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NEWS LETTER OF

ARMARC
OCTOBER -2010 Vol 2.00
Editorial
Cerebral damage and hemorrhage may occur
It is saying that good sleep is sign of healthy
around birth. Infections, accidents, and abuse can also
body. The reason behind the sleep is not known yet, contribute to the development of ID. The most common
even though we spend about a third of our lives asleep. types of ID include autistic disorders, Down syndrome,
It is said among general being in India, “Raat Achhi to Prader–Willi syndrome, fragile X syndrome, and familial
Din Achha” means a good sleep is needed enough to intellectual disability.
work well when we are awaken. Our experience over People with ID generally have a large number of
the type of sleep changes with the time depending upon other disabilities and conditions to deal with, so a good
our activities, health, environment and age. night’s sleep is essential to their well-being just like
“Sleep is the intermediate state between anybody else’s. The prevalence of sleep disorders in
wakefulness and death”. It involves processes affecting children with ID is up to 4 times higher than in children
both our behavior and our physiology. Sleep is important who are developing normally, which can exacerbate other
to health, and insufficient sleep can lead to problems problems.
with various body systems, including the immune Factors such as problems with eyesight or
system, the heart and circulatory system, and hormone hearing, medication effects, epilepsy, and mood disorders
secretion. Above all it produces the effects the intellectual can affect sleep in people with ID just like in other people.
disability (ID). With the courtesy of book, “Sleep Your People with ID can also suffer from all the primary sleep
Questions Answered”, ID is discussed. disorders mentioned on, such as sleep apnea, narcolepsy,
“Intellectual disability” (ID) is used to describe and restless legs syndrome, as well as developing
a person over the age of 5 who has significantly below- insomnia.
average general intellectual functioning. The person is Behavioral treatments are available and are highly
having deficits in day-to-day behavior which becomes effective (examples include reward systems and
obvious between the ages of 1 and 18 years. The desensitization). A bit of concentration and persistence
functioning of Intellectual is assessed by intelligence tests on behalf of the caregiver to implement at timesis required.
to give an intelligence quotient (IQ). The grade is given However, the most important aspect of treating a sleep
like, an average IQ is considered to be 100, while a disorder or behavioral disorder due to poor sleep lies in
below-average IQ is one below 70. Such assessment recognizing it.
alone is not sufficient but close watch of day-to-day In This Issue
functioning is better to reveal more problems like
whether simple tasks need to be done in the context of 1) Life and works of Nagarjuna
education, support, and training. About 3 in 100 people 2) The effect of Shirodhara in Ardita
have mild or greater (moderate, severe, profound) 3) Pharmacognostic evaluation of the
Evolvulus nummularius Linn.
intellectual disability.
Convolvulaceae)
Among the various causes of intellectual
4) Formulation Profile (Series-A/21)
disability, about 60 percent of causes of ID are prenatal. Vajraka Taila
These include chromosome errors (such as Down 5) Herbal Drug Profile (Series-A/22)
syndrome) and single gene errors, developmental Kino
disorders, and intrauterine problems (toxins, infections).
Newsletter of ARMARC 2 OCTOBER-2010
Life and works of Nagarjuna
Dr. Swati A. Keripale, PG Scholar Dr. P. V. N. R. Prasad, Assistant Professor
P.G. Department of Rasashastra, Dr. N.R.S. Govt. Ayurvedic College,Vijaywada (A.P.)

By all accounts, among the most remarkable Indian thinkers, Nagarjuna has been the most enigmatic figure
in Indian history. He was one of the alchemists of India. So numerous are the works ascribed to him and so varied are
the accomplished credited to him that western scholars are inclined to suspect his historicity altogether.
Wissil Jew regarded him as wholly mythical while M. Winternitz postulated four Nagarjunas:
1. The Buddhist writer
2. The Tantric writer
3. The Medical writer
4. The Alchemist
However, in Indian views along with Chinese and Tibetan, only one Nagarjuna is considered. He was the poet,
saint, philosopher, physician and alchemist.
Different Nagarjunas:
Nagarjuna is the name referred to three great scientists of ancient India.
1. The Buddhist Monk, who was also an alchemist
2. Siddha Nagarjuna, the metallurgist
3. Bhadanta Nagarjuna
There is different of opinion among scholars regarding the identity, date and works of the former two, while that
of the last person is more or less definite.
The following are some of the Nagajunas mentioned in various works:
1. Bodhisatwa Raja: Naga Rajatarangini
2. Bodhisatwa Mantri: Rasasiddhi Nagarjuna (Ref: Brihat katha, Brihat katha sloka Sangraha, Brihat kata
manjari katha saritsara)
3. Nagarjuna: Redactor of Susrutha samhitha ( Ref: Nibandha Sangraha of Dalhana)
4. Badhanta Nagarjuna: Author of Rasavaiseshika Sutra
5. Nagarjuna nagesa: Author of Rasa Kakshaputa
6. Rasasiddhi Nagarjuna (Nagarjuna- III) ( Ref: Prabavaka charitra, Prabandha kosa, Vividha teerthakalpa,
Prabandha chintamani)
7. Rasasiddha Nagarjuna (Nagarjuna- III) (Ref: From Tibetan literature of Harinatha sastry)
8. Agadatantra Nagarjuna (Ref: Nibandha Sangraha of Dalhana)
Life of Nagarjuna: Nagarjuna was born to a rich Brahmin family but later turned a Buddhist. His parents had no
children for many years. They saw in a dream that a boy would be born to them if they entertain 100 brahmins. They
did accordingly and begot a son. But astrologers predicted that the boy would not live more than a week and his life
could be prolonged to seven years by entertaining 100 bhikshus. This was done and when the boy was reaching the
age of seven, one day Mahabodhisatva Avalokiteshwera visited him in disguise and advised him to go to the monastery
of Nalanda in pusuit of study. The boy accordingly arrived at Nalanda and attracted SARAHA-PADA the high priest
of Nalanda through his chanting of Samaveda. Sarahapada gave him the mantra of AMITAYUSH through which he
became longlived. In due time, he became proficient in all branches of knowledge and got initiated to Buddhism.
At Nalanda university, he had gone through the works on Rasasastra by Vasishta and Madvya and acquired knowledge
of parada siddhi with Maharasa, Uparasa etc. At that time, the Buddhist sangha was very much disorganised with the
logicians fighting on tenets of their religion and rituals. This sad state of the affairs pained Nagarjuna very much.
Newsletter of ARMARC 3 OCTOBER -2010

He strived hard for years to resuscitate the glory of The effect of Shirodhara in Ardita
Dr. Usha Rani B. J., Lecturer, Department of
Dhamma, amended the Holy Scriptures to fit in the society
Kayachikitsa, ALNRMAMC, Koppa
of the day. This new system became popular by the name Dr. Shylaja Kumari R., Assistant Professor, GAMC,
MAHAYANA and Nagarjuna, its founder was accredited Bangalore
as a BODHISATWA. (Continued from previous edition..........)
During the later part of his life, the country was Risk factors: Bell’s palsy occurs more often in people
hit by worst famine. In an attempt to acquire treasures to who are pregnant, have diabetes, have an upper
respiratory infection, such as the flu or a cold etc.
meet the natural calamity, Nagarjuna expedited to an
Management of Bell’s palsy:
island in the great ocean with the help of two leaves of an 1. The most important factor in treatment is to
enchanted tree. From a sage, he learnt the art of turning eliminate the source of the nerve damage.
base metals to gold. He undertook the pursuit of alchemy 2. Local heat: Infra red or moist heat or short wave
in this secluded place and with his religious practices, he diathermy over face or parotid region or both if
there is tenderness of nerve trunk.
acquired siddhi (perfection) in this art. He then returned
3. Local treatment of muscles: The patient should
to Nalanda and composed many works on medicine, massage the facial muscles with bland oil twice
astronomy, alchemy etc. After the death of Sarahapada, daily for 5 minutes. The massaging movements
the office of high priest fell upon him and he managed it should start from the chin and lower lip and be
with great difficulty. directed upwards. With return of function the
patient should practice movements of various
Nagarjuna lived for the most part of his life in the
muscles of face before a mirror.
monastery and later retired to South India and set up a 4. Prevention of facial sagging: It is done with the
Vihara at Srisaila hills on the banks of river Krishna in application of strips of adhesive tape to lift up
Andhra Pradesh and he had gone through various works the angle of mouth. The tape is attached to the
like Sambhava tantra, Saiva tantra, Yamala tantra, Maula temple and extends down in a V-shaped fashion
to the upper and lower lips.
tantra, Kauleya tantra, Damaru tantra, Nakul tantra,
5. Protection of eye: With dark glasses or eye patch,
Vatula tantra, Kamachandeeswara tantra, Haramekhala this can be done. The eye should be washed
tantra. He succeeded patriarch parsva and administered twice daily with mild zinc-boric solution to
the Buddhist monastery for 62 years. Yagnasri Satakarni, prevent conjunctivitis.
the 23rd Satavahana King, who was ruling that kingdom 6. Cortico steroids – If it is seen within a week of
onset, by reducing secondary edema, it can be
became greatly attracted by Nagarjuna and took him as
managed. Prednisolone 40 mg daily for 4 days is
his preceptor and friend. prescribed and is reduced for next 6 days.
Time of Nagarjuna: His probable date is hotly debated 7. Galvanism: It is suggested within 2 weeks after
and is variously given as under: onset of paralysis three times a week. It should
a. Fleet: around 57 B.C. not be given if face is tender and should be
stopped if involuntary contractions of facial
b. Lassen: around 23 A.D.
muscles develop. It may not affect prognosis.
c. Vincent Smith: about 120 A.D. 8. Surgery: Decompression of facial nerve in 2nd
d. S.Beal: 166-200 A.D. or 3rd week cannot influence favorably natural
e. Bhandarkar: about 278 A.D. course of Bell’s palsy. In cases which fail to
As a prolific writer, Nagarjuna wrote on many recover after 9 months anastomosis of facial with
accessory or preferably hypoglossal nerve may
subjects like philosophy, religion, medicine, chemistry
be considered, or plastic surgery is advised in
alchemy. His creations became classic. cases of total paralysis with atrophy of
***** musculature.
Newsletter of ARMARC 4 OCTOBER -2010
Complications of Bell’s palsy: Sometimes, new nerve ss the Vatahara properties, they might have helped in
fibres that grow after first developed Bell’s palsy join up breaking the samprapti of the Ardita, thus alleviating
to the wrong muscles in face. This may have long-lasting the symptoms as well helping in improving the motor
effects, including the corner of mouth turning up in a smile and sensory functions altered due to kupita vata.
when blinked. This is caused by spontaneous twitches 1. Procedural effect of the process: Prasaruni Taila
or spasms of the muscles in face (also known as that is dropped onto the forehead, enters the
synkinesis); tears are formed in one of eyes while eating. circulatory system through the fine pores present over
Tips to help recovery: the scalp and forehead which is digested by the
1. Exercise the facial muscles in front of a mirror Brajaka pitta. The various Dhamanies supplying the
2. Massage the face skin pick up this digested matter just like the lotus
3. Apply gentle heat to reduce pain using a finger stem picks up nutrition from the water. After entering
4. Regularly close the eye to keep it moist. Tape the hair follicles it remains there for 300 Matrâs and
the eye closed for sleeping. makes its way into the skin in 400 Matras thus reaching
Use protective glasses or clear eye patches to keep Majja in 900 Matrâs and subsiding the existing
the eye moist and to keep foreign materials from disease. Thus its circulation throughout the entire body
entering the eye. can be understood.
5. Use doctor-recommended artificial tears or an This Ayurvedic concept is supported by
ointment to keep the eye moist. contemporary science of medicine which states that it
Treatment: As mentioned earlier, Shirodhara was is possible to produce a certain amount of absorption
chosen as line of treatment. The the effect of the by the application of substances conveyed in fatty
procedure can be analyzed as: vehicles (Chatterjee C. C, 1994).
1. Therapeutic effect of medicaments used: The Looking in to the physiology of absorption, in man
therapeutic effect is partially attributed to the percutaneous absorption probably occurs mainly from the
medicament i,e., Prasarini Taila. Prasarini taila surface. The concept of percutaneous absorption
contains drugs like prasarini, devadaru, envisaged in modern physiology depends on;
raktachandana, pippali, madhuka, vacha, bala, • The skin itself
rasna, nagara, jatamamsi, vatarimula ksheera.amla • The vehicle affecting the transfer
kanji, dadhi and tila taila. • The substance which permeates or penetrates is
Tila taila, being the one of the best Vatahara drug absorbed
can be used in all the eighty types of Vatavyadhi and The barrier to absorption is placed in the stratum
Ardita is a disorder predominantly caused by vitiated granulosum and stratum lucidum, which represents an
‘Vata’. ‘Sheetasevana’ is one of the most prevalent electric double layer with positive hydrogen ions on the
causative factor for Ardita. Taila is ‘ushna’ and thus inner side. The dermal appendages however afford a break
helps to cure it. Taila is also said to be anilaghnam, in the intact epidermis. If a substance penetrates follicular
swarakaram, sthirikaranam which helps to restore canals and reaches the duct of the sebaceous gland and
the functions of vitiated ‘Vata’, speech and motor then the gland cells it has circumvented the absorption
system respectively. barrier. The permeability of the cells of the sebaceous gland
Prasarini having guru and ushna virya acts as is greater than that of the granular layer of the epidermis.
Vatahara, hence making it efficient in treating any of The concept that the lining of the epidermis allows the
vata rogas. As all the drugs and prakshepaka dravyas penetration of the cells by lipid substances is theoretically
used in preparation of Prasarini taila generally posse- true.
Newsletter of ARMARC 5 OCTOBER -2010

The vehicles that alter the permeability of the skin to


affect transfer do so by modifying its structure or function
by:
1. Cytolysis of the stratum lucidum and granular layer
of the epidermis
2. Inflammatory hyperemia
3. Removal of skin constituents such as cholesterol
by precipitation (soaps) or solution. (ether,
chloroform, benzene)
4. Mild irritation of the epidermal cells
Ratio between lipoid solubility and water solubility is
an important feature of the substances that penetrates the
skin. Electrolytes are soluble in water and insoluble in
lipoid whereas fat is reverse. Both solubilities are required
for a substance to move in between the cells. True fats
Fig. 9- Epidermis to Cortex
and non saponificable substances cannot pass through
the skin. But a true fat in contact with skin may be
subjected to the action of the skin lipase and thus attains
hydro-philic properties. Animal oils penetrate the dermal
appendages best, vegetable oils less and mineral oils least.
(Continued to next edition.......................)
Pharmacognostic evaluation of the
Evolvulus nummularius Linn.
(Convolvulaceae)
* Dr. Sunanda K., PG Scholar, Deptt. of Dravyaguna
** Dr. Pallavi N. S., PG Scholar, Deptt. of Dravyaguna

*** Dr. Prashant Kumar Jha, Head, Quality Control


Fig. 10- Fibres to Xylem Vessels
Laboratories, ALNRAMC, Koppa
(Continued from previous edition...................)
Microscopy of stem

Fig. 11- Pith cells densely packed with starch grains


Fig.8- Outline of TS
Newsletter of ARMARC 6 OCTOBER -2010

The transverse section is almost circular in outline with


long uniseriate multicellular trichome compared to the
body. A layer of rectangular cells forms the epidermis
and is followed by 2-3 layers of chlorenchyma. Below
the chlorenchyma, few layers of oval to polygonal pa-
renchyma cells constitute the cortex. Fibres are present
at pericyclic region which is continued to phloem ele-
ments. Below the phloem elements, xylem elements and
pith are present in sequence. Simple and compound types
of starch grains are abundant in pith region. However,
their presence were also noted in parenchyma cells of
cortex and phloem.
Microscopy of root

Fig.12- Outline of TS

Fig. 14- Endodermis to xylem elements

The outline of TS is circular with laterally elon-


gated. 4-6 air-sacs are seen in cortex region which may
be after the dissolution of parenchyma cells. In younger
root such type sacs are not seen present. A layer of
epiblema is followed by 1-2 layered hypodermis. Be-
low this, a zone of cortex filled with starch grains is
present. The apparent endodermis is present separating
the stele from cortex. Starch grains are present in this
region too. This is followed by phloem elements and
Fig.13- Epiblema to cortex xylem elements in row.
*****
Newsletter of ARMARC 7 OCTOBER -2010

Formulation Profile (Series-A/21) Herbal Drug Profile (Series-A/22)


Vajraka taila Kino
Prof: D.K.Mishra M.D (Ay) 1. Prof. M.Vidyasagar 2. Prof. K.S.Sanjay
Dr.L. Kiran Salunke Niranjan 3. Dr. Hari Venkatesh 4. Dr. Prashant Kumar Jha
J.
Reference: Bhaisajyaratnavali
Ingredients:
Kalka dravyas:
1. Saptaparna moola and twak
2. Sirisha
3. Karavira
4. Arka
5. Malati
6. Chitraka
7. Sariva
8. Nimbi
9. Karanja beeja Botanical Source: Juices from the bark and Heartwood
10. Sarshapa of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. from the family
11. Haritaki Papilionaceae.
12. Bibhitaka Geographical Source: This is found deciduous forest
13. Amalaki of western peninsula and South India.
14. Vidanga Plant Morphology: It is a 12- 18 meter tall deciduous
15. Shunti tree with ash-coloured yellowish-grey fissured bark.
16. Marica Leaves are 15 to 25 cm long. Leaflets are 5 to 9 in number.
17. Pippali They are 5- 11.5 x 4.2- 7 cm in size, obate to ovate-
18. Haridra oblong or ovate-lanceolate in shape, glabrous. Flowers
19. Daruharidra – all ingredients together 1 part are in panicles. Panicles are 8-30 cm long, terminal and
Sneha dravya : Tilataila – 4 parts axillary. Pods are 3-5.2 cm in diameter, glabrous.
Drava dravya : Gomootra – 16 parts Description of Kino Gum: Small, glistening, angular
Organoleptic characters: grains, black in colour. They are usually 3-7 mm in
Colour: Brown in colour diameter (sometimes may go around 10 mm). They are
Odour: Specific (pleasant) hard, brittle and braking with vitreous fracture. The odour
Analytical parameters: is nil and taste is somewhat astringent. The drug changes
Loss on drying at 1100 c : 0.42 % w/w the colour of tongue red after coming in contact of saliva.
Refractive index 40 c0
: 1.4653 The kino dissolves in warm water while in cold water, it
Acid value : 4.12 partialloy dissolves. The edges of crystals are seen
Saphonification value : 193 transparent with dark ruby-red colour under the
Therapeutic indications : Tvagdosha, Kusta, Dustadi compound microscope.
vrana Constituents: The gum-kino from the bark provides a
non-glucosidal tannin, Kino tannic acid (25–80%).
Dose : For external application only
The heartwood and roots contain isoflavonoids,
Newsletter of ARMARC 8 OCTOBER-2010

terpenoids and tannins.Tannins include the hypoglycaemic

PRINTED MATTER/BOOK POST


principle (Š)-epicatechin. Stilbenes, such as pterostilbene;
flavonoids, including liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, 7-

RNI Regd No. KARENG/2002/7924


hydroxyflavanone, 7,4-dihydroxyflavanone, 5-
deoxykaempferol and pterosupin; a
benzofuranonemarsupsin and propterol, p-hydroxy
benzaldehyde are active principles of therapeutic
importance.
Uses: Bark-kino: Astringent, antihaemorrhagic,
antidiarrhoeal
Flowers: Febrifuge
Leaves: Used externally for skin diseases
Heartwood: In anaemia, worm infestation, skin diseases,
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Your Suggestions and Queries are invited. Honourable A. Ramesh Rao

Editor: Prof (Dr.) M.Vidyasagar Co-Editor: Dr.Prashant kumar Jha

Printed and Published by ARMARC on behalf of Honourable A. Ramesh Rao, Koppa, Chikmagalur Dt., Karnataka - 577126, India
(No. KARENG/2002/7924, RNI, New Delhi)
email: prashantjha19in@yahoo.co.in, prashantjha19@rediffmail.com URL:www.alnrmamc.com

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