Struktur

Beton Pratekan

Materials Properties
Sekar Mentari ST MT
Teknik Sipil
Compositions of typical Concrete :
 Concrete material technology

• Concrete hardens due to chemical reaction that

occur between the portland cement and water
• Portland cement consist largely of calcium silicate
• These silicates react with water to produce
calcium silicate hydrate which provides most of
the strength, and calcium hydroxide which makes
the concrete alkaline
•
Portland cement also contains tricalcium
aluminate (C3A), which contribute to the alkalinity
of the concrete and helps to bind chemically any
chloride ions that may be present
Surface scanning micrograph showing stage in the hydration
of portland cement
Type of Portland cement:
 Water

• To hydrate the cement completely a minimum amount of

water equal to about 25% of the weight of the cement.
• Although it is desirable to minimize the amount of water in
the mix, a w/c ratio of about 0,30 is the lowest value that
can be achieved in practice
• Water excess of that used in the hydration process causes
small voids to form in the resulting cement paste,
weakening the paste and making it more porous.
• Increasing the w/c ratio thus reduces the strength and
increase the permeability of the concrete.
• In pc construction, where the concrete are typically 30 to
60 MPa, reasonable w/c ratios required.
Proportions for high-strength silica fume concrete
Stress-strain of concrete and its constituent materials:
100 to 200
MPa
Typical compressive stress-strain curve:
Popovics model for Stress-strain of concrete:

fc n( cf /  c' )
' 
f c n 1 ( cf /  c' ) nk

f’c = peak stress obtained from a cylinder test

’c = strain when fc reaches f’c
n = curve fitting factor to Ec/(Ec-E’c)
Ec = tangent stiffness when cf equals zero
E’c = f ’c/’c
k = factor to increase the postpeak decay in stress, taken as 1.0 for (cf / ’c)
less than 1.0 and as a number greater than 1.0 for (cf / ’c)greater than 1.0
Unknown parameter: f’c, ’c, Ec, and k can be derived directly from test.
Estimate Ec:
E  w1.5 0.043 f ' Kg/m3 and MPa
c c c

Ec  4730 f c'

Ec  3320 f c'  6900 MPa for f’c > 41 MPa

Estimate compressive stress-strain coefficient:

f c'
n  0.8 
17
f c'
k  0.67  k  1.0
62
Compressive stress-strain coefficients for normal-weight
concrete:
Predicted stress-strain relationships by Popovics model for
normal-weight concrete:
Stress-strain relationship for concrete less than about 41 MPa:
Simple parabola (Hognestad):
2
fc  cf   cf 
 2 '  ' 
c  c 
'
fc
 fc 
' 1
 cf   c  1 '  strain
fc 
 

fc  Ec cf for fc < 0.6fc’

Cyclic loading response of concrete:

Unloading before
peak stress

Unloading after
peak stress
Fatigue resistance of concrete:

Concrete has a very

substantial ability to
resist many cycles of
repeated loading.
Fatigue resistance will
typically be governed by
the fatigue of the
reinforcement rather
than the fatigue of the
concrete
Influence of loading rate:
Creep of concrete:
Short-term and long-term stress-strain curves:
Creep with time:
Correction factor for volume/surface ratio:
Values of coefficient, :
Variation of stress with time:
Stress-strain of concrete in tension:
Methods of estimating cracking strength of concrete:
Influence of amount of water on shrinkage:
Correction factor for relative humidity:
Strength reduction at high temperatures:
Weight of reinforced concrete:
Effect of lateral confining pressure:
Standard prestressing strands, wires, and bars:
Standard prestressing strands, wires, and bars:
Requirement for prestressing tendons specified by ASTM:
Production of seven-wire strand
Geometric properties of deformed reinforcing bars:
Geometric properties of deformed reinforcing bars:
ASTM requirements for reinforcing bars:
Improvement of stress-strain of seven-wire strand:
Welded wire fabric:
Improved ductility of stress-relieved welded wire fabric:
Stress-strain of different type of reinforcement:
Assumed stress-strain of non-prestressed reinforcement:
Equivalent yield stress for prestressing steel:
Modified Ramberg-Osgood function:
Modified Ramberg-Osgood function:

 
1 A
f p  E p pf  A   f

  1 Bpf C 
1/ C

pu

 
 0.975
f p  20010  pf 0.025 
3
0.10   1860
For low-relaxation strand
 
1 118 pf 
10
  with fpu=270 ksi(1860 MPa)
 
 0.97 For stress-relieved strand
f p  20010  pf 0.03 
3
0.167   1860
 1 

121 pf
6
 with fpu=270 ksi(1860 MPa)
Relaxation of Prestressing Steel:

fp log t  f pi 

 1  0.55 Magura, Sozen, and Sies
f pi 
10  f py 

fp log t  fpi 
 1  0.55 Ontario Highway Bridge Design Code,
f pi 45  f py 
 For low-relaxation starandand prestressing
bars
Variation of Relaxation with time:
Effective stiffness of prestressing steel:
Relaxation reduction coefficient, 
S-N curves for reinforcing bars: