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18.0 Introduction
1
“Notes 15” treats the two-winding
transformer theory, and so we will not
review those basics here.
2
The main limitation of power transformers
power carrying capability is heating. The
most significant effect is deterioration of the
paper insulation between the windings. As a
result, power transformers have multiple
ratings, depending on the cooling method
employed.
3
So a typical power transformer rating would
be OA/FA/FOA. Each cooling method
typically provides an addiiton1/3 capability.
For example, a common substation
transformer is 21/28/35 MVA.
4
o N, Natural convection flow through
cooling equipment and in winding
o F, Forced circulation through cooling
equipment (i.e., coolant pumps);
natural convection flow in windings
(also called nondirected flow)
o D, forced circulation through cooling
equipment, directed from the cooling
equipment into at last the main
windings.
Third letter: External cooing medium:
o A, air
o W, water
Fourth letter: Circulation mechanism for
external cooling medium:
o N, natural convection
o F, forced circulation: fans (air
cooling), pumps (water cooling)
Therefore we see that OA/FA/FOA is
equivalent in the new system to
ONAN/ONAF/OFAF. Table 1 shows
5
equivalent cooling classes in the old and the
new naming schemes.
Table 1 [2]
6
o they are smaller and lighter and therefore
easier to transport.
o they are relatively inexpensive to repair
2. One three-phase transformer: The main
advantage is its cost (less iron).
Disadvantages are:
o Large and heavy; sometimes not
transportable.
o Expensive to repair.
7
Fig. 1
8
Fig. 2
9
Example 1:
10
a. Y-Y:
V A , LN 138 0
Va , LN 7.2 0
V A , LL 138 30
Va , LL 7.2 30
b. Δ-Δ:
V A, LL 138 0
Va , LL 7.2 0
c. Y-Δ:
V A , LN 138 0
Va , LL 7.2 0
V A , LL 3( 138 30 )
11
3 (138) 30
3 (19.17) 30
7.2 0
d. Δ-Y:
V A , LL 138 0
Va , LN 7.2 0
Va , LL 3( 7.2 30 )
13
Fig. 3
14
Fig. 4
15
The convention to label (and connect) Y-Δ
and Δ-Y transformers so that the high-side
quantities LEAD low side quantities by 30º
is referred to as the “American Standard
Thirty-Degree” connection convention.
16
H1-A H2-B H3-C
Ia Ib Ic
+ Vab _ + V _
bc
X2-b X3-c g
+ Vag _
X1-a
Fig. 5
17
VLL , HighSide
nt
V LN , LowSide (1)
where here this ratio is a real positive
number, i.e., the quantities on the right-
hand-side of eq. (1) are magnitudes only.
18
Because of the relative polarity of the
windings and because of the way VCA and
Vta are defined, the phasor quantities are
related via:
1
V
ta
n
V
t
CA
(3)
Likewise,
1
V
tb
n
V
t
AB
(4)
Substitution of eqs. (3) and (4) into (2)
yields:
1 1 1
V
tab V V V V (5)
CA AB CA AB
n n t n t t
t
(8)
Or, if we solve for VAB, we obtain:
19
1
V AB
3 (9)
ntVtab 30
I [c ]VLN [d ] I
ABC t abc (11)
t abc
VLN [ A ]VLN [ B ] I
abc t ABC (12)
t abc
20
Delta connection: equivalent line-to-
neutral voltages.
We focus on the Δ-Y connection.
Question: What do we mean by equivalent
line-to-ground voltages of a delta
connection?
This means that, even though we do not
have a neutral point for a delta connection,
we may COMPUTE a line-to-neutral
voltage according to (assuming balanced
positive sequence voltages):
1
V AN V AB 30
3
1
VBN
3
VBC 30
(13)
1
VCN VCA 30
3
21
If the voltages were balanced, but negative
sequence, it is easy to show that they are
related as follows:
1
V AN V AB 30
3
1
VBN
3
VBC 30
(14)
1
VCN VCA 30
3
22
In distribution systems, line-to-line
voltages are often not balanced.
So how to obtain equivalent line-to-neutral
voltages on the Δ side when the line-to-line
voltages are unbalanced?
23
Recall that the above represent the sequence
quantities for the A-phase. (Previously we
used the notation V , V , V , so that there were
0
A
1
A
2
A
V ,V )
C
1
C
2
24
Since VLL0 represents the zero-sequence
component of a set of line-to-line voltages,
it must be zero, i.e, VLL0=0, because the
line-to-line voltages sum to 0, i.e,
VLL VLL VLL 0
A B C
(19)
We can prove eq. (19) by expressing each
component of (19) in terms of differences
in line-to-neutral voltages, as follows:
VLN VLN VLN VLN
A B
VLN VLN 0
C A
(20)B C
25
voltages. Using eqs. (17), (18), and (21), we
have:
VLN 0 1 0 0 VLL0
VLN 0 1 VLL1
30 0
1
3
VLN 2 1
VLL2
0 0 30
3
(22)
Defining
1 1
t
3
30
t
3
30
*
(23)
we see that eq. (22) becomes:
VLN 0 1 0 0 VLL0
VLN 0 t * 0 VLL
1 1
26
W AT A
1
(29)
Then
VLN ABC W VLLABC
(30)
Now, what is W? Do the multiplication:
1
W AT A
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
1
1 a2 a 0 t* 0 1 a a2
3
1 a a 2 0 0 t 1 a 2 a
1 t * t 1 1 1
1
1 a 2
at 1 a a 2
3
1 at * a 2 t 1 a 2 a
1 t t
*
1 t * a ta 2 1 a2 a
1
1 a 2 at 1 a3 a2t 1 a4 a 2t
3
1 at a t 1 a 2 t * a 4 t
* 2
1 a 3 t * a 3 t
(31)
Simplifying the above results, using eq. (23)
and a=1/_120º, results in:
2 1 0
(32)
1
W 0 2 1
3
1 0 2
27
Example 1:
VLN C
2 1 0 12.47 0 7.2 30 So we see that
1
0 2 1 12.47120 7.2 90
3
1 0 2 12.47 120 7.2 150
28
Let’s recall our objective and see where we
are at this point.
29
side to the line-to-neutral voltages on the LV
side.
Ia Ib Ic
+ Vab _ + V _
bc
X2-b X3-c g
+ Vag _
X1-a
Fig. 5
Here we see that the line-to-neutral voltages
on the low voltage side, Vta, Vtb, and Vtc, are
directly transformed from the line-to-line
voltages on the HV side, VCA, VAB, and VBC,
respectively. We have already dealt with this
30
relationship, per eqs. (3) and (4), where we
found that:
1
Vtb
nt
V AB
(3)
1
Vta
nt
VCA
(4)
We did not write down the analogous
relation for the c-phase, but it is easy to do:
1
V
tc
n
V
t
BC
(33)
But look at eq. (30) again:
VLN W VLL
ABC (30) ABC
32
Vta Vag Z ta 0 0 Ia
V V 0 0 Ib
tb bg
Vtc Vcg 0
Z tb
0
Z tc I c
(43)
Writing eq. (43) in compact notation:
V VLG Z I
tabc abc (44) tabc abc
(45)
bt W N V Z tabc a t Z tabc
0 2 0 Z ta 0 0
nt
1 0 2 0 Z tb 0
3
2 1 0 0 0 Z tc
(47)
0 2 Z tb 0
nt
Z ta 0 2 Z tc
3
2 Z ta Z tb 0
33
It is convenient now to develop equation
(12), which is repeated below. We will
return to eq. (11) in the next subsection.
34
Writing the HV side LL quantities as a
function of the equivalent HV side LN
quantities is easy:
VAB=VAN-VBN
VBC=VBN-VCN
VCA=VCN-VAN
35
V AN 2 1 0 V AB
V 1 0 2 1 V
BN 3 BC (51)
VCN 1 0 2 VCA
36
Funny thing…. The sum of the line-to-
neutral voltage for a Delta connection must
be zero!
37
But eq. (49) (or eq. (50)) is simpler, so we
will use it.
VLL DVLN
ABC ABC (50)
Recall eq. (48):
V N VLL
tabc V
1
ABC (48)
Substitute eq. (50) into eq. (48) to get:
V N DVLN
tabc V
1
(53)
ABC
38
At N V 1 D
1
0 nt 0 1 1 0
0 0 nt 0 1 1
nt 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
1
0
1 0
0
0 0 1 1 (56)
nt
0 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 1
1
1 1 0
nt
0 1 1
Also,
Z ta 0 0
Bt Z tabc 0 Z tb 0
(57)
0 0 Z tc
39
H1-A H2-B H3-C
IA IB
IC
IAC
+ VCA _ IBA
+ VAB _ ICB
+ VBC _
n
t
+ Vt a _ + Vt b _ + Vt c _
Ia Ib Ic
+ Vab _ + Vbc _
X2-b X3-c g
+ Vag _
X1-a
Notice that the currents indicated on the
diagram, IAC, IBA, and ICB, on the HV side,
and Ia, Ib, and Ic on the LV side, are all in
phase, since one current is entering the
dotted side (e.g., IAC) and the corresponding
current is leaving the dotted side (e.g., Ia).
40
no negative sign (unlike the voltages – see
eqs. (34-46)). Therefore:
1
I
AC
n
I
t
a
(58)
1
I
BA
n
I
t
b
(59)
1
I
CB
n
I
t
c
(60)
Writing these in matrix form, we obtain:
1
0 0
I AC nt Ia
I 0 1
0 Ib (61)
BA nt
I CB
1 Ic
0 0
nt
41
Defining the matrix of eq. (66) as D, it
becomes in compact form:
I D ID
ABC ABC (67)
Substitute eq. (62) into eq. (67) to get:
I DN I
ABC I abc (68)
Compare eq. (68) to eq. (11):
I [c ]VLN [d ] I (11)
ABC t abc t abc
Summarizing:
VLN ABC [at ]VLNabc [bt ] I abc (10)
I ABC [ct ]VLN abc [d t ] Iabc (11)
VLN abc [ At ]VLN ABC [ Bt ] I abc (12)
0 2 0
nt
at
3
1
2
0
1
2
0
(46)
0 2 Z tb 2 Z tc
nt
bt Z ta 0 2 Z tc (47)
3
2 Z ta Z tb 0
42
0 0 0
[c t ] 0
0
0
0
0
0
(69)
1 1 0
(70)
1
[d t ] 0 1 1
nt
1 0 1
1 0 1
(56)
1
At 1 1 0
nt
0 1 1
Z ta 0 0
Bt Z tabc 0 Z tb 0
(57)
0 0 Z tc
(74)
1
[d t ] 1 2 0
3nt
2 1 0
2 1 0
(75)
1
At 0 2 1
3nt
1 0 2
2 Z tab Z tbc 2 Z tbc 2 Z tab 0
Bt Z tabc 2 Z tbc 2 Z tca 4 Z tbc Z tca 0
(76)
Z tab 4 Z tca Z tab 2 Z tca 0
43
18.6.5 Grounded-Y Grounded-Y
1 0 0
at nt 0
0
1
0
0
1
(77)
Z ta 0 0
bt nt 0 Z tb 0
(78)
0 0 Z tc
0 0 0
[c t ] 0
0
0
0
0
0
(79)
1 0 0
(80)
1
[d t ] 0 1 0
nt
0 0 1
1 0 0
(81)
1
At 0 1 0
nt
0 0 1
Z ta 0 0
Bt Z tabc 0 Z tb 0
(82)
0 0 Z tc
18.6.6 Delta-Delta
2 1 1
(83)
nt
at 1 2 1
3
1 1 2
44
0 0 0
[c t ] 0
0
0
0
0
0
(86)
1 0 0
(87)
1
[d t ] 0 1 0
nt
0 0 1
2 1 1
(88)
1
At 1 2 1
3nt
1 2 1
Fig. 6 [1]
45
This connection is similar to the
conventional delta-delta connection except
that one of the transformers has been
removed.
46
With three single phase transformers in
place, connected in the delta configuration,
the 3-phase rating is
S 3I V
3R LR
(91)
LR
(94)
Equation (94) is for 3 transformers in place.
47
Then, eq. (92) still holds, but the current
rating is given by:
I I
LR R
(95)
Substitution of eq. (95) into eq. (91) yields:
S 3I V 3S
3R , OD R
(96)LR 1R
48
18.7.2 Open Y – open delta [1]
Fig. 7 [1]
49
18.7.3 Single and three-phase service:
It is often the case that one needs to supply a
relatively large single phase load AND a
relatively small three-phase load, e.g., we
may have a large commercial complex with
lots of offices (and lots of lighting) but only
a few three phase induction motors.
50
Single phase load
3-phase
load
Fig. 9
What should we rate these two transformers
in this case?
51
The product VφRIφR is the rating of the single
phase transformer, S1φR. Therefore,
S3Load
S3Load 3 S1R S1R
3
(100)
Recognizing 1/sqrt(3)=0.577, eq. (100) is:
S1R 0.577 S3Load
52
A closed delta connection with a secondary
mid-tap grounded is shown in Fig. 10. This
connection is used for simultaneous supply
of single-phase & 3-phase secondary loads.
c
Fig. 10
53
But that is not all.
Assume balanced positive phase sequence,
Vab 2400
Vbc 240 120
Vca 240120
54
240 across any phase
120 from any mid-tap to a terminating
node of a phase, and
208 from the o-node to the c-node.
55
An transformer with ungrounded primary
is fed by a cable;
The transformer is being switched in using
single phase switching on the far side of
the cable.
In this case, there may be enough
capacitance in the circuit to cause its
resonance frequency 1/sqrt(LC) to be 60 Hz.
In this case, the voltages on the open legs of
the transformer can be driven to as high as 5
per unit.
Turns ratio:
56
Consider the parallel connection of two
single-phase transformers as shown in Fig.
11.
IL=I1+I2
I1
Z1
ωωωω
ωωωω
VP VS
V’’P1
I2
Z2
ωωωω
ωωωω
V’’P2
Fig. 11
Consider the case of having different turns
ratio on the two transformers, according to:
V N
P
V
P1
N
P1
S1
(101)
V N
P
V
P2
N
P2
S2
(102)
Let’s analyze what this does to the currents
I1 and I2.
57
Also, from KCL, we note that
I I I
2 L 1 (104)
Substituting eq. (104) into eq. (103), we get
V I I Z I Z V 0 (105)
P2 L 1 2 1 1 P1
Z Z 2
L (107) P1
1
P2
P1
(108)
N
V V
P2
N
P
S2
P2
(109)
Substitution of eqs. (108) and (109) into eq.
(107) yields:
N S1 N S 2
I1
Z2
Z1 Z 2
I L VP
N P1 N P 2
Z1 Z 2
(110)
Similar analysis results in:
N S 2 N S1
I2
Z1
Z1 Z 2
I L VP
N P 2 N P1
Z1 Z 2
(111)
The second terms in each of these two
equations are equal but having opposite
signs. These two terms represent the same
current (they have opposite signs because I 1
and I2 are defined in opposite directions).
58
This current is called the circulating current
because it simply circulates through the two
transformer windings. It does not supply the
load, but it does use up some of the
transformers capacity. It results from
paralleling transformers having unequal
turns ratio. Never do that!
The previous analysis is also applicable for
paralleling two 3-phase configuration
(assuming balanced conditions and using
per-phase analysis, it is exactly the same).
59
Even if you have the ratio magnitude the
same, you can not avoid a difference of ratio
phase, since the first configurations will
contribute 30 degrees but the second two
configurations will contribute 0 degrees.
Impedance:
If a single transformer installation is nearing
capacity on a frequent basis, one solution is
to install a parallel transformer.
60
I1
Z1
Z2
I2
Fig. 11
With I in amperes and Z in ohms, by KVL,
I Z I Z
1 1 2 (112)
2
Or
I Z
I
1
2 Z
2
1
(113)
Recall
Z Z Z
1 pu1 B1
(114)
Z Z Z
2 pu 2 B2
(115)
where base impedance is
VB21
Z B1
S B1 (116)
2
V
ZB2 B2
SB2 (117)
So we see that each per-unit quantity is
given on the bases of the specific
transformer.
61
Assuming both transformers have the same
base voltage (a reasonable assumption if we
are going to parallel them), then
VB1=VB2=VB, then eqs. (116) and (117) are:
VB2
Z B1
S B1 (118)
2
V
Z B2 B
SB2 (119)
Substsitute eqs. (118) and (119) into eqs.
(114) and (115) to get
2
V
Z Z
1
S
pu1
B
B1
(120)
2
V
Z Z
2
S
pu 2
B
B2
(121)
Now substitute eqs. (120-121) into (113):
VB2
Z pu 2
I1 Z 2 S B 2 Z pu 2 S B1
I 2 Z 1
VB2
Z pu1 S B 2 (122)
Z pu1
S B1
pu1
B1
B2
(123)
62
The left-hand-side is the ratio of the
apparent power supplied by each
transformer when they are carrying currents
I1and I2, respectively.
63
Thus, we lose capacity of one of the
transformers.
References:
[1] Westinghouse Corporation, “Distribution
Systems: Electric Utility Engineering
Reference Book,” 1965.
[2] T. Short, “Electric power distribution
handbook,” CRC press, 2004.
[3] T. Gonen, “Electric Power Distribution
System Engineering,” McGraw-Hill, 1986.
64