Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Fall 2012
Course Information
• Teaching assistant:
– Yin-Tzu Lin 林映孜
known@cmlab.csie.ntu.edu.tw
• Course webpage
– www.cmlab.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~dsp/dsp2012
• Grades
– Homework x 2 (30%)
– Test x 2 (40%)
– Term project (30%)
Review of Complex Exponential
Real and Image Parts:
Phase Difference is /2
Analogous to Uniform Circular Motion
Time axis
Advantage in computation
Basis Functions
• Remember that, sinusoids (such as sine) can serve
as orthogonal bases for representing signals.
cos(w0t+φ)
• Eg., when the frequency is fixed to be w0 in a cosine
function, what is the phase φ that should be chosen to
serve as a basis?
• Otherwise, do we need to use all the phases as basis
functions? (seems to be redundant)
Complex Exponentials
Serving as Basis Functions
• Linear combination:
coefficients Bases
• Can we simply use zero-phase functions as bases?
• This cannot be achieved easily by sinusoid.
• For example, if we use zero-phase sine functions
{sin(t) | R} as bases, the functions f we can
represent is restrict to those satisfies f(0)=0,
because sin(0)=0 and so the linear combination
of zero-phase sine functions is always zero.
Why choosing complex exponential?
• proof
1 at 1 at
– In real calculus, e dt e d (at ) e
at
a a
where a is a real number.
– In complex variables, the above equalities still
hold when a is a complex number.
Proof of the orthogonalility of vk(t)
• Hence, we have
Proof of the orthogonalility of vk(t)
• Now, let us consider
Proof of the orthogonalility of vk(t)
• When k l, by the preliminary property, we
have
Proof of the orthogonalility of vk(t)
• When k = l,
Proof of the orthogonalility of vk(t)
• Hence, we conclude that
How?
Amp Phase
Illustration Example
Adding Sinusoids (Calcluation)
Adding Sinusoids
Example
Adding Sinusoids
Adding Sinusoids
Another example
Spectrum Representation
• Frequency-domain representation of a signal.
• As we know, a signal can be decomposed as a
linear combination of zero-phase complex-
exponential basis functions.
• When doing such a decomposition, the
coefficients obtained are referred to as the
spectrum of the signal.
Spectrum of a single sinusoid
• What is the spectrum of a single cosine function?
• Note that we employ complex exponential as
bases.
• Since
the spectrum is (,1/2), (, 1/2), containing
both positive and negative frequencies:
1/2
Example
• Even summing the complex exponentials, we
still get a real-value signal
Example:
Spectrum Representation
• The most straightforward way of viewing and
understanding a spectrum is to producing new
signals from sinusoids by additive linear
combination,
where a signal is created by adding together a
constant and N sinusoids of different
frequencies:
Spectrum Representation
• By the inverse Euler formula
• The spectrum:
Example
• Let and
Envelope
effect
Amplitude Modulation (AM) Signal
• The AM signal is is a product of the form
Envelope
Frequency Domain
transform
pair