base 10: '45.6'
In [110]: n2 = int('45')
In [111]: print(n2)
45
In [112]: print(type(n2))
<class 'int'>
In [113]: n3 = float(45)
In [114]: print(n3)
45.0
In [115]: n4 = float('35.6')
In [116]: print(n4)
35.6
In [117]: n5 = str(45)
In [118]: n6 = str(45.7)
In [119]: print(n6)
45.7
In [120]: n7 = str(True)
In [121]: print(n7)
True
Built-in String Methods

Below are some of String Methods:
upper
lower
swapcase
replace
count
capitalize
find
strip
startswith
Method call is know as Invocation
Multiple methods can be invoked in a single line
Try the following code:
x = 'hello world'
x.startswith('h')
x.startswith('H')
x.capitalize().startswith('H')
In [122]: s = 'string'
In [123]: print(dir(s))
[' add ', ' class ', ' contains ', ' delattr ', ' dir ', ' doc ',
' eq ', ' format ', ' ge ', ' getattribute ', ' getitem ', ' getne
wargs ', ' gt ', ' hash ', ' init ', ' init_subclass ', ' iter ',
' le ', ' len ', ' lt ', ' mod ', ' mul ', ' ne ', ' new ', '
reduce ', ' reduce_ex ', ' repr ', ' rmod ', ' rmul ', ' setattr_
_', ' sizeof ', ' str ', ' subclasshook ', 'capitalize', 'casefold', 'c
enter', 'count', 'encode', 'endswith', 'expandtabs', 'find', 'format', 'forma
t_map', 'index', 'isalnum', 'isalpha', 'isascii', 'isdecimal', 'isdigit', 'is
identifier', 'islower', 'isnumeric', 'isprintable', 'isspace', 'istitle', 'is
upper', 'join', 'ljust', 'lower', 'lstrip', 'maketrans', 'partition', 'replac
e', 'rfind', 'rindex', 'rjust', 'rpartition', 'rsplit', 'rstrip', 'split', 's
plitlines', 'startswith', 'strip', 'swapcase', 'title', 'translate', 'upper',
'zfill']
String 45 Methods
capitalize', 'casefold', 'center', 'count', 'encode', 'endswith', 'expandtabs', 'find', 'format', 'format_map', 'index',
'isalnum', 'isalpha', 'isascii', 'isdecimal', 'isdigit', 'isidentifier', 'islower', 'isnumeric', 'isprintable', 'isspace', 'istitle',
'isupper', 'join', 'ljust', 'lower', 'lstrip', 'maketrans', 'partition', 'replace', 'rfind', 'rindex', 'rjust', 'rpartition', 'rsplit',
'rstrip', 'split', 'splitlines', 'startswith', 'strip', 'swapcase', 'title', 'translate', 'upper', 'zfill'
In [124]: # s.
In [125]: # s.<tab_press>
In [126]: # str.<tab_press>
String Upper Method
In [127]: str.upper?
Signature: str.upper(self, /)
Docstring: Return a copy of the string converted to uppercase.

Type: method_descriptor
The string upper() method converts all lowercase characters in a string into uppercase characters and returns it.
The syntax of upper() method is:

str.upper()
String upper() Parameters()
The upper() method doesn't take any parameters.
Return value from String upper()
The upper() method returns the uppercased string from the given string. It converts all lowecase characters to
uppercase.
If no lowercase characters exist, it returns the original string.
Example: Convert a string to uppercase
In [128]: str.upper('python programming')

Out[128]: 'PYTHON PROGRAMMING'
In [129]: s1 = 'python programming'
In [130]: s1.upper()
In [131]: s1
s2
In [132]:
In [133]: s2 = s1.upper()
In [134]: s1
In [135]: s1 == s2
Out[135]: False
In [136]: s1.upper() == s2.upper()
Out[136]: True
Note: self-try other string built-in methods
Python Assignments
Assignment 1 - PEP 8 (Style Guide for Python Code - Python.org)
Assignment 2 - String Parsing using Built-in String Methods
Assignment 2 Hint
Example - String Parsing
String or Text Parsing is analyzing the string or text

Consider the below string/text (Email IDs)
From kashif@corvit.com Wed February 24 20:05:37 2020
From rizwan.datahub@gmail.com Wed February 24 23:05:37 2020
Extract the domain info from this string
Step 1: Find location of '@'
Step 2: Find location of space (' ') after '@'
Extract text between these two locations
In [1]:
x = 'From kashif@corvit.com Wed February 24 20:05:37 2020'
Lecture no 4

Python Built-in String Methods
A string is a sequence of characters enclosed in quotation marks.
In [1]:
In [2]:
[' add ', ' class ', ' contains ', ' delattr ', ' dir ', ' doc ',
' eq ', ' format ', ' ge ', ' getattribute ', ' getitem ', ' getne
wargs ', ' gt ', ' hash ', ' init ', ' init_subclass ', ' iter ',
' le ', ' len ', ' lt ', ' mod ', ' mul ', ' ne ', ' new ', '
reduce ', ' reduce_ex ', ' repr ', ' rmod ', ' rmul ', ' setattr_
_', ' sizeof ', ' str ', ' subclasshook ', 'capitalize', 'casefold', 'c
enter', 'count', 'encode', 'endswith', 'expandtabs', 'find', 'format', 'forma
t_map', 'index', 'isalnum', 'isalpha', 'isascii', 'isdecimal', 'isdigit', 'is
identifier', 'islower', 'isnumeric', 'isprintable', 'isspace', 'istitle', 'is
upper', 'join', 'ljust', 'lower', 'lstrip', 'maketrans', 'partition', 'replac
e', 'rfind', 'rindex', 'rjust', 'rpartition', 'rsplit', 'rstrip', 'split', 's
plitlines', 'startswith', 'strip', 'swapcase', 'title', 'translate', 'upper',
'zfill']
String Find Method

In [3]:
Docstring:
S.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,

such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional
arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
Return -1 on failure.
The find() method returns the index of first occurrence of the substring (if found). If not found, it returns -1.
The syntax of find() method is:

str.find(sub[, start[, end]])
String find() Parameters()

The find() method takes maximum of three parameters:
sub - It's the substring to be searched in the str string.
start and end (optional) - substring is searched within str[start:end]
Return Value from find()

The find() method returns an integer value.
If substring exists inside the string, it returns the index of first occurence of the substring.
If substring doesn't exist inside the string, it returns -1.
Example 1: find() With No start and end Argument

In [4]: s1 = 'rizwan.datahub@gmail.com'
In [5]: print(s1.find('gmail'))
15
In [6]: print(s1.find('com'))
21
In [7]: print(s1.find('outlook'))
-1
In [8]: print(s1.find('outlook') == -1)
True
In [9]: print(s1.find(' '))
-1
Example 2: find() With start and end Arguments
In [10]:
Out[10]:
'rizwan.datahub@gmail.com'
In [11]:
14
In [12]:
14
In [13]:
-1
In [14]:
14
In [15]:
-1
Solution - String Parsing Problem

In [16]: m = 'From rizwan.datahub@gmail.com Wed February 24 20:05:37 2020'
Expected Output: gmail.com
In [17]:
gmail.com
String Format Method

In [18]:
Docstring:
S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> str
Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs.

The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').
The string format() method formats the given string into a nicer output in Python.
Link1: https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format
(https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format)
Link2: https://docs.python.org/3/library/string.html#formatstrings
(https://docs.python.org/3/library/string.html#formatstrings)
The syntax of format() method is:

template_string.format(pos0, pos1, ..., key0=val0, key1=val1, ...)
Here, pos0, pos1,... are positional arguments and, key0, key1,... are keyword arguments with values
val0, val1,... respectively.
And, template_string is a mixture of format codes with placeholders for the arguments.
String format() Parameters

format() method takes any number of parameters. But, is divided into two types of parameters:
Positional parameters - list of parameters that can be accessed with index of parameter inside curly
braces {index}
Keyword parameters - list of parameters of type key=value, that can be accessed with key of
parameter inside curly braces {key}
Return value from String format()

The format() method returns the formatted string.
How String format() works?

The format() reads the type of arguments passed to it and formats it according to the format codes defined in the
string.
For positional arguments
In [19]:
Out[19]: 'Hi Rizwan, your current amount is 50000.99'
Here, Argument 0 is a string "Rizwan" and Argument 1 is a floating number 50000.989.

Note: Argument list starts from 0 in Python.
The string "Hi {0}, your current amount is {1:9.2f}" is the template string. This contains the format
codes for formatting.
The curly braces are just placeholders for the arguments to be placed. In the above example, {0} is
placeholder for "Rizwan" and {1:9.2f} is placeholder for 50000.989 .
Since the template string references format() arguments as {0} and {1}, the arguments are positional arguments.
They both can also be referenced without the numbers as {} and Python internally converts them to numbers.
Internally,
Since "Rizwan" is the 0th argument, it is placed in place of {0}. Since, {0} doesn't contain any other format
codes, it doesn't perform any other operations.
However, it is not the case for 1st argument 50000.989 . Here, {1:9.2f} places 50000.989 in its place
and performs the operation 9.2f.
f specifies the format is dealing with a float number. If not correctly specified, it will give out an error.
The part before the "." (9) specifies the minimum width/padding the number (50000.989) can take. In this
case, 50000.989 is allotted a minimum of 9 places including the ".".
If no alignment option is specified, it is aligned to the right of the remaining spaces. (For strings, it is aligned
to the left.)
The part after the "." (2) truncates the decimal part (989) upto the given number. In this case, 989 is
truncated after 2 places.
Remaining numbers (9) is rounded off outputting 99.
For keyword arguments
In [20]:
Out[20]: 'Hi Rizwan, your current amount is 50000.99'
I've used the same example from above to show the difference between keyword and positional arguments.
Here, instead of just the parameters, we've used a key-value for the parameters. Namely, name="Rizwan" and
amt=50000.989 .
Since, these parameters are referenced by their keys as {name} and {amt:9.2f} , they are known as
keyword or named arguments.
Internally,
The placeholder {name} is replaced by the value of name - "Rizwan". Since, it doesn't
contain any other format codes, "Rizwan" is placed.
For the argument amt=50000.989, the placeholder {amt:9.2f} is replaced by the value
50000.989. But before replacing it, like previous example, it performs 9.2f operation
on it.
This outputs 50000.99. The decimal part is truncated after 2 places and remaining
digits are rounded off. Likewise, the total width is assigned 9 leaving one spaces to
the left.
Basic formatting with format():

The format() method allows the use of simple placeholders for formatting.
Example 1: Basic formatting for default, positional and keyword arguments
In [21]:
Out[21]: Hi Rizwan, your current amount is 50000.989.
In [22]:
In [23]:
In [24]:
Note: In case of mixed arguments, keyword arguments has to always follow positional arguments.
Numbers formatting with format():
You can format numbers using the format specifier given below:
Type - Meaning
d-Decimal integer
c-Corresponding Unicode character
b-Binary format
o-Octal format
x-Hexadecimal format (lower case)
X-Hexadecimal format (upper case)
n-Same as 'd'. Except it uses current locale setting for number separator
e-Exponential notation. (lowercase e)
E-Exponential notation (uppercase E)
- Displays fixed point number (Default: 6)
- Same as 'f'. Except displays 'inf' as 'INF' and 'nan' as 'NAN'

- General format. Rounds number to p significant digits. (Default precision: 6)
G-Same as 'g'. Except switches to 'E' if the number is large.
%-Percentage. Multiples by 100 and puts % at the end.
Example 2: Simple number formatting
In [25]:
The number is - 123
In [26]:
# float arguments
print("The float number is - {0:f}".format(123.4567898))
The float number is - 123.456790
In [27]:
# octal, binary and hexadecimal format
print("bin - {0:b}, oct - {0:o}, hex - {0:X}".format(15))
bin - 1111, oct - 17, hex - F
Example 3: Number formatting with padding for int and floats
In [28]:
# integer numbers with minimum width
print("{0:5d}".format(12))
Out [28]: 12
In [29]:
# width doesn't work for numbers longer than padding
print("{:2d}".format(1234))
Out [29]: 1234
In [30]:
# padding for float numbers
print("{:8.3f}".format(12.2346))
Out [30]: 12.235

In [31]:
# integer numbers with minimum width filled with zeros
Out [31]: 00012
In [32]:
# padding for float numbers filled with zeros
print("{:08.3f}".format(12.2346))
Out [32]: 0012.235
Here,
In the first statement, {0:5d} takes an integer argument and assigns a minimum width of 5. Since, no alignment is
specified, it is aligned to the right.
In the second statement, you can see the width (2) is less than the number (1234), so it doesn't take
any space to the left but also doesn't truncate the number.
Unlike integers, floats has both integer and decimal parts. And, the mininum width defined to the number
is for both parts as a whole including ".".
In the third statement, {:8.3f} truncates the decimal part into 3 places rounding off the last 2 digits. And,
the number, now 12.235, takes a width of 8 as a whole leaving 2 places to the left.
If you want to fill the remaining places with zero, placing a zero before the format specifier does this. It
works both for integers and floats: {:05d} and {:08.3f}.
Number formatting with alignment:

The operators <, ^, > and = are used for alignment when assigned a certain width to the numbers.
< Left aligned to the remaining space
^ Center aligned to the remaining space
> Right aligned to the remaining space
= Forces the signed (+) (-) to the leftmost position
Example 4: Number formatting with left, right and center alignment
In [33]:
# integer numbers with right alignment
Out [33]: 12
In [34]:
# float numbers with center alignment
print("{:*^10.3f}".format(12.2346))
Out [34]: **12.235**
Example 5: String formatting with padding and alignment
In [35]:
# string padding with left alignment
print("{:8}".format("python"))
Out [35]: python
In [36]:
# string padding with right alignment
print("{:>8}".format("python"))
Out [36]: python
In [37]:
# string padding with center alignment
print("{:^8}".format("python"))
Out [37]: python
In [38]:
# string padding with center alignment #
and '*' padding character
print("{:*^8}".format("python"))
Out [38]: *python*
Python String Formatting:

'Old Style' String Concatenation (+ Operator)
'Old Style' String Formatting (% Operator)
'New Style' String Formatting (str.format)
String Interpolation / f-Strings (Python 3.6+)
Template Strings (Standard Library)
'Old Style' String Concatenation (+Operator)
In [39]: name = "ahamd"
cgpa = 3.9
In [40]:
name + str(cgpa)
Out [40]: 'ahamd3.9'
In [41]:
name + " " + str(cgpa)
Out [41]: 'ahamd 3.9'
In [42]:
print('My Info - Name : ' + name + ', CGPA : ' + str(cgpa))
Out [42]: My Info - Name : ahamd, CGPA : 3.9
'Old Style' String Formatting (% Operator)

https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#old-string-formatting
(https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#old-string-formatting)
'New Style' String Formatting (str.format)
In [43]: print('My Info - Name : {}, CGPA : {}'.format(cgpa, name))
Out [43]: My Info - Name : 3.9, CGPA : ahamd
In [44]:
print('My Info - Name : {1}, CGPA : {0}'.format(cgpa, name))
In [45]:
print('My Info - Name : {name}, CGPA : {cgpa}'.format(cgpa=3.9, name='ahmad'))
Out [45]: My Info - Name : ahmad, CGPA : 3.9
String Interpolation / f-Strings (Python 3.6+) </b>
In [46]:
print(f'My Info - Name : {name}, CGPA : {cgpa}')
(f-string)
PEP 3101, PEP 498, PEP 501

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01/03/2020 PyLecture2

Python Programming Fundamentals

https://www.python.org/ (https://www.python.org/) - Python Official Link

https://code.visualstudio.com/ (https://code.visualstudio.com/) - Visual Studio Code Official Link

Program in Python 3.x

Python Programming Fundamentals

First Program in Python - 'Hello, World!'

print(value, ..., sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout, flush=False)

Prints the values to a stream, or to sys.stdout by default.

In [5]: print("Hello, World!")

Python simple calculator

In [14]: 5.0 / 2.0

Values and Types

Variables hold values

In [34]: value = int('10')

Interactive vs Script Mode

Try the following in both modes:

Ctrl + Z then Enter or exit() then Enter

Getting Started with Python in VS Code

Create a Python Hello World Program in VS Code

Python Programming Fundamentals

Prints the values to a stream, or to sys.stdout by default.

In [6]: print('Hello, ')

In [7]: print('Hello, ', end="")

Basic Data Types Functions

Init signature: int(self, /, *args, **kwargs)

Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments are

If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,

Init signature: complex(real=0, imag=0) Docstring:

This is equivalent to (real + imag*1j) where imag defaults to 0.

Init signature: bool(self, /, *args, **kwargs)

Returns True when the argument x is true, False otherwise.

Init signature: float(x=0, /)

In [45]: print('python programming')

In [46]: print("python programming")

In [47]: print('''python programming''')

In [48]: print("""python programming""")

In [49]: print('Basic "Python" Programming')

Basic "Python" Programming

In [50]: print("Basic 'Python' Programming")

Basic 'Python' Programming

In [51]: print("Basic 'Python' 'Programming'")

Basic 'Python' 'Programming'

In [52]: print('''Basic 'Python' "Programming"''')

Basic 'Python' "Programming"

python for data science

Init signature: str(self, /, *args, **kwargs)

str(object='') -> str

Create a new string object from the given object. If encoding or

Strings are immutable

Out[69]: 'hello world'

Out[71]: 'hello hello hello '

In [74]: 'e' in 'hello'

In [75]: 'a' in 'hello'

Indexing and Slicing and Other String Operations

Indexing and Slicing are very common String Operations

Out[89]: 'thon programming'

Out[90]: 'thon programming'

Out[91]: 'thon programming'

Out[92]: 'thon programming'

Out[93]: 'python programming'

Out[94]: 'python programming'

Out[96]: 'python programming'