Task 1
DC Circuit
AC Circuits
It is used for long-distance transmission safely
and gives more power
Magnitude is varying with time
The power factor is the change between 0 and 1
The frequency is depending on the country.
Sometime it may 50Hz or 60Hz
Electrons maintain its switching directions -
forward and backward
It produces rotating magnitude through the wire
A passive parameter is an Impedance
AC circuit is mostly used for power distribution
DC voltage cannot travel a very long distance
and until it begins to lose energy
Magnitude is constant
The power factor is always 1
It has zero frequency
Electrons are move in one direction or 'forward'.
The magnitude value is steady
A passive parameter is a Resistance
DC circuit is mostly used for the electronics
board
Task 2

Once the current goes through the body it can affect the body. Sometimes death also occurs because
of the current. Below 30mA for AC and 300mA for DC cannot damage the body but the current is
increasing than that level the body can damage or may die. Normally when we are working with
electrical installation, electrical maintenance and working with electric circuits is a very high risk
for the body. So at the time, we keep more consideration about personal protective equipment and
safety precautions. It will protect our body from electric shock.

And also the current can heat the living tissue under the skin. If the generated heat is enough, the
tissue may be burnt or the internal organs will get damage. And another effect is that will be
damage the nervous system. Avoid touching the people who are getting an electric shock. But only
the effect can be stopped by stopping current through the body when it passes through the body.

The amplitude of the current, the time duration of passing a current through the body and frequency
are the important factors to decide the effect of current that can be passing through the body. And if
the current passes through the hand to foot that is not more dangerous than passing through the
heart. The below figure shows the current that passes through the body.

Figure 1: Current passing through the heart

The time duration of the current flow that passing through the body decides the heaviness of the
hazard. The below figure shows the body current Vs current flow duration

Figure 2: Body current Vs current flow duration

The body resistance also decides the quantity of the current that can pass through the body. It is
changing for wet and dry conditions. And these are the facts of electric shock
Task 3

These are the low voltage protection equipment that prevents an abnormal situation which are direct
contact, indirect contact, short circuit, and overloading.

FUSES

A fuse acts like a victim when there is an overcurrent situation by cutting off the current through the
circuit and protection from overloading.

Figure 3 : Construction of Fuse

The basic principle of the fuse is a heating concept

because of the over current. If the excessive current in following
the circuit then the fuse wire is melt and it opens the circuit to disconnect the power supply.
Normally we use the fuses for home application from the short circuit and damage by overload.
Electrical faults may occur in the wiring because of the absence of fuse and it burns the wire
and electric appliances and may starts fire at home. So the fuses are needed to prevent the home
appliances.
EARTHING

Normally source earthing and load earthing are techniques to create the earthing system which are
the TT system, TN system, and IT system. Earth is universally considered as zero references
therefore source neutral point is connected to the Earth. Load earthing is done if it has exposed
conductive parts. In other words, it’s casing (outer body) should be conductive and exposed to the
environment. Earthing is done to divert abnormal current to the earth and keep exposed conductive
parts at zero potential.

 TT system

In TT earthing arrangement source neutral point is solidly earthed and the vulnerable conductive
part of the installation is separately solidly earthed. Installation earth and Source earth are
electrically independent.

In the TT system, the earth fault current is

very low so the system can protect by
RCDs (Residual Current Devices).
  TN system

In TN earthing arrangements neutral point of the source is solidly earthed, and the exposed
conductive parts of the installation are electrically connected to the neutral point of the source.
There are three types of TN distribution systems which are TN-C, TN-S, and TN-C-S.

Figure 4: a) TN-S System, b) TN-C System and c) TN-C-S System

 TN-S System
In a TN-S system, the source neutral point is solidly earthed and exposed conductive parts
of the installation are connected to the source neutral point using a separate conductor called
Protective Earth (PE). Because of the additional conductor earth faults are flowing through
the PE conductor allowing easy detection of earth faults.
 TN-C System
In the TN-C system source, the neutral point is solidly earthed and the exposed conductive
parts of the installation are directly connected to the neutral wire at the load. Here, the
neutral conductor works as well as Protective Earth (PE). Therefore this conductor is named
Protective Earth Neutral (PEN) conductor.
Earth fault current is very high so RCDs cannot be used to detect the fault. Therefore
Detecting current in PE conductor is required to identify that there is a fault.
 TN-C-S System
This is the least expensive system among TN distribution but the TN-S system is the best
arrangement regarding fault detection but much costly. Therefore the TN-C-S system
can be taken as a compromise between these two systems
  IT system
In IT systems source neutral point is kept isolated or earthed through a very high impedance
and installation exposed conductive parts are separately solidly earthed.

Under single earth fault (fault at only one equipment) condition there will not be any
significant current flow therefore earth fault current is negligible. So the detection of the
earth's fault is hard in the IT system. Neither RCDs nor overcurrent devices can detect earth
fault in the IT system. Hence, this type of earthing arrangement is prohibited to use in public
installations. This can be used only for very special installations such as welding center.

RCCB (Residual Current Circuit Breakers)

The principle behind the RCCB is Kirchhoff’s law which states that the incoming current must be
equal to the outgoing current in a circuit. RCCBs are comparing the difference in current values
between live and neutral wires. During the fault, the current from the neutral wire is reduced, the
differential between the two known as Residual Current. On spotting a Residual Current, the RCCB
is triggered to trip off the circuit.

Figure 5: Image of RCCB

Benefits of RCCB

 Earth faults and leakage current are protected

 If it exceeds the expected level, the system can disconnect automatically
 Offers the possibility of dual termination both for cable and busbar connections
 It gives proper protection for voltage fluctuation.

There are two types of RCCB such as 2 pole RCCB and 4 pole RCCB.2 pole RCCBs are used in
single-phase supply and 4 pole RCCBs are used in three-phase supply connection.

ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit Breakers)

ELCB is a safety device which has high impedance to protect the system from the abnormal
condition. The purpose of the Earth leakage circuit breaker (ECLB) is to stop damage to humans
and animals due to electric shock.

Figure 6: Working principle of ELCB

The ELCB notices fault

currents of humans or animals
to the earth wire in the connection. If more voltage appears across the ELCB’s sense coil, it will
disconnect and the system gets off until reset manually.
Installation precautions
1. During the working time, always want to use insulated tools. It avoids the direct contact
with electrical parts so the system will protect without any damages.
2. During the working time at all avoid the water and never touch the electrical equipment or
repairing the circuit with your wet hand because it will increase the conductivity of electric
current.
3. Use the rubber gloves and goggles while working time, it will protect our body and eye
during abnormal condition
4. During electrical working at height, use the wooden or fiber ladder because if we use the
steel ladder while fault condition then the fault current passing through the body via ladder
to the ground. This is very high risk so use a wooden ladder to avoid the contact between
humans and earth.
5. Always check with a tester before working with the electrical system and keep enough
knowledge about electrical codes

Task 4

Bladed Power Tool

Risks

 Motors may overheat and get the fire

 During the fault time, the fault current may pass through the body
 Blades may cut the fingers or body

To avoid the risks

 Always workers follow the instruction of manufactures manual

 Wear the personal protective equipment and safety goggles
 Keep the workplace clean and dry to protect from accidental slips or dangerous of hand
tools
 Keep cords and hoses away from heat, oil, and sharp edges.
Electric immersion heated water bath

Risks
 The electric fault may occur due to overheating and to the potential risk of the electric shock
or fire.
 Improper insulation
To avoid the risk
 Always check the equipment which immersed in the water
 Check the insulation of the equipment
 Check the electrical connectivity
 Read the manufacturer manual and check the electrical system at least per month

Running an electric tram in the city center

Risk
 Electric shock
 Collision between trams
 Tram tracks can be hazardous for cyclists, as bikes, particularly those with narrow tires, may
get their wheels caught in the track grooves.
To avoid the risk
 Planning the work during maintenance
 Frequently Check the connectivity
 Check insulation
 Make proper insulation