JC1 2012 Year End Peer Tutoring Worksheets (Solutions)

Inequalities
1 i) For 2 x 2 + x + 1 , discriminant = -7 < 0
Since the coefficient of x 2 is positive, ∴ 2 x 2 + x + 1 > 0∀x ∈ R
ii)
f ( x ) = 2 x3 − 3 x 2 − x − 2 ≡ ( x − 2)(2 x 2 + x + 1)
Consider f ( x ) = 0 ,
( x − 2)(2 x 2 + x + 1) = 0
x−2=0 or 2 x2 + x + 1 = 0
x=2 No real roots since 2 x 2 + x + 1 > 0∀x ∈ R

∴ f ( x) = 0 has only one real root which is x = 2

For f ( x ) > 0 , we have x > 2 .

iii) x+2
2
≥1
2x + x + 1
x + 2 ≥ 2 x2 + x + 1 (∵ 2 x 2
+ x + 1 > 0 ∀x ∈ R )
2 x2 −1 ≤ 0
1 1 1 1
(x − )( x + )≤0 ∴− ≤x≤
2 2 2 2
2a

2b 1
x–1≥
x
1
x–1– ≥0
x
x2 – x – 1
≥0
x
x( x 2 − x − 1) ≥ 0
 1− 5  1+ 5  1± 1+4 1± 5
x  x −   x − ≥0 [ x2 – x – 1 = 0 ⇒ x = = ]
 2  2  2 2
1– 5 1+ 5
≤ x < 0 or x ≥
2 2

1
 1 1– 5 1+ 5
|x|–1≥ ⇒ ≤|x|<0 or |x|≥
|x| 2 2
1– 5
≤ | x | < 0 is reject since |x| < 0 is not possible
2
1+ 5 1+ 5 1+ 5
|x|≥ ⇒ x≥ or x ≤ –
2 2 2

Transformation

3. After reflection in y–axis, y = e1+2x

After translating by (–3) units along x–axis, y = e1+2(x+3) = e2x+7
After scaling along x–axis by scale factor 2, y = ex+7
4 (i) (iii)

(iv)

Translation of 2 units in the direction of

negative x-axis
Reflection about the line x=0

(ii) (v)

Curve Sketching
5 a
8i) When y = 0, x = .
2

ii) VA: x = 0

2
 2x 2
Let x → ±∞, y → =
x2 x
⇒ y→0
HA: y = 0

2x − a 2 a
iii) y = = − 2
x2 x x

dy
= −2 x − 2 + 2ax −3 = 2 x −3 (− x + a )
dx

0 = (− x + a ) (since
x ≠0)
⇒x=a

1
When x = a, y = .
a

6 k+2
x+k+ =0
x−k
x2 = k 2 − k − 2
Cuts at 2 distinct points, k 2 − k − 2 > 0
(k + 1)(k − 2) > 0
k < −1 or k > 2
dy 4
= 1− = 0 ⇒ x = 0, 4 ∴ y = 0,8 (or from GC)
dx ( x − 2 )2
Point of intersection of 2
asymptotes = (2,4)
Sub x=2 into y = m( x − 2) + 4 ,
y = m(2 − 2) + 4
y=4

∴ y = m( x − 2) + 4 passes
through (2,4) for all real values
of m

Note that y = m( x − 2) + 4 cuts

the curve C twice when
gradient > 1,
∴m > 1

Binomial Expansions

3
7  1 1 
  −  2 
2 26 
= 3 1 + x + 
9 + 6x 1 −1 6
2
= ( 9 + 6 x ) (1 − 2 x 2 )
2
 x  + ...  (1 − (−2 x ) + ...)
2

1 − 2x  18 2!  9  
 
 
35 2
≈ 3+ x + x
6
9 + 6x 1
The valid range for expansion of 2
is x < .
1− 2x 2

8(i). 1 1

3 2  x 3
3
 8
 3 − 1 =  1 − 
x  x 8
  1  2  
− 
2   1   x3   3   3 2
 
= 1 +    −  +   −
3 x
  + 
x   3  8  2!  8  
 
2  x3 x6  2 x 2 x5
= 1 − − +  = − − +
x  24 576  x 12 288

(ii) 2
When x = ,
3
2 5

3 8
−1 ≈
2
−
2
3 ( ) ( )
2
− 3
( 3)
2
3
2 ( )
3
12 288

3 1 1
27 − 1 ≈ 3− −
27 2187
3 6479
26 ≈
2187
x3
For the expansion to be valid, <1 ⇔ x < 2.
8
Substituting x = 6 is not suitable as it is out of the valid range of x for the expansion to
exist.

APGP
9 A.P.: first term a, common difference d
16
S16 = (2a + 15d ) = 322
2
1
⇒ 2a + 15d = 40 − − − (1)
4
G.P. with common ratio between consecutive terms:

4
 u5 u13 a + 4d a + 12d
= ⇒ =
u1 u5 a a + 4d
⇒ (a + 4d ) 2 = a(a + 12d )
⇒ 16d 2 − 4ad = 0
⇒ 4d (4d − a ) = 0
a
⇒d = or d = 0 (rejected ∵ AP is increasing)
4
a 23a 1 7
Substituting d = into (1) gives = 40 ⇒ a = 7, d =
4 4 4 4

10 S n = 5n + n 2
Tn = S n − S n −1
= n 2 + 5n − 5(n − 1) − (n − 1) 2
= 4 + 2n

d = Tn +1 − Tn −1 = 4 + 2(n + 1) − 4 − 2n = 2
Since d is a constant, the series is in AP

d’=4, a = S1 = 5 +1 =6
100
Sum of first 100 odd numbered terms = [2(6) + 99(4) ] = 20400
2
11 6
a = 7, r =
7
n −1
6
Tn = 7 
7
6
7(1 − ( ) n )
Sn = 7
6
1−
7
6
= 49[1 - ( ) n ]
7
S ∞ = lim S n = 49cm
n →∞

7
Alternative solution : S ∞ = = 49cm
1 − 67

Series and Sequences

12a) n −1

∑ (3 − 2r )
r =2

5
 n −1
= ∑ (3 − 2r ) − (3 − 2)
r =1

b)  n −1 
= 3(n − 1) − 2   (1 + n − 1) − 1
 2 
= (n − 1)(3 − n) − 1

2n

∑ (3
r =1
r
+ 2r )
2n 2n
= ∑ 3r + 2∑ r
r =1 r =1

3 (1 − 3 2n
) + 2  2n  (1 + 2n)
=  
1− 3  2 
3 2n
=
2
( 3 − 1) + 2n (1 + 2n )
13 7 5 2
− −
r r +1 r + 2
7(r + 1)(r + 2) − 5r (r + 2) − 2r (r + 1)
=
r (r + 1)(r + 2)
7(r 2 + 3r + 2) − 5r 2 − 10r − 2r 2 − 2r
=
r (r + 1)(r + 2)
7 r 2 − 7 r 2 − 21r − 12r + 14
=
r (r + 1)(r + 2)
9r + 14
= (shown)
r (r + 1)(r + 2)

n 9r + 14 n 7 5 2 
∑ = ∑ − − 
r =1 r (r + 1)(r + 2) r =1  r r +1 r + 2 

7 5 2
= − − 
1 2 3
7 5 2
+ − − 
2 3 4
7 5 2
+ − − 
3 4 5
+ 
 7 5 2 
+ − − 
 n − 1 n n +1
7 5 2 
+ − − 
 n n + 1 n + 2

6
 7 5 7 2 5 2
− + −= − −
1 2 2 n +1 n +1 n + 2
7 2
=8− −
n +1 n + 2
7(n + 2) + 2(n + 1) 9n + 16
=8− =8−
( n + 1)( n + 2) (n + 1)(n + 2)
9n + 16
where k = 8 and f (n) = .
(n + 1)(n + 2)
∞ 9r + 14 n 9r + 14   7 2 
∑ = lim  ∑  = lim  8 − − =8
r =1 r (r + 1)(r + 2) n →∞  r =1 r (r + 1)(r + 2)  n →∞  n +1 n + 2 
iv)
n n n +1
9r + 23 9(r + 1) + 14 9r + 14
∑
r =1 ( r + 1)( r + 2)( r + 3)
= ∑
r =1 ( r + 1)( r + 2)( r + 3)
= ∑
r = 2 r ( r + 1)( r + 2)
n +1
9r + 14 9 + 14
=∑ −
r =1 r ( r + 1)( r + 2) 1(2)(3)
9(n + 1) + 16 23
= 8− −
(n + 2)(n + 3) 6
25 9n + 25
= −
6 (n + 2)(n + 3)
14 r −1 r
f ( r − 1) − f (r ) = −
(r − 2)! ( r − 1)!
(r − 1) 2 − r
=
(r − 1)!
r 2 − 2r + 1 − r
=
( r − 1)!
r 2 − 3r + 1
=
( r − 1)!

(i) n
r 2 − 3r + 1 n
∑
r =2
( r − 1)!
= ∑ ( f ( r − 1) − f (r ) )
r =2

= f (1) − f (2)
+ f (2) − f (3)
+ f (3) − f (4)

f( n − 1) − f ( n)
= f (1) − f (n)
n
= 1−
(n − 1)!

7
(ii) n n
As n → ∞, = → 0.
(n − 1)! ( n − 1)( n − 2)...1

∑
r 2 − 3r + 1
Thus =1
r =2
( r − 1)!

15 (a) (i) When un → l, then un+1 → l.

1
∴l = l +1
2
∴l = 2

1 
(ii) un − un +1 = un −  un + 1
2 
1
= un − 1 < 0 if un < 2.
2
∴ un < un +1

1
un +1 − 2 = un + 1 − 2
2
1
= un − 1 < 0 if un < 2
2
∴ un +1 < 2
∴ un < un +1 < 2 if un < 2

(iii) The sequence increases and converges to 2.

Functions
16(i) Rf = (0, e)

Rg = ℝ
(ii) Since Rg = ℝ ⊄ (0, ∞) = Df , fg does not exist.
(iii) For fg to exists, Rg ⊆ Df , i.e. Rg ⊆ (0, ∞)
So let g(a) > 0
ln (a – 1) > 0
a–1>1
a>2
∴least value of a = 2.
fg(x) = f(ln (x – 1) )
= e1 – ln(x–1)
= e1 e–ln(x–1)

8
 17(i) Since there exists a horizontal line y = k
which cuts the curve at more than one y
point, therefore f is not a one-one y = f(x)
function. Hence,
f -1 does not exist.
7
y=k

(1,3)

(ii) h : x → 4( x − 1) 2 + 3 , x ∈ ℜ , x ≥ 1
Let y = h(x)
y = 4( x − 1) 2 + 3
1
x = 1± y −3
2
1
h −1 : x → 1 + x−3, x∈ℜ , x ≥ 3
2
(iii) For gf to exist
R f ⊆ Dg
[3, ∞) ⊆ [a, ∞)
∴largest value of a = 3
gf ( x) = ln[4( x − 1) 2 + 3 − 2]
= ln[4( x − 1) 2 + 1]
gf : x → ln[4( x − 1) 2 + 1] , x ∈ ℜ Rgf =[0, ∞)

(iv) u ( x ) = e x

Differentiation and its application

2 1
d  1+ x   1 + x   (1 − x)(1) − (1 + x)( −1)  4(1 + x)
18. (a)   = 2   =
dx  1 − x  1− x   (1 − x) 2  (1 − x)
3

d tan x 1 1
(b) (e ln(1 + x)) = e tan x + e tan x sec x ln(1 + x) = e tan x ( + sec x ln(1 + x))
dx 1+ x 1+ x
1
d 1 1 − x 1
(c) (sin −1 ( 1 − x 2 )) = (1 − x 2 ) 2 (−2 x) = − =−
dx 1 − (1 − x 2 ) 2 1 − x2 x2 1 − x2

19a. xy + ( x + y )3 = 1
dy dy
x + y + 3( x + y )2 (1 + ) = 0
dx dx
dy dy dy dy 3
At point A(1,0), + 3(1 + ) = 0 ⇒ 4 = −3 ⇒ =−
dx dx dx dx 4

9
 dy
2 dy dt 3t 2 − 3
3
19b. x = t − t , y = t − 3t . = =
dx dx 2t − 1
dt
dy 3t 2 − 3
At stationary point, = = 0 ⇒ 3t 2 − 3 = 0 ⇒ t = ±1
dx 2t − 1
When t = 1, x = 0, y = −2 ; When t = −1, x = 2, y = 2
Therefore the stationary points of the curve are (0, −2) and (2, 2)

20. Let A be the area of the circle, r: radius, V: volume of petrol

dV dr
Given that = 0.0084m3 s −1 , find when r =3
dt dt
dV dr dr dV 0.0084 2.1
V = (0.002)π r 2 , = 0.004π r . = × = =
dr dt dV dt 0.004π r π r
dr 2.1
When r = 3 , = ≈ 0.22 (2d.p.)
dt 3π

1
21. (i) 100 = 4b + 2a + π a ⇒ b = (100 − (2 + π )a )
4
π a2 π a2 a2 a2
(ii) A = 4ab + = a (100 − (2 + π )a ) + = 100a − (4 + 2π − π ) = 100a − (4 + π )
2 2 2 2
dA 100 50
(iii) = 100 − a (π + 4) = 0 ⇒ a = ∴b =
da π +4 π +4

Integration techniques
6 6 1
22(i) ∫ dx = ∫ dx = 6 × sin −1 (2 x) + c = 3sin −1 (2 x) + c
1 − 4x 2
1 − (2 x) 2 2

(ii) ∫ tan −1 (2 x)dx

2
= x tan −1 ( 2 x ) − ∫ x ( )dx du 1 2
1 + 4 x2 u = tan −1 (2 x) ⇒ = (2) =
2
dx 1 + (2 x) 1 + 4 x2
1 8x
= x tan −1 ( 2 x ) −∫ dx = x tan −1 ( 2 x ) - 1 ln(1 + 4 x 2 ) + c
4 1 + 4 x2 4
5x2 + 2 2x +1 1
(iii) ∫ 2 dx = ∫ 2 + dx
( x + 3)(2 x − 1) x + 3 2x −1
2x 1 1 2 1 x 1
=∫ 2
dx + ∫ 2 dx + ∫ dx = ln ( x 2 + 3) + tan −1 ( ) + ln 2 x − 1 + c
x +3 x +3 2 2x −1 3 3 2

(iv) ∫ cos x ln ( sin x ) dx

1
= sin x ln ( sin x ) − ∫ (sin x) (cos x) dx
sin x

10
 = sin x ln ( sin x ) − ∫ cos x dx = sin x ln ( sin x ) − sin x + c

23(a)
2

∫x
2
− 4 x + 3 dx
0
1 2
= ∫ x 2 − 4 x + 3 dx − ∫ x 2 − 4 x + 3 dx
0 1
1 2
 x3   x3 
=  − 2 x 2 + 3 x  −  − 2 x 2 + 3x 
3 0  3 1
=2

dx
23 (b) x = sec θ ⇔ = sec θ tan θ ⇔ dx = sec θ tan θ dθ
dθ
1 π
when x = 2 = sec θ ⇒ cos θ = ⇒θ = ,
2 4
1 π
when x = 2 = sec θ ⇒ cos θ = ⇒θ =
2 3
π
2

∫ ∫
1 3 1
dx = 2
secθ tanθ dθ
2 x −12 π sec θ − 1
4

π
π
 3+2
∫
3
= secθ dθ =  ln ( sec θ + tan θ )  π3 =  ln 2 + 3 − ln ( ) ( 2 + 1  = ln 
) 
 
π
4
4  2 +1 

d  1  1 2 −
3
x
24(i)  2  = − ( x − 1) 2 ( 2 x ) = − 2 3/2
dx  x − 1  2 ( x − 1)
1 dx 1
24(ii) Let x = ⇒ =− 2
y dy y
So,
y  1 
∫ ∫
1
dx =  − 2  dy
−1 
2
x x −1 1 y 
2
y
 1 
∫ ∫
y 1
= −  2  dy= − dy
1− y  y 
2
1− y2
y2
1
= - sin −1 y + C = -sin −1   + C , x ≠ 0
x

11
Area and volume
2 2
1
25. (i) area = × 2 × 4 − ∫ x dy = 4 − ∫ ( y − 2) 2 dy ≈ 1.33
2 0 0
4 4
1 16
(ii) Volume = π ( 2 ) × 4 − π ∫ y 2 dx = π − π ∫ (2 − x ) 2 dx ≈ 8.38
2

3 0
3 0

26. 9( x − 1) 2 + y 2 = 9 --(1)
Substitute y = −3 x + 6 into (1):
2
9( x − 1) 2 + ( −3 x + 6 ) = 9
2
9( x − 1) 2 + ( −3 x + 6 ) = 9
x 2 − 3x + 2 = 0
( x − 2 ) ( x + 1) = 0
⇒ x = 2 or x = 1
For x = 2, y = 0.
For x = 1, y = 3.
OR
Using GC, key in graphs of
Y1 = 9 − 9 ( x − 1) 2

Y2 = − 9 − 9 ( x − 1 ) 2
Y3 = −3 x + 6
Coordinates of intersections: (1, 3) and (2, 0)
Volume of region R rotated about y-axis
1 3
= π (1) ( 3) + π ∫ x 2 dy
2

3 0
2
1 3 9 − y2 
= π (1) ( 3) + π ∫  1 −
2
 dy
3 0  9 
 
= π + π ( 0.2876108 ) ≈ 4.05 (ans) (to 3 sig figs)

27.
1 1 y
Point of intersection: 2
= t3 ⇔ 2 = t5 + t3 ⇔ t5 + t3 − 2 = 0 1
1+ t 2 1
y= x
1 2
By observation, t = 1 ⇒ x = 1 , y =
2
1
Area of S = ∫
0
y dx − area of triangle
1 1 11
= ∫ 1+ t
0
.3t 2 dt −   (1)
2
22 −8 0 8 x
2
1 t 1
= 3∫ dt −
0 1+ t2 4
1 1 1 1 1 11 3π
= 3∫ 1 − 2
dt − = 3 t − tan −1 t  − = − units 2
0 1+ t 4 0 4 4 4

12
Vectors
28i  3   −3 
2 3  +  0  [M1]
 −3   9   1 
=     = 2
2OB + OA
OM =
3 3 1 [A1]
 

(ii) If OM is perpendicular to AB, OM ⋅ AB = 0 [M1]

 6 
 
AB =  3 
 − 12  [M1]
 
1  6 
   
OM ⋅ AB =  2  ⋅  3  = 0
 1   − 12 
   
Area of triangle OAC = OA × OM OR
(iii) Area of triangle
 − 3  1 
    1  4 
=  0  ×  2    
 9  1 =  2 ×  2  [M1]
     1   − 8
   
 − 18 
 
=  12 
 −6 = 6 × 84
 
= 22.4 units2 (or 6 14 units2) =22.4 units2 [A1]

29 (i) 1 1

   
l1 : r =  −1 + λ  1  , λ ∈ R
    −1
2  
0  0  0 0 0 0
            
AB =  0  −  3  =  3  = 3  1  l2 : r =  0  + µ  1  , µ ∈ R
 7   −1   6        
       2 7 2

ii) 1  1  0 0

       
Equate  −1 + λ  1  =  0  + µ  1 
2  −1   7   2
       
1+ λ = 0 (1)
−1 + λ = µ (2)
2 − λ = 7 + 2µ (3)
From (1): λ = −1
Sub λ = −1 into (2): µ = −2
Sub λ = −1 and µ = −2 into (3):

13
 0 0  0 
LHS = 2 − (−1) = 3       
∴ l1 and l2 intersect at C where OC =  0  − 2  1  =  −2 
RHS = 7 + 2(−2) = 3 7  2  3 
     

iii)  0   0  0 0 1

          
AC =  −2  −  −3  =  1  . Length of projection =  1 i 3  1  = 3
 3   1  2  2  
         −1 
0
  
AC =  1  = 12 + 22 = 5 . So, Shortest distance required = 5 + 3 = 2
2
 
30(i) 1
  
OA =  2 
 3
 
1  1 
   2 2 2 2 2 2
 2 i −1 = 1 + 2 + 3 1 + 1 + 1 cos θ
3  1 
  
−1 + 2 + 3 = 14 3 cos θ
θ = 51.887 
So, the acute angle between OA and l is 51.9
ii) 1  −1 
  
Since P lies in l, OP =  2  + t1  1  for some t1 ∈ R
3 1
   

Since OP ⊥ l ,
 1   −1   −1
      4
 2  + t1  1   i  1  = 0 ⇒ − 1 + t1 + 2 + t1 + 3 + t1 = 0 ⇒ t1 = − 3
 3     
 1    1 
1  −1 7
   4   1  
∴ OP =  2  −  1  =  2 
 3 3  1  3  5
     

14
iii) Since Q lies in l,
1  −1 
  
OQ =  2  + t2  1  for some t2 ∈ R
 3  
  1
Now,

OQ = 5
2 2 2
(1 − t2 ) + ( 2 + t2 ) + ( 3 + t2 ) = 25
t2 2 + 1 − 2t2 + 4 + t2 2 + 4t2 + 9 + t2 2 + 6t2 = 25
3t2 2 + 8t2 − 11 = 0
(3t2 + 11)(t2 − 1) = 0
11
t2 = − or t2 = 1
3
1  −1  1   −1
   11      
∴ OQ =  2  −  1  or t2 =  2  +  1 
3 3  1     
     3  1 
 14  0
1   
=  −5  or  3
3   4
 −2   
iv) 1  −1 
    
OR =  2  + λ  1 
3  
  1
1  −1 
    
OS =  2  + 2λ  1 
 3  
  1
Now,
 
ORiOS
 1   −1     1   −1 
        
=   2  + λ  1   i   2  + 2λ  1  
 3     
 1    3 
 1 
 
= 1 − 2λ − λ + 2λ + 4 + 4λ + 2λ + 2λ 2 + 9 + 6λ + 3λ + 2λ 2
2

= 16λ 2 + 12λ + 14
Since the discriminant of 16λ 2 + 12λ + 14
= 12 2 − 4(6)(14) = −192 < 0
 
∴ ORiOS ≠ 0 ∀λ ∈ R
 
∴There is no real values of λ for which OR ⊥ OS

15
 31 P ( 4,0, 0 ) , Q ( 6, 4, 6 ) , R ( 6, 2, 0 )
(i)
 2  0
     
PR × RQ =  2  ×  2 
0 6
   
 12  3
   
=  −12  = 4  −3 
 4  1
   
So the equation of the plane is
 3  4  3 
    
ri −3  =  0 i −3  = 12
 1  0  1 
    
i.e. 3 x − 3 y + z = 12
(ii) Method 1
the length of projection of

CP onto the normal of the plane PQR
 4  3
  1  
=  −4 i −3 
2 2 2 
 0  3 + 3 +1  1 
   
24
= 19 cm
19
= 5.51 cm (correct to 3 sig figs)

Method 2
0 3
    
ON =  4  + λ  −3 
0  
Denote the foot of perpendicular of C to the plane PQR as N. Then   1
Sub into the equation of plane PQR,
 0   3   3 
      24
 4  + λ  −3   i −3  = 12 ⇒ λ = 19
 0     
 1    1 
 72 4 24  24
⇒ N  , ,  , CN = 19
 19 19 19  19 or 5.51 cm
(iii)  3   0
 −3 i 0 
  
 1  1
   1
cos θ = =
 3  0 19
 −3   0 
   
 1  1
   
⇒ θ = 76.7°

16
 (iv) 4 1
   
r =  0 + s 2
 0  3
Line PQ:     , Plane OCGD: x = 0
 0 
  
∴ OM =  −8 
 −12 
At point M, 4 + s = 0 ⇒ s = −4  
The distance from M to the plane OABC is 12 cm

(v) The point of reflection, Q ', of

Q about the plane OABC is ( 6, 4, −6 )
⇒ equation of the reflection plane is
 4  2  2
r =  0  + λ  2  + µ  4 
   
0    
  0  −6 

*Note: the plane contains three points,

Q ' ( 6, 4, −6 ) , P ( 4, 0, 0 ) , R ( 6, 2, 0 )
and three vectors parallel to the plane,
 2  2  0
        
PR =  2  , PQ ' =  4  , RQ ' =  2 
0    
   −6   −6 
All possible answers using one point and
two vectors will be correct.

 0  13   0   13   13 
          
32. OA =  3  π 2 : r •  −9  =  3  •  −9  = −27 − 4 = −31 ⇒ π 2 : r •  −9  = −31
 −4   1   −4   1   
        1
 13   13 
  1   −31 31
π 2 : r •  −9  = −31 ⇒ r •  −9  = ⇒ Distance from origin to π 2 is .
1 251   251 251
  1

 13   13   13 
  1   15 1   −31
(ii) Since π 1 : r •  −9  = 15 ⇒ r •  −9  = 251 > 0 and π 2 : r • 251  −9  = 251 < 0
 1 251   1
  1  
15 −31 46
Hence distance between π 1 & π 2 = + =
251 251 251
π1
15
251  13 
O  
n1 =  −9 
−31 1
251  
π2 17
A
 And from above diagram, A and O are on the same side of π 1 .

1
(iii) Given π 3 has Cartesian equation x + py + 3 z = q ⇒ π 3 : r •  p  = q
3
 
Since π 3 is perpendicular to π1 ⇒ n1 ⊥ n3
  ,
 13   1 
    16
⇒  −9  •  p  = 0 ⇒ 13 − 9 p + 3 = 0 ⇒ p =
 1   3 9
   

and point A(0, 3,−4) lies in π 3

,
20
⇒ 3 p + 3( −4) = q ⇒ q = −
3

33i) 1 1

   
Equation of line l2 : r =  7  + µ  2  , µ ∈
 4  
  1
ii) Let the foot of the perpendicular be F ,

F is the intersection between l2 and p1 .

1  1   1+ µ 
      
Since F lies on l2 , OF =  7  + µ  2  =  7 + 2µ  for some µ
 4    
  1  4+ µ 
Since F lies on p1 ,
1
  
OF ⋅  2  = 1
1
 
 1+ µ   1 
 7 + 2µ  ⋅  2  = 1
   
 4 + µ  1
   
1 + µ + 14 + 4 µ + 4 + µ = 1
6 µ = −18
µ = −3

 1 − 3   −2 
    
Hence OF =  7 − 6  = ⋅  1 
 4 − 3  1 
   
Therefore F is ( −2,1,1)

18
iii) y −1
Let x − 3 = = z − 2 = λ, λ ∈
3
x = 3+ λ
y = 1 + 3λ
z = 2+λ
3 1
   
r =  1  + λ  3 , λ ∈
2  
  1
Since p2 contains l1 and is parallel to l2 .
 3 1  1 
     
p2 : r =  1  + s  3  + t  2  , s, t ∈
 2 1  1 
     
 1   1   ( 3)(1) − (1)( 2 )   1 
       
n 2 =  3  ×  2  =  + (1)(1) + (1)(1)  =  0 
 1   1   (1)( 2 ) − ( 3)(1)   −1
       
 1   3  1 
     
r ⋅ 0  = 1⋅ 0 
 −1  2   −1
     
1
r ⋅  0  = 1
 −1
 
iv) 1  1 
    
OA ⋅ n 2 =  7  ⋅  0  = −3 ≠ 1
 4   −1
   
Therefore A does not lies on p2
Since l2 is parallel to p2 and A does not lie on p2 , line l2 does not
intersect the plane p2 at any point.
v) Since l1 lies on p2 and l2 does not intersect p2 at any points, l1 and
l2 are skew lines.

19