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Government
expenditure on
SE.XPD.TO education, total (% of
TL.GD.ZS CC BY-4.0 GDP)
Age dependency ratio, old, is the ratio of older dependents--people older than 64--to the working-age
population--those ages 15-64. Data are shown as the proportion of dependents per 100 working-age
population.
Age dependency ratio, young, is the ratio of younger dependents--people younger than 15--to the working-
age population--those ages 15-64. Data are shown as the proportion of dependents per 100 working-age
population.
Agriculture corresponds to ISIC divisions 1-5 and includes forestry, hunting, and fishing, as well as
cultivation of crops and livestock production. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all
outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of
fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The origin of value added is
determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3 or 4.
Crude birth rate indicates the number of live births occurring during the year, per 1,000 population
estimated at midyear. Subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate provides the rate of natural
increase, which is equal to the rate of population change in the absence of migration.
Total fertility rate represents the number of children that would be born to a woman if she were to live to the
end of her childbearing years and bear children in accordance with age-specific fertility rates of the
specified year.
GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP). PPP GDP is gross domestic product converted to
international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing
power over GDP as the U.S. dollar has in the United States. GDP at purchaser's prices is the sum of gross
value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not
included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of
fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in constant 2011
international dollars.
GNI per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP). PPP GNI is gross national income (GNI)
converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same
purchasing power over GNI as a U.S. dollar has in the United States. GNI is the sum of value added by all
resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net
receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in
constant 2011 international dollars.
Hospital beds include inpatient beds available in public, private, general, and specialized hospitals and
rehabilitation centers. In most cases beds for both acute and chronic care are included.
Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24 is the proportion of the population ages 15-24 that is
economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified
period.
Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of
mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life.
The HCI calculates the contributions of health and education to worker productivity. The final index score
ranges from zero to one and measures the productivity as a future worker of child born today relative to the
benchmark of full health and complete education.
Gross capital formation (formerly gross domestic investment) consists of outlays on additions to the fixed
assets of the economy plus net changes in the level of inventories. Fixed assets include land improvements
(fences, ditches, drains, and so on); plant, machinery, and equipment purchases; and the construction of
roads, railways, and the like, including schools, offices, hospitals, private residential dwellings, and
commercial and industrial buildings. Inventories are stocks of goods held by firms to meet temporary or
unexpected fluctuations in production or sales, and "work in progress." According to the 1993 SNA, net
acquisitions of valuables are also considered capital formation.
Total population between the ages 15 to 64 as a percentage of the total population. Population is based on
the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship.
Source
World Bank staff estimates based on age distributions of United Nations Population
Division's World Population Prospects: 2019 Revision.
World Bank staff estimates based on age distributions of United Nations Population
Division's World Population Prospects: 2019 Revision.
World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.
(1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects: 2019 Revision.
(2) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (3)
Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (4) United Nations Statistical Division. Population
and Vital Statistics Reprot (various years), (5) U.S. Census Bureau: International
Database, and (6) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography
Programme.
(1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects: 2019 Revision.
(2) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (3)
Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (4) United Nations Statistical Division. Population
and Vital Statistics Reprot (various years), (5) U.S. Census Bureau: International
Database, and (6) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography
Programme.
World Bank, International Comparison Program database.
Data are from the World Health Organization, supplemented by country data.
International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database. Data retrieved in September
2019.
(1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects: 2019 Revision, or
derived from male and female life expectancy at birth from sources such as: (2)
Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (3)
Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (4) United Nations Statistical Division. Population
and Vital Statistics Reprot (various years), (5) U.S. Census Bureau: International
Database, and (6) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography
Programme.
World Bank staff calculations based on the methodology described in World Bank
(2018). https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/30498
World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.
World Bank staff estimates based on age/sex distributions of United Nations
Population Division's World Population Prospects: 2019 Revision.
Base Aggregation
Topic Periodicity Period method
Health: Population:
Dynamics Annual Weighted average
Health: Population:
Dynamics Annual Weighted average
Health: Population:
Dynamics Annual Weighted average
Age structure in the World Bank's population estimates is based on the age structure in United
Nations Population Division's World Population Prospects. For more information, see the
original source.
Dependency ratios capture variations in the proportions of children, elderly people, and
working-age people in the population that imply the dependency burden that the working-age
population bears in relation to children and the elderly. But dependency ratios show only the
age composition of a population, not economic dependency. Some children and elderly
people are part of the labor force, and many working-age people are not.
Age structure in the World Bank's population estimates is based on the age structure in United
Nations Population Division's World Population Prospects. For more information, see the
original source.
Gross domestic product (GDP) represents the sum of value added by all its producers. Value
added is the value of the gross output of producers less the value of intermediate goods and
services consumed in production, before accounting for consumption of fixed capital in
production. The United Nations System of National Accounts calls for value added to be
valued at either basic prices (excluding net taxes on products) or producer prices (including
net taxes on products paid by producers but excluding sales or value added taxes). Both
valuations exclude transport charges that are invoiced separately by producers. Total GDP is
measured at purchaser prices. Value added by industry is normally measured at basic prices.
Vital rates are based on data from birth and death registration systems, censuses, and sample
surveys by national statistical offices and other organizations, or on demographic analysis.
Data for the most recent year for some high-income countries are provisional estimates based
on vital registers. The estimates for many countries are projections based on extrapolations of
levels and trends from earlier years or interpolations of population estimates and projections
from the United Nations Population Division.
Total fertility rates are based on data on registered live births from vital registration systems
or, in the absence of such systems, from censuses or sample surveys. The estimated rates
are generally considered reliable measures of fertility in the recent past. Where no empirical
information on age-specific fertility rates is available, a model is used to estimate the share of
births to adolescents. For countries without vital registration systems fertility rates are
generally based on extrapolations from trends observed in censuses or surveys from earlier
years.
Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP) is calculated by dividing total
government expenditure for all levels of education by the GDP, and multiplying by 100.
Aggregate data are based on World Bank estimates.
Data on education are collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics from official responses
to its annual education survey. All the data are mapped to the International Standard
Classification of Education (ISCED) to ensure the comparability of education programs at the
international
Health systems level. The
- the current version
combined was formally
arrangements adoptedand
of institutions by UNESCO Member
actions whose States in
primary
2011. GDP data come from the World Bank.
purpose is to promote, restore, or maintain health (World Health Organization, World Health
Report 2000) - are increasingly being recognized as key to combating disease and improving
Thehealth
the reference
statusyears reflect the school
of populations. year for
The World which
Bank's the data
Healthy are presented.
Development: In some
Strategy for Health,
countries and
Nutrition, the school year Results
Population spans two calendar years
emphasizes (for to
the need example, fromhealth
strengthen September 2010
systems, to
which
June 2011);
are weak in these
in many cases the
countries, reference
in order year refers
to increase to the year in of
the effectiveness which the school
programs aimedyear
at
ended
reducing (2011 in the
specific example).
diseases and further reduce morbidity and mortality. To evaluate health
systems, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended that key components -
such as financing, service delivery, workforce, governance, and information - be monitored
using several key indicators. The data are a subset of the key indicators. Monitoring health
systems allows the effectiveness, efficiency, and equity of different health system models to
be compared. Health system data also help identify weaknesses and strengths and areas that
need investment, such as additional health facilities, better health information systems, or
better trained human resources.
Availability and use of health services, such as hospital beds per 1,000 people, reflect both
demand- and supply-side factors. In the absence of a consistent definition this is a crude
indicator of the extent of physical, financial, and other barriers to health care.
The labor force is the supply of labor available for producing goods and services in an
economy. It includes people who are currently employed and people who are unemployed but
seeking work as well as first-time job-seekers. Not everyone who works is included, however.
Unpaid workers, family workers, and students are often omitted, and some countries do not
count members of the armed forces. Labor force size tends to vary during the year as
seasonal workers enter and leave.
The series is part of the ILO estimates and is harmonized to ensure comparability across
countries and over time by accounting for differences in data source, scope of coverage,
methodology, and other country-specific factors. The estimates are based mainly on nationally
representative labor force surveys, with other sources (population censuses and nationally
reported estimates) used only when no survey data are available.
Life expectancy at birth used here is the average number of years a newborn is expected to
live if mortality patterns at the time of its birth remain constant in the future. It reflects the
overall mortality level of a population, and summarizes the mortality pattern that prevails
across all age groups in a given year. It is calculated in a period life table which provides a
snapshot of a population's mortality pattern at a given time. It therefore does not reflect the
mortality pattern that a person actually experiences during his/her life, which can be calculated
in a cohort life table.
High mortality in young age groups significantly lowers the life expectancy at birth. But if a
person survives his/her childhood of high mortality, he/she may live much longer. For
example, in a population with a life expectancy at birth of 50, there may be few people dying
at age 50. The life expectancy at birth may be low due to the high childhood mortality so that
once a person survives his/her childhood, he/she may live much longer than 50 years.
Gross domestic product (GDP) from the expenditure side is made up of household final
consumption expenditure, general government final consumption expenditure, gross capital
formation (private and public investment in fixed assets, changes in inventories, and net
acquisitions of valuables), and net exports (exports minus imports) of goods and services.
Such expenditures are recorded in purchaser prices and include net taxes on products.
Age structure in the World Bank's population estimates is based on the age structure in United
Nations Population Division's World Population Prospects. For more information, see the
original source.
Total population is based on the de facto population including all residents regardless of legal
status or citizenship. The values shown are midyear estimates. For more information see
metadata for total population (SP.POP.TOTL).
Development relevance
Patterns of development in a country are partly determined by the
age composition of its population. Different age groups have different
impacts on both the environment and on infrastructure needs.
Therefore the age structure of a population is useful for analyzing
resource use and formulating future policy and planning goals with
regards infrastructure and development.
Mortality rates for different age groups (infants, children, and adults)
and overall mortality indicators (life expectancy at birth or survival to
a given age) are important indicators of health status in a country.
Because data on the incidence and prevalence of diseases are
frequently unavailable, mortality rates are often used to identify
vulnerable populations. And they are among the indicators most
frequently used to compare socioeconomic development across
countries.
Patterns of development in a country are partly determined by the
age composition of its population. Different age groups have different
impacts on both the environment and on infrastructure needs.
Therefore the age structure of a population is useful for analyzing
resource use and formulating future policy and planning goals with
regards infrastructure and development.
Because the five-year age group is the cohort unit and five-year period data are used in the United Nations Population
Division's World Population Prospects, interpolations to obtain annual data or single age structure may not reflect actual
events or age composition. For more information, see the original source.
Because the five-year age group is the cohort unit and five-year period data are used in the United Nations Population
Division's World Population Prospects, interpolations to obtain annual data or single age structure may not reflect actual
events or age composition. For more information, see the original source.
Among the difficulties faced by compilers of national accounts is the extent of unreported economic activity in the informal or
secondary economy. In developing countries a large share of agricultural output is either not exchanged (because it is
consumed within the household) or not exchanged for money. Agricultural production often must be estimated indirectly,
using a combination of methods involving estimates of inputs, yields, and area under cultivation. This approach sometimes
leads to crude approximations that can differ from the true values over time and across crops for reasons other than climate
conditions or farming techniques. Similarly, agricultural inputs that cannot easily be allocated to specific outputs are
frequently "netted out" using equally crude and ad hoc approximations.
Vital registers are the preferred source for these data, but in many developing countries systems for registering births and
deaths are absent or incomplete because of deficiencies in the coverage of events or geographic areas. Many developing
countries carry out special household surveys that ask respondents about recent births and deaths. Estimates derived in
this way are subject to sampling errors and recall errors.
Annual data series from United Nations Population Division's World Population Prospects are interpolated data from 5-year
period data. Therefore they may not reflect real events as much as observed data.
Data may refer to spending by the ministry of education only (excluding spending on educational activities by other
ministries).
Depending on the source and means of monitoring, data may not be exactly comparable across countries. For more
information, see the original source.
Data on the labor force are compiled by the ILO from labor force surveys, censuses, and establishment censuses and
surveys. For some countries a combination of these sources is used. Labor force surveys are the most comprehensive
source for internationally comparable labor force data. They can cover all non-institutionalized civilians, all branches and
sectors of the economy, and all categories of workers, including people holding multiple jobs. By contrast, labor force data
from population censuses are often based on a limited number of questions on the economic characteristics of individuals,
with little scope to probe. The resulting data often differ from labor force survey data and vary considerably by country,
depending on the census scope and coverage. Establishment censuses and surveys provide data only on the employed
population, not unemployed workers, workers in small establishments, or workers in the informal sector.
The reference period of a census or survey is another important source of differences: in some countries data refer to
people's status on the day of the census or survey or during a specific period before the inquiry date, while in others data
are recorded without reference to any period. In countries, where the household is the basic unit of production and all
members contribute to output, but some at low intensity or irregularly, the estimated labor force may be much smaller than
the numbers actually working.
Differing definitions of employment age also affect comparability. For most countries the working age is 15 and older, but in
some countries children younger than 15 work full- or part-time and are included in the estimates. Similarly, some countries
have an upper age limit. As a result, calculations may systematically over- or underestimate actual rates.
Annual data series from United Nations Population Division's World Population Prospects are interpolated data from 5-year
period data. Therefore they may not reflect real events as much as observed data.
Because policymakers have tended to focus on fostering the growth of output, and because data on production are easier
to collect than data on spending, many countries generate their primary estimate of GDP using the production approach.
Moreover, many countries do not estimate all the components of national expenditures but instead derive some of the main
aggregates indirectly using GDP (based on the production approach) as the control total.
Data on capital formation may be estimated from direct surveys of enterprises and administrative records or based on the
commodity flow method using data from production, trade, and construction activities. The quality of data on government
fixed capital formation depends on the quality of government accounting systems (which tend to be weak in developing
countries). Measures of fixed capital formation by households and corporations - particularly capital outlays by small,
unincorporated enterprises - are usually unreliable.
Estimates of changes in inventories are rarely complete but usually include the most important activities or commodities. In
some countries these estimates are derived as a composite residual along with household final consumption expenditure.
According to national accounts conventions, adjustments should be made for appreciation of the value of inventory holdings
due to price changes, but this is not always done. In highly inflationary economies this element can be substantial.
Because the five-year age group is the cohort unit and five-year period data are used in the United Nations Population
Division's World Population Prospects, interpolations to obtain annual data or single age structure may not reflect actual
events or age composition. For more information, see the original source.
General comments Other notes
Relevance to gender
indicator: it can
indicate the status of
women within
households and a
woman’s decision
about the number and
spacing of children.
Data retrieved via API in March 2019. For detailed information on the
observation level (e.g. National Estimation, UIS Estimation, or
Category not applicable), please visit UIS.Stat
(http://data.uis.unesco.org/).
National estimates
are also available in
the WDI database.
Caution should be
used when comparing
ILO estimates with
national estimates.
Notes from original source
Depending on the source and means of monitoring, data may not be
exactly comparable across countries. See listed source for country-
specific details.
Related indicators
Please visit the Human Capital Index (HCI) database
(http://databank.worldbank.org/data/source/human-capital-index) for
each of the components of the Human Capital Index as well as for
the overall index, disaggregated by gender.
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