Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
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1 Research of Architecture
- Research contributes to Design Theory
2 Nature of Design Theory
- Design Theory states facts
- Design Theory aids design
3 Scope of Architecture Theory
- Includes all that is presented in the handbooks of architects
- Includes legislation, norms and standards, rules and methods
- Includes miscellaneous and “unscientific” elements
4 Why Design Theory?
- To aid the work of the architect and improve its product
- Proven theory helps designers do work better and more efficiently
- “Skill without knowledge is nothing”
(architect Jean Mignot, 1400 AD)
5 Understanding Design Theory
- Theory does NOT necessarily mean PRECCED design
- PARADISM : every new or established theory applied
: STYLE
THEMATIC THEORIES
6 CLASSICAL
- Marcus Vitruvius Pollio
7 MIDDLE AGES
- Medieval (read: Dark Age) anonymous tradition of trade guilds
8 RENAISSANCE
- Alberti, Vignola, Palladio, etc.
9 STRUCTURALIST
- Galileo Galilei, Robert Hooke, etc.
10 ART NOUVEAU (Personal Style)
- Eugene Emmanuelle Violett-le-Due, Le Corbusier, etc.
11 FUNCTIONALISM
- Walter Gropius, Louis Sullivan, etc.
- modern architecture
12 POSTMODERNISM
- Robert Venturi
13 SYMBOLIC ARCHITECTURE
14 ECOLOGICAL ARCHITECTURE
CLASSICAL THEORIES
1 Marcus Vitruvius Pollio
- Author of the oldest research on architecture
- Wrote an extensive summary of all the theory on construction
- Had a thorough knowledge of earlier Greek and Roman writings
2 “Ten Books on Architecture”
- De architectura libri decem
- Consists mostly of normative theory of design (based on practice)
- A collection of thematic theories of design with no method of combining them into a synthesis
- Presents a classification of requirements set for buildings:
: DURABILTIY (firmitas)
: PRACTICALITY or “convenience”
(utilitas)
: PLEASANTNESS (venustas)
3 Vitruvian Rules of Aesthetic Form
- Based on Greek traditions of architecture
- Teachings of Pythagoras : applying proportions of numbers
- Observations of tuned string of instruments
- Proportions of human body
- PLEASANTNESS : in accordance of good taste
: parts follow proportions
: symmetry of measures
4 Monastery Institutions
- Most documents retrieved from the Middle Ages
- However, archives contain only few descriptions of buildings
- Described only as “according to the traditional model”
- “There’s no accounting for tastes” was the rule of thumb
5 Development of Building Style
- With hardly or no literary research present
- Villard de Hannecourt’s “sketchbook” in 1235
- Rotzer’s Booklet on the right way of making pinnacles
- Only through guidance of old masters
- Tradition binding and precise in close guilds of builders
RENNAISANCE THEORIES
1 CONSTRUCTION THEORY
PERSONAL STYLE
“What we call taste is but an involuntary process of reasoning whose steps elude our observation.
Authority has no value if its grounds are not explained.”
: the foundation of modern
architecture
: did not create a timeless architectural style himself, he showed others the philosophical
foundation and method that they could use to develop even radically new form language
- Owen Jones : used forms inspired from nature, especially plants
1 ART NOUVEAU
- The first architectural style independent of the tradition of antiquity after the Gothic style
- The example set by Art Nouveau encourage some of the most skillful architects of the 20th
century to create their private form language
THEORETICAL TREATISES
2 MODERN ARCHITECTURE
10 Industrial Revolution (1768)
- Arts and Crafts Movement
a. conservative
b. William Morris
c. John Rustrin
- Electicism
a. architecture of borrowing
1 Fruits of Industrial Revolution
Joseph Paxton – Crystal Palace, 1851
Elisha Graves Otis – Elevator, 1857
Manufacturing of “Rolled Steel”
1870’s
2 The Great Fire of Chicago, 1871
- downtown in Chicago was burned and in needs of construction of new buildings
- place where first tallest building was constructed
3 William Le Baron Jenney
- made the first skyscraper
4 Daniel Burnham
- “make no little plans, they have no magic to stir man’s blood”
5 Louis Sullivan
- “form follows function”
1880’s
- Chicago School became the concentration of architectural development
- introduce Chicago Window
1890’s
6 The World Columbian Exposition
- built in 1863
- chief architect: Daniel Burnham and Frederick Law Olmsted
1900’s
- European architecture was notified
- Person to notify:
a. Otto Wagner
b. Adolf Loops “ornament is a crime”
c. H.P. Berlage
d. Frank Llyod Wright
1910’s
- Office of Peter Behrens
a. Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe “less in more”
b. Walter Gropius
c. Le Corbusier
- 2 Art movements that influenced
1. Futurism – simultaneity of movement
2. Cubism – interpretation of space
1920’s
7 The Bauhaus
- “Art and Technology, the new unity”
8 Established architects
a. Frank Llyod Wright “organic architecture”
b. Le Corbusier
c. Mies Van Der Rohe / Gropius
1930’s
9 International Style
1950’s
10 The period of Reassessment
- Universalism
- Personalism
POSTMODERNISM
11 The center of Postmodernism:
Robert Venturi “less is bore”
12 Philip Johnson
- say that a portion of Chippendale building in New York has no function
13 Introduce the element of “Discovery”
SYMBOLIC ARHITECTURE
- “Building as a message”
1. Mathematical Analogy
2. Biological Analogy
- use of plants and ornaments
3. Romantic Architecture
- uses exotic language of form
- vastness; trying to surprise; huge
4. Linguistic Analogies
- grammar; uses words with proper grammar
5. Mechanical Analogies
- Buckminter Fuller
6. Ad Hoc Analogy
- any materials that you can get or available in your environment such as wood in forest
7. Stage Analogy