1.

According to Aristotle, we should begin ethical inquiry by specifying:

 a. which things are intrinsically valuable. 

 b. the aim of human life. 
 c. what our fundamental duties are. 
 d. what constraints on behavior it would be reasonable to agree to. 

2. Aristotle states that if we ask what the highest good of human action is:

 a. there is no agreement about the answer. 

 b. most people agree that it is pleasure. 
 c. nearly everyone agrees that it is happiness. 
 d. there is no objective answer to this question. 

3. According to Aristotle, happiness is:

 a. a state of mind. 

 b. a feeling or sensation. 
 c. a craft. 
 d. activity of the soul in accordance with virtue. 

4. In Aristotle’s view, the virtues are:

 a. acquired through habit. 

 b. acquired through philosophical reflection. 
 c. a gift from the gods. 
 d. innate. 

5. Aristotle divides the virtues into:

 a. natural virtues and artificial virtues. 

 b. moral virtues and intellectual virtues. 
 c. positive virtues and negative virtues. 
 d. human virtues and divine virtues. 

6. Aristotle claims that:

 a. virtue is in our power, and so is vice. 

 b. virtue is in our power, but vice is not. 
 c. vice is in our power, but virtue is not. 
 d. neither virtue nor vice is in our power. 

7. In Aristotle’s terminology, incontinence is when:

 a. one does not know that one’s actions are wrong. 
 b. one knows that one’s actions are wrong, but does them anyway. 
 c. one knows that one’s feelings are inappropriate, and does not act on them. 
 d. one does the right action, but for the wrong reason. 

8. Aristotle ends the Ethics with a segue to a discussion of:

a. aesthetics.

b. theology. 

c. politics. 

d. natural science

1. According to Kant, humanity or rational nature gives us

 a. the form of the moral law. 

 b. the material of the moral law. 
 c. a complete determination of maxims and a totality of ends. 
 d. none of the above. 

2. Kant holds that ends may be

  a. subjective. 
 b. objective. 
 c. both a and b. 
 d. neither a nor b. 

3. Korsgaard explains that Kant interchanges the terms

 a. duty and law. 
 b. objective and categorical. 
 c. maxim and intention. 
 d. humanity and rational nature. 

4. Kant takes the characteristic feature of humanity to be the capacity for

 a. language. 
 b. culture. 
 c. end-setting. 
 d. none of the above. 

5. Korsgaard notes that in determining conduct, ends can play

 a. a positive role as purpose to be pursued. 

 b. a negative role as something one must not act against. 
 c. both a and b. 
 d. neither a nor b. 

6. Korsgaard defines “end” as

 a. an object of free choice. 

 b. an object of our wants. 
 c. an object of our desires. 
 d. an object of our wishes. 

7. Korsgaard claims that, in the case of morally worthy actions, the end is chosen because the principle
captured by the maxim is

 a. self-regarding. 
 b. other-regarding. 
 c. utility maximizing. 
 d. necessary. 

8. According to Korsgaard, the distinctive feature of humanity, as such, is the capacity to

 a. take a rational interest in something. 

 b. decide, under the influence of reason, that something is desirable. 
 c. deem something important, valuable, or worthy of pursuit. 
 d. all of the above. 

9. On Kant's view, if an end is deemed good, it provides reasons that

 a. outweigh all rival reasons in favor of other ends. 

 b. undercut all rival reasons in favor of other ends. 
 c. apply to every rational being. 
 d. all persons should consent to act on. 

10. Korsgaard maintains that if one's end cannot be shared,

 a. it cannot be good. 

 b. the action cannot be rational. 
 c. both a and b. 
 d. neither a nor b. 

11. According to Korsgaard, what is required for a categorical imperative is an end for which there is

 a. some reason. 

 b. sufficient reason. 
 c. decisive reason. 
 d. conclusive reason. 

12. Korsgaard claims that what makes the object of your rational choice good is that

 a. it is the object of our inclination. 

 b. it promotes your happiness. 
  c. it promotes the general happiness. 
 d. it is  the object of a rational choice 

13. On Korsgaard's view, to act against the value of humanity

 a. is to act irrationally. 

 b. is to act immorally. 
 c. is to treat something with unconditional value as if its value were merely conditional. 
 d. all of the above. 

14. According to Korsgaard, a thing is objectively good

 a. if it is unconditionally good. 

 b. if it is conditionally good and the condition under which it is good is met. 
 c. both a and b. 
 d. neither a nor b. 

15. Korsgaard claims that if humanity is not regarded as unconditionally good,

a. nothing can be subjectively good. 

b. some things can still be objectively good. 

c. nothing can be objectively good. 

d. none of the above. 

1. Aquinas argues that every agent acts for the sake of:

 a. pleasure. 
 b. self-interest. 
 c. pleasing God. 
 d. an end. 

2. In Aquinas’s view, man’s ultimate happiness consists in:

 a. pleasure 
 b. acts of the moral virtues. 
 c. loving God. 
 d. contemplating God. 

3. Aquinas argues that the end of every action is:

 a. some desire. 

 b. some pleasure. 
 c. some good. 
 d. some emotional state. 

4. Aquinas holds that the last end of man is:

 a. pleasure. 
 b. happiness or beatitude. 
 c. the satisfaction of desire. 
 d. freedom from anxiety. 

5. Aquinas claims that the ultimate perfection of operation is:

 a. delight. 
 b. peace. 
 c. pleasure. 
 d. Godliness. 

6. Aquinas claims that:

 a. pleasure exists for its own sake. 

 b. pleasure exists for the sake of operation. 
 c. operation exists for the sake of pleasure. 
 d. both b and c. 
7. In Aquinas’s view, acts of prudence are solely about matters of:

a. pleasure. 

b. desire. 

c. moral virtue. 

d. piety. 

8. Aquinas claim that all human operations appear to serve:

a. those in power

b. those of high status.

c. those who contemplate the truth. 

d. those who act wickedly.

1. D. Practical reason

2. A. Motivational skepticism is always based on content skepticism

3. B. It is possible to have a moral judgement without being motivated to act on it

4. D. Practical reason must be capable of motivating rational person

5. C. Both a and b

6. A. Reasons that are grounded in one’s subjective motivational set

7. C. Makes a psychological demand on ethical theories

8. C. Both a and b