WWE - 2020 - 05 - Water Quality PDF

Water and Wastewater Treatment
(CE F342)
Water Quality
BITS Pilani Module 3-1
Hyderabad Campus
Review - Methods of expressing
concentration
• Mass/volume
• Mg/L
• Mass of a solute / unit volume of solution
• Mass/ mass
• Parts per million(ppm), parts per billion(ppb), parts per thousand
(ppt)
• The mass of a solute in given mass of solution; mg/kg or ppm
• For most practical cases in water chemistry mg/L = ppm
2
28/01/2020
CE F342 BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Review - Concentration of liquids
and gases
• Concentration of liquids
• Expressed in terms of mass or number /unit volume of mixture
– Mass – mg , g ,µg or moles
– Volume – L or m3
– Mole – one mole of any substance has Avogadro's Number

(6.02x 1023) of molecules in it and mass equal to its
molecular weight.
3
28/01/2020
Review - Concentration of liquids
and gases
• Expressed as mass of substance /mass of mixture
ppm – parts per million = 1mg/L = 1g/m3 (by wt)
ppb – parts per billion = 1 µg/L = 1mg/m3 (by wt)
• Sometimes 1L ≠ 1000g (i.e. concentration is so high that

sp. gravity is more than 1)
then
mg/l = ppm(by wt) x sp.gravity of the mixture
4
28/01/2020
Review – Unit Conversions
• It is often necessary to switch units, for example, to pass from a
chemical reaction (in which amounts are most naturally expressed in
moles) to a mass budget (in which amounts are most naturally
expressed in grams).
• Rule 1:
• Mass in grams = Molecular weight x Number of moles
where
• Molecular weight = Σ Atomic weights
Examples:
H2O: MW = 2x1 + 1x16 = 2 + 16 = 18 grams per mole
CO2: MW = 1x12 + 2x16 = 12 + 32 = 44 grams per mole
H2SO4: MW = 2x1 + 1x32 + 4x16 = 2 + 32 + 64 = 98 grams per mole
5
28/01/2020
Quality of water
Presence of foreign substances in water and their effects on
human health or aquatic life
• Rainwater: gases, vapours, particulates salt nuclei
• Surface runoff: carry silt, bacteria, organic matter and inorganic mineral,
fertilizers, salt and soluble materials
• Groundwater: carbonates, chlorides and sulphates of calcium and

magnesium
• Lake water: algae, odour and tastes
• Swamp water: color odour tastes
• *Artificial and emerging contaminants in SW & GW
6
28/01/2020
Quality and parameters
Pollution - Presence of impurities in such quantity and of such

nature as to impair the use of water for stated purpose.
• Analysis of quality of water
• Categories – to assess impact of impurities

– Physical
– Chemical
– Biological/ Microbiological
• Analysis(Testing) standards –
– Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater, APHA,
AWWA, WEF, 2012
– Indian Standard IS:3025 Methods of Sampling and Test for Water and
Waste Water (parts 1- 60)
7
28/01/2020
Physical parameters
Based on those characteristics that depend on human

senses – sight , smell, taste and touch
• Suspended Solids
• Colour
• Taste
• Odour
• Temperature
• Turbidity
8
28/01/2020
Solids
Total Solids
• Suspended solids,
• Colloidal solids and
• Dissolved solids.
Suspended solids are those which are held in suspension

in liquid,
• Settleable solids and
• Non-settleable solids.
9
28/01/2020
Solids
10
28/01/2020
Solids
• Total solids (TS) is the amount of all solids, which are

determined by weighing after drying a known volume of
the sample around 104±1 °C.
• Suspended solids (SS) are the solids retaining in a filter

and is usually determined by filtration using glass fiber
filters and weighing the dried retained portion of the
sample around 104±1 °C. (Nonfilterable residue)
• Dissolved solids (DS) or filterable solids (DS=TS-SS). The

solids passing through the filter consist of colloidal and
dissolved solids. (Filterable Residue)
11
28/01/2020
Solids
• Volatile solids (VS) are the amount of solid that

volatilises when heated at 550 °C. Useful estimation for
organic matter present in wastewater
• Fixed solids (FS) are the amount of solid that does not
volatilise at 550 °C. This measure of mineral/inorganic
matter in wastewater.
• Settable solids are those solids that will settle to the

bottom of an Imhoff cone (a cone-shaped container) in
one hour
12
28/01/2020
Interrelationships of solids
terminology
TS= TSS+TDS
TS= TVS+TFS
TS= Inorg.+Org.
13
28/01/2020
Suspended Solids
• Suspended Organic, inorganic particles or particles of

immiscible liquids in water
Significance
• Aesthetically unpleasant
• Provides adsorption sites for chemical and biological
agents
• May be biodegradable and may result in objectionable
by-products
• More used in wastewater effluent quality
Measurement
• Gravimetry
14
28/01/2020
Turbidity
• Measure to extent to which light is absorbed or
scattered by suspended material
• an indicator of suspended and colloidal solids in
water (Organic and inorganic)
• Sources – erosion, vegetable fibres, microorganisms
• Impacts – aesthetically displeasing, adsorption sites for

chemical and biological agents, taste and odours,
interferes with disinfection, interferes with photosynthesis
• Measurement
• Turbidimeter- A photometer measures scattered light at 900
/absorbed light using formazin as standard solution
– Nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) or FTU
• Use – 1 NTU as IS 10500 for drinking water
15
28/01/2020
Turbidity in surface waters
Modern Optical
probes now can be
used
16
28/01/2020
Significance of turbidity
Excessive suspended sediment can

impair water quality for aquatic and Suspended solids can increase the
human life, impede navigation and temperature of water as they
increase flooding risks. absorb additional heat from the
sun. This can also cause dissolved
oxygen levels to drop below the
thermocline, creating hypoxic
conditions. 17
28/01/2020
Significance of turbidity
Indicate
• Erosion
• Contamination
• Pathogens
Photosynthesis Production
18
28/01/2020
Colour
• Pure water –Colour less

• Suspended matter –apparent colour
• Due to dissolved solids – true colour
Sources : organic matter, oxides of elements like iron and manganese

and wastewater
Impacts: aesthetically displeasing, unsuitable for laundry, dyeing , food

processing and many industries interferes with disinfection, are
carcinogens or forms with chlorine
Measurement: tintometer - after removal of apparent colour, colour

comparison with standard colour water, Hazen units
Use: in water supply not to exceed 5 hazen units
19
28/01/2020
Taste and Odour
• Sources – inorganic (mostly taste) and organic (taste and

odour), minerals metals salts, biological reaction
byproducts
• Impacts : obnoxious, displeasing
• Measurement : depends on personal factors, Threshold

odour number (TON)
• Use: only for potable water
20
28/01/2020
Temperature
• Not used to directly evaluate water

or waste waters
• Important for surface water systems
• Sources: ambient temperature,

deforestation, waste heat in
industrial effluents
• Impacts :Effect on activities of flora

and fauna in water, solubility of
gases (on DO levels) and rate of
reaction of chemicals,
21
28/01/2020
IS Standards
IS 10500:2012
22
28/01/2020
Chemical Parameters
• TDS
• pH
• Alkalinity /Acidity
• Hardness
23
28/01/2020
Total dissolved Solids
• Solids remaining after Filtration.

• Total dissolved solids (TDS) include the sum of
all ion particles.
• Sources:
Source: www.purewaterservices.co.nz/
• Impacts: Displeasing, toxic, water taste, and

often indicates a high alkalinity or hardness
• Measurement: Gravimetry, Conductivity
• Use: indicator of quality
24
28/01/2020
Total dissolved Solids - Typical
Values
????
25
28/01/2020
pH
26
28/01/2020
pH - Importance
27
28/01/2020
Factors that Influence the pH of
Water
• Carbon Dioxide and pH
• Natural pH Influences
• Man-Made pH Influencers
• Measurement: Colorimetric, Electrometric
28
28/01/2020
Alkalinity
• Capacity of a water to neutralize acids.(Acid

neutralization capacity)
• Major forms- Bicarbonate, Hydroxide, Carbonate
• Minor forms - Borate, silicate, phosphates
• Sources: Dissolution of mineral substances, detergents,

fertilizers and insecticides, microbial decomposition
• Impacts: Bitter taste, possibility of reactions with cations,

precipitates
29
28/01/2020
Application of alkalinity
• Chemical Coagulation
• Water softening
• Corrosion control
• Buffer capacity
• Industrial waste disposal and treament
30
28/01/2020
Alkalinity
• Found by experimentally determining how much acid it takes to

lower the pH of water to 4.5.
• In most waters the only significant contributions to alkalinity are the
carbonate species and any free H+ or OH- .
• The total H+ that can be taken up by a water containing primarily
carbonate species is
31
28/01/2020
32
28/01/2020
Titration curve for OH-CO3
mixture
• Below pH of 4.5, essentially all of the
carbonate species are present as
H2CO3, and the alkalinity is negative
(due to the H+).
• At a pH of 8.3 most of the carbonate

species are present as HCO3- and the
alkalinity equals HCO3-.
• Above a pH of 12.3, essentially all of the

carbonate species are present as [CO32]
and the alkalinity equals [CO32-]+[OH- ].
The [OH-] may not be insignificant at this
pH.
33
28/01/2020
Acidity
• Acidity of water represents its capacity to react with a

strong base to a designated pH and an indicator of how
corrosive water is.
• Acidity can be caused by weak organic acids, such as

acetic and tannic acids, and strong mineral acids
including sulfuric and hydrochloric acids.
• Most common source of acidity in unpolluted water

is carbon dioxide in the form of carbonic acid.
34
28/01/2020
Significance of Acidity
• Little Concern from sanitary or public health view point

• Although virtually all water has some alkalinity, acidic
water is not frequently encountered, except in cases of
severe pollution.
• Water having mineral acidity are unpalatable hence
problems related to human consumption non-existent
• Acidity is a concern in corrosion of pipes, maintaining pH
in efficient chemical/ biological treatments
• Also a concern in natural waters(lakes) in areas of acid
deposition – can make lakes acidic if sufficient buffers
are not there
35
28/01/2020
Hardness
• Hard waters
• require considerable amounts of soap to produce a foam or
lather and produce scale in hot- water pipes, heaters, boilers
• caused by multivalent metallic cations.
• Such ions are capable of reacting with soap to form

precipitates and with certain anions present in the water
to form scale.
36
28/01/2020
Hardness
• Hardness is defined as the sum of all polyvalent cations (in consistent units) including
calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, strontium, and aluminum. The common units of
expression are mg/L as CaCO3 or milliequivalents per liter (meq/L).
• Although all polyvalent cations contribute to hardness, the predominant contributors are
calcium and magnesium.
• Hardness in natural waters comes from the dissolution of

minerals from geologic formations that contain calcium and
magnesium. Two common minerals are calcite (CaCO3 )
and dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2].
• Calcite and dolomite react with the carbonic acid to form

calcium bicarbonate [Ca(HCO3)2] and magnesium
bicarbonate [Mg(HCO3)2] . While CaCO3 and CaMg(CO3)2
are not very soluble in water, the bicarbonates are quite
soluble.
• Calcium chloride (CaCl2 ), gypsum (CaSO4 ), magnesium chloride (MgCl2) , and
magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) may also dissolve to contribute to the hardness.
37
28/01/2020
Source of hardness
• Derived largely from contact
with the soil and rock
formations.
• carbon dioxide is released
by bacterial action.
• The soil water becomes
highly charged with carbon
dioxide, which, becomes
carbonic acid.
• Under the low pH conditions
that develop, basic
materials, particularly
limestone formations, are
dissolved.
38
28/01/2020
Cause of Hardness
39
28/01/2020
Public health significance
40
28/01/2020
Types of Hardness
Calcium and Magnesium hardness
Total Hardness – Calcium hardness = Magnesium

hardness
41
28/01/2020
Total Hardness
Since calcium and magnesium predominate, total hardness (TH) of a
water is defined as the sum of these elements (Cations)
++ +
𝐓𝐇 = 𝐂𝐚 𝟐 𝐌𝐠𝟐
The concentrations of each element are in consistent units (mg/L as CaCO3 or meq/L).
Two components of total hardness may also be termed in terms of

anions:
• Those associated with HCO3- anion (called carbonate hardness, CH)

• Those with other anions (called non-carbonate hardness NCH).
𝐓𝐇 = 𝐂𝐇 + 𝐍𝐂𝐇
42
28/01/2020
Types of Hardness
43
28/01/2020
Types of Hardness
44
28/01/2020
Temporary and Permanent
Harness
• Carbonate hardness is often called temporary hardness
because boiling the water removes it.
• Noncarbonate hardness is called permanent hardness

because it is not removed when water is heated.
45
28/01/2020
Inorganic non-metallic mineral
• Inorganic non metallic minerals

– Fluorides
– Chlorides
– Sulphates
– Compounds of Nitrogen
– Sodium and Potassium
• Metals (toxic and non toxic)
– Iron and manganese
– Lead and arsenic
– Cadmium and Hexavalent Chromium
• Dissolved gases
– O2 , BOD, COD
46
28/01/2020
Inorganic non-metallic mineral
• Inorganic mineral: Cl-, F-, SO42-, PO43-, N present

naturally in groundwater
• Excess Cl- in groundwater might be caused from

seawater intrusion
• Excess PO43-, and NO3-N in surface-water and/

groundwater sourced from agricultural residue
• F- contamination a natural hazard in India: Less amount

of F- in water can cause tooth decay, whereas excess
amount cause dental fluorosis, corrosion of bones
47
28/01/2020
Forms of Nitrogen in Wastewater
• Ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) and

• Organically bonded nitrogen
• Nitrite-nitrogen (NO2-N),
• Nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N)
Total N = Organic N + NH3-N + NO3-N + NO2-N
• Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen(TKN) , a component of total nitrogen, is
the sum of organic nitrogen and ammonia.
TKN= Organic N + Ammonia N
Total N = TKN + NO3-N + NO2-N
• TKN represents undecomposed organic matter in wastewater,
or proteins in food industry
• required parameter for regulatory reporting at many treatment
plants, and as a means of monitoring plant operations.
48
28/01/2020
Metals - Fe, Mn
• Can be found in groundwater source.
• These are dissolved in groundwater (having high contact

time with water in the subsurface)
• When exposed to air Fe2+ or Mn2+ is oxidized in form

deposit of Fe3+/Mn4+
• These does not have significant health effect but causes

bitter taste in water.
49
28/01/2020
Arsenic and lead
• As is naturally occur in
groundwater (As3+ and As5+
form)
• As permissible limit: 50 μm/L

concentration in India
• Concentration above
permissible limit has high
toxic effect on human health
• Pb -bioaccumulator
50
28/01/2020
Dissolved Oxygen
• Most important constituent of natural waster systems

• Life sustaining aspect of aquatic species
• Anaerobic conditions produce aesthetically unpleasant
odours, tastes and colour
• Usually minimum of 2 mg/l of DO
• Solubility depends on temperature, pressure and salinity
– 14mg/l at STP at 0 mg/l salinity
– ~ 11 mg/l at STP at 35,000 mg/l salinity
• Oxygen contribution to surface waters
– Dissolution from atmosphere (re aeration)
– Algal photosynthesis
51
28/01/2020
Biochemical oxygen demand
The amount of oxygen required by microorganisms to aerobically

oxidize organic wastes.
• Expressed in mg/l.
• an indicator of total aerobically biodegradable organic matter
(waste) present in the water and/or waste water.
Aerobic
Microorganisms
Organic matter + O2 CO2 + H2 O + New cells + Stable
products (NO3 , PO4 , SO4)
Anaerobic
Microorganisms
Organic matter CO2 + H2 O + New cells + Unstable
products (NH3 , CH4 , H2S)
52
28/01/2020
Determination of BOD – Dilution
method
• Sample of waste in a stoppered bottle and measuring the initial an d
final DO. Difference divided by the dilution fraction (if any) of waste
gives BOD.
• Normally many days
• Standard practice of five days
• Light kept out and bottle sealed and run at a standard temp of 200
• DO at 200 is 9.0 mg/l
• Has to diluted as final DO has to be above zero
The five day BOD is given by

𝐷𝑂𝑖 − 𝐷𝑂𝑓
𝐵𝑂𝐷5 =
𝑃
𝐷𝑂𝑖 =initial DO of diluted waste water
𝐷𝑂𝑓 = Final DO of diluted waste water, 5days later
P = dilution fraction = Volume of ww / (volume of ww + dw)
53
28/01/2020
Seeded BOD Test
• Inadequate bacteria in the waste water
• Dilute using seeded water instead of pure water
• Two BOD bottles to be prepared for the test(one for seeded water and one
mixture)
𝐵𝑂𝐷𝑚 𝑉𝑚 = 𝐵𝑂𝐷𝑊 𝑉𝑊 + 𝐵𝑂𝐷𝑑 𝑉𝑑
𝑉𝑚 = 𝑉𝑤 + 𝑉𝑑
𝐵𝑂𝐷𝑚 = 𝐷𝑂𝑖 − 𝐷𝑂𝑓 ; 𝐵𝑂𝐷𝑑 = 𝐵𝑖 − 𝐵𝑓
𝑉𝑤
=𝑃;
𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑑
=1−𝑃
𝑉𝑚
𝐷𝑂𝑖 − 𝐷𝑂𝑓 − 𝐵𝑖 − 𝐵𝑓 1 − 𝑃
𝐵𝑂𝐷𝑊 =
𝑃
54
28/01/2020
Derivation
55
28/01/2020
Derivation
56
28/01/2020
Determination of BOD –
respirometric method
• Manometric respirometers
• Carbon dioxide produced
relate oxygen uptake to
the change in pressure metabolically by the bacteria
caused by oxygen is chemically bound by the
consumption while potassium hydroxide
maintaining a constant solution contained in the
volume. seal cup in the bottle.
• Provide direct • The result is a pressure

measurements of the drop in the system, which is
oxygen consumed by directly proportional to the
microorganisms from an BOD value and is measured
air or oxygen-enriched by the BOD sensor. The
environment in a closed BOD level is then displayed
vessel under conditions of directly in mg/l.
constant temperature and
agitation
http://www.inasc.com.co/picture-static-inasc/pdf/38075811075.pdf
57
28/01/2020
Modeling BOD
Assuming a container with some waste

• Two perspectives
• Bacterial oxidation – organic matter remaining decreases
– organic matter oxidized increases with time
• Bacterial oxidation – OD decreases with time – OD
already utilized/exerted increases with time
58
28/01/2020
Modeling BOD as first order
reaction
• Remaining demand for oxygen to decompose wastes decreases until there is
no more demand
Or
• Oxygen demand utilized starts at zero and increases until all original demand
has been satisfied
• Assuming rate of decomposition of waste is proportional to amount of waste

remaining
• Amount of oxygen demand left after time, t is Lt and assuming a first order
reaction
𝒅𝑳𝒕
= −𝒌𝑳𝒕
𝒅𝒕
𝑳𝒕 = 𝑳𝟎 𝒆−𝒌𝒕
59
28/01/2020
BOD Curve
𝑳𝟎 = 𝑳𝒕 + 𝑩𝑶𝑫𝒕
𝑳𝒕 = 𝑳𝟎 𝒆−𝒌𝒕
𝑩𝑶𝑫𝒕 = 𝑳𝟎 (𝟏 − 𝒆−𝒌𝒕)
𝐿0 - ultimate carbonaceous oxygen demand
𝐵𝑂𝐷𝑡 - amount of oxygen demand already consumed/ utilized/ exerted by waste in the first t days
60
28/01/2020
BOD remaining vs BOD utilized
curve
(a) The BOD remaining as a function of time
(b) the oxygen already consumed as a function of time. 61

28/01/2020
BOD rate constant
• As K increases, rate at which DO is used up increases

• L0 does not change
• Depends nature of waste (eg: simple and complex sugars),
availability of microorganisms to utilize waste, and temperature
Relation between reaction rate constant and temperature at 200C
kT =k20θ(T-20)
θ = 1.135 ( 40C to 200C) ;
θ = 1.056 ( 200C to 300C)
Typical BOD rate constant, k (K) at 200C (day-1)
• Raw sewage 0.35-0.70 (0.15-0.3)

• Well treated Sewage 0.12 - 0.23(0.05-0.10)
• Polluted river water 0.12 - 0.23 (0.05-0.10) 62
28/01/2020
BOD5 vs UBOD
• BOD5 although usually used for regulatory purpose, Ultimate BOD is a
better indicator of total waste strength
63
28/01/2020
Example 1
A standard five-day BOD test is run using a mix consisting

of four parts distilled water and one part wastewater (no
seed). The initial DO of the mix is 9.0 mg/L, and the DO
after five days is determined to be 1.0 mg/L. What is
BOD5?
64
28/01/2020
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Example 2
65
28/01/2020
Example 3
If the for some wastewater is 200 mg/L, and the ultimate

BOD is 300 mg/L, find the reaction rate constants k
(base e) and K (base 10).
66
28/01/2020
Example 4
A BOD test is run using 100 mL of treated wastewater mixed
with 200 mL of pure water. The initial DO of the mix is 9.0
mg/L. After 5 days, the DO is 4.0 mg/L. After a long period of
time, the DO is 2.0 mg/L, and it no longer seems to be
dropping.
• What is the five-day BOD of the wastewater?
• Estimate the ultimate BOD.
• What would be the remaining BOD after five days have
elapsed?
• Estimate the reaction rate constant .
67
28/01/2020
Example 4
A standard BOD test is run using seeded dilution water. In

one bottle, the waste sample is mixed with seeded dilution
water giving a dilution of 1:30.
Another bottle, the blank, contains just seeded dilution
water. Both bottles begin the test with DO at the saturation
value of 9.2 mg/L. After five days, the bottle containing
waste has DO equal to 2.0 mg/L, while that containing just
seeded dilution water has DO equal to 8.0 mg/L. Find the
five day BOD of the waste.
68
28/01/2020
Qn 1
In a standard five-day BOD test,

(a) Why is the BOD bottle stoppered?
(b) Why is the test run in the dark (or in a black bottle)?
(c) Why is it usually necessary to dilute the sample?
(d) Why is it sometimes necessary to seed the sample?
(e) Why isn’t ultimate BOD measured?
69
28/01/2020
Qn 2
Incoming wastewater, with equal to about 200 mg/L, is treated in

a well-run secondary treatment plant that removes 90 percent of
the BOD. You are to run a five-day BOD test with a standard
300-mL bottle, using a mixture of treated sewage and dilution
water (no seed). Assume the initial DO is 9.2 mg/L.
• Roughly what maximum volume of treated wastewater should

you put in the bottle if you want to have at least 2.0 mg/L of
DO at the end of the test (filling the rest of the bottle with
water)?
• If you make the mixture half water and half treated
wastewater, what DO would you expect after five days?
70
28/01/2020
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Qn 3
71
28/01/2020
Two part of ultimate BOD
• The carbonaceous stage,

first stage
• portion of oxygen demand
involved in the conversion
of organic carbon to carbon
dioxide (CBOD).
• The nitrogenous stage, or

second stage,
• represents a combined
carbonaceous plus
nitrogenous demand, when
organic nitrogen, ammonia,
and nitrite are converted to
nitrate.
72
28/01/2020
Fate of nitrogen in polluted water
73
28/01/2020
NBOD
• NBOD generally begins after about 6 days.
• Nitrogen in complex molecules of dead living things or their
waste - converted to NH3 by bacteria- NH3 to nitrite
(nitrosomonas) and nitrite to nitrate( nitrobactor) (process called
nitrification)
• Oxygen needed to convert ammonia to nitrate and nitrite is

NBOD
• For some sewage, especially discharge from wastewater

treatment plants utilizing biological treatment processes,
nitrification can occur in less than 5 days if ammonia, nitrite, and
nitrifying bacteria are present. 74
28/01/2020
NBOD
75
28/01/2020
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen(TKN) - Total concentration of organic and
ammonia nitrogen in water
Ultimate NBOD = 4.57 x TKN
76
28/01/2020
Chemical oxygen demand
(COD)
• “measure of the capacity of water to consume oxygen during
the decomposition of organic matter and the oxidation of
inorganic chemicals using a strong chemical oxidizing agent”.
• It is an estimation of all organic content including

biodegradable and non-biodegradable content. Digest the
Sample with strong oxidizing agent [potassium dichromate,
H2SO4 and heat] to get COD.
• Because this chemical oxidant is not specific to oxygen-

consuming chemicals that are organic or inorganic, both of
these sources of oxygen demand are measured in a COD
assay.
77
28/01/2020
COD Vs BOD
• Does not depend on the ability of microorganisms to degrade
wastes or on knowledge of particular substance in question.
• Does not distinguish between that would be exerted in a

natural environment and chemical oxidation of inert matter
• Does not provide any info on rate of actual biodegradation
• Quicker than BOD
• Higher than BOD (for highly organic waste they may be same)
• COD can be used to estimate BOD
78
28/01/2020
Theoretical Oxygen
Demand(ThOD)
“calculated amount of oxygen required to oxidize a compound to its final
oxidation products based stoichiometric considerations”.
In order to determine the ThOD for glycine (CH2(NH2)COOH)

1. Write balanced reaction for the carbonaceous oxygen demand.
CH2(NH2)COOH + 1.5 02 ---> NH3 + 2CO2 + H20
In the first step, the organic carbon and nitrogen are converted to carbon
dioxide (CO2) and ammonia (NH3), respectively.
2. Write balanced reactions for the nitrogenous oxygen demand.
NH3 + 1.5 02 -> HNO2 + H20 HNO2 + 0.5 O2 -> HNO3
In the second and third steps, the ammonia is oxidized sequentially to nitrite
and nitrate.
3. The ThOD is the sum of the oxygen required for all three steps. Determine
the ThOD.
ThOD = (1.5 + 2) mol O2/mol glycine
= 3.5 mol O2/mol glycine x 32 g/mol O2 / 75 g/mol glycine
= 1.49 g O2/g glycine 79
28/01/2020
Microbiological (Pathogens)
• Disease causing organisms which grow and multiply within hosts
• Water Borne – ingestion of contaminated water – cholera, typhoid
• Water-washed – lack of sufficient water to maintain cleanliness-
trachoma, scabia
• Water related - host that depend on water for its habitat
• Water based- involve water contact not ingestion –
schistosomiasis(snails-cercaria), dracunculiasis
• Bacteria
• cholera – vibrio comma
• Typhoid – salmonella typhosa
• Virus
• Helminth (parasitic Worms)
• Protozoa
80
28/01/2020
81
28/01/2020
Pathogen indicator (E. Coli)
• analyze for indicator organisms that inhabit the intestines

are excreted in human faeces. The presence of these
indicator organisms in water is evidence of faecal
contamination and, therefore, of a risk that pathogens
are present.
Coliforms: Aerobic and facultative anaerobic, non spore

forming, rod shaped gram negative bactieria which
ferment lactose with gas formation within 48 hours.
82
28/01/2020
Coliforms
Total Coliforms
• includes thermotolerant coliforms and bacteria of faecal
origin, as well as some bacteria that may be isolated from
soil and water environmental sources
• the presence of total coliforms may or may not indicate
faecal contamination
Thermotolerant (faecal) coliforms
• coliform organisms which grow at 44 or 44.50C and
ferment lactose to produce acid and gas.
• more than 95 per cent of thermotolerant coliforms
isolated from water are Escherichia coli
83
28/01/2020
Determination of E.coli
• Multiple tube fermentation techniques (Presumptive and

confirmatory test) using Most Probable Number(MPN)
• Membrane filter technique
84
28/01/2020
Coliform test - Multiple tube
fermentation techniques
• Serial dilution in a series
of test tube and incubation
• The goal of the dilution

scheme is to have some
tubes positive with gas
production and some
tubes negative or no gas
production.
• Observing production of
gas it is possible to
determine the probable
number of bacteria
originally present in the
sample.
85
28/01/2020
MPN Table
86
28/01/2020
Membrane Filtration technique
• The membrane filter method gives a direct

count of total coliforms and faecal coliforms
present in a given sample of water.
• A measured volume of water is filtered, under
vacuum, through a cellulose acetate membrane
of uniform pore diameter, usually 0.45 µm.
• Bacteria are retained on the surface of the
membrane which is placed on a suitable
selective medium in a sterile container and
incubated at an appropriate temperature.
87
28/01/2020
Multiple Fermentation vs
Membrane Fitration
88
28/01/2020
Water quality criteria
89
28/01/2020
90
28/01/2020
Other Guidelines
• Industry effluent Standards http://cpcb.nic.in/industry-effluent-

standards/
• Water quality Criteria http://cpcb.nic.in/water-quality-criteria/
• Drinking water standards IS 10500 : 2012 (2015 amendment)
• WHO, Guidelines for drinking-water quality, fourth edition
(http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/2011/dwq_
guidelines/en/)
• ICMR (Indian Council for Medical Research)
• ISO
(http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_ics_b
rowse.htm?ICS1=13&ICS2=060
91
28/01/2020
Example 3
The BOD5 of a waste water is 150mg/l at 200C. The k value

(base e) is 0.23/day. What would be BOD8 if the test was
run at 150C.
92
28/01/2020
BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus
Thank You

WWE - 2020 - 05 - Water Quality PDF

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

WWE - 2020 - 05 - Water Quality PDF

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Water and Wastewater Treatment

• For most practical cases in water chemistry mg/L = ppm

– Mole – one mole of any substance has Avogadro's Number

• Sometimes 1L ≠ 1000g (i.e. concentration is so high that

• Rainwater: gases, vapours, particulates salt nuclei

• Groundwater: carbonates, chlorides and sulphates of calcium and

• Lake water: algae, odour and tastes

• Swamp water: color odour tastes

• *Artificial and emerging contaminants in SW & GW

Pollution - Presence of impurities in such quantity and of such

• Analysis of quality of water

• Categories – to assess impact of impurities

Based on those characteristics that depend on human

Suspended solids are those which are held in suspension

• Total solids (TS) is the amount of all solids, which are

• Suspended solids (SS) are the solids retaining in a filter

• Dissolved solids (DS) or filterable solids (DS=TS-SS). The

• Volatile solids (VS) are the amount of solid that

• Settable solids are those solids that will settle to the

• Suspended Organic, inorganic particles or particles of

• Sources – erosion, vegetable fibres, microorganisms

• Impacts – aesthetically displeasing, adsorption sites for

Excessive suspended sediment can

• Pure water –Colour less

Sources : organic matter, oxides of elements like iron and manganese

Impacts: aesthetically displeasing, unsuitable for laundry, dyeing , food

Measurement: tintometer - after removal of apparent colour, colour

• Sources – inorganic (mostly taste) and organic (taste and

• Impacts : obnoxious, displeasing

• Measurement : depends on personal factors, Threshold

• Use: only for potable water

• Not used to directly evaluate water

• Sources: ambient temperature,

• Impacts :Effect on activities of flora

• Solids remaining after Filtration.

• Impacts: Displeasing, toxic, water taste, and

• Measurement: Colorimetric, Electrometric

• Capacity of a water to neutralize acids.(Acid

• Sources: Dissolution of mineral substances, detergents,

• Impacts: Bitter taste, possibility of reactions with cations,

• Found by experimentally determining how much acid it takes to

• At a pH of 8.3 most of the carbonate

• Above a pH of 12.3, essentially all of the

• Acidity of water represents its capacity to react with a

• Acidity can be caused by weak organic acids, such as

• Most common source of acidity in unpolluted water

• Little Concern from sanitary or public health view point

• caused by multivalent metallic cations.

• Such ions are capable of reacting with soap to form

• Hardness in natural waters comes from the dissolution of

• Calcite and dolomite react with the carbonic acid to form

Calcium and Magnesium hardness

Total Hardness – Calcium hardness = Magnesium

Two components of total hardness may also be termed in terms of

• Those associated with HCO3- anion (called carbonate hardness, CH)

• Noncarbonate hardness is called permanent hardness

• Inorganic non metallic minerals

• Inorganic mineral: Cl-, F-, SO42-, PO43-, N present

• Excess Cl- in groundwater might be caused from

• Excess PO43-, and NO3-N in surface-water and/

• F- contamination a natural hazard in India: Less amount

• Ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) and

• Can be found in groundwater source.