Task 2 - Electromagnetic waves in bounded open media

Individual work

vicente

Group 4

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2- 16-01
 Introduction

In introducing the document's usually described, and a brief explanation or summary thereof
is given. A reader to read the introduction should be able to get an idea about the content of
the text before reading itself. (4 to 10 lines).

Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What are the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves?

direct spread: It occurs when there is a visual between the transmitter and the
emitter. This mode of propagation is the most efficient since there is no loss of
energy due to reflection.

P. by reflection in the ground plane: It acts as equipotential, that is, a

reflective surface is very common in radio frequency applications.

P. by atmospheric reflection: Due to the different layers of the atmosphere, as

well as their diversity in density and ionization level, the medium and high
frequency signals reflect as conductive surfaces

its drawbacks arise when the optimal reception of the signal’s changes according to
the time of day and atmospheric conditions, heat exchange, solar storms and
appearance of sunspots To overcome these problems, repeaters such as
microwave links or satellite retransmission are used

P. for multiple reflection: the only necessary condition for this type of
propagation in the wavelength of the signal is comparable to the dimensions of the
reflective structure or considerably lower. it is located where the topography is
rough or there are very high mountains with deep valleys

2. What does it mean to polarize an electromagnetic wave?

It is characterized by the difference in phase and amplitude between the
transverse components of the electromagnetic field that generate the
electromagnetic wave, the general shape of the electric field of a wave moving in
the x direction, is represented:

é ( x , y , z ,t )=(E y , a y + E z , a z)e j (wt ± Bx)

the fields in the x and z direction do not always have the same amplitude or phase
in the temporal space, which leads to different polarization patterns
Linear polarization: It occurs when both components have different amplitudes
but are in phase or in exact push-pull. An arithmetic addition or subtraction of the
signals is then generated at each point in space.

Circular polarization: It occurs when both components have equal amplitude and
are 90º or 270º out of phase with each other. In this case, a circularly polarized
wave is generated, the direction of rotation of the vector is defined by the phase
difference of the signals.

Elliptical polarization: It is generated when both components have different

amplitudes and the phase angle between them is neither 0º nor 180º, the angle
between the major axis of the ellipse and the Z axis, as well as the direction of
rotation of the vector is defined by the phase difference of the signals.
3. What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic wave?
π
It’s when the angle of refraction becomes the same and there is no longer the
2
refracted ray, all the energy returns to the coming wave medium, it is called total
internal reflection.

In order to find the critical angle of incidence from which reflection is presented,
the law is based on the five-degree angle of refraction equal to unity in this
condition.
n2
sin ∅ c =1 , sin ∅ c =
n1

can also be obtained in terms of intrinsic impedance

n1
sin ∅ c =
n2

4. What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an electromagnetic wave?

it is when the sum of the angles of incidence and refraction is 90 the Fresnel
coefficient of reflection in the Tm mode is canceled, which means that the parallel
electric field is not reflected, if not completely refracted.
As it happens in a specific angle, this is called a Brewster angle that is obtained
through the following expression
n2 cos ∅ B −n1 cos ∅ 2
r 12 =
tm
n2 cos ∅ B + n1 cos ∅ 2

where it arises
n2
tan ∅ B=
n1

in terms of intrinsic impedance

 n1
tan ∅ B=
n2

5. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation of waves?

allows to establish the relationship between the refractive index, the angle of entry
and exit of each medium, with respect to the normal, the formula is as follows:
n1 sin ∅2
=
n2 sin ∅1

Knowing the refractive index of both media and the input angle of the incident
wave, we can predict the wave direction in the refracted medium.

Application exercises:
2
+¿=120 mW /m ¿
1. An electromagnetic wave of f =9 MHz and P1 , incident from the air
(η1 =120 π Ω), perpendicular to an infinite wall with an intrinsic impedance η2=102Ω
−¿ ¿ +¿¿
. Calculate the reflected power P1 and the transmitted power P2 to the wall.

Coefiiente de reflexion
n 2−n1
r=
n 2 + n1
 102−120 π
r=
102+120 π
r =−0.57
r =0.57<180
Reflactancia
2
R=|r|
2
R=|0.57|
R=0.325 x 100 %
R=32.5 %

Potencia reflejada:
¿
¿
¿

Transmitancia
T =1−R

T =1−0.325
T =0.675∗100 %
T =67.5 %
Potencia transmitancia.

¿
¿
 2
+¿=120 mW /m ¿
2. An electromagnetic wave of f =¿ MHz and P1 , coming from a wave
generator located 12 cm from the wall, which impinges from the air ( η1 =120 π Ω )
perpendicularly on a wall with an intrinsic impedance η2=CCC Ω and 20 cm thick.
The wall is made of a non-magnetic and non-dissipative material. On the other
side of the wall is a receiver located 20cm away.

Figure 2: Propagation of “normal wave” in finite medium.

a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection and transmission seen by the

generator.
Phase constant
w n0
β=
c0 n

(2 π∗9 M H z )120 π
β=
(3∗10 8)(102)
β=0.6967
Input impedance
n2 +in1 cos (β∗x)
n¿ =n 1
n1 +in2 cos (β∗x)

120 π +i102 cos (0.6967∗0.2)

n¿ =(102)
102+i 120 π cos (0.6967∗0.2)
n¿ =(102) ¿
n¿ =302.997−142.759i

reflection Coefficient in face 1

n¿ −n
r 1=
n ¿ +n
( 302.997−142.759 i)−377
r 1=
(302.997−142.759 i)+377

r 1=0.0620+ 0.222i

r 1= √ (0.0620)2+(0.222)2

r 1=0.2304

Transmittance in face 1 (wall)

2
T =1−|r|
2
T =1−|0.2304|
T =0.946∗100 %
T =94.6 %
Reflectance in face 1(air)
R=1−T
R=1−0.946
R=0.054∗100 %
R=5.4 %
Reflected power to face 1 (air)

mv
−¿=0.054∗120 2
¿
m
P1
mv
−¿=6.48120 2
¿
m
P1

Transmitted power to wall

mv
+¿=0.946∗120 2
¿
m
P2
mv
+¿=0.946∗120 2
¿
m
P2
mv
+¿=113.52 2
¿
m
P2

b. Determine in [%] and [mW /m2 ]the power that is transmitted to the
receiver.

Reflection coefficient in face 2

n aire−n2
r 2=
n aire +n 2
377−102
r 2=
377+ 102
r 2=0.574
Transmisttance in face 2 (receiver)

2
T 2=1−|r 2|
2
T 2=1−|0.574|
2
T 2=1−|0.574|

T 2=0.670∗100 %

T 2=67.05 %

Reflactance in face 2 (wall)

R1=1−T

R1=1−0.670

R1=0.33∗100 %

R2=33 %

Transmited power to the receiver

mv
−¿=T 2∗120 2
¿
m
P2
mv
−¿=0.670∗120 2
¿
m
P2
mv
−¿=0.670∗120 2
¿
m
P2
mv
−¿=80.4 2
¿
m
P2

Reflactance power to face 2 (wall)

 mv
+¿=R1∗120 2
¿
m
P3
mv
+¿=0.33∗120 2
¿
m
P3
mv
+¿=39.6 2
¿
m
P3

Total tramittance
T t=T 2∗T

T t=( 0.6342∗0.946 )∗100 %

T t=63.42 %

Conclusions

Conclusion 1:

Conclusion 2:

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concepts explored, learned, discovered and practiced in the development of the
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obtained as evidence of conceptual assimilation.

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Bibliography

Bibliography 1:
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Physical book.
Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the book. (pp. xx-xx). City, Country:
Editorial.

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Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the chapter or the entry. Title of the book
(pp. xx-xx). City, Country: Editorial.

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Surname, A. (Year). Title of the book. (pp. xx-xx). Country: Editorial. Retrieved from
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(pp. xx-xx). City, Country: Editorial. Retrieved from http: // ...

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