WATER SUPPLY

TOPICS
- SOURCE OF WATER
- USAGE OF WATER
- RAW WATER TREATMENT
- WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

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SOURCE OF
WATER

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 MAIN SOURCES OF
WATER

Above-ground collection of water water that lies beneath the soil layer 4
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https://youtu.be/zBnKgwnn7i4 How does rain form and what is the water cycle?

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THE WATER CYCLE

• in rivers, streams, oceans or whatever, is heated by the sun. It then evaporates - turns from liquid to gas - and
becomes water vapour, rising into the atmosphere. Plants and trees also release water vapour into the
atmosphere through their leaves by transpiration.
• Water normally change between solid, liquid and gas in single stages, but sometimes a stage can be skipped. Ice,
for example, can change straight into water vapour by a process known as sublimation.
• water vapour in the atmosphere will then eventually be forced to condense from a gas into a liquid water
droplet. In the atmosphere this is done as air rises and cools, often forming clouds in the process.
• Within a cloud, the liquid water droplets are likely to merge together over time, forming larger droplets. At some
point these droplets may get large enough that they fall from the sky, and depending on the conditions we may
see hail, rain, sleet or snow falling from the clouds.
• When this rain, sleet or snow reaches the surface, many things can happen. The water may flow into rivers,
oceans and streams. It may soak into the soil, where it will still move towards a river, but it will do so very slowly
over a long time as it filters through the ground. It may also collect on ice caps
or glaciers. It may even soak into the roots of a plant or tree and be used to help it grow.
• No matter what happens to the water, it is now ready to be evaporated, sublimated or transpired again which
completes the water cycle.

https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/weather/how-weather-works/water-cycle 7
USAGE OF
WATER

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energy

industrial swimming
recreational
Hydropower

domestic agriculture

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cooking washing bathing farming
HOW DOWE
USE RAW
WATER?

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WATER TREATMENT
PROCESS PRIMARY SECONDARY
TERTIARY
TREATMENT
TREATMENT TREATMENT
A raw water treatment Collecting removal of pH
fine solids adjustment,
system is a system and
screening and the carbon
made up of several including majority of
contaminants
treatment to
remove taste
individual pumping
from rivers using filters, and smells,
technologies that and initial coagulation, disinfection,
address your storage flocculation and
and temporary
specific raw water membranes storage to
treatment needs.
allow the
disinfecting
agent to
work.
https://www.charlestonwater.com/149/Water-Treatment 11
https://interestingengineering.com/dirty-clean-how-water-treatment-plant-works
Filtration
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Filtration
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https://youtu.be/0_ZcCqqpS2o How Do Water Treatment Plants Work?

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WATER
DISTRIBUTION

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•
•
DISTRIBUTION
• SYSTEM

https://www.tru.ca/trades/programs/water/watersafe/info-operators/water-distribution-systems.html
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 www.youtube.com/watch?v=yBd8UF3vwDs
https:// 17
EXTERNAL
DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM

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 EXTERNAL DISTRIBUTION

GRAVITY SYSTEM SYSTEM

water being pump from higher ground level and using gravity it moves
water downwards to the reservoir and users.
RAW WATER SUPPLY TREATMENT DISTRIBUTION
Distributes water
from higher level
ground.
- Not using
pump
- Has to be
highest point
- Has to have
enough height
differences
- Low-cost
- -effective
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1. DAM
A dam refers to the structural barrier that is constructed across a river or a valley with the aim
of ensuring that water is prevented from flowing. This causes water to accumulate behind the
wall after which it is allowed to overflow after reaching a certain height of the dam.

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http://www.differencebetween.net/language/words-language/differences-between-dam-and-reservoir/
2. Treatment plant

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3. Service reservoir
Service reservoir is to store treated water for supplying it to
the consumer or in case during an emergencies.

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 4. Service area
Distributing water through pimp lines to everyone in the area

https://www.slideshare.net/irazizz/ui-t-m-water-supply-mar2010
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Direct pump system
EXTERNAL DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM

The source of the water is located at a lower area. It cannot maintain the pressure required so
it needs a pump to develop pressure to push the water
RAW WATER SUPPLY TREATMENT DISTRIBUTION
- Complicated
operation
- Requires high
maintenance
- Dependent on
power supply
for pumps
- Can be placed
in any
topography

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 Rivers or wells

Treatment
plant
Pump station

https://groksurf.com/2013/05/20/a-tour-of-hoover-dam-and-the-colorado-river-aqueduct-system/
Service area

The pump house and riveted supply lines carrying the

pumped water uphill.

https://slideplayer.com/slide/6013036/

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Gravity and pump system
EXTERNAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

• Treated water is pumped at constant rate and stored in elevated reservoir.

• The elevated reservoir uses gravity to distribute water to the consumers.
• Sometimes the water is pump from the reservoir usually if emergency or high level of usage and most of the time water
is pump directly from the treatment plant.
RAW WATER SUPPLY TREATMENT DISTRIBUTION - Stored water
can be used
for emergency
like fire, water
burst pipes
- Cheaper,
efficient and
reliable

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https://muthuramanp.files.wordpress.com/2016/06/unit-5content.pdf
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https://youtu.be/zSsxXhhGocg How Do Water Towers Work?
 Adventages Disadvantages
- Pump is not required
- Pump maintenance is If water supply is located
low lower than the water
- Low cost treatment plant, pressure in
- effective the pipe becomes too high

- Ability to supply water to

higher grounds - Frequent maintenance
- Water pressure flow can - High operational cost to
be easily regulated maintain

- Low cost due to

pumping process
- No obvious disadvantages
operates at constant rate
- Less maintenance
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ThankYou
END OF PART 1