ADUJUSTABLE SPEED

INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE

NAME: - M. S. Nakandala
INDEX NO: - 080314M
FIELD: - EE
DATE OF PER: -28.10.2010
DATE OF SUB:- 07.11.2010

OBSERVATION SHEET
NAME: - M. S. Nakandala
INDEX NO: - 080314M
FIELD: - EE
DATE OF PER: - 28.10.2010
INSTRUCTED BY: -
Vrated = 400V Irated = 3.3A Ns = 1420 rpm

b) Measurement of speed control characteristics

Speed-input Vdc (V) Vs (V) Is (A) Ws (W) fs (Hz) Nr (rpm) Vs/fs
potentiometer (V/Hz)
setting
0 12 0 0.6 0 0 0 0
1 16 10 0.9 0 1.667 23.3 5.999
2 22 17 0.95 10 2.667 82.7 6.374
3 32 25 0.95 15 4.333 133.1 5.770
4 38 31 0.9 15 6.167 195.2 5.027
5 44 35 0.75 15 8 232.1 4.375
6 46 35 0.62 20 10.333 302.6 3.387
7 52 42 0.61 20 13.333 382.9 3.150
8 106 83 0.69 50 26.333 771.7 3.152
9 170 135 0.76 100 43.167 1257 3.127
10 198 158 0.8 120 50.833 1480.1 3.108

c) Measurement of speed control characteristics with voltage control

Voltage Vs (V) Vdc (V) Nr (rpm) Is (A) Ws (W)
feedback
potentiometer
setting
0 80 98 725.2 0.65 40
1 80 98 733.7 0.65 50
2 98 122 738.5 0.75 50
3 112 140 747.7 0.85 55
4 125 160 748.1 0.95 60
5 140 176 745.8 1.1 65
6 154 191 747.1 1.2 75
7 167 210 747 1.4 90
8 184 230 749 1.6 100
9 198 246 748.8 1.85 120
CALCULATION

b) Measurement of speed control characteristics

c) Measurement of speed control characteristics with voltage control

DISCUSSION

Adjustable speed drives are the most efficient (98% at full load) types of drives. They are
used to control the speeds of both AC and DC motors. They include variable frequency/voltage
AC motor controllers for squirrel-cage motors, DC motor controllers for DC motors, eddy
current clutches for AC motors (less efficient), wound-rotor motor controllers for wound-rotor
AC motors (less efficient) and cycloconverters (less efficient).
 An adjustable speed drive (ASD) is a device used to provide continuous range process
speed control (as compared to discrete speed control as in gearboxes or multi-speed motors). An
ASD is capable of adjusting both speed and torque from an induction or synchronous motor. An
electric ASD is an electrical system used to control motor speed.
The drive also regulates the output voltage in proportion to the output frequency to
provide a relatively constant ratio (V/Hz) of voltage to frequency, as required by the
characteristics of the AC motor to produce adequate torque. The ability of the AC controller to
maintain a constant volts/Hz relationship is ideal from a motor standpoint. This permits
operation of the motor at rated torque from near standstill to rated speed.
Figure represents the relationship between torque,
horsepower and motor speed with a maintained volts/Hz ratio
using a 60 Hz controller for illustration. A standard 4-pole
460V motor can be controlled by this method to its
synchronous speed of 1800 RPM. If the same motor were
wound for 50% of the input voltage (230V), it could be
controlled with constant torque to double the normal rated
speed and horsepower. The motor would not be "overvoltaged"
because the volts/Hz ratio could be maintained e.g.: a motor
wound for 230 VAC can supply constant torque to twice the
AC line frequency when used on a 460V power source without
over voltaging the motor because the volts/Hz ratio of 230V/60
Hz is the same as 460V/120 Hz. The horsepower would also
double since the same torque would be developed at twice the normal rated speed. Caution must
be observed when applying standard motors for continuous low speed, rated torque operation.
The motor's self-cooling capability is dependent upon self-ventilation schemes with efficiency
that is considerably reduced at lower operating speeds. Current increases with the voltage in a
non-linear manner.
In this method of control the voltage-to-frequency ratio is maintained constant for all
speeds up to the rated speed. At rated speed, the voltage is
almost maximum and only the frequency can be varied
beyond this point. At this point, the voltage is "clamped" at
a constant level while the frequency is adjusted further to
achieve the desired maximum speed. Since the controller
maximum output voltage is limited to the voltage of the
AC power source, the volts/Hz ratio must decrease
beyond this point as the frequency increases. The motor
becomes "voltage starved" above the clamping point and
torque decreases as speed increases, resulting in constant
horsepower output.
In the converter control looop the spee-input
signal, after removing its sharp edges, noise, spikes etc. in
the slow-up/slow-down circuit, is compared with the dc-link voltage feed back and the resulting
signal is agained compared with the dc-link current feed back signal. This current control loop is
incorperated for stability reasons, and for protection purposes; for example to clamp the
maximum current at some predetermined value. The resulting signal, after varifying for its range
at the compensation circuit, is sent to the comparator circuit where it’s compared with six saw-
tooth waveforms each having 600 phase difference, to generate six-converter drive signals.
Sawtooth wavwforms are generated from six sine wave signals, deduced from the supply, using
a sine to sawtooth converter circuit. The gate signals are then applied to the converter through
pulse transformers in the gate drive circuits. The dc link voltage in thus proportional to the
speed-input signal.
In the inverter control loop the smoothened speed-input signal is sent to a voltage-to-
frequency converter and the resulting pulse train (whose frequency is thuse proportional to the
speed-input ) is sent to a ring counter to generate six square waveforms, each having 600 phase
difference. These six waveforms are then modulated with a high frequency pulse output from a 5
KHz oscillator before sending them to the inverter through gate drive circuits. This modulation is
necessary as the pulse transformers in the gate circuit cannot otherwise transfer the whole length
of the gate pulse, which is essential for the inverter operation.
The two potentiometers VR1 and VR2 on the slow-up/slow-down circuits are used to
adjust the rate of change of speedinput signal. Potentiometers VR1 and VR3 of the N-I error
amplfier are used to adjust the voltage and current feed back ratios respectively. VR2 and VR4 to
adjust the control signal transient and VR5 to adjust fial signal range. Since the voltage feed back
potentiometer affect the converrter section only it can be used to change Vdc without affecting fs.