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CONTENTS
ILLUSTRATED GUIDES
V-1
Health Information Part Two:
System (HIS) Technical Sections
Primary Tools
Primary data sources are essential to routine monitoring within the HIS and are prerequisite to the
calculation of indicators. They form the basis of the guidance and training within this manual, and
are described in detail in the Illustrated Guides at the end of the module.
Secondary Tools
Secondary data sources have important functions within the HIS but are not directly used to
calculate indicators. They have a role in informing clinical decision-making and promoting service
quality and performance. They are described in information boxes in the supporting text.
Primary Tools
1. EPI Tally Sheet
2. Vitamin A Tally Sheet
3. Tetanus Toxoid Tally Sheet
4. Growth Monitoring Tally Sheet
4. EPI Report
Secondary Tools
1. Road to Health Card
2. Under Five Register
3. NCHS/WHO Reference Values
V-2
Module 7: Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI)
The clinic supervisor is responsible for compiling the EPI report at the end of the week. This should
begin with the gathering of tally sheets used in each clinic at the end of each week, ensuring that
forms are submitted on time and corresponding to the week in question.
The EPI Report should be completed by transferring summed totals from the tally sheets into the
reporting form, and submitting to the Health Manager in each camp (see 3.4 How and When should
the data be reported?).
Doses of vaccine should be tallied immediately after they have been administered to each child.
A tally should not be made before the vaccine is administered, as the child may not receive the
vaccine. Nor should tallying be left to the end of a session and based on the number of doses left
in the used vials as this can lead to “wasted” doses being recorded.
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Health Information Part Two:
System (HIS) Technical Sections
If a child has received all required vaccine doses in the immunization schedule, only then can
s/he can be declared fully immunized and tallied accordingly. Clinic staff should not record a child
as fully immunized until the complete vaccination history has been verified in the Road to Health
card and the Under Five register.
The monitoring requirements of Tetanus Toxoid, Vitamin A and Growth Monitoring programmes
share many similarities with EPI. Services are often integrated and delivered at the same location
and all rely on tally sheet as the primary tool of data collection and reporting. Each is described
under the common set of guidelines below.
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Module 7: Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI)
The routine immunisation schedule in most countries comprises six vaccine preventable diseases:
namely measles, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio and tuberculosis (see Table 1). Before the age
of one year the schedule should be completed by all children.
Women of childbearing age should also be given tetanus toxoid vaccine to prevent neonatal
tetanus (see Table 2). The mothers and their future babies obtain full protection after completing
the TT schedule. Routine vitamin A distribution is often integrated within national EPI programmes,
and targets children aged 6 - 59 months and post-natal mothers (see Table 3).
The national schedule for each programme should be reviewed and monitoring requirements
within the HIS adapted accordingly.
Note: If MoHs require data on other vaccines (e.g. Yellow fever, pneumococcal), or if they require reports on booster
doses given after the age of one, this can be collected using the Additional EPI Reporting form. More information on
how to activate this form is given in Part 3 of the manual.
V-5
Health Information Part Two:
System (HIS) Technical Sections
Birth registration is a fundamental human right and an essential means of protecting a child’s
right to identity. Registering a birth serves to legally acknowledge a person’s existence, enables a
child to possess a birth certificate, establishes family ties, and tracks major milestones from birth
through to marriage and death. Birth registration also helps governments, UN agencies, and
health partners to track demographic statistics and trends in each camp.
It is imperative that the HIS supports a mechanism to register every child at or shortly after birth.
This is most often done in an Under Five Register, supplied by the national MoH and/or the
UNICEF country office.
The Under Five register should be used as a centralised record of this information, and a summary
also recorded in a ‘Road to Health’ card that is kept by the child’s mother at all times and updated
during each visit to the clinic (see below).
The ‘Road to Health’ card provides a useful medical summary of a child’s health in the first five
years of life. These are most important in a child’s development, and should be closely monitored
to ensure timely detection of problems and early diagnosis and treatment. The card is given
to mothers when their infant is born and is updated regularly at the MCH clinic until the child
reaches his or her fifth birthday.
Each card contains a record of immunisations and growth rate. To facilitate the rapid assessment
of growth at each visit, the World Health Organization (WHO) has taken the National Centre for
Health Statistics (NCHS) curve and modified it for use in Road To Health cards. Weight-for-age
(WFA) screening measurements taken at growth monitoring are plotted within the NCHS/WHO
growth curve and displayed within a percentile range.
The WFA growth curves are often colour-coded, to draw attention to children that fall within a
percentile range that is below accepted thresholds. The exact parameters will depend on the
national policy in each country. Children identified as low WFH should be referred immediately
to the Supplementary Feeding Programme for weight-for-height (WFH) measurement (for more
details see Module 8: Nutrition).
The card also identifies the child to other relevant primary healthcare programmes (e.g. PMTCT,
supplementary feeding) and is an important tool in promoting integrated delivery of care between
these sections. It should be kept by the mother at all times, and updated alongside the Under-Five
register at each visit.
This card is a record of each individual’s tetanus toxoid history, and is most often supplied by the
MoH and/or UNICEF country offices.
It should be requested and updated each time a dose of vaccine is administered. This information
may also be registered centrally in a Tetanus Toxoid Register, to provide a secure reference source
in the event that individual cards are lost or stolen.
V-6
Module 7: Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI)
The monitoring of post-natal vitamin A distribution will need to be adjusted the suit the
configuration of services in each health agency. Responsibility should fall to either EPI staff or
nursing staff on the maternity ward. Tally sheets should be made available to each location as
indicated. In camps where capsules are distributed by maternity unit staff, the nurse/midwife in-
charge should supervise complete recording of information each day and ensure that the figures
are compiled into the EPI report at the end of each week.
In addition to logging data in a tally sheet, the administration of each Tetanus Toxoid dose should
be documented on a vaccination card that is kept by the individual (see Secondary Tools: Tetanus Toxoid
Card). This is important to preserve the continuity of care and to ensure the vaccination schedule
is followed correctly. Pregnant women who receive TT vaccine as part of routine antenatal care
should also have this information documented in the Antenatal Care Register (see Module 9.1:
Antenatal Care).
WFA percentile is calculated by plotting the observed weight in the growth curve on each child’s
‘Road To Health’ card (see Secondary Tools Box). Staff should understand how to correctly utilise
and interpret the information contained in these cards, and should place equal importance on
educating mothers to recognise danger signs. The design of these cards and the WFA percentile
cut-offs, will depend on the policies of the host MoH. Nutrition policy and monitoring requirements
V-7
Health Information Part Two:
System (HIS) Technical Sections
Data collection in all growth monitoring programmes should include the criterion of bilateral,
pitting oedema. Staff should receive training on how to recognise and diagnose this cardinal sign
of severe malnutrition and the nutrition policy in each country should provide specific referral and
management guidance for such cases.
An Illustrated Guide to the Tally Sheets used in EPI and an explanation of the information that
should be recorded is given at the end of the module.
The dates of the reporting weeks are shown in the Reporting Calendar. It is important that all staff
are aware of these dates, and that copies the calendar are distributed to all health units.
The EPI supervisor is responsible for coordinating the complete and timely submission of the EPI,
Vitamin A, Tetanus Toxoid and Growth Monitoring tally sheets in each clinic.
V-8
Module 7: Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI)
Each week, the EPI programme in each camp should report the number of doses of each
vaccine that were supplied to each camp. To accurately report this information, staff should
know the number of doses that are contained within each vial of vaccine.
The most common dose-vial sizes are shown in Table 1. Exact combinations will vary depending
on specific programme requirements and the stock availability of the MoH and/or UNICEF office
in each country.
If there is more than one unit reporting in each camp, the information from each should be
combined to create one weekly report for the entire camp. Photocopies of the weekly report form
may be required to assist units compile their individual reports prior to aggregation into the camp
report.
To ensure accurate reporting, it is vital that all staff appreciate the important distinction between
‘vials’ and ‘doses’ of vaccine (see Country Considerations Box). The figure entered in the weekly
report must also take into account any unused doses of vaccine which were able to be returned
to the fridge.*
* Note: as BCG and Measles are live attenuated vaccines, opened vials of these vaccines cannot be preserved. Vaccine wastage is therefore
V-9
Health Information Part Two:
System (HIS) Technical Sections
An Illustrated Guide to the EPI Report, and an explanation of how the information should be
reported from daily sources, is given at the end of the module.
It is essential that staff are familiar with how these indicators are calculated, and understand how
they should be used to evaluate programme performance and to inform public health decision-
making. A group exercise on how to calculate and interpret the indicators, using sample data, is
given in the CD-ROM that accompanies this manual.
V-10
Module 7: Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI)
V-11
Health Information Part Two:
System (HIS) Technical Sections
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
BCG
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
Polio 0 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
Polio I 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
Polio II 00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000 00000
00000
C00000
00000 00000 00000
00000
00000 00000
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
Polio III 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
DPT I 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
DPT II 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
DPT III 00000 00000 Health
00000 00000 00000Organisation:
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
Information System
Daily Tally Sheet
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
Location:
00000
7.5 Growth Monitoring Reporting period:
Health Information System Organisation:
National
Vitamin A Reporting period:
(normal) Number of doses
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
Non- Non-
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
administered
00000 00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000 00000 00000
00000 00000 00000 00000
00000 00000 Pregnant
00000
00000
00000
00000
Pregnant
00000
Other Pregnant
Pregnant
Other
Vaccinated
00000
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
00000 00000 00000 00000
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
00000
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
00000 00000
00000 00000
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
00000 00000 00000 00000
00000 00000
00000
00000 00000 00000
00000
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
TT 2 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
00000 00000
00000 00000
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
00000 00000
00000 00000
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
00000 00000
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
Dose 1 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
Yellow 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
00000 00000
00000 00000
00000 00000 00000 VAC00000TALLY_EN_090109
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000
VIT A TALLY_EN_090109
V-12
Module 7: Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI)
A HEADER:
Organisation:
Print name of health partner
Location:
NOTES
Print name of Camp and Reporting Unit
It is the responsibility of a designated EPI officer to maintain
correctly use each tally sheet. A new sheet should be used if any
Reporting period: one of the tally sections is filled.
Enter number of week and month (e.g. Week 1
No single tally sheet should be used for more than one reporting
March) week.
B SERVICE PROVISION:
EPI Vitamin A
Strike a tally corresponding to: Strike a tally corresponding to:
> Vaccine (antigen-specific) > Capsule (dose-specific)
> Status (Refugee / National) > Status (Refugee / National)
> Age (< 1 / ≥ 1 to < 5; for refugees only)
Growth Monitoring
Tetanus Toxoid Strike a tally corresponding to:
Strike a tally corresponding to: > WFA or MUAC zone (Green / Yellow / Red)
> Vaccine (dose-specific) > Status (Refugee / National)
> Status (Refugee / National) > Age (< 1 / ≥ 1 to < 5; for refugee only)
> Target Group (Pregnant / Non-pregnant /
Other; for refugees only)
C NUMBER BOXES:
Before submitting the tally sheet at the end of the NOTES
week, count the number of tallies in each box and It is the responsibility of the designated EPI officer responsible
convert to a number. for the form to convert tallies to numbers PRIOR to submission
at the end of the week.
> Write number clearly in the black square in the The clinic supervisor should check a random sample of 10 - 20
bottom right hand corner of each tally box tally conversions for accuracy at the end of each week.
V-13
Health Information Part Two:
System (HIS) Technical Sections
A
Health Information System Organisation:
Reporting period:
7.0 EPI and Vitamin A
Refugee National
Doses administered
<1 ≥ 1 to < 5 <1 ≥ 1 to < 5
BCG
Polio 0
Polio I
Polio II
Polio III
DPT I
DPT II
DPT III
Measles
Fully Vaccinated
No. of doses
Vaccine
supplied
BCG
Polio
DPT
Measles
Tetanus Toxoid
EPI REPORT_EN_090109
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Module 7: Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI)
A HEADER:
Organisation:
Print name of health partner
NOTES
Location:
Print name of Camp and Reporting Unit The dates of the reporting weeks are shown in the Reporting
Calendar. It is important that all staff are aware of these dates,
and that copies the calendar are distributed to all EPI clinics.
Reporting period:
The EPI supervisor is responsible for coordinating the complete
Enter number of week and month (e.g. Week 1
and timely submission of all sections contributing to the weekly
March) report.
B CHILDREN VACCINATED:
Complete Table 7.1, using the sum total of the
corresponding black number boxes in the daily EPI
tally sheets
C VACCINE WASTAGE:
Complete Table 7.2, by entering the number of doses
NOTES
of each type of vaccine that were supplied to the
This information is not reported within the tally sheets and
camp during the week. requires separate records to be kept in each cold chain facility.
It is important for number of doses supplied to take into account
any doses of vaccine that were returned to the fridge (this does
NOT apply to BCG and Measles vaccine).
V-15
Health Information Part Two:
System (HIS) Technical Sections
Post natal
Dose 1
Dose 2
Dose 3
Dose 4 + above
Refugee National
Doses administered Non- Non-
Pregnant Other Pregnant Other
Preg. Preg.
TT 1
TT 2
TT 3
TT 4
TT 5
F
7.5 Growth Monitoring
Refugee
Number of children screened National
<1 ≥ 1 to < 5
Green (normal)
Yellow (borderline)
Red (danger)
Oedema
V-16
Module 7: Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI)
Module 8
D VITAMIN A:
Complete Table 7.3, using the sum total of the
corresponding black number boxes in the daily
Vitamin A tally sheets
E TETANUS TOXOID:
Complete Table 7.4, using the sum total of the
corresponding black number boxes in the daily
Tetanus Toxoid tally sheets
F GROWTH MONITORING:
Complete Table 7.5, using the sum total of the
corresponding black number boxes in the daily
Growth Monitoring tally sheets
V-17