15 ARC 5.

3 –BUILDING SERVICES – 2 (Electrical Services and Illumination)

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

 SUBSTATIONS & TRANSFORMERS

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

 SUBSTATIONS

A substation is generally an assembly of

apparatus which is installed to
control transmission and distribution of electric
power.

A substation is a part of an electrical generation,

transmission, and distribution
system. Substations transform voltage from high
to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several
other important functions.

The electricity is transmitted at very high voltages

and low currents to reduce the heat, eddy
currents, and other transmission losses.
The substations are where the voltages are
increased to high values by using step up
transformers, and after the transmission, they are
again stepped down for distribution.

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

 SUBSTATIONS

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

 SUBSTATIONS

Functions:

 SWITCHING OPERATIONS- To switch on & off the power lines

 VOLTAGE TRANSFORMATION OPERATION- To transform voltage from

higher to lower or vice versa

 POWER CONVERTING OPERATION - To convert AC to DC or vice versa

 FREQUENCY CORRECTING OPERATION –To convert frequency from higher

to lower or vice versa.

 POWER FACTOR CORRECTION – To improve the power factor by installing

synchronous condensers at receiving end of the line

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

 SUBSTATIONS

1. Primary power lines

2. Ground wire
3. Overhead lines
4. Lightning arrester
5. Disconnect switch
6. Circuit breaker
7. Current transformer
8. Transformer for measurement of electric voltage
9. Main transformer
10. Control building
11. Security fence
12. Secondary power lines

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

 SUBSTATIONS

 GROUND WIRE : The term "ground" refers to a connection to the earth,

which acts as a reservoir of charge. A ground wire provides a conducting
path to the earth which is independent of the normal current-carrying path
in an electrical appliance.

 A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems and

telecommunications systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the
system from the damaging effects of lightning. The typical lightning
arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal.

 A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed

to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by excess current,
typically resulting from an overload or shortcircuit. Its basic function is to
interrupt current flow after a fault is detected.

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

 CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATIONS

 IN ACCORDANCE WITH SERVICE

• Static Substation – voltage of ac energy is changed

• Converting substation –AC to DC

 IN ACCORDANCE WITH SERVICE VOLTAGE

• Extra high voltage transmission substation: above 66kv for pupose of

transmission.
• Distribution substation: Voltage is stepped down to low tension, ie 400
volts for supplying to the users
• Industrial substation:For bulk customers voltage is stepped down at
substations installed in the premises of an industry (11kv or 66Kv)
• Substation for power facter correction: To improve power factor at the end
of the transmission line.
• Frequency changing substations: For maximum utilisation

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

 CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATIONS

 IN ACCORDANCE WITH MOUNTING

• INDOOR TYPE – consist of series of open and closed chambers

/compartments to protect from impurities such as metal corroding gases
,fumes ,conductive dust etc.
• OUTDOOR TYPE

 ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION
• Substations of integrally built type
• Substations of composite built type
• Unit Factory fabricated type

 OUTDOOR
• Pole mounted substation
• Foundation mounted substation

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

A DV A N T A G E S & D I S A DV A N T A G E S O F O U T D O O R S U B S T A T I O N S
C O M PA R E D T O I N D O O R S U B S T A T I O N S

Advantages
1. Construction work needed is much smaller than indoor substation
2. Less quantity of building material needed
3. Installation of switch gear is low
4. Adequate space b/w two adjoining equipment can be provided without much cost
5. Erection can be completed in less time.
6. Whole of equipment can be viewed which makes fault location easier
7. The extension of scheme is easier whenever needed

Disadvantages

1. The dirt and dust deposit on the contact switches and thus maintenance cost increases
2. The chances of leakage increases during rainy and snow falling seasons thus the
switching operations become difficult
3. The installation is not safe from the unauthorised entry of a person

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

 TRANSFORMERS
• A transformer is an electrical device that transfers
electrical energy between two or
more circuits through electromagnetic induction.

• This is the basis of how a transformer works: An

alternating current passes through the primary coil.
The alternating current produces a magnetic field
that continuously changes direction. The soft iron
core increases the strength of the magnetic field.

• A varying current in one coil of the transformer

produces a varying magnetic field, which in turn
induces a voltage in a second coil.

• Power can be transferred between the two coils

through the magnetic field, without a metallic
connection between the two circuits.

• Transformers are used to increase or decrease the

alternating voltages in electric power applications.

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar,Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

 TRANSFORMERS

• Essential part of voltage conversion

substation
• Transformer consists of 2 coils which are
insulated with each other and placed on the
steel core .
• The steel core is made of laminations with
windings are placed in the container.
• Insulating material provide insulation
between windings on the core and container.
• This coil also radiates out the heat of the
windings .
• For radiating out the heat tubes are provided
along the two sides of the container.
• The coil after heating expands and circulates
in the tubes and the container.
• when hot oil is in the tubes the heat is
radiated to the surroundings.
• The terminal of windings are brought out into
porcelain oil filled or condenser tupe
bushings.
Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar, Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)
 TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS

Transformer oil or insulating oil is an oil that is stable at high temperatures and
has excellent electrical insulating properties. Its functions are to insulate,
suppress corona discharge and arcing, and to serve as a coolant.

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar, Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

 TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS

 IN ACCORDANCE WITH TYPE OF CORE

• Cylindrical coils wound on a rectangular core

Low voltage winding is placed near the core for easy insulation btw core and
winding

• Shell type transformer

Low voltage winding is placed near the core for easy insulation btw core and
winding

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar, Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

 TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar, Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

 TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar, Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

 TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS

 IN ACCORDANCE WITH TYPE OF COOLING

• OIL FILLED SELF COOLED.

• Assembled windings after putting on the core
are placed in the container which is filled with
high quality insulating oil. The oil radiates the
heat to the surroundings and on two side, its
provided to increase the dissipation area.It is
adopted for outdoor transformers

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar, Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

 TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS

 IN ACCORDANCE WITH TYPE OF

COOLING

• Oil filled Water cooled.

In which coils through which water is
circulated are placed inside the
container in which oil is placed .The
heat from oil is conveyed through the
water circulating in oil.

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar, Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)

 TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS

 IN ACCORDANCE WITH TYPE OF COOLING

• AIR BLAST TYPE
This cooling is adopted in high voltage transformers of 33kv and above.The
transformer core and windings are placed in a container which is open at
opposite sies.The air is blown through it with the help of a blowerfor cooling
pupose.

Presented by :Ar Ashfaq K Aliar, Ar Shwetha K Purohit(Asst Professor, BGSSAP)