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Artificial Ventilation Modeling using Neuro-Fuzzy Hybrid System

Conference Paper · January 2006

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2006 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks
Sheraton Vancouver Wall Centre Hotel, Vancouver, BC, Canada
July 16-21, 2006
Artificial Ventilation Modeling using Neuro-Fuzzy Hybrid System
F. Liu, G. S. Ng, Senior Member, IEEE, C. Quek, Member, IEEE, and T. F. Loh
Abstract—Artificial ventilation is a crucial treatment to the
patients in Intensive Care Unit. However, as the ventilator
increasingly becomes more complex, it is not easy for less
experienced clinicians to control the settings. The objective of
the paper is to model the FiO2 settings by clinician, using a
neuro-fuzzy hybrid system. Two important issues, the
interpretability and accuracy are balanced through an iterative
reduction and tuning process. Fuzzy sets are merged according
to their Hebbian importance, while membership functions are
tuned through the Least-Mean-Square (LMS) algorithm.
Effective, compact and interpretable fuzzy rules are generated
and tested on real ventilation data, benchmarked with other
neuro-fuzzy systems.
I. INTRODUCTION
A rtificial ventilation is essential treatment for patients
who require breathing assistance in Intensive Care Unit
(ICU). It is used to maintain the arterial oxygen and
carbon dioxide levels of the patients. At hospitals, the settings
of ventilator are manually adjusted by clinician, based on the
patient’s physiological status. The adjustment is dependant
on their clinical experience and expert knowledge. However,
as new technologies develop, ventilators are increasingly
more and more complex and it is not easy for clinicians with
experience to use them effectively. Thus there is a need for
the automation of the specific decision-making process to
assist the clinicians.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a study to emulate human
intelligence using computational technology. It has been
successfully applied to various medical applications [1].
Many artificial ventilation system based on AI techniques
have been proposed, including VM [2], ESTER [3],
KUSIVAR [4], VentEx [5], VentPlan [6], NeoGanesh [7].
As one of the AI techniques, fuzzy system has been widely
used in biomedical applications in recent years. In fuzzy
modeling, the numerical data can be interpreted in terms of
linguistic concept, which are understandable to human user.
The knowledge, in the form of fuzzy rules, can be extracted
from the system, and provides assistance to the clinicians in
practical use. Expert’s knowledge can also be incorporated
into the system. In addition, fuzzy systems are more tolerant
to the noise thus making them more robust. These advantages
make the fuzzy system (FS) suited in medical
decision-making. Some ventilator control systems based on
F. Liu, G. S. Ng, and C. Quek are with Centre for Computational
Intelligence, Nanyang Technological University, School of Computer
Engineering, 639798, Singapore. (e-mail: fliu@pmail.ntu.edu.sg;
asgsng@ntu.edu.sg, ashcquek@ntu.edu.sg;)
T. F. Loh is with KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, 229899,
Singapore. He is with the Department of Paediatric Medicine. (e-mail:
lohtf@kkh.com.sg)
0-7803-9490-9/06/$20.00/©2006 IEEE 5166
fuzzy logic have been proposed, including FuzzyKBWean [8],
FAVeM [9], and SIVA [10].
An effective and compact rule set does not only reduce the
modeling error, but also increase the system’s interpretability.
The rules derived from experts and defined manually have
been used to control ventilator [11][12]. However, as the
system becomes more complex, it is difficult to manually
define and tune the rules. The rules derived from the
interview with experts are usually inaccurate and biased the
expert. Thus it is desirable to find a way to automatically
formulate and tune the rule base. Neural network (NN)
[13][14][15] is a learning machine designed to model the
brain function and imitate the human learning capabilities. It
has good adaptivity where their synaptic weights can change
with the surrounding environment. However, as it is a black
box model, common knowledge is not easy to be extracted
and interpreted from a trained neural network. The hybrid of
FS and NN can effectively integrate the high-level inference
ability of FS and the low-level learning capability of NN. The
fuzzy rules can be tuned through the learning algorithm of
NN, and knowledge can be derived from the system.
Accuracy and interpretability are two issues in neuro-fuzzy
system. They are important in artificial ventilation modeling.
Firstly, the modeling accuracy reflects its ability to set the
variables, which influence the treatment of the patient.
Secondly, the derived rules should be understandable and
interpretable to the user, so as to assist the ventilation.
However, these two requirements usually cannot be satisfied
simultaneously. There is a need to strike a balance between
them.
The objective of the paper is to model the setting of the
FiO2 performed by a clinician in the artificial ventilation
using a neuro-fuzzy hybrid system. The modeling accuracy
and interpretability are compromised through an iterative
tuning and reduction process. The fuzzy rules are merged and
reduced according to their Hebbian importance, which
reflects the coverage of the data by the rule. Interpretable
rules are derived from the system and can be used to assist
clinician to set the variables.
II. EXPERIMENT DESIGN
A. Data
The data employed in the paper is collected from the KK
Women’s and Children’s Hospital of Singapore. They
represent a 20 day’s records for a patient in the hospital under
the BIPAP ventilation mode. The sampling time of the record
is about an hour. It consists of measured patient-status
variables and the setting variables by clinician. The centroid and width of the j th labeled fuzzy set of the output is
patient-status variables include HR (Heart Rate), RR
(Respiratory Rate), SaO2 (Oxygen Saturation), MAP (Mean denoted as c IVj and δ jIV . Assuming the multiply and sum
Airway Pressure) and ETV (Expiratory Tidal Volume). The operator are used as the T-norm and S-norm operators, the
setting variables include FiO2 (Fraction of Inspired Oxygen), output of the system can be written like in (2) and (3):
IE (Inspiratory / Expiratory Ratio), PEEP (Positive End  n IV   n IV IV 
Expiratory Pressure), PIP (Peak Inspiratory Pressure), RRset o =  ∑ coL δ IV
oL × f k   ∑ coLk δ oLk  (2)
 k =1   k =1 
k k

(set Respiratory Rate) and TVset (set Tidal Volume).

{( )}
m

B. Method
The key strength of the fuzzy system (FS) is its ability to
model the dynamics of a problem using a set of high-level
IF-THEN fuzzy rules, where the main merit of neural
network (NN) is its low-level learning capability.
In this paper, the Mandani-type fuzzy system [16], other
than the Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) fuzzy system [17], is
employed due to its ability to produce interpretable rules. The
fuzzy rule in Mandani system has the form in (1).
IF x1 = A and x2 = B THEN y = C (1)
where x1 and x2 are input variables; y is output variable;
A , B and C are fuzzy sets.
The hybrid of the FS and NN is shown in Fig. 1. It is a
5-layer neural network, including input, condition, rule node,
consequence, and output layers. Each input variable in the FS
corresponds to one input node and each fuzzy set for the input
variable corresponds to a neuron in the condition layer.
Similarly, one output node for each output variable, and the
consequence layer consists of the nodes for its fuzzy sets. In
the rule node layer, each rule node is generated for a fuzzy
rule. There are links for each input/output variable to each of
their fuzzy sets. The fuzzy rules are represented in the
network by linking the condition, rule node and consequence
layers.
) (δ
2 2
f k = ∏ exp − xi − ciII,iLk (i ) II
i , iLk ( i ) (3)
i =1
where o is the output; n is the number of rules; m is the
input dimension; the input data is X = [ x1 , x2 ,… , xm ] ; f k is
the firing strength of the k th rule for data.
The interpretability and accuracy are two important issues
in neuro-fuzzy modeling. Interpretability refers to the
capability of the fuzzy model to express the behavior of the
system in an understandable way, while the accuracy refers to
the capability of the fuzzy model to faithfully represent the
system [18]. However, interpretability and accuracy are
usually pursued for contradictory purposes and sometimes are
dipoles apart as the system complexity increases. When
tuning the membership functions (MF) of the rules to
diminish the modeling error, the interpretability of the rules
may be degraded during the tuning process, where the fuzzy
sets can drift closer to each other and may end up overlapping
each others [19]. An iterative process is proposed in the paper
to deal with the problem, shown in Fig. 2.
Initial rule generation MF tuning (lower
learning rate)
Rank rule

R1 : IF x1 = A1 and x2 = B1 THEN y = C1 Merge MF Stop

FS: criteria
R2 : IF x1 = A2 and x2 = B2 THEN y = C2

A1 Remove redundant and

conflicting rules & reduce
x1 feature MF tuning
A2 R1 C1
y
NN:
Fig. 2. Chart of iterative tuning and reduction process
B1 R2 C2
x2
B2 Rule
Input Condition Consequence Output 1) Initial rule generation
node
layer layer
layer
layer layer At the beginning of the iterative process, initial rules are
generated to cover all the training data samples. That is,
Fig. 1. The hybrid of fuzzy system and neural network. whenever a new data sample is presented, if there is no rule in
the rule base, or if the strength of the rule with the largest
firing strength is below a specified threshold, a new rule node
For the k th rule, the label of the fuzzy set of the i th input will be created with the centroid of the sample. The initial
variable is denoted as iLk ( i ) , and the label of the fuzzy set of width of each fuzzy set is proportion to the range of the
the output variable as oLk . Gaussian membership function is variable. This threshold controls the coverage of data space
used in each fuzzy set. For the condition layer, the centroid by the rules and affects the number of initial rules. The larger
and width of the j th labeled fuzzy set of the input i is the threshold the less number of the rules will be generated,
and vice versa.
denoted as ciII, j and δ iII, j . For the consequence layer, the

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2) Rule ranking via Hebbian importance IˆC = IˆA + IˆB (9)
For the i th data sample ( X i , yi ) and the k th rule, define
the degree of the rule to cover the sample in (4) 4) Reduce rules and features

{(
Ck ,i = f k × exp − yi − c IV
oLk ) (δ ) }
2
IV
oLk
2
(4)
In the temporary rule set pool, if there is only one
membership function within one dimension, this dimension
The Hebbian importance of the k th rule is defined in (5). (feature) will be removed; if there is any rule that has the
n
same conditions and consequences with others, it is removed;
I k = ∑ ck ,i (5) if there are any conflicting rules that have equivalent
i =1 conditions but different consequences, the one with the
This is based on the Hebbian learning rule [21]. If all the higher degree of importance is preserved and others are
input-output samples repeatedly fire a rule by the product of deleted. Finally, the original rule set is replaced by the
their firing strength and the membership values, and the temporary rule set pool.
accumulated strength surpasses that of other rules, it indicates
the existence of such a rule. In another view, the accumulated 5) Membership function tuning
strength exerted by the sample pairs reflects the degree of The least-mean-square (LMS) algorithm is used in the
coverage of them by the rule. The rule that covers the samples paper for the tuning of membership functions.
to a higher degree will have greater influence on the modeling Assuming the error function is
accuracy. This is due to the fact that when the MFs of the rule 1 n
E = ∑ ( oi − yi )
2
(10)
or the rule itself are merged or deleted respectively, it will 2 i =1
result in a larger change in the fuzzy inference results and the error at i th sample is
significantly affect the modeling accuracy. Thus such a rule is
ei = oi − yi (11)
of greater importance.
th th
At the step, all of the rules are sorted in a decreasing order For the j input dimension of the k rule, the centroid
of their Hebbian importance. c II
and the width δ II
are updated using (12) and
j , iLk ( j ) j , iLk ( j )

3) Membership function merge (13).

A temporary rule set pool is created and initialized as null.
The ordered rules in the original rule set are presented
sequentially. The fuzzy set of the current presented rule in
each dimension is added into the rule set pool, or merged with
that of the previously presented rules, based on the degree of
overlap of the fuzzy sets. Subsequently the newly added or
merged fuzzy sets will be linked together to formulate a new
rule in the rule set pool.
For two fuzzy sets A and B , the degree of overlap is
defined in (6).
S ( A, B ) = max { A ∩ B A , A ∩ B B } (6)
The A , B and A ∩ B can be computed using the
centroid and width of the two fuzzy sets [21].
During the merging process, some fuzzy sets may be
shared by several rules. Changing a shared fuzzy set is
equivalent to modifying some rules simultaneously, which
will exert much influence on the performance of system. Thus,
the fuzzy sets within a rule may have different importance too.
Denote the importance of a fuzzy set F as IˆF . The IˆF is
initialized with the value of importance of its associated rule
and changed during the merging process.
Given two fuzzy sets A and B with the centroid, width
and importance of c A , δ A , IˆA and cB , δ B , IˆB respectively,
the merged fuzzy set C is calculated using (7)-(9).
C (
c = Iˆ c + Iˆ c
A A Iˆ + Iˆ
B B )( A B)(7)
δC = ( Iˆ δ
A A + IˆBδ B ) ( Iˆ
A + Iˆ )
B (8)
∂ei2
∆c IIj ,iLk ( j ) = −γ (12)
∂c IIj,iLk ( j )
∂ei2
∆δ jII,iLk ( j ) = −γ (13)
∂δ jII,iLk ( j )
where γ is the learning rate.
The updating formula for centroid and width of the output
dimension is similar to that in the input dimensions.
6) Stop criteria
If the training error after one reduction and tuning cycle, is
much larger than that after the previous cycle, the system will
stop and the rule set after the previous cycle is restored as the
final rule set. That is to say, denote the training error after the
i
i th cycle as Etrain . If i exceeds the maximum iteration imax ,
i +1
or Etrain > η Etrain
i
, the iterative reduction and tuning process
stops. The η is a human defined parameter that controls the
reduction of the system complexity, based on the fact that if
the number of rule is less than what that is necessary, the
training error will become much larger than before.
The proposed system reduces the fuzzy rules through the
Hebbian ordering of the rules, thus is named a
Hebbian-Rule-Reduct system.
C. Experiment setup
It is crucial to provide adequate oxygenation of the arterial
blood for the maintenance of life. Thus the arterial oxygen
tension should be maintained of a proper level. The arterial
oxygen tension is controlled by adjusting the FiO2. The

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objective of the experiment is to model the manual setting of
FiO2 by clinician using a neuro-fuzzy hybrid system.
Among all of the variables in the medical records, the
SaO2, FiO2, RR, PEEP, set or measured at current time step,
are used to predict the value of FiO2 at next time step. To
model the FiO2, the use of SaO2, FiO2 (old) and PEEP has
been suggested [22]. The variable RR is advised by clinician.
There are a total of 408 data samples, divided into 3
cross-validation groups to evaluate the performance of the
system. Within one cross-validation group, the first 60% data
is used as training set and the following 40% data is used as
testing set, shown in Fig. 3.
in the CV1 and CV2. In CV3, only the RSPOP produce less
number of rules than the Hebb-Rule-Reduct. From the
average number of rules in the last column, the proposed
system produces the least among all these Mandani systems.
Fig. 4 – 6 show the target and predicted values of FiO2 in
testing set of the 3 cross-validation groups. In CV1, small
deviations appear only when the amount of FiO2 becomes
higher or lower abruptly. In CV2 and CV3, the output of the
proposed system is nearly perfect-match to the target setting
of FiO2.
The membership functions and some sample rules are
extracted to show the interpretability of the proposed system.
The membership functions for the 4 input variables and 1
output variable are shown in Fig. 7 – 11. The overlap between
the fuzzy sets is low for all the variables. Each fuzzy set has a
clear semantic meaning.
Three samples fuzzy rules are shown in Fig 12. These rules
are the acquired knowledge from the data by the proposed
system. They can be understood by human user and used to
assist the clinicians.

TABLE I.
COMPARISON OF RMSE
RMSE
Model Average
CV1 CV2 CV3
Hebb-Rule-Reduct 2.085 0.753 0.536 1.125
POPFNN 13.776 6.031 2.375 7.394
RSPOP 13.841 6.031 2.166 7.346
Fig. 3. The FiO2 serious and the division of 3 cross-validation groups EFuNN 3.417 2.908 1.219 2.515
DENFIS 3.045 2.243 1.045 2.111
ANFIS 2.409 1.863 0.560 1.611

III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

TABLE II.
In this experiment, the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) COMPARISION OF THE NUMBER OF RULES
between the advised value of FiO2 by neuro-fuzzy hybrid Model
Number of Mandani-type rules
Average
systems and the setting of the clinician is used to measure the CV1 CV2 CV3
Hebb-Rule-Reduct 12 3 26 13.7
performance.. Some other neuro-fuzzy systems are employed POPFNN 48 28 53 43.0
for benchmark comparison. They are namely, EFUNN [23], RSPOP 29 9 11 16.3
POPFNN [24], RSPOP [25], DENFIS [26] and ANFIS [27]. EFuNN 32 57 109 66.0
The former 3 models are Mandani-type systems, while the
latter 2 are TSK models.
The experimental results are shown in Tables I and II.
Table I shows the comparison of RMSE between these
neuro-fuzzy models. In both the CV1 and CV2, the proposed
Hebb-Rule-Reduct system performs much better than other
systems. In CV3, the ANFIS is slightly worse than the
proposed system. The last column of Table I shows the
average RMSE of the 3 cross-validation groups. The
proposed system is the best among all of these neuro-fuzzy
systems.
Table II shows the comparison of the number of the
derived fuzzy rules. As the form of the TSK-style rule is
different from the Mandani-style rule, these two kinds of
rules are not comparable. Thus, the comparison is only made
among the Mandani systems. The number of derived rules
reflects the interpretability of the system. The more there are Fig. 4. Target and predicted values of FiO2 in CV1
the rules, the more complex and the more uninterpretable the
system is and vice versa. In Table II, the proposed
Hebb-Rule-Reduct system produces the least number of rules

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Fig. 5. Target and predicted values of FiO2 in CV2
Fig. 6. Target and predicted values of FiO2 in CV3
Fig. 7. MFs for SaO2
Fig. 8. MFs for FiO2 (old)
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Fig. 9. MFs for PEEP
Fig. 10. MFs for RR
Fig. 11. MFs for FiO2
Rule 1: IF SaO2 is Normal(2) and FiO2 is Medium
and PEEP is High and RR is Medium,
THEN the new FiO2 is High.
Rule 2: IF SaO2 is Low and FiO2 is High and
PEEP is Medium and RR is High,
THEN the new FiO2 is High.
Rule 3: IF SaO2 is Normal(1) and FiO2 is High
and PEEP is Medium and RR is Low,
THEN the new FiO2 is Medium.
Fig. 12. Three sample fuzzy rule derived from the proposed system.
IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the setting of FiO2 in artificial ventilation is
modeled by a neuro-fuzzy hybrid system. An iterative rule
reduction and tuning process is proposed to produce
interpretable fuzzy rules while still maintaining low modeling
error. Fuzzy sets are merged through their Hebbian
importance and the redundant rules and features are removed.
 An effective, compact rule set is obtained after learning. The [18] J. Casillas, O. Cordon, F. Herrera, and L. Magdalena,
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