J. Opt. Commun.
2017; aop
Rahul Kaushik*, Vineet Khandelwal and R.C. Jain
Capacity of Optical Wireless System over
Log-Normal Channels with Spatial Diversity
in Presence of Atmospheric Losses
DOI 10.1515/joc-2016-0151
Received November 14, 2016; accepted December 22, 2016
Abstract: In this paper, average channel capacity of opti-
cal wireless communication system is evaluated under
the combined effect of geometrical loss, attenuation due
to weather conditions and weak atmospheric turbulence
using a simple closed form expression. Fading induced
due to atmospheric turbulence is modeled by log-normal
distribution. Considering the fact that the sum of log-
normal random variables can be well approximated by
another log-normal random variable, the proposed
expression has been utilized to compute the channel
capacity for spatial diversity reception employing max-
imum ratio combining and equal gain combining over
uncorrelated turbulence-induced fading conditions. It is
shown that spatial diversity is an effective technique to
mitigate the impairments caused by various atmospheric
conditions such as haze, rain and fog. The quantitative
improvement in channel capacity achieved by using
diversity techniques is investigated and compared.
Accuracy of the results is validated with exact results
computed using Monte Carlo simulation.
Keywords: optical wireless communication, channel
capacity, log-normal distribution, spatial diversity
reception, atmospheric turbulence, weather attenuation
1 Introduction
The demand for bandwidth has been constantly increas-
ing due to exponential data growth over telecommunica-
tion networks. There is also an increase in the number of
information users who always want to remain connected
*Corresponding author: Rahul Kaushik, Department of Electronics
and Communication Engineering, Jaypee Institute of Information
Technology, Noida 201307, India, E-mail: rahul.kaushik@jiit.ac.in
Vineet Khandelwal, R.C. Jain, Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Jaypee Institute of Information
Technology, Noida 201307, India
with the applications such as videophones, mobile tele-
vision, voice-over IP (VoIP), etc. To cater to emerging
multimedia applications with super high resolution term-
inals, gigabit local loops are required. Therefore, there is
a need of alternative solutions for the access network.
Optical Wireless Communication (OWC) or free space
optical (FSO) communication is gaining ground with
increasing demand for capacity. This technology is
being considered as a promising solution for “last mile”
bottleneck in the access networks. OWC systems have
multi-gigabit bandwidth and can provide promising alter-
natives to radio frequency (RF) and microwave systems in
order to meet the broadband requirements of next gen-
eration wireless networks. OWC systems offer many
advantages such as high data rates, high security, easy
deployment at low cost and no spectrum license require-
ment [1]. Despite many advantages, the widespread
deployment is limited by variety of atmospheric effects.
A laser beam propagating in atmosphere is subjected to
the path loss due to weather conditions and geometrical
loss. Another challenge under clear weather condition is
the turbulence-induced fading or scintillation which
results from inhomogenities in the temperature and pres-
sure along the optical propagation path. Therefore, to
ensure high reliability of practical optical wireless sys-
tems, all these deteriorating factors must be considered.
Turbulence-induced fading can be statistically modeled
by log-normal, gamma-gamma, negative exponential, I-K
distributions etc. for various turbulence regimes. Log-
normal model is widely accepted for weak turbulence
conditions primarily due to its agreement with experi-
mental results [2, 3].
Average channel (ergodic) capacity is used as a per-
formance metric which defines the amount of information
that can be reliably transmitted over wireless channel
when channel state information (CSI) is known to recei-
ver and average transmitter power is fixed [4]. The ergo-
dic capacity of optical wireless (OW) links considering
log-normal and gamma-gamma distribution was calcu-
lated by Nistazakis et al. for plane wave propagation [5].
Li and Usyal also studied the ergodic capacity of OW link
over log-normal channel using information theoretic
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2 R. Kaushik et al.: Capacity of Optical Wireless System
approach [6]. The capacity of OW link modeled by
gamma-gamma distribution was evaluated by Anguita
et al. [7]. Evaluation of channel capacity was also done
for turbulence-induced fading channel characterized by
negative exponential [8], and I-K [9] distributions. Kaur
et al. evaluated the ergodic capacity of gamma-gamma
FSO channel in presence of different weather conditions
[10]. Farid and Hranilovic calculated the capacity under
the combined effect of atmospheric turbulence and point-
ing errors for log-normal and gamma-gamma channels
[11]. The performance of OW channel can be improved by
using spatial diversity which employs multiple transmit
laser beams or/and multiple receivers to mitigate turbu-
lence induced fading and other losses [12]. The use of
spatial diversity to improve the performance of OWC
systems over log-normal channels has been studied by
Lee and Chan [13]. Navidpour et al. have investigated the
BER performance of FSO systems with on–off keying
(OOK) over FSO log-normal channels using spatial diver-
sity [14]. Popoola et al. have also analyzed the perfor-
mance of FSO systems with OOK and subcarrier
intensity modulated systems over log-normal channel
using spatial diversity [15]. Abaza et al. evaluated the bit
error rate of a multihop FSO link over log-normal channel
under the combined effect of weather attenuation, geo-
metrical losses and atmospheric turbulence [16]. Capacity
of OWC systems employing multiple transmitter and
apertures in presence of atmospheric turbulence modeled
by log-normal channel has been calculated by Haas and
Shapiro [17]. Recently, an asymptotic expression of the
ergodic capacity of an OWC link under the combined
effect of turbulence and generalized pointing error is
derived by AlQuwaiee et al. and they extended their
results for the evaluation channel capacity of OW systems
with diversity reception [18]. However, the evaluation of
ergodic capacity of OWC systems over log-normal chan-
nels in presence atmospheric weather conditions has not
been carried out in any of these studies. This study
becomes important considering the wide acceptability of
log-normal distribution in urban areas over short dis-
tances. In this paper, a simple closed form expression
to calculate the average channel capacity of an OWC
system under the combined effect of weak atmospheric
turbulence, geometrical loss and attenuation due weather
conditions is given. In order to study the significance of
spatial diversity as a mitigation tool to various atmo-
spheric conditions, the proposed expression is applied
to evaluate the capacity of OWC system employing max-
imum ratio combining (MRC) and equal gain combining
(EGC) over independent and identical log-normal turbu-
lence induced fading channels. The organization of this
paper is as follows: Section 2 gives the description of
system model used in our analysis. In Section 3, a simple
closed form expression of average channel capacity of an
optical wireless link is derived under the combined effect
of geometrical loss, weather attenuation and atmospheric
turbulence. Section 4 illustrates the computation of capa-
city with MRC and EGC in uncorrelated environment.
Numerical results are deliberated in Section 5 to assess
the feasibility of spatial diversity as a solution to mitigate
the effect of different weather conditions in presence of
weak atmospheric turbulence and conclusions are given
in Section 6.
2 System model
We consider an intensity modulated/direct detection (IM/
DD) OWC system employing OOK modulation which is
widely deployed in commercial systems due to low cost
and simplicity. A plane wave propagation is considered
and it is assumed that optical beam propagates through
atmospheric channel along horizontal path which is the
case for most terrestrial application. Assuming that the
channel is memory less, stationary, ergodic with indepen-
dent and identical (i.i.d.) fading statistics, the received
signal y at the detector output is given as [5, 19]:
y = xRI + n (1)
where x represents binary transmitted signal, i. e.
x 2 f0, 1g, R is the responsivity of photodetector, n is
additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) with zero mean
and variance σn 2 , I is the intensity of optical beam that
depends on channel characteristics and it can be mod-
eled as I = Io ha hl [11] with Io being the signal intensity in
free space without considering atmospheric effects, ha
represents the random attenuation caused by atmo-
spheric turbulence induced fading and hl is the path
loss/attenuation due to weather conditions as discussed
below.
2.1 Atmospheric turbulence or scintillation
The probability density function (PDF) of atmospheric
turbulence induced fading for log-normal channel is
given as [3]:
 2 !
1 lnðha Þ + 21 σ2
fha ðha Þ = pffiffiffiffiffi exp − ; ha > 0
ha σ 2π 2σ 2
(2)
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 R. Kaushik et al.: Capacity of Optical Wireless System 3

where σ 2 is the scintillation index. Under weak turbu- According to Kim’s Model [21], attenuation coefficient
lence conditions σ 2 ffi σR 2 , where σR 2 is the Rytov var- can be measured as:
iance which is a measure of optical turbulence strength.  
3.91 λ − p
Rytov variance is less than unity (i. e. σR 2 < 1) for weak αfog = (6)
V 550
atmospheric turbulence. For the plane wave propagating
in horizontal path Rytov variance is given by where V ðkmÞ is the visibility range, λðnmÞ is the operat-
ing wavelength and p is the particle size distribution
σR 2 = 1.23 Cn 2 k 7=6 L11=6 (3)
given by: 8
> 1.6 if V > 50
where k = 2π=λ is the wave number with λ being the >
>
>
>
wavelength and L is the transmission distance. Cn 2 is >
< 1.3 if 6 < V < 50
refractive index structure parameter. For horizontal p= 0.16 V + 0.34 if 1 < V < 6
>
>
links, Cn 2 is assumed to be constant and typically ranges > V − 0.5
>
>
> if 0.5 < V < 1
:
from 10−16 m−2/3 (very weak turbulence) to 10−12 m−2/3 0 if V < 0.5
(very strong turbulence) [19, 20].

2.2.2 Attenuation due to rain

2.2 Path loss/attenuation due to
atmospheric channel
The attenuation of optical beam in atmospheric channel
is caused by absorption and scattering by particles like
aerosols, fog and water droplets etc. and other gas mole-
cules. The concentration of these depends on geographi-
cal location and local weather conditions. In addition,
the divergence of optical beam causes beam spreading
which results in received power loss. Assuming that
transmitter and receiver are perfectly aligned, the total
path loss by combining beam divergence loss with
weather attenuation is given as [16]:
An optical wireless link is also attenuated due to wave-
length independent scattering of optical beam by the rain
droplets. The attenuation due to rain as recommended by
ITU- R [22] can be calculated using the Charbonneau
relation [23] as follows:
αrain ðdB=kmÞ = 1.076 R 0.67 (7)
where Rðmm=hrÞ is the rainfall rate.
Table 1 presents the attenuation coefficients, calcu-
lated using eqs (6) and (7), for different weather condi-
tions at wavelength of 1,550 nm.

DR 2
hl = × βweather (4) Table 1: Attenuation coefficient for different weather conditions at
ðDT + θLÞ2
λ = 1,550 nm.
where DR and DT are receiver and transmitter aperture
diameters respectively, θ is the beam divergence angle of Weather conditions Attenuation (dB/Km)
the optical transmitter, L is the transmission distance and Clear air (V =  km) .
βweather is the attenuation due to weather conditions Haze (V =  km) .
which is given by Beer-Lambert Law as: Light fog (V =  km) .
Moderate fog (V = . km) .
βweather = expð − α LÞ (5) Light rain (R = . mm/h) .
Medium rain (R = . mm/h) .
with α being the attenuation coefficient and L is the trans-
Heavy rain (R = . mm./h) .
mission distance. For different weather conditions α can be
calculated using empirical models as discussed below.

3 Average channel capacity

2.2.1 Attenuation due to fog/haze
The attenuation coefficient in case of fog/haze can be
calculated from visibility range which is defined as the
distance that an optical beam travels in the atmosphere
until its intensity drops to 2 % of its initial value.
of optical wireless system
An OW Channel is a randomly varying channel.
Therefore, the received instantaneous signal-to-noise
ratio (SNR) is considered a random variable (RV) defined
as [12, 19]:

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4 R. Kaushik et al.: Capacity of Optical Wireless System

ðRI Þ2 R2 I0 2 ha 2 hl 2 three-point estimate of normal RV, a simple closed form

γ= = = γ ha 2 hl 2 (8)
N0 N0 solution of eq. (14) can be obtained as:

where γ = ðR I0 Þ2 =N0 is the average SNR. Assuming that 

pffiffiffi   pffiffiffi 
there is no loss of mean intensity of optical signal due to g  1 2 ϕðμÞ + 1 ϕ μ + 2 3 σ + 1 ϕ μ − 2 3σ
EðCÞ
ln 2 3 6 6
channel conditions, the intensity of optical beam can be
(15)
normalized as E ðI Þ = I0 = 1 [16]. Applying transformation  
of RV, the PDF of instantaneous SNR can be obtained as: Taking μ = ln γ h l 2 − σ 2 , the above equation can be writ-
ten as:
2    2 3
1 6 ln γhγl 2 + σ 2 7
pγ ðγÞ = pffiffiffiffiffi exp4 − 5 (9) g  1 2 ϕln γ h l 2  − σ 2 
EðCÞ
2 γ σ 2π 8 σ2 ln 2 3
1     pffiffiffi 
+ ϕ ln γ h l 2 − σ 2 − 2 3 σ (16)
Equation (9) can be rewritten as 6

! 1     pffiffiffi 
+ ϕ ln γ h l 2 − σ 2 + 2 3 σ
1 ðlnðγÞ − μÞ2 6
pγ ðγÞ = pffiffiffiffiffi exp − (10)
2γ σ 2π 8 σ2
It may be noted that eq. (16) gives an analytic closed form
This represents the PDF of a log-normal RV γ with mean expression for the evaluation of the average channel capa-
 
μ = ln γ h l 2 − σ2 and variance 4σ2 . Since γ is a RV, there- city of single-input single-output (SISO) OWC system over
fore instantaneous channel capacity (C) also becomes a log-normal channel in presence of atmospheric attenuation
RV given as [4]: due to weather conditions. It needs to be emphasized that
this representation is not only simple but also accurate.
C = Blog2 ð1 + γÞ (11) Mean square error (MSE) is one of the good measures to
quantify the accuracy between exact values EðCÞ and the
where B is the bandwidth. Average channel capacity is
g By numerical evaluation, the
approximate values EðCÞ.
the expectation of the instantaneous channel capacity.
Therefore average channel capacity (in bits/sec/Hz) is mean square error between exact values EðCÞ and approx-
 2
given by [5]: g i. e. E EðCÞ − EðCÞ
imate values EðCÞ g over the permissi-
ð
∞ ble range of σ 2 for weak turbulence condition is found to be
1
E ðC Þ = ln ð1 + γÞ pγ ðγÞdγ (12) of order of 10–6, which is negligible.
ln 2
0

Substituting eq. (10) into eq. (12), average capacity of

optical wireless channel can be obtained as: 4 Average channel capacity
ð
∞ ! of optical wireless systems
1 1 ðln ðγÞ − μÞ2
E ðC Þ =
ln 2
ðln ð1 + γÞÞ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi exp −
2σ 2π γ 8σ2
dγ with spatial diversity
γ=0

(13) A single-input multiple-output (SIMO) optical wireless

link is considered with an array of N direct detection
Taking y = ln γ, eq. (7) can be rewritten as:
receivers. To be statistically independent and identical,
ð
∞ ! the individual detectors are assumed to be spatially sepa-
1 1 ðy − μÞ2 rated by
EðCÞ = ðlnð1 + e ÞÞ y
pffiffiffiffiffi exp − dy  apdistance
ffiffiffiffiffiffi
greater than the spatial coherence
ln 2 2σI 2π 8σ I 2 length  λL [12]. Two types of diversity receptions
x= −∞
ð
∞ are considered namely: MRC and EGC. The instantaneous
1
= ϕ ð y Þ fN ð y Þ d y SNR γmrc and γegc at the output of the N- branch MRC and
ln 2
x= −∞ N- branch EGC are respectively given as:
(14)
X
N
where ϕ ðyÞ = ln ð1 + e y Þ and fN ðyÞ represents the PDF of γmrc = γb (17)
normal RV Y i. e. ðY ⁓ Nðμ, 4σ 2 ÞÞ. According to [24], using b=1

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 R. Kaushik et al.: Capacity of Optical Wireless System 5

!2
X
N atmospheric losses is calculated using our proposed
1 pffiffiffiffiffi
γegc = γb (18) expression given in eq. (16). Further, the proposed
N b=1
expression has been utilized to compute the channel
The instantaneous SNR of individual branch γb is log- capacity is also done for OW link employing MRC and
normally distributed with mean μ b and variance σb 2 of EGC using the parameters given in eq. (19) in order to
 
ln γb . The mean μb and variance σ b 2 are related as assess the feasibility of spatial diversity as mitigation
μb = lnðγhl 2 Þ − σ b 2 . It is assumed that diversity branches tool to atmospheric losses. An OW link operating at
experience independent and identical fading with λ = 1,550 nm over the transmission distance L = 2 km
equal variance 4σ2 and average SNR γ. Since the sum with DR = DT = 20 cm is undertaken for our study. The
of log-normal RVs can be well approximated by another values of Cn2 are taken as 4.2 × 10−16, 1.4 × 10−15,
log-normal RV, γmrc and γe g c can be considered as log- 4.2 × 10−15 and 8.4 × 10−15. The corresponding values of
normal RVs with variance σmrc 2 and σ egc 2 for MRC and Rytov variances are 0.0298, 0.0993, 0.2980 and 0.5960,
EGC respectively. These parameters for an optical wire- respectively which are acceptable for weak turbulence
less link with MRC and EGC can be calculated using the condition.
expressions given by Laourine et al. [25] as: Figure 1 shows average channel capacity of an OW
   9 link as a function of SNR for varying divergence of opti-
N − 1 + e4σ
2
>
> cal beam at fixed turbulence strength Cn2 = 1.4 × 10−15 in
σmrc = ln
2
N
>
=
  2  (19) clear air conditions. As expected it is observed that
N − 1 + eσ >
>
σegc = 4 ln
2 >
; beam divergence leads to an erosion of the capacity.
N
Average capacity for different weather conditions at
These parameters can be substituted in eq. (16) for the Cn2 = 1.4 × 10−15 with θ = 2 mrad is plotted in Figure 2.
computation of average channel capacity of OWC system We consider four weather conditions: clear air, haze,
with MRC and EGC receivers. light rain and light fog. It can be seen that increasing
attenuation (as shown in Table 1) leads to decrease in
capacity. The results obtained using proposed expression
is in good agreement with exact numerical results
5 Numerical results and discussion obtained from Monte Carlo simulations. Although graph
for only one value of Cn2 is shown, we have computed
In this section, average channel capacity of an OWC the capacity at a fixed SNR of 25 dB for other values of
system over log-normal channel in presence of

Figure 1: Capacity of SISO OWC link for different beam divergence in clear air conditions at Cn2 = 1.4 × 10−15.

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6 R. Kaushik et al.: Capacity of Optical Wireless System

Figure 2: Capacity of SISO OWC link for different weather conditions with θ = 2 mrad at Cn2 = 1.4 × 10−15.

Table 2: Capacity of SISO OWC link for different beam divergence in

clear air at 25 dB SNR.
of beam divergence. Further it may also be noted
that reduction in capacity is found maximum in light
Turbulence strength (Cn) Beam divergence
fog with more than 70 % reduction in capacity for all
 mrad.  mrad.  mrad.  mrad. values of Cn2 as compared to clear air condition. In case
. × – . . . . of light rain capacity reduces by more than 30 % whereas
. × – . . . . around 10 % reduction in capacity is observed in case of
. × – . . . . haze. Computation of channel capacity of OWC system
. × – . . . . employing diversity reception techniques such as MRC
and EGC is also shown for different weather conditions
at a fixed Cn2 = 1.4 × 10−15 with θ = 2 mrad in Figures 3 and
Table 3: Capacity of SISO OWC link under different weather condi-
4 respectively.
tions with θ = 2 mrad at 25 dB SNR.
It can be seen that values of channel capacity com-
Turbulence
puted using our proposed expression in diversity combin-
Weather conditions ing environment are also in good agreement with those
strength (Cn)
Clear air Haze Light rain Light fog obtained by Monte Carlo Simulation. To test the efficacy
Capacity Capacity Capacity Capacity of spatial diversity as a mitigation technique for atmo-
(bits/s/Hz) (bits/s/Hz) (bits/s/Hz) (bits/s/Hz) spheric losses, values of channel capacity are calculated
. × – . . . . at a SNR of 25 dB for different values of Cn2 and tabulated
. × – . . . . in Tables 4 and 5 for MRC and EGC respectively. An
. × – . . . . excellent improvement in channel capacity over a SISO
. × – . . . . link is achieved by using spatial diversity in all weather
conditions irrespective of turbulence strength as seen
from Tables 3–5.
Cn2 to observe the effect of geometrical loss and weather As expected, it is observed that performance of MRC
conditions in varying turbulence as given in Tables 2 and is better than EGC in all cases considered. Further, in all
3 respectively and found same trend. cases, increasing the number of photodetectors gives
As expected, capacity decreases as turbulence more improvement in the channel capacity of OWC link
strength increases in all weather conditions irrespective with both MRC and EGC.

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Figure 3: Capacity of OWC link with MRC for different weather conditions with θ = 2 mrad at Cn2 = 1.4 × 10−15.

Figure 4: Capacity of OWC link with EGC for different weather conditions with θ = 2 mrad at Cn2 = 1.4 × 10−15.

Table 4: Capacity of OWC link with MRC for different weather conditions with θ = 2 mrad at SNR = 25 dB.

Weather conditions N Turbulence strength (Cn)

. × − . × − . × − . × −

Capacity (bits/s/Hz) Capacity (bits/s/Hz) Capacity (bits/s/Hz) Capacity (bits/s/Hz)

Haze  . . . .

 . . . .
Light rain  . . . .
 . . . .
Light fog  . . . .
 . . . .

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8 R. Kaushik et al.: Capacity of Optical Wireless System
Table 5: Capacity of OWC link with EGC for different weather conditions with θ = 2 mrad at SNR = 25 dB.
Weather conditions N Turbulence strength (Cn)
. × −
Capacity (bits/s/Hz) Capacity (bits/s/Hz)
Haze  .
 .
Light rain  .
 .
Light fog  .
 .
6 Conclusion
A simple approximate closed form expression for computa-
tion of channel capacity of IM/DD OWC system in the pre-
sence of atmospheric losses and turbulence modeled by log-
normal distribution is given. It is observed that capacity
decreases with an increase in turbulence. Presence of
weather conditions such as haze, rain and fog deteriorates
the capacity. The most severe degradation in the capacity
irrespective of the turbulence strength is produced by fog.
The proposed expression is further applied to compute the
capacity of OW link using spatial diversity with MRC and
EGC. It is observed that capacity improves by using spatial
diversity in all weather conditions irrespective of turbulence
strength and substantial improvement in capacity can be
achieved by increasing the number of photodetectors. This
analysis would enable system designer to estimate the per-
formance of an OW link in presence of various atmospheric
losses.
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