1.1 Critically evaluate the different approaches that can be taken to tourism policy.

Tourism Policy refers to a high-level overall plan with objectives and

procedures. Policies can generally be found in formal statements such as legislation
and official documents and declarations. Tourism policy is generally regarded as a
field of the overall economic policy of a country. It is a public policy designed to
achieve specific, municipal, state or federal tourism-related goals.

Potential approaches for tourism policy development

Scientific Approach
The goal of the scientific study on tourism policy is to reaffirm, from a rational point of
view, the need to research the various problems beyond any specific political
considerations; it stresses the need for a rational choice of objectives to be
accomplished in the light of an unbiased examination of a given situation; and
emphasizes the fact that the study of tourism and the science derived from it goes
hand in hand, inseparable from its unity and from its different degrees of theoretical
abstraction (Sessa, 1976, p. 247).
Institutional Approach
An institutional approach focuses on the organizational structures, regulations,
opportunities for investment and constraints that affect policy development and
implementation (Dieke, 1993; Sofield, 1993). Institutional research assumes that
public policy is predominately performed within government and public institutions,
criticized as underplaying the mechanisms of politics and society (Stevenson, et al.,
2008).
Social Approach
Tourism policy-making is seen as a social activity with an emphasis on how actors
(institutions, communities, organizations, individuals) respond to each other or on
factors influencing public attitudes' (Bramwell & Lane, 1999). Development of
collaborative policies can involve conflict resolution, problem-solving, and capacity
building in the society amongst the strake holder communities, this development is
undertaken by the authorities (Lovelock, 2001, 2002).
Relational Approach
The relational approach emphasizes greater engagement by'' interested parties'' in
tourism association planning and organizational activities (Hall 2000). A stakeholder
approach highlights the'' plurality and the political nature of organizational objectives
and policy implementation'' (Treuren and Lane 2003:4). Network approaches to
policy development are based on'' policy groups'' consisting of people
communicating across networks. Here' policy evolves as a result of informal
interaction trends' taking into account the complexities of "complex relationships "by
analyzing them "as they alter and move (Borzel, 1998, p. 260; John, 1998, p. 1;
Stevenson, et al., 2008).

MRIGANGA BARMAN
INTERNATIONAL TOURISM POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT
1.2 Summarise the evolution of tourism policy.

Tourism in India was only the second five-year plan (1956) as an economic
term. Originally going on a pilgrimage or visiting friends and relatives in India is what
was supposed to be tourism. It was only after the establishment of India tourism
development corporation (ITDC) in October 1966 that India was promoted as a
tourist destination not only for pilgrimage or visiting friends and relatives, but as a
destination for holidays. ITDC's main goal was to provide appropriate consulting
services and support Indian tourism for development purposes. The Indian
Government in 1982 approved the national tourist policy, which laid down in Swagat,
Suchana, Suvidha, Suraksha, Sahyog and Samrachana, a six-point plan for tourism
growth, which refers to welcome, provide information, encourage, provide health,
cooperate and develop infrastructure. This policy mainly aimed at promoting
sustainable socioeconomic growth, preserving and safeguarding India's rich heritage
and culture and at creating opportunities for employment. Later on, the Indian
government has taken a number of measures including the creation of the Tourism
Finance Corporation in 1988, a national tourism commission in 1992, the 1996
National Tourism Promotion Policy, and a new tourism strategy in 1997 to encourage
the rapid growth of India's tourism industry.
Highlights of contemporary tourism policy of India
- Build authority and support and provide the Tourism Board with dynamic and time-
efficient processes and procedures.
- The Indian tourism offices overseas to serve as the centre in their respective
regions and outsource to the extent possible PR and event management activities.
- Aim to increase India's number of World Heritage sites.
- Conservation, restoration, coordinated growth of World Heritage Sites areas and
other significant archaeological sites.
- Commence cleanliness drives at tourist destinations and sites, involving schools
and colleges, hotel management institutes, stakeholders and local / community
involvement.
- "Atithi devo bhava" campaigns to be carried out by the central and state
governments on a large scale to raise awareness among stakeholders and the
general public about the importance of tourism and the need for good tourist
behaviour.
- Establish a dedicated Tourism and Hospitality Education University with pan-India
centres for excellence.
- Develop clear guidelines for qualification and accreditation or self-certification
across different categories for all service providers.
- Use state-of - the-art technology to redesign the Incredible India website to make it
user friendly, engaging, informative, clutter-free and compatible across all digital
platforms.

MRIGANGA BARMAN
INTERNATIONAL TOURISM POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT
1.3 Explain the multi-scalar nature of contemporary tourism policy and its relationship
with institutions involved in tourism development at the global, national and local scale.

For the policy to function on the different levels it needs to have support
structure of many institutions on different scale.
Global level:
- PATA (Pacific Asia Travel Association)
A handful of members formed the PATA India in 1974. It has expanded to 245
members, and is one of todays most active in the Asia Pacific region. The Chapter
includes State Tourism Boards, Carriers, Hotels, Travel Agents, with major support
from the Ministry of Tourism, the Government of India which is the main and largest
member organization of PATA India.

- The World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC)

In February 2000, the World Travel & Tourism Council, India Initiative (WTTCII)
was launched to raise awareness of the crucial role travel and tourism plays in the
development and growth of the Indian economy.
- The WTTC India Initiative works with travel and tourism industry stakeholders
through programs such as Seminars, Conferences and Trainings that address issues
relevant to the industry.

- United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

UNWTO contributes to Indian economic growth, inclusive development and
environmental sustainability by promoting tourism as an economic activity and a
means for the development of tourist destinations around the world.
- UNWTO assists in supporting Indian tourism as a tool for achieving the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs). Through the tourism sector, all priorities from no
deprivation, zero hunger to climate action, social justice and strong institutions and
alliances for the goals can be easily carried out.

National level:
- India Tourism Development Corporation (ITDC)
ITDC was created in October 1966 and was the prime mover in the country's
progressive development, promotion and expansion of tourism. Broadly speaking,
the main objectives of the Company are:
- To build, acquire and manage existing hotels and market hotels, Beach Resorts,
Travelers ' Lodges / Restaurants;
- To provide transportation, entertainment, shopping and traditional services;
- To provide consultancy-cum-management services in India and abroad; to carry on
as Full-Fledged corporation.
- Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management (ITTM)
ITTM with registered office in New Delhi was established in January 1983. It offers
various university courses in tourism, travel and related areas. It has taken a number
of alternative training courses for monitoring personnel and business employees at
grassroots level.
MRIGANGA BARMAN
INTERNATIONAL TOURISM POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT
- National Council for Hotel Management and Catering Technology
It serves as an apex for coordinating training and research in the management of
hotels and catering. The headquarters are in New Delhi. It is the primary planning
and monitoring body of 15 hotel institutes and 15 food-producing institutions and
ensures uniformity in academic standards and procedures to choose candidates for
various courses conducted by these institutions. It provides information about the
activities of 15 institutes.

Local level (STDC's State Tourism Development Corporations):

Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation (MTDC)
- Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation (MTDC), a company founded by
the Maharashtra government in 1975.This government body's goal is to increase
tourist traffic into the state.
- It runs tourism resorts, hotels, motels, restaurants and manufactures advertising
and promotional material for tourists. It also hosts historical and tourist sites in the
state, such as Banganga, Kala Ghoda and Pune, and other places of interest.
Delhi Travel & Transportation Development Corporation Ltd
- It was founded in December 1975 with the main objective of promoting tourism and
related services in the capital of India, Delhi.
- The tourists are informed about the authentic information about the tourist sites,
culture, accommodation, monuments, food, entertainment, shopping and
reservation.
Rajasthan Tourism Development Corporation Ltd. (RTDC)
- It is a company registered with headquarters in Jaipur under Companies Act 1956.
- RTDC acts as a catalyst for developing; implementing projects and schemes
accelerating state tourism. Managing several restaurants, cafes, hotels, motels,
pubs, boats, shuttle services and facilities. The organization organizes package trips,
exhibits, festivals and events, shopping and transportation services to improve the
tourist experience.

MRIGANGA BARMAN
INTERNATIONAL TOURISM POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT
3.1 Critically evaluate the impact of tourism in destinations.
The Asian destinations chosen for a broad perspective on analysis of tourism
impacts fall in one geographical region, they are India, China and Bhutan
TOURISM IMPACTS IN INDIA- OVERVIEW

Positive impacts of tourism affecting tourism in India

- Income generation and Employment:
India's tourism has become an instrument for generating incomes and employment,
alleviating poverty and sustainable human development. This contributes 6.77% to
domestic GDP and 8.78% of India's total employment. In India's tourism industry
now nearly 20 million people are employed.
- Foreign exchange revenue source:
In India, tourism is a significant source of foreign exchange revenue. This has a
positive effect on the country's balance of payments. The tourism industry in India
produced approximately US$ 100 billion in 2008 and is expected to increase by 9.4
per cent per annum to US$ 275.5 billion by 2018.
- National Heritage and Environmental Preservation:
Tourism helps preserve many historically significant locations by naming them as
heritage sites.
- Infrastructure Development:
Tourism tends to encourage the creation of multiple-use infrastructure that supports
the local community, including different modes of transportation, health care
facilities, and sports centres.
Negative impacts of tourism affecting tourism in India
- Increase stress and conflict:
Tourism can increase tension, animosity and mistrust between tourists and local
communities when the culture and way of life of each other is not valued and
understood.
- Adverse environmental and ecological effects:
One of the key adverse environmental effects of tourism is increased pressure on
the ecosystem's capacity in each tourist destination.
- Prices increase:
Increasing demand from visitors for basic services and goods will often cause price
hikes that have a negative impact on local residents whose income is not rising
proportionately.

MRIGANGA BARMAN
INTERNATIONAL TOURISM POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT
 TOURISM IMPACTS IN CHINA- OVERVIEW

Positive impacts of tourism affecting tourism in china

- Improves the development of infrastructures:
The tourism destination have achieved greater economic gains through the growth of
tourism and has sufficient money to improve its infrastructure. Road development
and greening, installation of gas pipeline instead of coal cinder, for the organized
processing of garbage and wastewater in many rural areas. These are significantly
improving the quality of life of local residents and reducing carbon emissions, which
have positive environmental impacts.
-The growth of the local tourism infrastructure is conducive to tourism activities while
at the same time the tourism development provides financial assistance to improve
tourist facilities and thus forms a virtuous cycle.
- Boost environmental awareness:
The residents are growing their disposable income due to the development of
tourism and the improvement of infrastructure. Residents benefit from tourism, and
they start actively protecting the environment and raising environmental awareness.
- Revenue and employment creation:
Tourism creates jobs which increase employment in the tourism industry. The
tourism sector also offers small businesses, which are especially important in rural
communities, additional tax revenues, such as airport and hotel taxes that can be
used for schools, homes and hospitals that provide funds for the government and the
locals. They are also relevant in rural communities.

Negative impacts of tourism effecting tourism in China

- The negative aspects of Chinese tourism are majorly environmental impacts.
China, being a country of mass tourism, suffers from the depletion of basic resources
in a person's life, besides having to divide these natural resources to meet the needs
of all as foreigners join more and more.
- Successful tourism is dependent on the establishment of a basic infrastructure,
such as highways, visitor centres and hotels. Normally the burden of this is on the
government, so it has to come from tax revenue. Tourist jobs are often seasonal and
underpaid. Tourism based destinations can be adversely affected by incidents like
terrorism, natural disasters and economic recession.
- The occupying Chinese regime is illegally packaging and distributing ancient
Chinese rituals. The Chinese people no longer have influence over their own borders
and are not consulted, at least not in any meaningful way, about the' growth' of their
towns and cities or the transformation of their sacred pilgrimage sites into tourist
attractions. The reason for this is the steady increase of foreign tourists who do not
value traditional culture and want to travel. For example, the pilgrims find themselves
squeezed out, often literally, as hundreds and thousands of tourists converge on
remote and peaceful places that once were.

MRIGANGA BARMAN
INTERNATIONAL TOURISM POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT
 TOURISM IMPACTS IN BHUTAN- OVERVIEW

Positive impacts of tourism affecting tourism in Bhutan

- Tourism revenue is a major source of income for Bhutan as it contributes 56% of
national tax income. Tourism has generated self-employment and provided
additional income to rural communities by selling to tourist’s local produce and crafts
(Rinzin, Vermeulen & Glasbergen 2007).
- Increasing numbers of rural tourists have been helping rural communities to work
as local guides, employ porter-pony services and provide visitors with cultural
activities (Gurung & Seeland, 2008).
- To protect biodiversity, ecotourism has developed several national parks and
animal sanctuaries.

Negative impacts of tourism affecting tourism in Bhutan

- The depletion of vegetation by chopping firewood from slow growing trees. In the
high alpine regions of Bhutan, through which most trekking routes are located, this is
more pronounced. In these areas the local population depends on wood for fuel and
tourism is putting additional pressure on the forests.
- Another significant issue affecting tourism in Bhutan is the degradation of fragile
plants. Even though tourism activities in the high mountain areas are not solely
responsible for erosion, the use of horses and yaks during treks has a significant
impact. Local residents also tend to increase the size of their home herds for
transportation contracts with the tourism industry, which in turn contributes to the
limited capacity of vulnerable mountain habitats to bring.

MRIGANGA BARMAN
INTERNATIONAL TOURISM POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT
3.2 Critically analyse the key relationships that impact on sustainable international
tourism development.

Sustainable development in India

The United Nations distinguishes sustainable development as "growth that meets
present-day needs without undermining future generations ' ability to meet their own
needs."
Its objectives:
- Reducing the depletion of natural resources when new developments are created.
- Development which can be sustained and maintained without causing massive
environmental
damage.
- Develop strong infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialisation
and incubate innovation.
Sustainable tourism development initiatives in India
- Major drive of social awareness under initiative ' Atithi Devo Bhavah '
- Involving schools, NGOs, organisations from industry, etc. in carrying out
sustainable cleanliness drives at important tourist destinations. All organizations and
individuals involved in this program will be given the appropriate rewards and
awards.
- Sanctions of central financial assistance for building public facilities, biodegradable
toilets and other infrastructure are the top most priorities.
- In collaboration with Ecotourism Society of India (ESOI), a non-profit organization
established in 2008 with an exclusive goal of promoting and ensuring
environmentally responsible and sustainable practices in tourism industry, the
Tourism Ministry has launched the Sustainable Tourism Criteria for India (STCI). The
requirements for three major segments of the tourism industry were implemented,
viz. Tour Operators, Hospitality & Beaches, Backwaters, Lakes and Rivers.
Sustainable development in China
- Specific attention is given to environmentally sound innovations and demonstration
projects for the development of agriculture, industry and energy.
- Significant programs on reducing and conserving environmental pollution and
sustainable use of natural resources are given priority.
- The focus is on developing public transport and reducing and controlling emissions
of exhaust from motor vehicles as well as improving air quality in urban areas.
Sustainable tourism development initiatives in China
- Better ecosystem for national tourism and recreation:
This initiative is intended to increase the availability and accessibility of key
destinations and attractions for visitors. Public libraries, memorial halls and patriotic
education places are slowly being opened for free to the public.' Local government
is asked to improve the quality of tourism transportation and companies are
encouraged to provide visitors with favourable treatment.

MRIGANGA BARMAN
INTERNATIONAL TOURISM POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT
-Development of infrastructure and services:
The Chinese government plans to increase the provision of tourism facilities,
including new parks, hotels, marinas and recreational areas. The goal further
highlights the need for those with special needs to enhance their access to tourism.
- Public services are developed for national tourism and leisure activities:
It sets out the aim to build new infrastructure for tourist information, including TICs,
road signs and websites. In addition, the policy gives importance to tourism
management training for personnel and higher education and vocational education.
Sustainable development in Bhutan
- Bhutan is an environmentally sustainable country with a small mountainous area,
nestled in the Himalayas. The social, cultural, political, and spiritual roots are
embedded in the Gross National Happiness theory. That means it aims for
sustainable socio-economic development, cultural preservation, environmental
conservation, and good governance.
- Bhutan's commitment to carbon neutrality is enshrined in its Constitution and
environmental concerns include the requirement that 60 percent of its land be
preserved as forests.
Sustainable tourism development initiatives in Bhutan
- High Quality, Low Volume:
The idea of' High Quality, Low Volume' was introduced when tourism began in
Bhutan in 1974. The key concept is high quality, low volume. With eco-friendly
tourism, high income at low volumes is produced by nation. These initiatives allow
the government to reduce tourism by imposing high value which results in minimal
negative impact on the country's natural and socio-economic environment. Tourists
are made to pay USD 200 per day which reduces the number of tourist visits and
generates high income on the other hand.
- Preservation of handicrafts:
Bhutan's Tourism Council encourages local people to showcase their handmade
crafts through numerous festivals such as the Royal Highland Festival, which began
on October 16, 2016 in the district of Gasa, where local people show their handmade
products from yaks and sheep's wool and fur. The festival also includes various
programs of local communities performing culture. Such festivals encourage local
people to maintain their craftsmanship and generate revenue through tourist trade.
As there have been many festivals launched by Bhutan's tourism council to preserve
the country's distinct handcraft.
- Flora and Fauna Conservation:
Bhutan's constitution states that the country should have at least 60 percent forest
coverage. The land is covered by 71 percent of the forest, making it the only carbon-
negative country in the world. The Government of Bhutan has also taken the
initiative to help the world reduce carbon emissions.

MRIGANGA BARMAN
INTERNATIONAL TOURISM POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT
3.3 Critically evaluate how tourism can be used to meet international development
goals.
The analysis and comparison of the above mentioned assessment criterion is
based on the international development goals of three Asian countries India, Bhutan
and China. The research considers two micro goals of global partnership for
development.

International development goals of India

Global Partnership for Development:
- Varanasi Kyoto initiative (Vakyo)
It was created to connect Varanasi and Kyoto's cultural heritage cities with India,
Japan, and to draw inspiration from Kyoto to establish Varanasi as a city of intelligent
patrimony. This plan was created and initiated by India's and Japanese
governments, which were concluded on 30 August 2014 during Prime Minister Shri
Narendra Modi's visit to Japan.

Environmental Sustainability:
- Awareness summits with GreenOtels in the 10 cities of Bangalore, Jaipur, Chennai,
Kochi, Pune, Goa, Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad and Visakhapatnam. The HRA (Hotel
& Restaurants Association), Green Lodging News (US), Green Hotelier Media & ITP
(UK), Tomorrow Hotel Owners (Singapore), and the Indian Ecotourism Society
(ESOI) support the initiative and provide active support for the initiative.
- The Summit in each city brings together hospitality experts and developers,
analysts, policy makers and notable thinkers who take all plausible scenarios into
account and offer solutions, strategies and ideas to help us develop sustainable
practice and experience the advancements of hotel operations.

International development goals of China

Global Partnership for Development:
- Accor and Alibaba Group, the worldwide leading retail trade group, have
announced a strategic partnership to develop a variety of digital applications and
loyalty programs aimed at increasing the experience of customers and travellers in
the next five years. During the China International Import Expo 2019, the
announcement took place at a special ceremony in Beijing. In a state visit to China,
Accor was part of the team of French firms accompanying President Emmanuel
Macron.
- The strategic partnership will leverage nearly 700 million customers across China's
retail marketplaces to allow more Chinese travellers to experience the world-class
luxury offerings of Accor. In Alibaba's extensive ecosystem, it will enable seamless
integration of Accor's customer journey. Alibaba's Fliggy travel branch will allow
consumers to book hotels, access catering, book entertainment and enjoy other
lifestyle services. Payments may be made using Alipay, an Alibaba affiliate Ant
Financial digital payment provider.

MRIGANGA BARMAN
INTERNATIONAL TOURISM POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT
Environmental Sustainability:
- Chinese leading OTA, Ctrip has engaged in a range of collaborations, waste
reduction and environmental tourism promotion initiatives. They also collaborated
with the WWF and the UNDP, as well as with the travel agencies, airlines and hotels.
Ctrip and Tourism Toronto and China Southern Airlines partnered together to offer
reusable, foldable plastic cups to passengers in 2018. Ctrip also started in 2018 a
plogging event, which attracted participants from over 200 towns across China,
Japan and Thailand.

International development goals of Bhutan

Global Partnership for Development:
- In 2017, China hit the top of the list of tourists visiting Bhutan, according to the
Bhutan Tourism Board. Tourism can create not only the ties of the two countries, but
also the shared destiny community through the global link of people.

Environmental Sustainability:
- Bhutan's sustainable trekking program aims to conserve our country's rich and
beautiful natural environment, one of the foundations of our Gross National
Happiness. they have an outstanding environmental code of conduct for trekking,
such as:
- Prevent of campfires in trekking camps.
- Provision of toilets at the camp sites.
- Maintain cleanliness around camp sites.

MRIGANGA BARMAN
INTERNATIONAL TOURISM POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT
4.1 Research development issues in an international context.

Major issues to Sustainable tourism development in India

- Lack of adequate infrastructure:
Travel and tourism infrastructure needs vary from the physical infrastructure,
including transmission, to urban infrastructure modes such as electricity access
roads, water supply, telecommunications etc. The travel and tourism business
involves airlines surface transportation lodging and facilities and facilitation program.
Poor infrastructure has been a major reason why the country has been missed by
the international tourist.
- Connectivity and access:
A number of efforts are being made to open up new destinations and to explore
niche segments to explore India's tourism potential. Infrastructure facilities such as
air transport, path connectivity and hospitality services are not adequate for this
destination and for linking cities.
- Inadequate Human resource:
The availability of skilled workers is a major challenge affecting the travel and
tourism industry, which needs staining development in the travel and tourism
sectors, educated workers or workforce.
- Lack of publicity:
Most tourist destinations have no advertising, as well as a lack of good education of
the locals to welcome and host the tourists. There is also a lack of promotion in
cuisines and cultures.

Major issues to sustainable tourism development in Bhutan

- Imbalances in the region:
The fact that it is mostly a Himalayan region for mountain ranges and high elevation
trekking and a central zone for cultural excursions is also another issue that can
impact tourism sustainability. The western valleys of Paro, Thimphu, Punakha,
Wangdiphodrang and the central valleys of Trongsa and Bumthang are the main
destinations for such tourism.
- Inadequate diversification of products:
Tourism in Bhutan is mostly restricted to cultural visitors, sightseers and trekkers.
There are 6,328 cultural tourists and 830 climber tourists out of a total of 7,158
tourists. Even though Bhutan has enormous potential for other types of tourism and
for special interests such as agriculture, adventure and nature tourism, the
diversification of the goods cycle has just begun.
- Lack of substantial research base for tourism:
To make good policy decisions in the future, proper research, surveys, reviews,
estimates, data collection and analysis and research relating to tourism growth are
needed.

MRIGANGA BARMAN
INTERNATIONAL TOURISM POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT
- Weak Institutional Base:
The Department of Tourism lacks staff and fund for effective management and
monitoring of the tourism industry. There is a lack of skilled labour, especially at the
level of managers and businesses. There are no formal institutes in the country for
hotel and tourism preparation. Many companies have challenges in recruiting and
retaining well-trained staff at all levels.

Major issues to sustainable tourism development in china

- The Chinese tourism sector has contributed to ecosystem disruption. Tourism, by
boosting the transport sector, has indirectly led to the deterioration of climate. During
transport by road to their destinations the tourism and travel sectors rely heavily on
the consumption of highly toxic products like petrol and diesel: shipping cars emit
gasses like carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide which have to do with global
warming, photochemical pollution and acid rain (E, 2012).
- Tourism significantly influenced the Chinese people's culture. It has contributed, for
example, to cultural heritage restoration. Cultural identity is uplifted and rejuvenated
through restoration of history. In fact, it provides a platform for cultural exchange and
education (Williams, 2015).
- It may affect the geological landscape and soil of the tourist destination during the
construction of tourist destination, and ruin the original landscape, such as the
blasting stones, road repair, bridge building, and cableway. While visitors are
travelling in scenic places, the weather, animals and plants are affected. Because of
the huge number of tourists, the effect on animals and plants is even greater.

MRIGANGA BARMAN
INTERNATIONAL TOURISM POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT
4.2 Develop a project plan to address development issues in an international context.
Suggestive strategies are for development and growth of tourism project plans
in India, Bhutan and China
Strategies to overcome tourism development issues in India are:
- To grow not only traditional products, but also non-traditional tourism products,
India must use its topography, natural resources and labour.
- Rural tourism must be highlighted as a by-product of Indian tourism. At the same
time, it is important to encourage eco-tourism for sustainable livelihoods.
- Increasing investment and stimulating (world-class) infrastructure development and
strengthening security should be a top priority on the agenda. Quality service needs
to be upgraded in hotels, airports, railway stations, etc.
- Proper segmentation of the market should be done based on certain parameters as
demographic, socioeconomic and geographic variables.
Strategies to overcome tourism development issues in Bhutan are:
- The sustainable development of tourism in the future depends primarily on how the
Department of Tourism and the association of industry (Association of Bhutanese
Tour Operators) work effectively. In order to do this, the efficiency of the Department
needs rapidly to be improved and effective private sector collaboration and
organization needs to be established.
- The addition of services and facilities to enhance and improve the tourist product,
contribute to increased visitor satisfaction, positive environmental, economic and
socio-cultural effects, contribute to the reduction in tourism's seasonal character and
also expand tourism to the other regions.
- Another fundamental requirement for designing future policies and plans is
gathering and analyzing completed market information and enhancing analysis of
market activity characteristics. Developing new goods and attractions also involves
ambitious collaborative marketing campaigns incorporating public and private capital.
- For the success of future projects, the development of human resources is
important, not only within the Department of Tourism but also among individual
private operators and other agencies.
Strategies to overcome tourism development issues in China are:
- The tourist focus has emerged in response to harmful side effects of traditional
tourism, promoting local employment and learning about the place they visit.
- In recent years the Government of China has strengthened its protection measures:
tightened boat regulations, swimming ban and a buffer zone between the lake and
factories and households and the plan "to make sure the balance is reached
between tourism and eco-protection," to convert lake-round land to China's largest
wet subs.

MRIGANGA BARMAN
INTERNATIONAL TOURISM POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT
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INTERNATIONAL TOURISM POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT
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Submitted by--MRIGANGA BARMAN

OTHM Reg no-
Qualification title-OTHM Level-7Diploma in Tourism and Hospitality Management
Place of Study-Blue Whale Academy

MRIGANGA BARMAN
INTERNATIONAL TOURISM POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT