Daniel Mitchell

Chemsitry

May 18, 2016

Pressure, Volume, and Temperature Relationships in Gases

 In this lab, we looked as gas, gas law, pressure, volume, and temperature. We did this by

comparing pressure with temperature and volume. In life, we relate to gas, volume, and pressure.

Without pressure, we would be floating out into the atmosphere. Without oxygen in its natural-gas

state, we wouldn't be able to breathe. We as solids take up space. With this, we can measure volume in

many ways. Two ways are centimeter to the third or in liters. With pressure, we can measure it in many

ways. We can do it in torr, in kPa, in Pa, or even atm. As for temperature, we can measure it in three

ways. We can measure it in Fahrenheit, Celsius, or Kelvin. Overall, without these measurements, we

couldn't measure gas and compare them with other forms of gas and gas elements.
Pre-lab:
1. Write a definition of pressure.
Pressure is the bombardment of gas on a defined surface area.
2. a) One atmosphere of pressure is equal to how many kilopascals of pressure?
1 atm=101.325 kPa
b) 805 kPa equals how many atmospheres?
86126.25atm
3. What is absolute zero?
At the point where no atoms can move and the coldest temperature that can be reached.
4. What is composition of air? Is it an element, compound, or mixture? Justify your answer.
Air is a mixture of elements and compounds which it contain 78% N2, 20%O2, 0.9%Ar, and other
mixes.
PROCEDURE:
PART 1: PRESSURE VS. VOLUME
1. Prepare the Gas Pressure Sensor and an air sample for data collection.
a. Plug the Gas Pressure Sensor into Channel 1 of the computer interface.
b. With the 20 mL syringe disconnected from the Gas Pressure Sensor, move the piston of the
syringe until the front edge of the inside black ring (indicated by the arrow in Figure is positioned at
the 10.0 mL mark.
c. Attach the 20 mL syringe to the valve of the Gas Pressure Sensor. Figure 1.
2. Prepare the computer for data collection by opening the file “06 Boyle’s Law” from the
Chemistry with Computers folder of Logger Pro. Make sure the Blue Tooth symbol has a white
(not red) symbol; otherwise, you will not be able to print your graphs.
3. To obtain the best data possible, you will need to correct the volume reading from the syringe.
Look at the syringe; its scale reports its own internal volume. However, that volume is not the
total volume of trapped air in your system since there is a little bit of space inside the pressure
sensor. To account for the extra volume in the system, you will need to add 0.8 mL to your
syringe readings. For example, with a 5.0 mL syringe volume, the total volume would be 5.8
mL. It is this total volume that you will need for the analysis.
4. Click COLLECT to begin data collection.
5. Collect the pressure vs. volume data. It is best for one person to take care of the gas syringe and
for another to operate the computer. a. Move the piston to position the front edge of the inside
black ring at the 5.0 mL line on the syringe. Hold the piston firmly in this position until the
pressure value stabilizes. b. When the pressure reading has stabilized, click KEEP. (The person
holding the syringe can relax after KEEP is clicked.) Type in the total gas volume (in this case,
5.8 mL) in the edit box. Press ENTER key to keep this data pair. Note: You can choose to redo a
point by pressing ESC key (after clicking KEEP but before entering the value). c. Move the
piston to the 7.0 mL line. When the pressure reading has stabilized, click KEEP and type in the
total volume, 7.8 mL. d. Continue this procedure for syringe volumes of 9.0, 11.0, 13.0, 15.0,
17.0 and 19.0 mL. e. Click STOP when you have finished collecting data.
6. In your data table, record the pressure and volume data pairs displayed in the table.
7. Examine the graph of pressure vs. volume. Based on this graph, decide what kind of
mathematical relationship you think exists between these two variables, direct or inverse. To see
if you made the right choice: a. Click the CURVE FIT button. b. Choose Variable Power (y=
Ax^n) from the list at the lower left. Enter the power value, n, in the Power Edit Box that
represents the relationship shown in the graph (e.g., type “1” if direct, “-1” if inverse). Click
TRY FIT. c. A best-fit curve will be displayed on the graph. If you made the correct choice, the
curve should match up well with the points. If the curve does not match up well, try a different
exponent and click TRY FIT again. When the curve has a good fit with the data points, then
 click OK.
8. Once you have confirmed that the graph represents either a direct or inverse relationship, print a
copy of the graph, with the graph pressure vs. volume and its best-fit curve displayed. Each lab
partner needs have/turn in a copy of this graph.
9. With the best-fit curve still displayed, proceed directly to the Processing the Data section below.

PART 2: RECIPROCAL OF VOLUME AND PRESSURE RELATIONSHIP

1. To confirm the type of relationship that exists between pressure and volume, a graph of
pressure vs. the reciprocal of volume (1/V or volume-1 ) may also be plotted. To do this
using Logger Pro, it is necessary to create a new column of data, reciprocal of volume,
based on your original volume data. a. Remove the Curve Fit box from the graph by
clicking on its upper-left corner. b. Choose New Calculated Column from the Data
menu. c. Enter “1/Volume” as the Name, “1/V” as the Short Name, and “1/mL” as the
Unit. Enter the correct formula for the column (1/Volume) into the Equations Edit Box.
To do this, type in “1” and “I ”. Then select “Volume” from the Variables list. In the
Equation edit box, you should now see displayed: 1/“Volume”. Click DONE. d. Click on
the horizontal-axis label, select “1/Volume” to be displayed on the horizontal axis.
2. Decide if the new relationship is direct or inverse and change the formula in the Fit
menu accordingly. a. Click the Curve Fit button. b. Choose Variable Power from the list
at the lower left. Enter the value of the power in the Edit Box that represents the
relationship shown in the graph (e.g., type “1” if direct, “-1” if inverse.). Click TRY FIT.
c. A best-fit curve will be displayed on the graph. If you make the correct choice, the
curve should match up well with the points. If the curve does not match up well, try a
different exponent and click TRY FIT again. When the curve has a good fit with the data
points, then click OK.
3. If the relationship between P and V is an inverse relationship, the plot of P vs 1/V should
be direct, that is, the curve should be linear and pass through (or near) your data points.
Examine your graph to see if this is true for your data.
4. Print a copy of this graph. Each lab partner must have/turn in a copy as well.
PART 3: PRESSURE VS. TEMPERATURE
1. Obtain and wear goggles.
2. Prepare the Temperature Probe and Gas Pressure Sensor for data collection.
a. Plug the Gas Pressure Sensor into Channel 1 and Temperature Probe into Channel 2 of the computer
interface.
b. Obtain a rubber-stopper assembly with the piece of heavy-wall plastic tubing connected to one of its
two valves. Attach the connector at the free end of the plastic tubing to the open stem 91 of the Gas
Pressure Sensor with a clockwise turn. Leave its two-way valve on the rubber stopper open (lined up
with the valve stem) until Step 6.
c. Insert the rubber-stopper assembly into a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Important: Twist the stopper into
the neck of the flask to ensure a tight fit.
d. Close the 2-way valve above the rubber stopper-do this by turning the valve handle so it is
perpendicular with the valve stem itself (as shown in Figure 2). The air sample to be studied is now
confined in the flask.
3. Work with the group across from you to create a total of 4 water baths. You will set up two of
the baths, the group across from you will set up the other two water baths. HOT WATER
BATH: Put about 800 mL of very hot (about 60 °C) tap water into a 1 L beaker. Use hot plate if
needed. WARM WATER BATH: Put about 800 mL of warm (about 40 °C) tap water into a 1 L
beaker. ROOM TEMP BATH: Put about 800 mL of room temp. (about 20 °C) water into a 1 L
beaker. ICE WATER BATH: Put about 600 mL of cold tap water into a second 1 L beaker and
 add ice.
4. Prepare the computer for data collection by opening up the file “07 Pressure-Temperature” from
the Chemistry with Computers folder of Logger Pro.
5. Click COLLECT to begin data collection.
6. Collect pressure vs. temperature data for your gas sample:
a. Place the flask into a water bath. Start with one of the cooler baths. Make sure the entire flask is
covered (see Figure 2). Swirl the flask around.
b. Place the temperature probe into the water bath.
c. When the pressure and temperature readings displayed in the meter stabilize, click KEEP. You have
now saved the first pressure-temperature data pair.
7. Repeat Step 6 using the other 3 water baths.
8. Click STOP when you have finished collecting the data. Record the pressure and temperature
values in your data table.
9. Examine the graph of pressure vs. temperature (°C). In order to determine if the relationship
between pressure and temperature is direct or inverse, you must use an absolute temperature
scale; that is, a temperature scale whose P point corresponds to absolute zero. We will use the
Kelvin absolute temperature scale. Instead of manually adding 273 to each of the Celsius
temperatures to obtain Kelvin values, you can create a new data column for Kelvin temperature.
a. Choose New Calculated Column from the Data menu. b. Enter “Temp Kelvin” as the Name,
“T Kelvin” as the Short Name, and “K” as the Unit. Enter the correct formula for the column
into the Equation edit box. Type in “273+”. Then select “Temperature” from the Variables list.
In the Equation edit box, you should now see displayed: 273+“Temperature”. Click DONE. c.
Click on the horizontal axis label and select “Temp Kelvin” to be displayed on the horizontal
axis.
10. Decide if your graph of pressure vs. temperature (K) represents a direct or inverse relationship:
a. Click the Curve Fit button. b. Choose your mathematical relationship from the list at the
lower left. If you think the relationship is linear (or direct), use Linear. If you think the
relationship represents a power, use Power. Click TRY FIT. c. A best-fit curve will be displayed
on the graph. If you made the correct choice, the curve should match up well with the points. If
the curve does not match up well, try a different mathematical function and click TRY FIT
again. When the curve has a good fit with the data points, then click OK.
11. Print a copy of the graph of pressure vs. temperature (K). Print one for each lab partner as well.

PART 4: EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF ABSOLUTE ZERO

The data that you have collected can also be used to determine the value of absolute zero on the Celsius
temperature scale. Instead of plotting pressure versus Kelvin temperature like we did above, this time
you will plot Celsius temperature on the y-axis and pressure on the x-axis. Since absolute zero is the
temperature at which the pressure is theoretically becomes equal to zero, the temperature where the
regression line (the extension of the temperature-pressure curve) intercepts the y-axis should be the
Celsius temperature value for absolute zero. You can use the data you collected in this experiment to
determine a value for absolute zero.
1. Remove the curve fit box on the graph by clicking on its upper-left corner.
2. Click on the vertical-axis label and select “Temperature” to plot the Celsius temperature. In the
same way, select “Pressure” to be displayed on the horizontal axis.
3. Rescale the temperature axis from a minimum of -300 °C to a maximum of 200 °C. This may
be done by clicking on the minimum or maximum value displayed on the graph axis and editing
them. The pressure axis should be scaled from 0 kPa to 150 kPa.
4. Click the Linear Fit button. A best-fit linear regression curve will be shown for the four data
points. The equation for the regression line will be displayed in a box on the graph, in the form
 y=mx+b. The numerical value for b is the y-intercept and represents the Celsius value for
absolute zero.
5. Print the graph of temperature (C) vs. pressure, with the regression line and its regression
statistics still displayed. Print out copies for lab partners. Clearly label the position and value of
absolute zero on the printed graph.

Analysis:
Part 1
Data Table.
Pressure Volume Constant, k
202.59 kPa 5.8 mL 1175.02
155.60 kPa 7.8 mL 1213.68
124.06 kPa 9.8 mL 1215.79
101.32 kPa 11.8 mL 1195.58
86.60 kPa 13.8 mL 1195.08
75.92 kPa 15.8 mL 1199.54
67.03 kPa 17.8 mL 1193.13
60.92 kPa 19.8 mL 1206.22

1. With the best-fit curve still displayed, choose Interpolate from the Analyze menu. A vertical
cursor now appears on the graph. The cursor’s volume and pressure coordinates are displayed in
the floating box. Move the cursor along the regression line until the volume is 5.0 mL. Note the
corresponding pressure value. Now move the cursor until the volume value is double (10.0 mL)
What does your data show happens to the pressure when the volume is doubled? Show the
pressure values in your answer.

Pressure decreases as Volume increases. With 5 mL, the pressure was 238.65 kPa. With 10 mL,
the pressure was 119.28 kPa.

2. Using the same technique as in Question 1, what does you data show happens to the pressure if
the volume is halved from 20.0 mL to 10.0 mL? Show the pressure values in your answer.

Pressure increases as Volume decreases. With 20 mL, the pressure was 59.755 kPa. With 10 mL,
the pressure was 119.28 kPa.

3. Using the same technique as in Question 1, what does your data show happens to the pressure if
the volume is tripled from 5.0 mL to 15.0 mL? Show the pressure values in your answer.

Pressure decreases as Volume increases. With 5 mL, the pressure was 238.65 kPa. With 15 mL,
the pressure was 79.622 kPa.

4. From you answers to the first three questions and the shape of the curve in the plot of pressure
vs. volume, do you think the relationship between pressure and volume of a confined gas is
direct or inverse? Explain your answer.
 I think the relationship between pressure an volume is inverse because As volume increases,
pressure decreases.

5. Based on your data, what would you expect the pressure to be if the volume of the syringe was
increased to 40.0 mL? Explain or show work to support your answer.

As the volume increase, pressure will decrease. So at 40 mL, pressure is 29.4773 kPa.

6. Based on your data, what would you expect the pressure to be if the volume of the syringe was
decreased to 2.5 mL? Explain or show work to support your answer.

As the volume decrease, pressure will increase. So at 2.5 mL, pressure is 477.3 kPa.

7. What experimental factors are assumed to be constant in this experiment?

Pressure and Volume.

8. One way to determine if a relationship is inverse or direct is to find a proportionality constant,

k, from the data. If this relationship is direct, k= P/V. If it is inverse, k= P∙V. Based on your
answer to Question 4, choose one of the formulas and calculate k for the eight ordered pairs in
your data table (divide or multiply by P and V values). Show the answers in the third column of
the data table.

Answer in Data Table

9. How constant were the values for k you obtained in Question 8? Good data may show some
minor variations, but the values for k should be relatively constant.

The k wasn't as constant as it should be. The lowest k was around 1175 and the highest was
around 1215.

10. Using P, V and k, write an equation representing Boyle’s Law. Write a verbal statement that
correctly expresses Boyle’s law.

k=PV. Since the temperature was held constant, then as volume went up, the pressure came
down.

Part 3
Data Table:
Pressure Temperature C Temperature K Constant k
113.92 kPa 60.1°C 333.12 K 1.9
102.24 kPa 35°C 307.97 K 2.92
97.75 kPa 21.7°C 294.7 K 4.51
94.44 kPa 11.2°C 286.18 K 8.43

1. In order to perform this experiment, what two experimental factors were constant?

Pressure and temperature are the two constants being tested.

2. Based on the data and graph that you obtained for this experiment, express in words the
relationship between gas pressure and temperature.

As pressure decreases, temperature decreases.

3. Write an equation to express the relationship between pressure and temperature (K). Use the
symbols P, T, and k.

k=PT

4. One way to determine if a relationship is inverse or direct is to find a proportionality constant,

k, from the data. If this relationship is direct, k= P/T. If it is inverse, k= P∙T. Based on your
answer to Question 4, choose on of these formulas and calculate k for the four ordered pairs in
your data table (divide or multiply the P and T values). Show the answer in the fourth column of
the data table. How “constant” were your values?

The relationship between pressure and temperature is direct because as pressure increased, temperature
increased. My values looked pretty constant because as prressure decreases by 10 kPa, the temperature
decreases by one half.

5. According to this experiment, what should happen to the pressure of a gas if the Kelvin
temperature is doubled? Check this assumption by finding the pressure at -73 °C (200 K) and at
127 °C (400 K) on your graph of pressure versus temperature. How do these two pressure
values compare?

If temperature is doubled, then pressure is increased. However, it isn't doubling because this is
where the curve start reaching the maximum. Thus, this wasn't a linear graph.