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Premium Joints
a. have metal to metal seals, much higher pressure ratings than API joints
b. suitable for high pressure /corrosive environments
c. There are many manufacturers ,like Vam , Hydrill , Nippon kokkan , Atlas Bradford , TDS-Mannesman, Baker Hughes, Siderca TDS-T6
d. These threads provide gas tight seals
e. Costlier than API grade tubing
1.2 Care and handling of tubular
1.21 Tubing
• All tubing whether new ,used, or reconditioned with always be handled and stored with thread protectors.
• Tubing tongs which will not crush the tubing should be used .
• Connect the tubular vertically and after stabbing, start screwing by regular or power tubing tongs . Try to use torque turn equipment to
screw and measure the recommended make up torque.
• Breaking the tubing during pulling out should be carefully. Do not hammer the coupling to break the joints. Disengage all the threads before
lifting up. Do not jump the tubing out of the coupling.
• Tubing stacked in the derrick should be set on a firm wooden platform and without thread protectors. Protestors are not designed to
support the load of the tubing (in doubles) , it will damage the threads.Drill Pipes
1.22 Drill Pipe
• Drill pipes are used to transmit power rotary motion rig floor level to to the bottom of the hole for drilling.
• Convey flushing fluids to the cutting face of the bit so as to circulate out the drilled rock cuttings.
• API recommended practice API RP 76 gives guielines for Drill pipe classes.
• Drill pipes are available in following ranges
Range Length(ft)
1 18-22
2 27-30
3 38-40
Handling of Drill pipes
Use only rotary table slips in order to prevent circumferencial cuts .
Kelly must be kept straight at all times
Box and pin connections should be made up to the right torque. In case of releaasing stuck up, be sure that weight indicator is in working
order.
PRODUCTION TUBING
∆ Lt = 12x F x Lp
E x Am
Where ∆ Lt = Axial stretch
( inch.)
F = Super imposed tension load ( lbs )
Lp = Length of tubing ( ft.)
E = Young modulus of elasticity for steel ( 30x 106 psi )
Am = Cross sectional metal area of pipe ( inch2 )
= 3.14x (O.d2 - I.d2 )
4
• Weight effect on its own weight
Under its own weight , tubing string lengthens . The weight of the hole string is exerted entirely at the top of the tubing but it is nil at the
bottom . The integration shows that tubing weight exerted is entirely half of the tubing length.
∆L= L W (Hooke’s Law )
2 E As
Where L = length of string in , ft
W = weight of the tubing string in fluids. lbs
E = Young modulus ( for steel ,E -= 30x 106 Psi
As = Tubing cross sectional area , sq. inch
Then ∆ L =ẞ ℓs x AS x Lv xL
2 E AS
In case of a vertical well
∆L = ẞ ℓs L2
2E
Wire Ropes
.Wire ropes are made of cold drawn carbon steel of various grades depending on the strength required.
1. Extra improved plow steel (EIPS)
2. Improved plow steel (IPS)
3.Plow steel (PS)
4. Mild plow steel (MPS)
Wire ropes are described by type of core , number of strands wrapped around the core . And direction of the wire rope with strands . The
strands can be right lay or left lay.
Factor of safety is determined by the following formula :-
Factor of safety= B /W B= nominal breaking strength of the wire rope in Lbs, W= Calculated total static load
minimum safety factor (Refer API 9B)
Sand Line 3
Hoisting services other than drilling 3
• Specification of Wire Ropes
• Example - 1” X 5000’, 6 X19 S PRY RRL IMPS IWRC
• Where
• (a) 1 “ - Diameter of line in inches .(b) 5000’ - Length of line in feet © 6 - Number of strands per line (d) 19 - Number of wires per strand
• (e) S - Seale pattern (f) PRY - Pre formed strands (g) RRL - Right Regular Lay (h )IMPS - Improved plow steel (i)IWRC - Independent Wire Rope
Core
• WIRE ROPE
• General practice followed in ONGC Workover operations for cut off is that the wearing points of every casing line shall be moved by cutting
off at least thirty metres of the casing line after every 3000 tonne-kilometres or at shorter intervals, where necessary so as to prevent
excessive wear of the casing line
Maximum Densities of fluids possible with Brines ( excluding addition of Calcium carbonate as weighing material)
Brine Density at 60ᵒ F
NaCl 1.00 – 1.17
CaCl2 1.00 –1.39
NaCl and Cacl2 1.20 –1.40
KCl 1.00 –1.16
CaCl2 and CaBr2 1.40 –1.81
ZnBr2 and Cacl2 and Cabr2 1.82—2.30
When heavy brine is diluted or heavy brine is added to increase the density , the fraction of loghter fluid id given by:-
A = Pf -- ph
Pi -- Ph
Where pf = final density P l = density of lighter fluid
Ph = density of heavy liquid A = fraction of lighter fluid 1-A = fraction of heavy fluid
• COMPLETION AND WORKOVER FLUIDS
• workover/ completion can be grouped under following broad categories:-
• • Water based fluids
• o Clean, solids-free brines
• o Viscosified Brines
• o Conventional water base muds
• o Clear-water fluids
• • Oil
• • Oil base fluids
• 4.0 WATER BASE FLUIDS
• 4.1 Clean, Solid-Free Brines
• They are the most commonly used fluids in completion and workover operations. These brines are true solutions, meaning that they contain only water and
dissolved salts (ions), with no un-dissolved solids. Salt when dissolved in water, yields clear brine — as long as it is below saturation. They cay be used as single-salt
brines or mixture of two or three different salt compounds. Advantages of clear brines solution are;
• Solids-free
• • Inhibitive
• • Available in a wide density range Capable of being reclaimed for reuse.
• Viscosified brines are used where additional parameters like bridging, suspension, fluid loss control etc are required.
Conventional Water- Base Muds
• Using conventional water-base drilling mud for completions or workover operations is not advisable unless we are sure that they will not
damage the formation. Clays, weighting material and other addit additives present in these muds can cause severe and permanent damage
to producing formation.. However in recent years the non damaging fluids grouped under “Drill in Fluids” have been designed and used for
drilling and completion of reservoir sections. The use of these fluids as workover fluids may prevent formation damage.
• Clear-water fluids
• • Low salinity water such as seawater or produced brines are occasionally used as workover and completion fluid. Water is inexpensive,
relatively accessible in most areas, and requires few special additives.
• • Many a times formation water contains fine solids, paraffin, asphaltene or scale which, if not controlled, may cause serious formation
damage. The water should be filtered before use.
• • Seawater, which is frequently used in coastal areas due to its easy availability, usually contain potentially damaging solids or multivalent
ions, such as Ca2+ , Mg2+ and Fe3+ , microorganisms (bacteria) , high conc. of sulphates and hence need processing prior to use as
workover fluids. It may be necessary to add 3-4 % KCl or NH4Cl to avoid clay swelling.
• • The primary disadvantage that often negates its use is the clay hydration type of formation damage that readily occurs. The primary
disadvantage that often negates its use is the clay hydration type of formation damage that readily occurs with fresh water filtrates
• A) Single Salt Brine
• These brines are made with fresh water and one salt.
• Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl)
• • It can formulate clear fluids to a density of 9.0 lb/gal.
• • It is most often used (at 2 to 7%) in other clear-water completion fluids, such as seawater, as a clay and shale stabilizer in gravel pack and acidizing operations
here its compatibility with hydrofluoric acid is a benefit.
• Potassium Chloride (KCl)
• • Excellent completion fluid for water sensitive formations.
• • Clear fluids up to a density of 9.7 lb/gal can be prepared.
• • Corrosion rates are reasonably low and can be reduced even more by maintaining the pH between 7- 10 and using a corrosion inhibitor.
• Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
• • The most commonly used brine.
• • Maximum density possible is 10 ppg.
• Sodium Formate (NaCOOH)
• . • Alternative to chloride brines.
• • Density up to 11.0 lb/gal can be achieved
• • Better HSE characteristics than chloride and bromide brines.
• Calcium Chloride (CaCl2)
• • Used to prepare clear fluids up to a density of 11.8 lb/gal.
• However at higher densities there may be operating problem in winter because of freezing of the solution. At a density of 11.6 ppg the freezing point of CaCl2 brine
is 44
• • Have better Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE) characteristics compared to chloride and bromide brines.
• • Show excellent thermal stabilization effects on natural polymers and the potassium ion provides excellent clay stabilization and swelling inhibition of shales.
• Calcium Bromide (CaBr2)
• • Calcium bromide solutions can be prepared to a density of 15.5 lb/gal
• • The 14.2 lb/gal CaBr2 has a TCT around 0°F (-18°C).
• • Like calcium chloride, calcium bromide generates heat when dissolved in water, similar precautions should be observed.
• Cesium Formate (CsCOOH)
• • Cesium formate is being produced as a 19.7-lb/ga liquid
• • Cesium formate also produces excellent thermal stabilization effects in natural polymers, and provides clay stabilization and inhibits swelling of shales.
• • Formate-base brines have better Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE) characteristics in comparison to chloride and bromide brines
• 6) Rig foundation should be prepared as per the rig manufacturer design and design should be based on load bearing capacity of soil. Check
the level of the base foundation. Unevenness of the foundation may cause problems in rig centring. Foundation level should be maintained
for sub base structure and for the auxiliary equipments.
• 7) Rig foundation can be made new or by modifying the existing foundation of drilling rig. However, levelling and load bearing capacity of
the rig foundation must be assured.
• 8) For auxiliary equipment placement, levelled foundation strips should be made. If concrete slabs or wooden logs are used as foundation
for auxiliary equipment or workover fluid tanks, then all the slabs should be at the same level and ground should be strong enough to
support the load.
• 9) If necessary, approach roads/ bridges/ culverts etc should be repaired and appropriate areas around the rig should be surfaced to
facilitate the transportation of rig equipment.
• 10) Anchors for top man escape device, wind guy ropes etc. should be grouted properly as per the recommendations of the rig
manufacturer/API. If old anchors are to be used, they should be inspected for rust, damage, general condition, load bearing capacity etc. To
ensure they don’t fail during rig operation. In the absence of mast manufacturer’s recommendations or where mast manufacturer’s
recommendations cannot be utilized because of obstructions at the well site location (such as roads, pits, energized power lines, etc.), then
the values shown in API RP-4G:
• 12) Entire drill site area should be fenced with barbed wire and there should be only one entry point.
• 13) X-mass tree of old wells in cluster location should be caged and nearby wells should be checked for any leakage.
• 14) Security personnel should be posted at new location before commencement of transportation.
RIGGING UP
• 5.1.3 RIGGING UP
• 1) Ensure all equipment reaches at new location in good working condition.
• 2) Align sub-base structure to the centre of the well. Assemble the sub-structure. Place the rig on foundation and level the rig.
• 3) All hoisting lines, casing and sand lines should be inspected thoroughly for broken wires, corrosion, incidental damage etc.
• 4) Fix the casing line guide roller on the mast wherever it is applicable.
• 5) Reeve the travelling block, fix fast end, spool the casing line on drum and tighten the dead end properly.
• 6) Check functioning of clutch and brake.
• 7) Check mast members for corrosion, cracks and bends etc before lifting.,
• 8) Grease all the pins before fitting and fit all the safety clips in all pins.
• 9) Observe casing line of tackle system for any obstruction with monkey board while lifting of mast.
• 10) Before raising mast to vertical position :a. Level the rig from side to side. b. Get the mast free and ready to raise (hoses, cables, lines,
etc.).
• c. Unwanted lines like tong hanging lines, cat lines etc. Should be tied to the side of the mast to avoid entangling during lifting of mast.
• d. Check the hydraulic fluid level.
• e. Bleed the air out of all erect cylinders by circulating the hydraulic oil. ( one complete cycle).
• f. Make sure derrick and guy lines will not come within close proximity to power lines.
• g. Park automobiles out of fall lines.
• 5.1.4 PROCEDURE FOR RAISING AND LOWERING OF MAST
• As procedure for lowering and raising the mast may differ from rig to rig procedure as recommended by the manufacturer in operation
manual should strictly be followed. The recommended practices described above are general in nature based on experience and should be
followed to inbuilt safety in operations. Further, following checks should be performed and recorded before initiating the rigging up or own
operations;
• a. The well has been killed/ closed and is in inactive condition.
• b. Hydraulic and pneumatic pressure lines functioning and sealing.
• c. Test pneumatic system of rig at a pressure 1.5 times the working pressure but not less than 3 atmosphere above the working pressure.
• d. Check brakes, pins and shoes (if necessary burn brakes in case there is oil on the same).
• e. Lubrication of all necessary parts. f. Locking device functioning properly.
• g. Briefing of all operating crews and defining signaling procedures.
• h. Do away with the jerks while lowering and raising the mast.
• i. Emergency plan drawn up and briefed to the operating crews.
• j. Raising and lowering of mast should be done in daylight
• k. Guy lines, sub lines and such other lines shall not be installed within six metres of any electric overhead transmission lines.
• l. All normal checks, as per the instructions of manufacturer, during positioning, rigging and de-rigging should be made and recorded.
• 11) While mast is raising :
• a. Unwanted crew members, not involved in operation of
• raising mast, should be at safe distance from the rig carrier rig floor and mast.
• b. No employees should be allowed in derrick before mast is engaged.
• c. Keep block positioned in its cradle during this operation.
• d. Keep all lines free while mast is being raised.
• e. Raise the mast with slowest possible speed while observing the lifting mechanism sheaves for any hindrance in rotation.
• f. Keep a watch on hydraulic oil pressure. If it exceed the normal operating pressure, stop the operation and check the system before
proceeding further.
• g. Keep a watch on sequence of ram opening during mast raising operation. If any abnormality observed, stop the operation and check the
system before proceeding further.
• 12) While Telescoping the mast:
• a. Check again to insure that all wire lines stay clear.
• b. Secure mast properly to the base section with bolts.
• c. Operator should keep the travelling block close to the floor at all times during the operation
• d. Move ram stabilizers into place and properly secure the telescoping ram cylinder.
• e. Bleed out air from the cylinders by circulating the hydraulic oil. ( one complete cycle).
• g. Keep a watch on sequence of ram opening during mast raising operation. If any abnormality observed, stop the operation and check the
system before proceeding further.
• 13) After mast is up :
• a. Climb the derrick (with a ladder climbing safety device) to visually inspect load latches are engaged and properly locked.
• b. Operator should crack control valve to “lower position to b. Operator should crack control valve to “lower position to relieve pressure on
telescoping cylinder.
• c. Tighten load guys with equal tension.
• d. Space out crown wind guys according to manufacturer’s specifications.
• e. The guy wires should never be turned back over small radius eyes when making an end termination. Wire rope thimbles or appropriately
sized sheaves should be used to turn back the guy wire ends.
• f. Guy wire hardware such as shackles, turnbuckles, walking boomers, chain come-a-longs, load binders, etc., that remain in the live guy
wire system should have safe working load capacities.
• g. The use of grab hooks or open hooks on guy wire terminations is not recommended.
• h. Lock mast erection control valve in neutral.
• i. Align block and hook with well centre.
• j. Inspect guy lines for the required number of clamps.
• 5.1.5 X-MAS TREE AND TUBING HANGER REMOVAL
• Christmas tree and tubing hanger removal requires careful planning. All procedures should be well defined, reviewed and clearly
understood by
• rig crew and service personnel involved in the job. Once the job has been planned and preliminary steps, like well killing, taken, work can
begin for
• X-mas tree and tubing hanger removal.
• X-mas Tree Removal
• 1. Hold x-mas tree by tying it with a sling of proper load capacity.
• 2. Unscrew the nut-bolts of lower master valve of Christmas tree.
• 3. Lift the X-mas tree and place it at a proper safe distance from the well head.
• 4. Inspect the nut-bolts, rings and ring groove. Lubricate and service them, if required and keep them at a place (may be in store) from
where these can be available readily while installing the x-mas tree.
• Tubing Hanger Removal
• 1. Inspect and lubricate tubing hanger lift threads. These may be corroded and may not be able to support the string weight.
• 2. Pick up to pull out of seals (or release packer) and remove tubing hanger.
• 3. Stack tubing hanger at proper place.
• 4. Wells completed with packer and Tubing Hanger flange, ensure that all T/H flange studs’ bottom nuts are removed so that T/H flange can
be lifted up and string can be put on spider slip for unscrewing of T/H flange. BOP stack can be installed before releasing the packer
• 5.1.6 Tubing Hanger Removal
• 1. Inspect and lubricate tubing hanger lift threads. These may be corroded and may not be able to support the string weight.
• 2. Pick up to pull out of seals (or release packer) and remove tubing hanger.
• 3. Stack tubing hanger at proper place.
• 4. Wells completed with packer and Tubing Hanger flange, ensure that all T/H flange studs’ bottom nuts are removed so that T/H flange can
be lifted up and string can be put on spider slip for unscrewing of T/H flange. BOP stack can be installed before releasing the packer
• 5.1.7 SUBDUING/ KILLING THE WELL
• 1. Observe the well before subduing operation. Record shut in
• pressure in tubing and annuluses of the well.
• 2. Before opening a well by removing x-mas tree / tubing hanger, the formation pressure must be balanced by hydrostatic pressure of
workover fluid of desired density with minimum overbalance pressure (5-10%). Workover fluid is pumped in the well by forward (tubing to
casing) or reverse circulation (casing to tubing)
• 3. Well subduing procedure and workover fluid should be designed based on well type, well completion, formation pressure, formation
temperature, compatibility with formation / formation fluid etc.
• 4. The line shall be tested 1-1/2 times the anticipated STHP or rated working pressure which ever is less. No hammering shall be done on
pressurized line5. Monitor pump pressure during subduing. Monitor and check the
• parameter of return fluid during circulation till well is properly
• conditioned and stabilized.
• 6. If no pressure is observed, undertake flow test. If flow test is negative, removal of X-mas tree / tubing hanger can be undertaken.
• 7. If there is pressure in tubing and /or annulus, the well is allowed to bleed of the gas. And as soon as liquid is observed, well should be
closed. Subsequently, the well is circulated with suitable work over fluid to stabilise and condition the well. Again flow test is to be
performed. If flow test is negative removal of X-mas tree / tubing hanger can be undertaken. However, if the flow test is positive, well is
showing pressure, it means that trapped pressure is still in the well, which may require another one or two cycles of circulation of kill fluid
to stabilise the well.
• 8. Successful subduing of the well will be reflected by zero static tubing and annulus pressure. To ensure that well is completely dead, well
should be open to pit / tank for 30 – 60 minutes to check the activity of the well. If no activity, further operation for removing the x-mas
tree/ tubing hanger should be initiated.
• 9. Till flow test is negative, no attempt should be made to open the well by removing X-mas tree/ Tubing hanger.
• 10. In SRP wells (tubing and insert pumps), circulation is established only after lifting the polished rod by 4-5 ft, so that pump is out of the
catcher and providing path for circulation.
• 11. In other artificial lift completion wells / other type of completions, subduing procedure should be designed accordingly.
• 12. There are number of kill procedure available (namely forward circulation, reverse circulation, Bullheading, deploying CTU, lubricate and
bleed etc.). Depending upon the circumstances that prevails such as tubing and casing integrity, ability to circulate theu fluid from tubing to
annulus or from annulus to tubing, formation pressure, type of well fluid in the well etc, kill procedure should be selected.
• 13. Bull heading is recommended where it causes no damage to the formation.
• 14. Check for short circulation or quick pressure build-up during subduing operation.
• 15. While subduing a well, the return line should be connected to the Group Gathering Station (GGS)/ kill tank at well site. During subduing,
return line is onnected to GGS to avoid oil accumulation at well site. Usually the distance between the GGS and the well is sometimes 2 to 3
kms. or even more. A significant amount of pressure drop is experienced in flow lines of the well leading to GGS that may cause additional
back pressure to the well and may create a fluid loss situation. It is best practice to kill the well at well site in kill tank and then pumping of
produced oil/fluid in the well flow line that is connected to the GGS
WORK OVER JOBS
WORK OVER JOBS
• section and perform a primary cement job under a retrievable packer or cement retainer. Alternately, perforate below the failed section and
perform a primary cement job in a similar manner. In case of a retrievable packer or open end tubing or drill pipe, take precautions to insure
that this assembly does not get stuck in cement.
• Pull the cementing assembly above the damaged section of casing and reverse out so that all excess cement is circulated out. Pressurize the
casing to ensure that the cement does not flow back into the well.
• Another method is to squeeze the section till it holds the desired pressure. Clean out with bit.
• 5. Pull, repair, rerun and reconnect parted casing :-
• : This is one of the best casing repairs, but it is not applicable in many cases. Back off or cut the casing below the failed section and pull it.
Replace the damaged section and either screw back into the lower section or connect it with an external casing patch. The external casing
patch can be a lead seal or lead seal cementing type.
• 6. Run another string of casing or stub casing or tie-back liner:
• This method can be used :
• (a) If the casing is large enough to run another casing or stub casing or liner.
• (b) If the failure is in the bottom of intermediate casing than by covering it by production casing.
• (c) Repair of a failure at the bottom of the hole above a liner with a tie-back liner. If the failure creates an immediate hazard, it may be
squeezed off and covered by casing or a liner.
• 7. Failure in casing not cemented: When possible, pull the casing, replace it, run and reconnect in a way similar to parted casing.
• Otherwise try to cement the casing in place with a primary cement job. Running another string of smaller diameter casing or tie back or
stub liner may be applicable.
FISHING/CEMENTING-1
• 7.0 STUCK UP AND FISHING
• Fishing is any operation or procedure to release, remove or recover tubular or any undesirable material left in the well bore
• Already covered in “ Drilling Engg , UNIT-III Well Control” Slides 28-54
• 8.1 CEMENTING
• In an oil well, cementation of casing and liners is carried out to;
• 1. Restrict the fluid movement between permeable zones within a well.
• 2. Provide mechanical support for the casing/ liner.
• 3. Prevent corrosion of casing/ liner from sulphate rich formation water
• 4. Arrest unwanted flow of fluids, mainly water and gas, in multilayered wells.
• The cementation of casing / liner soon after it is lowered is called primary cementation. Any subsequent cementation jobs carried out to improve the cement bond
behind the casing are called secondary cementation
• Secondary cementation is the operation performed to repair some segments in the well bore having poor cement in annulus. Secondary cementation jobs are
mainly classified as plug cementing and squeeze cementing
• 8.1.1 PLUG CEMENTING
• A column of cement of a specified length when placed across a selected interval in an open hole or a cased hole is called “Plug Cementing”.
• Cement plug is placed in the well bore for various purposes;
• o To stop loss circulation during drilling.
• o Directional drilling and side tracking
• o To support the GP assembly.
• o To plug back a depleted zone.
• o Isolation of zones in production testing
• o Well abandonment
• o To provide anchor for open hole test tool.
CEMENTING-2 (squeeze cementing-1)
Spacer
Mud
Cement Spacer
Cement
CEMENTING-3
• Following factors may be considered in designing the cement slurry for any squeeze operation:
• i) Fluid Loss Control
• The generally accepted API fluid loss rates are listed below:-
• Extremely low permeability formation - 200 ml/30min
• Low permeability formation - 100 to 200ml/30min
• High permeability formation (>100md) - 35 to 100 ml/30min
• ii) Thickening Time
• Thickening time must be sufficient to assure slurry placement and reversing out of the excess cement slurry.
• iii) Compressive Strength
• High compressive strength although desirable but is not a primary concern for squeeze slurry design
• iv) Slurry Volume
• For a successful job, the appropriate cement slurry volume depends upon the length of interval, placement technique, the injection rate of
a particular formation and pumping of excess sluThe slurry volume should not exceed the capacity of the running string and the volume
should not be so great as to form a column that cannot be reversed out.
• V) Squeeze pressure
• Squeeze pressure is the pressure at the injection point. In most cases, if the cement can be placed at the proper point, a successful squeeze
can be obtained with 500 to 1000 psi pressure above the injection pressure. The pressure should be hold for 10 to 15 minutes with no flow
back. After a squeeze is obtained, the pressure should be bled off and the volume of fluid back flown is measured. The squeeze should then
be repressured and the volume measured again. If the volumes are equal, this indicates that the squeeze has held and the volume of fluid
pumped compensated for tubular expansion
CEMENTING-5
• 5. Calculate slurry volume keeping into consideration the annular volume and slurry required below cement retainer.
• 6. Use spacers ahead and behind cement slurry for a minimum length of 50 to 75 m to avoid contamination.
• 7. While displacement in progress, monitor free falling /U tubing of cement slurry by controlling through choke. Displace cement up to the
tip of cement retainer so as to keep the cement inside the string and engage seal assembly to cement retainer, and squeeze to circulate out
cement between the two perforations. Watch return of cement from top peforations.
• 8. Disengage the string from retainer and balance the plug. Pull out the string above the top of perforations, reverse wash and squeeze
cement in the upper perforation (optional) and keep the well under final squeeze pressure.
• 9. WOC for 24 hrs. Scrape the casing , test the squeeze portion for any leakage ,with retrievable packer.
• c) Water/ Gas Shut Off Squeeze
• 1. For elimination of water intrusion or reduction of gas oil ratio this squeeze cementing is carried out to seal all the perforations and then
re-perforate a selected interval.
• 2. All procedures that of low pressure squeeze cementing are to be followed for placement of cement slurry against the perforated
• interval.
• 3. In case of good injectivity, squeeze calculated volume of slurry into the perforations leaving a cement plug inside the casing. Squeezing to
be done by hesitation method, so that final squeeze pressure is achieved
• 4. In case of no injectivity, squeeze cement slurry at the maximum permissible squeezing pressure and close the well under squeeze
pressure for 4 hours.
Production Packer
C. Releasing procedure
Most of the packers are released by picking up the recommended pull above the tubing weight. Pick up is calculated based on
number of tension brass shear pins in the packer.
Some of the packers are released by right hand rotation ( as mentioned in the technical manual.)
D. Advantages
• Suitable for deviated wells as no tubing movement is required to actuate the setting the mechanism.
• It is safe because the setting of the packer is done when X/Mas tree is flanged up..
• Holds greater differential pressure ( in some type of packers)
• It is used as a completion packer
• Available in single bore, dual bore or even triple bore packer.
E. Disadvantages
Multiple releasing and setting is not possible . It needs pulling out and redressed for any further use.
Wire line operations may b e required to plug the seating nipple in case pump out does not hold the pressure
Pulling out the packer may swab the well if packing elements are not fully retracted.
1.3.2 Permanent Packer
This type of packer once set becomes part of the casing and can be removed only by milling.
Tubing can be connected to it by locator seal assembly into bore of the packer , sealed into it and can be release from it. LTSA is
landed on the top of the packer body tool. Locator seal assembly is designed with external seals which seal the thin annular space
between seal assembly and polished packer bore. The LTSA is dressed with stack of two or three seal units . When LTSA is used ,then
it is desirable that a seal bore extension be used between packer and packer catcher section. LTSA is free to move inside the packer
bore . The contraction due to well shut in or water injection , stimulation jobs should be carefully calculated so ensure that the seals
still remain inside the bore of the packer.
Another type of connection of the tubing to the packer bore is done with Anchor latch seal Assembly. This latch assembly is latched
to the packer bore , enabling tubing to remain in tension which prevents , to some extent , effect of contraction of the tubing. If larger
contraction is expected then an expansion joint id used above the packer . Anchor latch seal assembly can be released from the
packer by shearing the latch threads in side the top of the packer bore.
A packer milling extension sub is attached below the bore of the packer to provide space for the catch sleeve of the milling tool.
• Permanent packers can be set mechanically ,hydraulically or electrically on wireline
Advantages
If any long term completion is required.
High pressure differential is required (10,000 psi and above )
Large packer bore as compared to retrievable packer.
Can be set fast on electric line with precise control of depth
• Disadvantages
• available in single bore configuration
• It requires packer to be milled
• If no tubing movement , then seals may get stuck in the bore of the [packer
• Setting procedure
• These packers are run on tubing , set mechanically and also run , set on electric wireline
• Wire line setting
• The packer is lowered on pressure setting tool PST (E-10 or E-20). Wire line adapter kit is used to connect the PST to the packer
When at desired setting depth ,electric current ignites the power charge within the setting tool . Gas pressure builds up and
hydraulically activates the piston which mechanically sets the packer. The PST is released by shearing a release stud.
1.3.1.3 Guidelines for selecting a packer
Selection of packer depends on the properties of the well and the requirements revealed by the following studies :
Tubing stresses and movement ,corrosion-erosion, elastomer selection , completion and packer fluid properties, workover procedure
, I.d requirement and setting mechanism.
by comparing the above stresses with the specification of the packer in the manual , will allow a pre selection of packer type . These
examinations must include :
• Differential pressure limitation of the packer
• Seal elements resistance to types of fluid in the well
• Setting and Retrieval /milling procedure of the packer.
• Packer metallurgy given by the manufacturer,
• Internal diameter of the packer
• Casing I.D
• Setting range of the packer
• Temperature limitations of the packing element
Rig capacity to provide pull to release the packer
• 1.3.1.4 ELASTOMER
Elastomers are used as a sealing element in the all types of packer and seal assembly. An elastomer is defined as a compound
which will not break up when 100% stretched and has a maximum 10% resilient deformation after a 100% stretch for 5 minutes.
This compound is a mixture of polymers and additives.
MAIN PRODUCTS
A. Natural rubber.
1. Neoprene rubber Chloroprene
Resists low temperature aromatic oil . Looses strength in hot water
ELASTOMERS
B. Thermoaplastics
1. Teflon Polytetra Flouro ethylene
It is a medium hardness seal material and is used as back up services .
2. Ryton Flouro ethylene sulfide
it is harder than Teflon and is used as V-type seal .