International Journal of Innovations & Advancement in Computer Science

IJIACS
ISSN 2347 – 8616
Volume 7, Issue 2
February 2018

Involvement and Participation of Various Stakeholders in E-

Waste Management of Pune city

Viraja Bhat*,
Assistant professor, Symbiosis Institute of International Business,
Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India
Nikhil Patil
Student – MBA-EE, Symbiosis Institute of International Business,
Symbiosis International ( Deemed University), Pune, India

ABSTRACT:
In the current Indian scenario, E-waste is generation can be majorly found in in metropolitan cities like Mumbai,
Bangalore, Kolkata, Delhi, Pune, Chennai, etc. The source of e-waste can be attributed to inventions and discoveries of
newer and helpful technologies, the increase in number of business organizations and IT companies, the rise in mobile
shops,service centers and the dependency of humans on the electronic gadgets. The e-gadgets are in short the lifeline
of the modern society and can be found in use by almost everyone irrespective of the income, age and region. The
remarkable growth in the use of ICT devices and services, innovations and frequent changes in the technology has
allowed the users to disown the existing electronic devices which in many cases are found in either partial or fully
workable conditions when disowned. In Pune (Maharashtra), figures of E-waste generation is increasing prominently
and becoming one of the cities that generates huge amount of E-waste in India. At the end of the day the electronic or
electrical equipment, at some point in time in their life cycle reach their EOL as they become obsolete and find their way
to the waste stream in part or full form and most of the E-waste get landfilled with the regular solid waste.
Authors in this paper attempt to address the issue of e-waste and the stakeholder’s participation in e-waste awareness
and disposal. The study is conducted in the City of Pune which ranks 8th in E-waste generation chart in India, a famous
educational, manufacturing and IT hub. The focus of the study is to understand the behaviour and participation of the
various stakeholders in e-waste management process. The study was carried out through a primary survey method with a
structured questionnaire and field visits.

Keywords: E-waste, Management, Stakeholder, Sustainability, Pune

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Post industrialization and especially liberalization Indian cities have witnessed rapid urbanization, changing
business environments, life style changes, increase in working population and migration from rural areas. The
burden on the cities has exponentially increased due to the rise in population and leads to more and more
waste generation. The available infrastructure for waste management is not adequate and hence the
Management of waste with activities like collection, segregation, transportation, processing and disposal is a
challenge. Waste can be anything -any material or object or substance other than radioactive material
proposed for disposal or is required to be disposed of by the provisions of national law (Basel, 1989).Social,
economic, environmental, cultural, political conditions affect the stakeholders engagement in managing the
waste with limited resources and hence waste management primarily becomes the livelihood of unorganized
informal sector due to the low cost involved in dealing with it. Wastes can be mainly classified as bio-
degradable and non – bio degradable which are treated in a traditional way mainly by landfilling /
incineration. Landfilling of bio-degradable waste is not harmful and is economic but landfilling of non –
biodegradable waste pose danger to the environment and health. The presence of varied materials such as
metals, glass, paper, plastic, hazardous materials, wires, batteries etc.in the non-biodegradable waste make the

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 International Journal of Innovations & Advancement in Computer Science
IJIACS
ISSN 2347 – 8616
Volume 7, Issue 2
February 2018

treatment a challenging task to the authorities as these wastes are handled in a unscientific method due to
lack of technology and cost factor.
The demand for the affordable electronics products increased globally due to their requirement as an essential
part of everyday life which is resulted in the growth of electronics market. Laptops, desktops, tablets, mobile
phones, TVs, CD players, etc. contain printed circuit boards, ICs, liquid crystal displays (LCDs), rechargeable
batteries, etc. which are the basic necessity for the human being nowadays and play an important role during
their useful life. After that when they become e-waste, poses a great threat because of poor management and
disposal methods because of the presence of many toxic substances, therefore it affects the environment and
human health.
In Pune, municipal solid waste management is already creating lot of problems, has become more difficult due
to addition of E-waste generated due various stakeholders in the system. As per our survey in Hinjewadi area
most of the electronics and mobile shops conduct repair and replacement of damaged electronic gadgets. The
priority given to repair of damaged gadgets by installing new spare parts in the gadgets or usable parts of other
dead cell phones or electronics. In case if the electronic gadget is not at all repairable, it is either collected as
waste e-material at the shop or usually the customer disposes it along with other solid waste.
In the fast moving world a lot of e-waste been generating daily due to new technology developments, lesser
product life and obsoleteness of present technology in the near future. To make an opportunity and to make
use of the waste by recycling and reusing it. We visited formal e-recycler started in India in 2013 head
quartered in Pune. In the same year it collected a total waste of 17 tonnes. From that it gradually increases the
amount of e-waste collection gradually by 15% growth every year. They are handling small percentage of
total E-waste generated in Pune.
In present scenario, the landfills normally consist of municipal solid wastes which have non-hazardous
industrial wastes, commercial wastes, etc. and unused electronic devices in parts or in full. Ideally municipal
solid waste should not be mixed with other types of wastes. But the mixing of unused electronic and electrical
devices i.e. e-waste has made the situation worse. The E-waste rules enforcement difficulties, stakeholders
lack of awareness, absence of proper disposal channels allows the mixing of e-waste with solid waste and
needs urgent attention.
The landfills normally consist of municipal solid wastes which have commercial and non-hazardous industrial
wastes, construction and demolition (C&D) waste and unused electronic devices in parts or in full. Due to
different types of wastes dumped together it is difficult to treat the waste and some of the contents remain in
the dumpsite forever and affect the environment. In an ideal situation the municipal solid waste should not be
mixed with other types of wastes. Regulations can help in making sure that the industrial non-hazardous waste
and construction wastes are taken care by the generators. But the mixing of unused electronic and electrical
devices in part or full referred to as e-waste has made the situation worse even in presence of the regulations
at all levels of governance. The enforcement difficulties, stakeholders lack of awareness, absence of proper
disposal channels allows the mixing of e-waste with solid waste and needs urgent attention.

1.2 INTRODUCTION TO E-WASTE

E-waste or Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), can be defined broadly as all the discarded,
surplus, obsolete, broken electrical or electronic devices in parts or in full. E-waste includes all the used
electronics which are destined for disposal, salvage, recycling, resale / reuse, or disposal.(UNEP, 2007). E-
waste is a complex mixture of glass, plastics, metals and chemicals. These chemical primarily consists of
abundant toxicants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), (PBDEs) polybrominated diphenyl ethers and
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). E-waste also has heavy metals and precious
metals such as gold, silver, palladium and copper. E-waste management is of main concern and critical due to
two characteristics: hazardous and precious. Managing e-waste requires scientific and appropriate methods to
ensure the extraction and efficient recovery of valuable resources and treatment of toxics to avoid health and
environmental and health threats during processing. (Links T, 2016)

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 International Journal of Innovations & Advancement in Computer Science
IJIACS
ISSN 2347 – 8616
Volume 7, Issue 2
February 2018

Traditional way of landfilling of e-waste and it’s residues result in leaching of toxic metals into the
surrounding atmosphere and affect the human health and environment causing soil and water pollution
(Huisman et. al, 2008). There are efforts across the globe for scientific management of e-waste in order to
protect the environment and also preserve the precious metals. Developed nations use sanitary landfills and try
to prevent or minimize the leaching process but in turn loose the precious and rare materials such as gold,
palladium, copper and silver. The demand for these materials rise as the demand for electronic products
increases (Dwivedyet al.,2010) and fulfilling the global demand for metals, the e-waste management focus is
shifted on 3R concept - Reuse, Refurbish / Repair and Recycle.
Developing nations like India, Pakistan, China, Africa face a new menace due to the arrival of large volume as
e-waste from highly industrialised nations like USA, EU countries, Japan, Australia for disposal at the
dumping ground for disposal or for recycling operations (Zhang, K.,et.al, 2012). Abundance in unskilled low
cost labour, e-waste turns out to be a boon as a treasure and a bane due to unmanageable trash in these
developing countries which are already a home to growing volume of domestic e-waste attributing to rising
demand for newer products with a smaller life span. The non-scientific disposal of e-waste in these countries
pose major health hazards and need a swift attention from the governments, social organisations at
international and national levels (Huisman et al., 2008).
The global e-waste generation in 2014 was expected to be 41.8 million metric tons (MT), as compared to 33.8
MT in 2010, and is projected to grow to 49.8 MT by 2018.(Balde et.al, 2014). For almost two decades waste
electrical and electronic equipment, WEEE or e-waste, has been considered a growing problem that has global
consequences. It is estimated that only 29% of global e-waste is handled via the accepted best practice
recycling channels (earth911.com, 2016). As the population grows the quantum of e-waste multiplies at an
alarming rate with an entry from domestic generation and exports. At the same time the lucrative business
opportunities in recovering materials, primarily the precious and base metals with unskilled, easily available
and cheap workforce has prompted the informal sector to flourish (Pradhan et. al, 2014)
The highly valuable and toxic non-renewable materials in e-waste are recovered and recycled by informal
sector as they offers them prospect to flourish and hence allow the developed nations to follow the convenient
and easy route for the frequent movement of WEEE to the developing countries(Bhat et al. 2012). Countries
like India, China, and Nigeria housing a large illiterate and unemployed population with absence of strong
regulatory framework or lack in implementation provides readymade ground for the imported and domestic e-
waste processing. The workforce involves women and children who use the rudimentary methods manually
have no clue on the aftereffects of these treatment methods on their lives. When the e-waste components or
materials are burnt or recycled in an uncontrolled manner leads to n many socio economic problems not only
for the current workforce but also for future generations. Deterioration of ecological and human nervous
systems is attributed to the haphazard disposal of E-waste. (Grant et al, 2013). The lack of awareness and
basic civic sense at the sources of E-waste generation by individual consumers/ users pose hurdle to manage
E-waste. Consumer awareness plays a major role to route E-waste to the authorized collection centres and
authorized recyclers for safe disposal. The stakeholders’ awareness and participation is a roadblock in
successful implementation of the existing regulatory framework which defines clearly the roles of various
stakeholders. The innocence and ignorance of the majority of the e-goods users regarding the consequences of
irrational disposal of e-wastes on the environment, ecology and health of current and future generation is a
serious problem and needs to be addressed at all levels.
India is one of the developing nations which is a safe destination for the disposal of e-waste ranked as the
fifth biggest producer of e-waste in the world, discarding 1.7 million tonnes of electronic and electrical
equipment in 2014(UNEP, 2014). Computer equipment accounts for almost 68 percent of e-waste followed by
telecommunication equipment (12%), electrical equipment (8%) and medical equipment (7%). Other
equipment, including household e-scrap, account for the remaining 5% (UNEP, 2007). There is a complete
ignorance in public about the repercussion of throwing these products unattended. 95% of e-waste is handled
by informal sector recyclers who are not serious about the guidelines issued by Central Pollution Control
Board (CPCB) and rest 5% by formal ones (Amit et.al , 2016).

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 International Journal of Innovations & Advancement in Computer Science
IJIACS
ISSN 2347 – 8616
Volume 7, Issue 2
February 2018

Among the Indian states, Maharashtra tops in the e-waste generation chart and the City of Pune is ranked at 8th
number. Pune city is one of the largest developing cities in India which has IT and manufacturing industries,
famous educational universities and institutes. Pune is also known as a real mixture of culture and
development and has the prospect for growth as an IT city owing to the presence of a large number of Info
Tech Parks & electronic products manufacturing companies, plays a significant role in e-waste generation.
The awareness of the citizens of Pune and the role of the corporation is pivotal in achieving the zero garbage
status in terms of solid waste management. However lack of consumer awareness and the absence of proper
disposal channels for E-waste transit systems help in the informal processing by unorganised sector aided by
the e-waste collection by traditional kabadiwalas. The open burning, extraction of metals, smelting and
physical separation of the components lead to the emission of toxic gases to the atmosphere and pollute the
surroundings without the knowledge of the residents. The treatment activities are carried out by the licensed
recycling centres and informal processors, which are located among the most populated residential areas. The
awareness of various stakeholders about the ill effects will pave a pathway for the e-waste to reach formal
recyclers for safe disposal. In the present study authors have made an attempt to understand the participation
and awareness of various stakeholders in E-waste Management in Pune city.

2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:
The study was carried out in the Pune city, with the help of a primary survey method with a structured
questionnaire. A sample of 100 consumers, more than 20 servicing centers and a formal recycler was
considered for the study. The study focuses on understanding E-waste consciousness, disposal practicesand
awareness about the toxic and precious nature of e-waste with reference to the E-waste(Management &
Handling) Rules 2011, implemented from May 2012.
The data was collected using random sampling method with online and offline administration of the
questionnaire comprising of different income groups, age groups, diverse education streams and locations.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:

Pune is the 8th largest city in India and the 2nd largest in the state of Maharashtra with a population; about 4
million, nearly 1 million in Households has an area of 244 sq. km. It is divided in 4 Zones, 15 Administrative
Ward Offices and 76 Prabhags. The Pune city houses a large number of servicing shops which deal with e-
gadgets repairing and reselling and hence are also a source of e-waste generation. These shops were studied
and the detailed summary of it is discussed below.

3.1 Retail shops / Service centres as Stakeholders

During the survey, many retail mobile shops and electronics shops were surveyed. As per the survey, most of
these electronics and mobile shops conduct repair and replacement of damaged electronic or electrical
gadgets. The priority given to repair of damaged gadgets by installing new spare parts in the gadgets or usable
parts of other dead cell phones or electronics. In case if the electronic gadget is not at all repairable, it is either
collected as waste e-material at the shop or usually the customer disposes it along with other solid waste. The
damaged gadgets were hardly resold hence were stored at retail shop itself once they were damaged.
If the e-waste is being collected at the retail shop, it is either sold off to scrap dealer at certain rates per kg to
earn some money if possible. Otherwise it disposed normally along with other solid waste by the retailer once
in a time. Most of these retailers were not aware of the government schemes for e-waste management neither
did they know about Formal E-recycler and NGO dealing with the same. The shopkeepers were also aware
about the toxic metals used in the electronic gadgets but have no idea of properly disposing them. In all of
these shops the repair and replacement rate was as high as 100% but the disposing method was inappropriate.

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 International Journal of Innovations & Advancement in Computer Science
IJIACS
ISSN 2347 – 8616
Volume 7, Issue 2
February 2018

Table 1: Disposal of E-waste by Electronics shops

E-waste material Price of each E-waste Annual Income from selling E-
(inRs.) waste (in Rs.)
TV spare parts (S1) Integrated Circuit = 100 per kg
Integrated circuit (S1) Transformer = 200 per kg 2000-4000
Transformers(S1) Other parts = 10-20 per kg
Computer (S1) Cable = 30 per kg
hard drive(S1) Circuit = 150 per kg
cables(S1) Batteries = 100 per kg
chargers(S1)
batteries (S1)
keyboard (S1)
LCD-CRT screen(S1)
As a part of the survey, many Electronics retail shops were surveyedfrom which most of these electronics
shops deals with TV spare parts,Flex cables, Cameras, Navigation keyboards, Chargers, Motherboards, IC’s
and other components like earphones, Batteries etc. These shops disposes the E-waste by handling them to
scrap dealers within a time period of 2-3 months, earning average of Rs.2000 to Rs.4000 annually (Table 1).
The e-waste material generated and some of them are given to scrap dealers at certain price per kg are given in
the table below:
The mobile repair shops that we visited, they disposes E-waste along with the municipal solid waste, so there
is no income from the E-waste for these people (Table 2). Also the disposal takes more than 6 months. Most
of these retailers were not aware of the government schemes for E-waste management. The shopkeepers were
also aware about the toxic metals used in the electronic gadgets but have no idea of properly disposing them.
The below shops take average of 3-4 months disposal period.
Table 2: Disposal of E-waste by mobile shops
Waste material Waste disposal procedure

Flex cables (S1) E-waste disposed into municipal solid waste

Cameras (S1) (MSW), so no income from the e-waste.
Navigation keyboards (S1)
Chargers (S1)
Motherboards (S1)
Integrated circuit (S1)
earphones (S1)
Batteries (Hazardous Waste)
Scrap plastic (Recyclable Waste)
As the inappropriate disposal of the E-waste helps in no earning for the mobile shops, as well as they are
thrown away as solid waste (Table 2), they are usually not recycled which is responsible for environmental
degradation. The number of retail shops surveyed are disposing there e-waste into the MSW (Fig. 1). E-waste
disposing into the MSW are mostly mobile shops, because they are having less e-waste compared to
electronics shops. But if these e-waste collectively affecting the environment which is cannot be negligible.
This may lead to shopkeeper’s (or) customer’s negligence to dispose and recycle the E-waste material. Hence
there is a need to spread awareness and to penetrate properly the importance and efficient implementation of
proper E-waste disposal.

E-waste given to
18% Scrap Dealers

82% Ewaste disposed

into MSW

Fig. 1: E-waste Disposal behavior

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 International Journal of Innovations & Advancement in Computer Science
IJIACS
ISSN 2347 – 8616
Volume 7, Issue 2
February 2018

The survey results helped us in laying out the following flow chart to depict how these service shops deal with
the e-waste generated at their end.

3.2Formal E-recycler as a stakeholder

In the fast moving world a lot of e-waste been generating daily due to new technology developments, lesser
product life and obsoleteness of present technology in the near future. To make an opportunity and to make
use of the waste by recycling and reusing it.We visited one of the formal e-recyclers started in India in 2013
head quartered in Pune. In the same year it collected a total waste of 17 tonnes. From that it gradually
increases the amount of e-waste collection gradually by 15% growth every year. Presently it is been operating
in Pune and Kolhapur with a monthly collection of 100 tonnes (as per 2016). From Pune they collect 60 T per
day and overall 100 T per day.

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 International Journal of Innovations & Advancement in Computer Science
IJIACS
ISSN 2347 – 8616
Volume 7, Issue 2
February 2018

Collection of E-waste
The E-waste is collected from its points mainly through two ways:
1) The E-recycler use their own transport to collect the waste
2) The scrap dealers will collect the waste and send it to E-recycler or the respective waste holder will
send it by the means of their own transport (or through a dealer).
Mainly following products are seen in e-waste:
 CRT screens, laptops, dot matrix printers, PCB boards and Desktops and other plastic materials.
E-waste management process in Formal E-recycler
 All the e-waste collected at formal E-recycler then it is segregated as different products like cables,
desktops, batteries, etc. Then segregated products are checked whether it is working or repairable. If it is
repairable or working then sold it into the second hand market.
 If the product is useless then it is dismantled by workers. Mainly there are only 4-5 workers working in
the company and they dismantle the products by hands and some mechanism like soldering, smelter, etc.
The segregation work is 90% hand held.They remove Mild Steel and copper by Smelter process. During
this process many of the waste like plastic, metals are separated which are recyclable locally and they sold
it to local recycler.
 It is very good to know that the electrical/electronic products which repairable or working are sold into the
second hand market to get monetary benefits. This helps to reduce the increasing generation of the e-
waste.
 At the last all PCBs separated from laptops, TVs, desktops, and other electronic gadgets are collected and
stored in small warehouse which are exported to European company for recycling.

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 International Journal of Innovations & Advancement in Computer Science
IJIACS
ISSN 2347 – 8616
Volume 7, Issue 2
February 2018

3.3Individual users as Stakeholders

To increase the awareness amongst the students is very important, because they will be the responsible citizen
of India in the near future. The survey is conducted and collected a total 44 responses of individuals. For this,
a set of questionnaires is prepared and sent to the individuals by mail. From this questionnaire we get to know
that present scenario of small group of individuals. From that set of the questions, the collected responses are
given below.

To regular
dustbin
16%
32% 32% To e-waste bin
Yes
No To second hand
84% 9% market
27%
To scrap
material

Fig 2 :E-waste Awareness Fig3 : E-waste disposal pattern

As per Survey, above (Fig. 2) shows that it is really good to know that 84.10% of people are aware about term
E-waste. Anotherone shows that 68.2% people are dispose-off their damaged electronic/electrical product into
E-waste bin, give it to second hand market and scrapers (Fig. 3). 31.8% of respondents are dispose-off their e-
waste into regular dustbin it is indicate that respondents either do not think there are any government policies
in place to handle e-waste, or do not know of any pertinent policies or governing bodies.

Display screens

1% Speakers

21% 9%
Battery
24%
20% Headphones/Earp
hones
25% Charger

Data-cable

Fig 4 :Electronic/electrical products frequently

damaged

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 International Journal of Innovations & Advancement in Computer Science
IJIACS
ISSN 2347 – 8616
Volume 7, Issue 2
February 2018

Above figure is showing that most frequently damage electronic product is Headphone/Earphone following
battery, data cable, charger, speakers and display screens. Within this, number of battery (hazardous waste)
discarded is significant which is causing health hazards, so it is very important to dispose in proper scientific
way.

Don’t know the

specific impacts
7%
16% Health Hazards
2%
Yes 16%
No Environmental
Hazards
84% 75%
Both Health and
environmental
hazards

Fig 5: Awareness about the impacts of e-waste Fig 6:Awareness on impacts of improper e-waste
disposal disposal on the human health and the environment

According to survey as shown in above figure, 84% of people are aware about impact of improper disposal of
E-waste and 75% of this people had knowledge about health and environmental hazards are effects of
improper disposal. The responses on on negative impact of the waste on environment and health show that
most of the respondents are aware of the harmful effect of the products. Likewise, they know the implication
of E-waste on their personal health.

9%

5% Toxic
Non-toxic

86% Do not know

Fig 7: Understanding the significant effect of

e-waste on human health

The most of the individual i.e. 86.4% of people from total respondents are believe that nature of e-waste is
toxic where 5.5% of peoples believe that it is non-toxic and 9.1% of people do not know about the nature of
the E-waste. Here 9.1% people who do not know the nature of e-waste, so it is very needful to create
awareness about the effects of the e-waste generated and its improper management.

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February 2018

4. CONCLUSION:
Pune is among several cities which are proposed to be developed as Smart City and is required to implement
the Integrated Solid Waste Management System as proposed in the strategic plan 2017-15 by Pune Municipal
Corporation which has various initiatives towards e-waste management such as e awareness campaigns, tie up
with formal recyclers, formation of core committee, study on behavior of scrap dealers, E-waste collection
drives and setting up of e-waste collection center in Kothrud.
With the smart city development there will be systems with IoT in use for digitized population, Government’s
Digital India mission forcing the rural population to use the smart phones will ensure use of more and more
gadgets adding to the existing e-waste.In this scenario, the study results are very significant as they give an
overall picture of understanding of the e-waste management situation at present in Pune City. The study
results reveal that the existing system of waste collection is convenient for the households but they are also
aware that e-waste needs special treatment. The trash/ treasure nature is also known by majority of the
respondents but the lack of formal disposal channels forces them to dispose it off with regular solid waste.
The present study aimed to measure the awareness levels and practice of people regarding e-waste
management. The survey conducted revealed that significant fraction of respondents is still unaware of the
issue; however, on getting the information they were able to link the impacts of improper management of e-
waste with detrimental health outcomes. Many respondents were totally unaware about correct ways of its
recycling and its management.
The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is the most significant cleanliness campaign started by the Government of India.
While leading the mass movement for cleanliness, the Prime Minister exhorted people to fulfil Mahatma
Gandhi’s dream of a clean and hygienic India. But we need to consider about the awareness of e-waste and its
proper management also along with other wastes as it is more harmful in nature as compared to other wastes.
According to E-waste (Management) Rules 2016, the manufacturer of the product is responsible for the
take back the obsolete products and manage the e-waste. This also means that the manufacturers will
have to use recyclable material in manufacturing of new products for economic management of e-waste
at the later stage. Although, in Indian context it would be a challenge to implement the concept of
EPR(Extended Producer Responsibility), especially with the active informal sector i.e. scrap dealers or
Kabadiwalas who collect the e-waste. In the entire e-waste management awareness of the stakeholders
be it households, individuals or service centers is the first step in achieving sustainable e-waste
management.

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