4617200

B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, APRIL/MAY 2017

Seventh Semester
Mechanical Engineering
REFRIGERATION, AIR CONDITIONING AND CRYOGENICS

PART-A-(10 X 2= 20)

1. Define unit of refrigeration.

The unit of refrigeration is expressed in terms of “tonne of refrigeration”.
The “tonne of refrigeration” is defined as the amount of refrigeration effect produced by the uniform
melting of one tonne (1000 kg) of ice from and at 0°C in 24 hours.
2. List any four secondary refrigerants
secondary refrigerants are water, air, hydrocarbons, ammonia and carbon dioxide, which are more
environmentally benign than traditional refrigerants such as HCFCs.
3. State Dalton’s law of partial pressure

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Based on this behaviour of gases, JOHN DALTON formulated a basic law which is known as "The
Dalton's law of partial pressure"
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"If two or more gases (which do not react with each other) are enclosed in a vessel,
the total pressure exerted by them is equal to the sum of their partial pressure
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Consider a mixture of three non-reacting gases a , b and c .Partial pressures of these gases
are Pa ,Pb and Pc .According to Dalton's law of partial pressure, their total pressure is given by:
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Ptotal = Pa + Pb + Pc
4. Name any four psychometric processes
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1. Sensible heating
2. Sensible cooling
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3. Cooling and dehumidification

4. Heating and Humidification
5. Define infiltration of air
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Infiltration is the unintentional or accidental introduction of outside air into a building, typically
through cracks in the building envelope and through use of doors for passage. Infiltration is sometimes
called air leakage. The leakage of room air out of a building, intentionally or not, is called exfiltration.
Infiltration is caused by wind, negative pressurization of the building, and by air buoyancy
forces known commonly as the stack effect.
6. Differentiate fan and blowers
1. Blowers can move volumes of gas at a moderate pressure while fans move large amounts of gas at
a low pressure.
2. Size is another factor to easily distinguish blowers from fans. Blowers are typically larger than the
fan
3. Energy consumption would depend on how they are produced but in most cases, fan consumes less
energy than a blower.
7. Define cryogenics
The branches of physics and engineering that involve the study of very low temperatures, how to
produce them, and how materials behave at those temperatures.
8. What is the boiling temperature of liquid oxygen?
Liquid oxygen has a boiling point of 90.19 K (−182.96 °C; −297.33 °F) at 101.325 kPa (760 mmHg)
9. What is meant by overlap temperature?
The difference in low temperature cascade condenser temperature and high temperature cascade
evaporator temperature is called temperature overlap
10. The claude air liquefaction system is more efficient than the Linde system

4617200

B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOVEMBER 2016

Seventh/Eighth Semester
Mechanical Engineering
REFRIGERATION, AIR CONDITIONING AND CRYOGENICS

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(From 2003-2012 Batches)

5. Define unit of refrigeration.

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PART-A-(10 X 2= 20)
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The unit of refrigeration is expressed in terms of “tonne of refrigeration”.
The “tonne of refrigeration” is defined as the amount of refrigeration effect produced by the
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uniform melting of one tonne (1000 kg) of ice from and at 0°C in 24 hours.
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6. What is the coefficient of performance of a refrigerator?

The coefficient of performance is the ratio of heat extracted in the refrigerator to the work
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done on the refrigerant. It is also known as theoretical coefficient of performance.

𝑄
Theoretical C.O.P. = 𝑊
Q = amount of heat extracted in the refrigerator
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W = amount of work done

7. What are the advantages and disadvantages of vapour compression refrigeration
system over air refrigeration system?
Advantages:
❖ It has smaller size for the given capacity of refrigeration.
❖ It has less running cost.
❖ It can be employed over a large range of temperatures.
❖ The coefficient of performance is quite high.
Disadvantages:
❖ The initial cost is high.
8. What is the object of under cooling?
The term subcooling refers to a liquid existing at a temperature below its normal boiling point.
Subcooling is normally used so that when the cycling refrigerant reaches the thermostatic
expansion valve, its totality is in its liquid form, thus, allowing the valve to work properly

5. Explain the difference between comfort conditioning and industrial conditioning?

 The object of comfort conditioning as the name implies is solely to provide a comfortable
environment for the majority of occupants. Humans are reasonably tolerant to humidity and may
be comfortable from a range of between 55% and 20% relative humidity at normal comfort
temperatures. It is therefore common when specifying to limit the humidity in summer and not
specify a limit in winter. Typically therefore a specification would state an internal condition of
22°C / 50% relative humidity being maintained at 30°C / 20°C wet bulb external conditions in
summer. In winter the specification may typically be 21°C internal temperature at -3°C saturated
outside air temperature.
Industrial conditioning is provided generally for a process which requires a closely controlled
atmosphere. A typical specification may be that an internal environment is required of say
21°C ±0.5°C and 50% relative humidity ±2.5% at all external conditions. It will be seen therefore
that the industrial conditions for clearly defined limits rather than comfort conditioning which is
based on statistical surveys of occupants feelings.
6. What is the importance of temperature and humidity in industrial applications?

The temperature monitoring is becoming more and more important in a lot of industries, like
food industry, the laboratory, and pharmaceutical industry or even in environmental monitoring,

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temperature control is vital. The temperature monitoring is also important in the laboratory and
pharmaceutical industry. A lot of storage and testing environments, including fridges and

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freezers and even the lab, need to be kept at set temperatures if the work is going to be carried
out effectively.
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Humidity is the presence of water within the air. The amount of water vapor that is present in the
air can affect not only personal comfort but can also affect various manufacturing processes and
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cost of the product within industrial applications. A huge variety of manufacturing, storage and
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testing processes are humidity-critical. Humidity measurements are used to prevent

condensation, corrosion, mould, warping or other spoilage - highly relevant for foods,
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pharmaceuticals, chemicals, fuels, wood, paper, and many other products.

7. Define the terms DBT, WBT?
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DBT
The dry bulb thermometer is directly exposed to air and measures the actual temperature of air
WBT
The bulb of the dry bulb thermometer is measured is covered by a wick thoroughly wetted by
water. The temperature which is measured by the wick covered bulb of such a thermometer
indicates the temperature of liquid water in the wick and is called the wet bulb thermometer

8. Explain the term Psychrometry

Psychrometry is the study of the properties of mixtures of air and water vapour. Atmospheric air
is a mixture of many gases plus water vapour and a number of pollutants . The amount of water
vapour and pollutants vary from place to place. The concentration of water vapour and
pollutants decrease with altitude, and above an altitude of about 10 km, atmospheric air consists
of only dry air. The pollutants have to be filtered out before processing the air. Hence, what we
process is essentially a mixture of various gases that constitute air and water vapour. This
mixture is known as moist air.
9. Define” Thermal shock” used to air conditioning system
Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems make discontinuous temperature
gaps between temperature controlled and uncontrolled spaces People exposed to the
temperature gaps will suffer thermal stress called “Thermal shock”. Thermal shock sometimes
causes cardiac and cerebrovascular diseases, especially to older people.

10. Name five means of producing refrigeration

1. Dry ice refrigeration
2. Evaporative refrigeration
3. Thermo-electric refrigeration
4. Steam jet refrigeration
5. Liquid gas refrigeration and
6. Vortex tube system of refrigeration

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5617212

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B.Tech DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOVEMBER 2016
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Seventh Semester
Mechanical Engineering
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REFRIGERATION, AIR CONDITIONING AND CRYOGENICS ENGINEERING

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(From 2003-2012 Batches)

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PART-A-(10 X 2= 20)

1. Define energy performance ratio and express its srelati8onship with COP
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Energy performance expresses the behavior of a building with regard to energy

consumption. It is influenced by factors such as reduced conduction and ventilation,
extra internal heat, solar input, the efficiency of heating and hot water systems, and the
output of any solar energy equipment.
The coefficient of performance or COP (sometimes CP) of a heat pump is a ratio of
heating or cooling provided to work required. Higher COPs equate to lower operating
costs.
COP º e [1 + Pin (environment) / Pin(operator)]
where Pin (environment) = Power input by the environment in case of windmill, sail boat
etc. and Pin(operator) = Power input by the operator.
2. State the nomenclature used for classifying refrigerants
Refrigerants are classified by ASHRAE, and their friends 'R' numbers are assigned in
accordance with certain rules. For example, classification of refrigerants derivatives of
hydrocarbons, saturated and consisting of one substance only shown in the example
below:
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3. State the merits and demerits of thermoelectric refrigeration system
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Merits of thermoelectric refrigeration
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1) Absence of moving parts, so no vibration problems

2) Long life and no wear and tear
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3) Load can be controlled by adjusting current.

4) Very compact and portable
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5) Light weight
Demerits of thermoelectric refrigeration
1) Unavailability of suitable material with high figure of merit 'Z'
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2) Costly as initial expenditure high

3) Running cost is high.
4) Lower COP of the order of 0.1 to 0.2
4. What is adiabatic demagnetization cooling?
All substances exhibit some magnetic properties and are classified as “ferromagnetic”
“diamagnetic” or “Paramagnetic”. When paramagnetic salts are pre-cooled to low
temperatures, motion of molecules is reduced to minimum. The molecules act as
individual magnets aligning themselves to a strong electromagnetic field. During this
process, heat is released. If this heat is removed and then magnetic field is removed,
there will be adiabatic cooling.
5. List then various psychrometric processes
1. cooling. 2. Heating. 3. Dehumidifying. 4. Humidifying.
6. State the Dalton’s law of partial pressures
A mixture of ideal gases, the total pressure p is equal to the sum of the partial pressure.
This is known as the dalton’s law of partial pressure.
p = p1 + p2
7. Differentiate unitary and centralized air conditioning system.
 A unitary or package air conditioning system uses equipment where most or all of the
basic components have been assembled in the factory e.g., room air conditioner
A central or built-up air conditioning system uses equipment centrally located in
mechanical equipment rooms. Each piece of equipment is installed separately and
connected on the job, rather than manufactured as a package.
8. Write about ASHRAE standards
ASHRAE stands for the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers. The Society and its more than 50,000 members worldwide focus on building
systems, energy efficiency, indoor air quality, refrigeration and sustainability.
9. State the advantages of Claude liquefaction system.
The claude Liquefaction system utilises a turdo-expander in which isentropic expansion
takes place which results in the cooling and subsequent liquefaction. This provides
additional work for the system and is much more energy efficient than the throttling
process.
10. State Joule-Thomson effect in Low temperature production.
The effect of change in temperature for an isenthalpic change in pressure is represented
by the Joule – Thomson coefficient  JT , defined by
 T 
 JT =  

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 p  h

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Where the derivative is interpreted as the change in temperature due to the
change in pressure at constant enthalpy. The Joule – Thomson coefficient is zero along
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the inversion curve, since a point of the inversion curve is one at which the slop of the
isenthalpic line is zero. For a temperature increase during expansion, the Joule –
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Thomson coefficient is negative; for a temperature decrease, the Joule – Thomson,

coefficient positive.
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