BASIC OF HELICOPTER FLIGHT PERFORMANCE

PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK PENERBANGAN & TEKNIK AERONAUTIKA

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI KEDIRGANTARAAN
UNIVERSITAS DIRGANTARA MARSEKAL SURYADARMA Created by: Tri Susilo, ST, MT
FORCE ACTING ON HELICOPTER

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Force Acting on Helicopter

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Lift & Thrust

In any kind of flight (hovering,

vertical, forward, sideward, or
rearward), the total lift and thrust
forces of a rotor are perpendicular to
the tip-path plane or plane of rotation
of the rotor.
The tip-path plane is the imaginary
circular plane outlined by the rotor
blade tips in making a cycle of
rotation.

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Maneuvering Flight

Since the fuselage of the helicopter, with a single main rotor, is suspended from a single
point and has considerable mass, it is free to oscillate either longitudinally or laterally in the
same way as a pendulum. This pendular action can be exaggerated by over controlling;
therefore, control movements should be smooth and not exaggerated.
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Maneuvering Flight

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Flight Axis

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Flight Axis

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Maneuvering Flight

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Hovering Flight

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Vertical Flight

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Forward Flight

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Sideward Flight

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Rearward Flight

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Turning Flight

In forward flight. The rotor disk is

tilted forward, which also tilts the
total lift-thrust force of the rotor
disk forward. When the helicopter is
banked, the rotor disk is tilted
sideward resulting in lift being
separated into two components. Lift
acting upward & opposing weight
is called the vertical component of
lift. Lift acting horizontally &
opposing inertia (centrifugal force)
is the horizontal component of lift
(centripetal force).

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Crosswind Effect

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ROTORS & ANTI TORQUE

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Anti Torque Rotor

Newton's third law of motion states,

"To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.“

As the main rotor of a helicopter turns in one direction, the

fuselage tends to rotate in the opposite direction. This tendency
for the fuselage to rotate is called torque.

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Anti Torque Rotor

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Anti Torque Rotor

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Anti Torque Rotor

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Tail Rotor Concept

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Fan in Tail Concept

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NOTAR Concept

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MAIN ROTOR BLADE EFFECT

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Abbreviation

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Coning Angle

Coning is the upward bending of the blades caused by the

combined forces of lift and centrifugal force. Before takeoff, the
blades rotate in a plane nearly perpendicular to the rotor mast,
since centrifugal force is the major force acting on them.

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Coning Angle

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Coning Effects

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Translational of Lift

Translational lift is that additional lift obtained when entering horizontal flight,
due to the increased efficiency of the rotor system.
The rotor system produces more lift in forward flight because the higher inflow
velocity supplies the rotor disc with a greater mass of air per unit time upon
which to work than it receives while hovering.
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Translational of Lift

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Induced Flow

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Autorotation

Autorotation is the state of flight where the main rotor system of a helicopter is being
turned by the action of air moving up through the rotor rather than engine power driving
the rotor.
In normal, powered flight, air is drawn into the main rotor system from above and
exhausted downward, but during autorotation, air moves up into the rotor system from
below as the helicopter descends.

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Translating Tendency of Drift

The tendency for a single rotor helicopter to drift laterally, due to tail rotor thrust.
The entire helicopter has a tendency to move in the direction of tail rotor thrust (to
the right) when hovering.

This movement is often

referred to as "drift." To
counteract this drift, the
rotor mast in some
helicopters is rigged slightly
to the left side so that the
tip-path plane has a built-in
tilt to the left, thus
producing a small sideward
thrust.

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Airflow in Forward Flight

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Dissymmetry of Lift

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Blade Flapping

In a three-bladed rotor system, the rotor blades are attached to the rotor hub by
a horizontal hinge which permits the blades to move in a vertical plane, i.e., flap
up or down, as they rotate.

In forward flight and assuming that the blade-pitch angle remains constant, the
increased lift on the advancing blade will cause the angle of attack because the
relative wind will change from a horizontal direction to more of a downward
direction. The decreased lift on the retreating blade will cause the blade to flap
down increasing the angle of attack because the relative wind changes from a
horizontal direction to more of an upward direction.

The combination of decreased angle of attack on the advancing blade and

increased angle of attack on the retreating blade through blade flapping action
tends to equalize the lift over the two halves of the rotor disc.

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Blade Flapping

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Blade Twisting

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FLIGHT PHASE & ATTITUDE

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Normal Takeoff

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Maximum Takeoff Performance

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Running/Rolling Takeoff

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Running/Rolling to Landing

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Rapid Deceleration/Landing

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Step Approach to Hover

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Approach to Landing

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THANK YOU