LIN - 1103

ADDING INFORMATION
THROUGH RELATIVE
CLAUSES
Developed by:
Lic. Ma. Eugenia Maldonado V.
 CLAUS
E is a grammar unit that has the following structure.
A Clause

S + V+ O
 Sometimes a Clause can only have a Subject and a Verb
(S+V).
 There are two kinds of Clauses:
a) Main Clause.
• It expresses a complete idea.
• It can appear alone.

S V S V O

Ex. Carmen reads. She reads romantic

novels.
Main Main Clause
Clause
 b) Dependent clause:
• It does not express a complete idea.
• It depends on a main clause to appear (cannot appear
alone).
• It is introduced into the sentence by a especial expression.

S V O S V O
Ex. Italy is the country that has more deaths due to
COVID-19.Main Dependent
Clause Clause

S V O S V O
Italians did not obey the order of social distance when the government
established it.
Main Dependent
Clause Clause

N.B. There are many kinds of dependent clauses. We will focus on

the
Relative Clauses in this lesson.
 RELATIVE CLAUSES
 A relative clause works as an adjective to give additional
information
about something that was previously mentioned in the main
clause,
without starting another sentence.
 It specifies which person or thing we mean or what type they are.
It is
introduced by a RELATIVE PRONOUN.
S.1 S.2
 When we combine sentences with a relative clause, we can avoid
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was born in He wrote the Sherlock Holmes storie
repeating certain words and the text becomes more fluent.
Edinburgh. Relativ
e
Pronou
n
wh wrote the Sherlock Holmes
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, was born in Edinburgh.
o stories,
RELATIVE
CLAUSE

MAIN CLAUSE
 S.1 S.2
Infections with the virus have been reported around the world. The virus was originated in Wuhan, Chin
Relativ
e
Pronou
n
whic was originated in Wuhan,
Infections with the virus, have been reported around the world.
h China,
RELATIVE
CLAUSE

MAIN CLAUSE

S.1 S.2
Italy has extended its emergency coronavirus measures. The measures include travel restrictions.
Relativ
e RELATIVE
Pronou CLAUSE
n
whic
Italy has extended its emergency coronavirus measures include travel restrictions.
h
MAIN CLAUSE
 RELATIVE PRONOUNS

 A Relative pronoun introduces the relative clause in the

main
clause and performs a role in the clause.
 A relative pronoun refers to something or somebody
that was
already mentioned in the main clause.
 Relative pronouns usually have specific functions:
Relative
Use
Pronoun
1 who / that PEOPLE
ANIMALS and
2 which / that
THINGS
3 whose POSSESSION
4 where (adverb) PLACE
 Relative Pronoun WHO
 This relative pronoun replaces a PERSON (singular) or several
PEOPLE (plural).
 This pronoun can work as the SUBJECT or as the OBJECT of
the relative clause.
 We translate this pronoun as QUIEN or QUE.

 as the SUBJECT of the relative clause

RELATIVE
CLAUSE
wh wrote the Sherlock Holmes
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, was born in Edinburgh.
o stories,
S V O

Quién hizo S WHO Sir Arthur Conan

algo?
Qué hizo V ESCRIBI Doyle
S? Ó
Qué escribió O Las historias de Sherlock
S? Holmes
 RELATIVE
CLAUSE
The individuals had contact with one of the infected wh were originally diagnosed on 10
patients o March.

S V

Quiénes fueron S WHO los pacientes

diagnosticados?
Qué se V infectados
SE DIAGNOSTICÓ
hizo ?

RELATIVE
CLAUSE
urged people to shelter in place to stop spread of
Tom Hanks, who
tested positive for coronavirus
disease.

S V

Quién hizo S WHO Tom

algo?
Qué hizo V Hanks
DIO POSITIVO
S?
 as the OBJECT of the relative clause
RELATIVE
CLAUSE
wh Carla invited to the
Do you know the woman
o party?
O S V
Quién hizo S Carla
algo?
Qué hizo S V INVITÓ
?
A Quién invitó O WHO The
S? woman
RELATIVE
CLAUSE
wh
The students I couldn’t assess,
have to justify their absence with a letter.
o
O S V

Quién hizo S Yo
algo?
Qué no hice V NO PUDE
S?
A Quiénes no pude O WHOEVALUARLos
evaluar S? estudiantes
 When the pronoun works as the object of the relative
clause, it RELATIVE
CAN BE OMITTED (but it is understood).
CLAUSE
Carla invited to the
Do you know the woman
party?
RELATIVE O S V
CLAUSE
The students I couldn’t assesshave to justify their absence with a letter.
OS V

When we translate these sentences into Spanish,

we CANNOT
OMIT IT. a Carla invitó a la
Conoces a la mujer a la
quién fiesta?
que
a no pude
Los estudiantes a los tienen que justificar su ausencia con una carta.
quiénes evaluar
que
 Relative Pronoun WHICH
 This relative pronoun replaces a THING (singular) or several
THINGS (plural).
 This pronoun can work as the SUBJECT or as the OBJECT of
the relative clause.
 We translate this pronoun as QUE.

 as the SUBJECT of the relative clause

RELATIVE
CLAUSE
whic has killed more than 13,000
Russia has registered one death resulting from the Coronavirus,
h worldwide.

S V O

Qué cosa ha hecho S WHICH El

algo?
Qué ha hecho V Coronavirus
HA MATADO
S?
Qué ha matado S? O Más de
13,000
 RELATIVE
CLAUSE
whic include travel
Italy has extended its emergency coronavirus measures
h restrictions.
S V O
Quién hace S WHICH Medidas de emergencia del
algo?
Qué hizo V INCLUYE coronavirus
S?
Qué INCLUYE O Restricciones de viaje
S?

RELATIVE
CLAUSE
whic have no medicines to treat
Dozens of Palestinian children are dying in hospitals
h them.
S V O

Qué cosa hace S WHICH Hospitales

algo?
Qué hace V NO
S? TIENE
Qué NO TIENE O medicinas
S?
 as the OBJECT of the relative clause
RELATIVE
CLAUSE
whic my mom
My boyfriend loves the food
h cooks.
O S V
Quién hace S Mi
algo?
Qué hace V mamá
COCINA
S?
Qué cocina O WHICH la
S? RELATIVE comida
CLAUSE
whic we bought in the
The apples are really delicious.
h shop
O S V

Quién hizo S Nosotros

algo?
Qué hicimos V COMPRAMO
S?
Qué compramos O WHIC S Las
S? H manzanas
When the pronoun works as the object of the relative
clause, it RELATIVE
CAN BE OMITTED (but it is understood).
CLAUSE
My boyfriend loves the food
my mom cooks
RELATIVE O S V
CLAUSE
we bought in the
The apples are really delicious.
shop
O S V

When we translate these sentences into Spanish,

we CANNOT
OMIT IT.
qu mi mamá
Mi novio ama la comida
e cocina.
qu compramos en la
Las manzanas están deliciosas.
e tienda
 Relative Pronoun WHOSE
 This relative pronoun replaces a PERSON (singular) or several
PEOPLE (plural) as the OWNER/OWNERS OF something.
 This pronoun will appear before the thing that is possessed by
the
Owner (property).
 We translate this pronoun as CUYO (A), CUYOS (AS).
RELATIVE
CLAUSE
who factory was polluting the
The man was fined $100,000.
se river
S V O

Qué estaba haciendo algo? S La

Qué estaba haciendo V fábricaESTABA
S? CONTAMINANDO
Qué estaba haciendo O El
S? río
A quién le pertenece whose El
S? hombre
 RELATIVE
CLAUSE
whos entire population is under
The death toll from a coronavirus outbreak has risen in Italy,
e lockdown.
S V C

Quién está bajo S La

encierro?
Qué hace V población
ESTÁ BAJO
S?
A quién le pertenece whose ENCIERRO
Italia
S?

RELATIVE
CLAUSE
whos
Oruro city, inhabitants have been in self-isolation since March
has6,not reported any more cases.
e

Quién ha estado haciendo S Los

algo? haciendo
Qué ha estado V habitantes
Han estado en
A quiénS?
le pertenece whose aislamiento
Oruro City
S?
 Relative Pronoun WHERE
 This relative pronoun replaces a PLACE (singular) or several
PLACES (plural).
 We translate this pronoun as DONDE.

RELATIVE
CLAUSE
wher the first Coronavirus infected person was
Oruro is the city in Bolivia
e reported.
S V

Quién fue S La primera persona

reportado?
Qué se V SE infectada
hizo? REPORTÓ
Dónde fue reportado where En la ciudad
S?
 RELATIVE
CLAUSE
wher
Italian elder people are dying in hospitals
doctors are working hard to save them.
e
S V

Quién hace S Los doctores

Quéalgo?
están V ESTÁN TRABAJANDO
haciendo? DURO
Dónde están trabajando where En los
duro S? hospitales
RELATIVE
CLAUSE
wher rainwater creates a mirror-like
Uyuni Salt Flat is the most visited place in Bolivia.
e surface,
S V O

Quién hace S El agua de lluvia

algo?
Qué hace S? V CREA
Qué crea O Una superficie parecida a un
S?
Dónde crea S un where espejo
En el salar de
O? Uyuni
Thank you!!!