Reviewer In 21st Literature Letter- psychological make-up

Literature- faithful production of life Diary- writer’s own experience

- blue print of history Journal- serious or learned nature.

- illuminates life Historical Prose- historical events

- life’s story including its struggles, Scientific Prose- subject science

ideas, failures, sacrifices and
Satirical Prose- ridicules the vices and
happiness
follies of men
Prose Poetry
Current Publications- books,
Form paragraph Stanza/Verse
magazines or newspapers
Language Ordinary Metrical,
Rhythmical, Literary Criticism- analysis, interpretation &
Figurative evaluation of literary works
Language
Appeal Intellect Emotion Book Review- dealing w/ contents, literary
Aim Convince, Stir the worth, etc.
inform, imagination &
instruct, set an idea Philosophy- processes governing thought and
imitate & conduct
reflect Travel- trips, journeys, tours, etc.

Parody- imitation where ridicule is the objective

Prose- expression (whether written or spoken)
that does not have a regular rhythmic pattern. Anecdote- concerning particular
individual/incident
Types of Prose
Character Sketch- qualities & traits of person
Prose Drama- drama in prose form; acted on
stage. Parable- application of the principle

Essay- short literary composition Pamphlet- small book of current interest

Prose Fiction- something invented, imagined or Eulogy- writing for dead person/thing
feigned
Speech- general word for a discourse delivered
Novel-long fictitious narrative w/
Sermon- scriptural text
complicated plot
Address- formal
Short Story- one unit of time
Lecture- to inform/instruct
 Referred to “slice of
life” Oration- eloquent/rhetorical
Biography- person’s life written by another who Talk- informality/impromptu
knows

Autobiography- man’s life by himself

 ELEMENTS OF FICTION E. POINT OF VIEW- writer’s feeling &
attitude toward subject
A. Characters- representation of human
being CLASSIFICATION
TYPES OF CHARACTERS
1.First Person- I, me, mine, we, us,
1. Round Character- dynamic
our(s)
character; fully developed
2.Third Person- He, him, his, she, her(s),
2. Flat Character- Stock/Stereotype
they, them, theirs
Character; not fully developed
3.Omniscient- He, him, his, she, her(s),
B. Setting- the locale (place) or period
they, them, theirs
(time)
F. Mood- atmosphere/general effect
C. Conflict- the struggle or complication
G. Tone- feeling of speaker/author
TYPES OF CONFLICT
H. Symbolisms- stand for something other
1. Internal Conflict- Man vs. Himself
than themselves
2. Interpersonal Conflict- Man vs.
I. Images- 5 senses
Man
J. Theme- central/dominating idea
3. External Conflict- Man vs. Society
D. PLOT-casually related sequence of Poetry- Greek word “poesis”- making/creating
events.
NARRATIVE ORDER- sequence of Elements of Poetry
events Sense- words/images/symbols
 Chronological- most common type
 Flashback- author narrates before Diction- denotative (literal meaning
the current time of the story from dictionary) & Connotative (implied
 Time Lapse- story skips a period of meaning)
time
Images & sense impression- 5 senses
STRUCTURE OF PLOT
Figure of Speech
1.Exposition (beginning)
2.Complication (rising action) Sound- combination of elements
3.Climax (result of the crisis)
4.Denouement Tone color- alliteration, assonance,
5.Resolution (end) consonance, rhyme, repetition,
anaphora
PLOT DEVICES

1. Flashback- understand character’s Rhythm- flow of the sound & silence

nature
2. Foreshadowing- create suspense Meter- no. of syllables per line
3. Suspense- excitement or tension
Rhyme Scheme- formal arrangement
4. Surprise Ending- unexpected turn of
of rhymes in stanza
events
5. In Media Res- beginning a story in the Structure- arrangement of words & lines to fit
middle of the action together
 Word order- natural & unnatural of
words
Ellipsis- omitting some words
Punctuation- punctuation marks
Shape- contextual & visual designs
Types of Poetry
Narrative Poetry
Epic- tale centering
Metrical Romance- adventure, lover,
chivalry
Metrical Tale- single series of
connective events
Ballad-single incident in simple meter
Popular Ballad- simple incident of
adventure, cruelty, passion/superstition
Modern/Artistic- poet imitation
Metrical Allegory- second meaning
along
Lyric Poetry
Ode- most majestic of the lyric poems
Elegy- poem in death person
Song- 12 syllables (dodecasyllabic)
- Accompanied by
guitar/banduria
Corridos- 8 syllables (octasyllabic)
Sonnet- 14 iambic lines
FIGURES OF SPEECH
1. Simile- words “like” or “as”
2. Metaphor- direct comparison of 2
unlike things
3. Personification- human traits to
inanimate objects
4. Apostrophe- address to someone
absent, dead/inanimate
5. Metonymy- substitutes word that
closely relates to a person/thing
6. Synecdoche- part to represent the
whole
7. Hyperbole- Exaggeration
8. Irony- opposite of what is meant
9. Allusion- any literary, biblical, historical,
mythological, character or event
10. Antithesis- contrast of words
11. Paradox- phrase/statement that on
surface seems contradictor
12. Litotes- deliberate understatement
affirm by negating it’s opposite
13. Oxymoron- put together of 2
contradictory terms
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
1. Pre Colonial Period (B.C-1564)
- Longest period
a. Riddles- enigma/puzzle
b. Proverbs- wise saying/
“salawikain”
c. Songs
d. Mimetic dances- accompanied
by songs & rituals
e. Folk epic- longest form of pre-
colonial poetry
2. Spanish Regime (1565-1863)
- Religious themes
- Christianization
- First printing press
- Doctrina Christiana (1593)
- Catechisms, Confession Manuals,
Grammar Books, Dictionaries
Ladinos- well versed in both languages

Pasyon- religious literature

Senakulo- dramatization of the pasyon

Awit & Kori do- 2 popular Narrative Poems

3. American Period (1910-1930)

- 3 Languages flourished (English,
Filipino, Spanish)
- Reading, writing, speaking
PERIOD OF APPRETICESHIP
a. Paz Marquez Benitez- Dead Stars
b. Paz Latorena- The Small Key
c. Jose Garcia Villa- Footnote to
Youth
d. Zoilo Galang- Child of Sorrow
PERIOD OF EMERGENCE
a. Manuel E. Arguilla
b. Arturo Rotor
c. N.V.M. Gonzales
d. Francisco Arcellana
e. Bienvenido N. Santos
4. Contemporary Period
- Upheavals in Nation History
- Storm of the Seventies
- Martial Law Years
- Assassination of Ninoy Aquino
- Merging of 3 Traditions (Oral Lore-
Ethnic Traditions, Spanish Tradition &
American Colonial Tradition)