BASIC [CH.

LECTURE-6.
PRINCIPLES OF ANIMALS 40]
AND ANIMAL NUTRITIONS [CH.
41]
Campbell Biology|2016 30 Maret 2020
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Sub-CPMK-31. Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan hubungan
antara bentuk dan fungsi pada seluruh level organisasi.
Sub-CPMK-32. Mahasiswa mampu menbandingkan empat macam
jaringan hewan.
Sub-CPMK-33. Mahasiswa dapat menerangkan konsep homeostasis
hewan.
Sub-CPMK-34. Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan termoregulasi
Sub-CPMK-35. Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan konsevasi
energi.
Sub-CPMK-36. Mahasiswa dapat mendeskripsikan empat
kelompok nutrien esensial.
Sub-CPMK-37. Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan tahapan
dalam system digesti (pencernaan) hewan.
Sub-CPMK-38. Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan struktur/organ
sistem digesti manusia Sub-CPMK-39. Mahasiswa mampu
mendeskripsikan peran enzim digesti
Sub-CPMK-40. Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan proses digesti
dalam organ digesti utama manusia
OUTLINES
Basic Principls of Animal Form and
Function [4 konsep] Animal Nutrition [3
konsep]
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL
FORM AND FUNCTION
(CH.40)
 Cataglyp
his
CPMK-31.
Sub-

CONCEPT 1: ANIMAL FORM AND

FUNCTION ARE CORRELATED AT ALL
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
wa dan

Mahasis

Evolution of Animal
Size and Shape
 ese animals all
T have a shape
h that is fusiform
CPMK-31.
Sub-

Exchange with the

Environment 0.15 mm
wa dan

Mahasis

Exchange
(a) Single cell
 Mo Exchange
uth
1.5 mm
Gastrova
scular (b) Two layers of
cavity Exchange cells
CPMK-31.
Sub-

Digestive
system
wa dan

Mahasis

0.5 cm Nutri Lining of small intestine

ents
 system
E Animal Interstitial
xt body fluid
er
n Respir
al atory
Excretory
syste
e system
m
n
vi
ro
n
m Hear Cells
e t
nt
C
O Cir
cul
Fo
2
at
od
O
M2 or
o y
u
 Kidney tubules
Anus
Unabsorbed Metabolic waste products
matter (feces) (nitrogenous waste)
HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION OF BODY PLANS

menbandingkan empat macam

jaringan hewan
Sub-CPMK-32. Mahasiswa
mampu
 rent tissues have different
STRUC
structures that are suited to their
TURE
functions
AND
FUNCTI Tissues are classified into four main
ON IN categories:
ANIMAL epithelial, connective, muscle, and
TISSUE nervous
S

Di
ffe
 Epithelial
tissues

Sub-CPMK-32. Mahasiswa mampu menbandingkan

empat macam jaringan hewan
m
S
 Polarity of epithelia
menbandingkan empat macam

All
epithelia
are
polarized
,
meaning
that they
have
two
differen
t sides.
• The apical surface faces
the lumen (cavity) or outside
of the organ and is therefore
exposed to fluid or air.
• Specialized projections
often cover this surface.
• For example, the
apical surface of the
epithelium lining the small
intestine is covered with
microvilli, projections that
increase the surface area
available for absorbing
nutrients.
 • opposite side of each
h epithelium is the basal
e surface.
mampu
Sub-CPMK-32. Mahasiswa

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Connective tissue
mainly binds and
supports other tissues
jaringan hewan
menbandingkan empat macam

It contains sparsely
packed cells scattered
throughout an
extracellular matrix
The matrix consists of
fibers in a liquid,
jellylike, or solid
foundation
Sub-CPMK-32. Mahasiswa mampu menbandingkan
empat macam jaringan hewan
 muscle
tissue

Sub-CPMK-32. Mahasiswa mampu menbandingkan

empat macam jaringan hewan
Sub-CPMK-32. Mahasiswa mampu menbandingkan
empat macam jaringan hewan
 Sub-CPMK-33.

CONCEPT 2: FEEDBACK
CONTROL MAINTAIN THE
INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
IN MANY ANIMALS

Regulating and
Conforming
menerangkan konsep

A
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
o
r
u
s
e
s
i
n r
t o
e l
r i
n n
a t
l e
m r
e n
c a
h l
a c
n h
i a
s n
m g
s e
t i
o n
c t
o h
n e
t
f e
a n
c t
e a
o l
f f
e l
x u
t c
e t
r u
n a
a t
l i
, o
n
e
n A
v co
i nf
r or
o m
n er
m all
o to
w ch
s an
i ge
t in
s ac
co
i rd
n an
t ce
e wi
r th
n ce
a rta
l in
c ex
o ter
n na
d l
i ch
t an
i ge
o s
n
 HOMEOS
Mahasiswa dapat
Sub-CPMK-33.

TASIS

Organisms
use
homeostas
is to
homeostasis hewan

maintain a
menerangkan konsep

“steady
state” or
internal
balance
regardless
of external
environmen
t

Mechanism
s of
H
o
m
e
os
ta
si
s
A CLIP (SELF-ACCESS)

Homeostasis (blood glucose)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-aRut2kyksQ
 menerangkan konsep
homeostasis hewan
Sub-CPMK-33.
Mahasiswa dapat
 Feedback Control in Homeostasis

• The dynamic equilibrium of homeostasis is

maintained by negative feedback, which
helps to return a variable to either a normal
range or a set point
– A change in physiological variable
triggers a response that counteracts
the initial fluctuation
• of end product of a process slows the
cc process
u
m
ul
ati
on
A CLIP (SELF-ACCESS)

Negative feedback mechanism

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z0H8JbgeP9I
 menerangkan konsep
homeostasis hewan
Sub-CPMK-33.
Mahasiswa dapat
 control mechanism that amplifies rather
than reduces the stimulus

Po
 In animals, positive-feedback loops do not play
a major role in homeostasis, but instead help drive
sit processes to completion
ive
fe
ed
ba
ck
is a
A CLIP (SELF-ACCESS)

Positive feedback mechanism

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=heWOEkjutHc
termoregulasi
Sub-CPMK-34. Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan

CONCEPT 3: HOMEOSTATIC PROCESSES FOR

THERMOREGULATION INVOLVE FORM,
FUNCTION, AND BEHAVIOR

Thermoregulation is the
process by which animals
maintain an internal
temperature within a
tolerable range
A CLIP (SELF-ACCESS)

Thermoregulation in animals
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJEBfl_LKno
konsevasi energi.
Sub-CPMK-35. Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan

CONCEPT 4: ENERGY REQUIREMENTS ARE

RELATED TO ANIMAL SIZE, ACTIVITY, AND
ENVIRONMENT
Torpor and Energy Conservation
• Torpor is a physiological state in which
activity is low and metabolism decreases
• Daily torpor is exhibited by many small
mammals and birds and seems adapted to feeding
patterns
• H is long-term torpor that is an adaptation to
i winter cold and food scarcity
b • Estivation, or summer torpor, enables
e animals to survive long periods of high
r temperatures and scarce water supplies
n
a
ti
o
n
CLIPS (SELF-ACCESS)

Hibernation and torpor

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=buQaIannwz0

Aestivation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=mnQKnMZbQnk
 (CH.41)
NUTRITION
ANIMAL
dapat mendeskripsikan empat
kelompok nutrien esensial.
Sub-CPMK-36.
Mahasiswa
 MUST SUPPLY CHEMICAL ENERGY, ORGANIC
MOLECULES, AND ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS
CO
NC
EP • Essential nutrients are required by cells
T
5: and must be obtained from dietary sources
AN • There are four classes of essential nutrients:
AN
IM – Essential amino acids
AL – Essential fatty acids (certain unsaturated
’S
DI fatty acids)
ET
– Vitamins (13; fat-soluble and water-soluble)
– Minerals
 dapat mendeskripsikan empat
kelompok nutrien esensial.
Sub-CPMK-36.
Mahasiswa
 Undernourishment is the result of a diet that
consistently supplies less chemical energy than
DI the body requires
ET  Use up stored fat and carbohydrates
AR  Break down its own proteins
Y  Lose muscle mass
DE  Suffer protein deficiency of the brain

FIC  Die or suffer irreversible damage

Malnourishment is the long-term absence from
IE the diet of one or more essential nutrients
NC  can cause deformities, disease, and death
IES  can be corrected by changes to a diet
 Ov urishment causes obesity, which results from
er excessive intake of food energy with the excess
no stored as fat
CPMK-37.
Sub-
system
wa
Mahasis

Concept 6:
The main
stages of
food
p re
r ingestion,
o digestion,
c absorption,
e and
s elimination
s
i
n
g
a
A CLIP (SELF-ACCESS)

Digestive system overview

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9PzANr8VyUg
Ingestion is the act of
eating
suspension feeder
sift small food
particles from the
water
substrate feeder
live in or on their food source

bulk fee

fluid feeder suck

nutrient-rich fluid from
a living host
eat relatively large pieces of food
K47: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan empat tingkat
pemrosesan makanan
 CPMK-38. CONCEPT 7:
Sub-
ORGANS
SPECIALIZED
FOR
SEQUENTIAL
STAGES OF
sistem

wa

Mahasis

FOOD
PROCESSING
FORM THE
MAMMALIAN
DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
 ive system. After food is chewed and
swallowed, it takes 5–10 seconds for
it to pass down the esophagus and
T into the stomach, where it spends 2–
h 6 hours being partially digested.
e Further digestion and nutrient
h absorption occur in the small
u intestine over a period of 5–6 hours.
m Within 12–24 hours, any undigested
a material passes through the large
n intestine, and feces are expelled
through the anus.
d
i
g
e
s
t
 A CLIP (SELF-ACCESS)

Physiology of digestive system

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSXgoYdHotw
b

S
u

Maha
sisw
a
Su
Mahasiswa

digestipro sesm enerangkan

mpu
-

ma mendeskrip
MK
CP
mam

sikan
pu

.
 siste dige
-
m sti
orga diges uta CP m
dal
MK .
an
n ti ma
usi
am Sub
a
 siste dige
m sti
THE STOMACH
DIGESTION IN
CHEMICAL

-
mendeskrip orga diges uta CP
dal
sikan am n
pera
ti Sub
ma MK
S Su
- . ma
Mah
u CP mam asis
mp
b Mahasiswa

MK pu wa digestipro sesm enerangkan

u
an
us

m
ia

Digestion in the Small Intestine

.

• The small intestine is the longest

section of the alimentary canal (6 m long in
humans)
• It is the major organ of digestion and
absorption

Pancreatic Secretions
 •T duces proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin,
he protein-digesting enzymes that are
pa activated after entering the duodenum
ncr • Its solution is alkaline and neutralizes the
eas acidic chyme
pro
mam
b

S
u

pu

.
Su
Mahasiswa

Mah
asis
wa
-
MK
CP

dig es tip ros es menera ngk an

mp
ma
u
 mendeskrip
sikan

BILE PRODUCTION BY THE LIVER

am
dal pera
orga diges
n

• In the small intestine, bile aids in digestion

siste
m

and absorption of fats

Sub
ti

dige
uta
ma
sti

• Bile is made in the liver and stored in the

MK
CP

gallbladder
-
an
us

m
.ia
 Chemical digestion in the
human digestive
system. The timing and location
of chemical breakdown are
specific to each class of nutrients.
mendeskrip
b

S
u
Su
Mahasiswa

sikan
-
MK
CP

am
dal pera

orga diges
mam

n
pu

siste
.

m
Mah

ti
asis
wa

Sub

dige
uta
ma
digestipro sesm enerangkan

sti
mp
ma
u

MK
CP
-
an
us

m
ia
. ABSORPTION IN THE SMALL INTESTINE
 •A o acids and sugars pass through the epithelium of
min the small intestine and enter the bloodstream

mendeskrip
S
b
u
Su

sikan
Mahasiswa

-
MK
CP

am
dal pera

orga diges
n

Fats are mixed with

mam

siste
pu

m
.

ti

cholesterol and
Sub
Mah
asis
wa

dige
uta
ma

sti coated with protein,

digestipro sesm enerangkan

forming molecules
MK
mp
ma

CP
u

-
an
us

m
ia

called
.
chy transported into Lumen
of small
Triglycerides

lo lacteals intestine

mic Fatty acids Monoglycerides

ron Epithelial
cell
s,
whi
ch
are Triglycerides

Phospholipids,
cholesterol,
and proteins

Chylomicron
Lacteal

siste dige
m sti
-
orga diges uta CP m
n ti ma MK .
an
pera us
Sub
ia
S Su
- CP . Mah ma mendeskrip
asis
u MK mam wa mp sikan dal
am
b u
Mahasiswa
pu
digestipro sesm enerangkan
 ABSORPTION IN THE LARGE INTESTINE

• A major function of the colon is to recover

water that has entered the alimentary canal
• Wastes of the digestive tract, the feces,
become more solid as they move through the
colon
• Feces pass through the rectum and exit via
the anus
 SUMMARY
1. Animal form and function are correlated at all
levels of organization
2. Feedback control loops maintain the internal
environment in many animals
3. Homeostatic processes for thermoregulation
involve form, function, and behavior
4. Energy requirements are related to animal
size, activity, and environment
 SUMMARY

5. An animal’s diet must supply chemical energy,

organic molecules, and essential nutrients
6. The main stages of food processing are
ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
7. Organs specialized for sequential stages of
food processing form the mammalian digestive
system
NEXT WEEK

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