Documente Academic
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An MDM PUBLICATION
Issue 5 – February 2005
INTERNATIONAL
FIRE FIGHTER
Reporting Worldwide to Municipal, Industrial and Fire Training Professionals
www.iffmag.com
iff5 ifc 25/10/06 5:23 pm Page 1
It’s easy to spot what the new ANSUL® MAGNUM 440 Rapid Intervention Vehicle
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The ANSUL MAGNUM 440. Make no mistake … it’s a different kind of animal altogether.
©2005 Ansul Incorporated
INTERNATIONAL
FIRE FIGHTER CONTENTS
February 2005 Issue 5 MUNICIPAL SECTION
38-42 Aircraft Rescue Firefighting
5-10
ICATI ON
An MDM PUBL ary 2005
Issue 5 – Febru
IONAL
INTERNAT Rescue Tool Techniques
FIRE FIGHTER
Reporting
Worldwide
to Municipa
l, Industria
l and Fire Train
ing Profession
als
Publishers
David Staddon & Mark Seton
51-55 Latest Techniques and
Sales and Editorial Manager: Mark Bathard
Contributing Editors
25-29 Big Hose Means Big Water Innovations in Hazmats and
Decontamination Training
Charlie McClung, Jonathan Bastian, Ivan
Rich, David Durstine, Kenneth D. Honig,
Gary West, Dave Cochran, Mitchell
Baclawski
Annual Subscription
COMMENT
UK - £35.00 Europe - 60 Well, here we are with issue 5, my, how time flies. It doesn’t seem that long ago
Overseas - US$70.00 when I was writing the comment for the launch issue of International Fire Fighter
lSSN - 1744-5841
and here I am 15 months on, well into the second year of publication. This year is
going to prove to be just as exciting as 2004 and I would please urge you to
DISCLAIMER:
The views and opinions expressed in INTERNATIONAL continue sending in your comments about International Fire Fighter (still nothing
FIRE FIGHTER are not necessarily those of MDM negative) and also ideas about future issues.
Publishing Ltd. The magazine and publishers are in no way
responsible or legally liable for any errors or anomalies If any of our readers or advertisers would be interested in submitting any articles
made within the editorial by our authors. All articles are
protected by copyright and written permission must be
for future use, I would be delighted to hear from you and discuss these possibilities.
sought from the publishers for reprinting or any form of I am looking forward to meeting friends old and new in Indianapolis and Hannover
duplication of any of the magazines content. Any queries
should be addressed in writing to the publishers.
later this year. We will be exhibiting at the FDIC and Interschutz so please pop by
Reprints of articles are available on request. Prices on our booth for a chat.
application to the Publishers.
It takes a team
to beat fire
At International Fire Expo 2005 you can discover all the latest developments across the entire fire industry.
Whether you are interested in fire prevention, fire protection or fire fighting, this event covers it all.
H I G H L I G H T S F O R 2 0 0 5
A record number of exhibitors will be displaying new and innovative products relevant to all areas of the fire industry
•NEW!!!• The Fire Fighting Zone - a new dedicated area providing fire fighting solutions
The Emergency Action Zone - live demonstrations in fire fighting and rescue
Informative seminars covering topics including the Regulatory Reform Order, FiReBuY, plus sessions on Marine and
Airport fire safety, and more
•NEW!!!• Fleet Management Solutions - a new dedicated area for components manufacturers, complementing
the Fire Fighting Vehicle Manufacturers Association (FFVMA) pavilion
The May Series - International Fire Expo 2005 runs alongside IFSEC - Security Solutions and Network Advantage,
Safety & Health Expo, ACPO, the International Police Conference and Exhibition, and The Facilities Show
In association with Wherever you fit in the team, International Fire Expo is
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Organised by
For more information or to register for your FREE ticket, visit:
Can we help you?
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d d a @ c m p i n f o rm a t i o n . c o m
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or call the ticket hotline on: +44 (0)870 429 4316
P. 3-30 25/10/06 6:11 pm Page 3
Municipal
iff5 p4 25/10/06 6:11 pm Page 1
P. 3-30 25/10/06 6:12 pm Page 5
Municipal
Rescue
tool
technique By Charlie McClung,
Ndip AEC Natal
Municipal
hinge or lock as possible with the tips
in order to roll the door off the hinge
or nader bolt or break it. In this way
you can avoid causing a lot of torn out
sharp sheet metal.
General rules:
1. One of the team should support the
door to prevent it from shooting
away.
2. This member should always take up
a position beside the door and never
in the path where the door is
expected to be displaced. (Anticipate
the action)
3. The spreader should always be locat-
ed above the upper hinge and then
above the lower hinge in order to
roll the door off the hinges down
Pic courtesy of ICET BV
and away from the rescuer and
casualty.
the operators hands or if continued part is supported by the (gloved!) hand 4. During the spreading operation the
could cause severe damage to the of an assistant, the reaction is mostly operator must take care not to be
tool. minimal. caught between the spreader and
● In both situations, the cutting action Of course assistance is also needed the side of the vehicle.
should be renewed from a different to support a roof, for instance when 5. Correct body positioning will allevi-
angle. the roof parts are cut. These cutters are ate being injured or damage to the
● Solid parts such as bars and hinges specially suited to cut solid steel parts, operator’s back.
should be cut in the recess of the such as you would be likely to Beside opening doors, spreaders can
blades. If substantial structures like encounter in heavy trucks or trains. The be useful in many other ways when
hinges have to be cut by the normal cutter should be inserted as deep as making space, such as pushing a chair
blade opening, the operator should possible, since the cutter is strongest backward or forward, lifting a dash-
watch the movement of the blades near the hinge point and here also, one board, pulling a steering column etc.
extra carefully. One could say that if should always watch the blades when Sometimes a spreader is also used to
the blades stay together the cutting cutting something. When the blades lift all kind of obstacles such as cars,
action is O.K. If the blades start to move apart, the action should be trucks or heavy machinery. Although
separate or cross over, the action stopped!! the capacity of most spreaders is more
should be stopped and reversed than sufficient to lift most of these
immediately to prevent damage or Hybrid blades objects, we discourage the use of a
breakage of the blades. Cutters are now being produced with a spreader as a lifting tool. The tips of
combination of parrot and straight the spreaders are not very wide and for
CUTTING WITH THE STRAIGHT-BLADED blades, these cutters do not move pre- that reason they are not suitable to lift
CUTTER dictably when being used (full rotation loads, and can cause instability espe-
The shape of the blades of these cut- of a smooth parrot beak) and the cut- cially on uneven ground. If however a
ters is completely different from the ting action needs to be watched more spreader is used for lifting purposes in
parrot beak cutter. The cutting edge of closely for blade separation. an emergency, one should look for
the blades is bigger and therefore it is solid parts to insert the spreader into,
usual for these tools to twist while they USING HYDRAULIC SPREADERS increase the surface area of the tips by
are carrying out a cutting action. Forced door displacement: means of wooden blocks and support
Again, one should allow this movement Most spreaders have very thin and well the load with stabilisation material
of the tool, as long as no dangerous serrated tips with a good grip. There- continuously, both during and after
situation occurs. fore it is relatively easy to get the lifting.
As always, but especially in the case spreader into a door opening without
of these strong cutters, someone jamming or bumping. If getting the USING HYDRAULIC RAMS
should assist the tool operator. This tips in is proving difficult the use a The rams are mostly used to create
“buddy”, who is of course also fully door squeeze or other technique such space around an entrapped casualty in
protected, must take care that parts as a fender crush to gain a purchase techniques such as a dash roll or dash
which have been cut off cannot cause point for the spreader tips. lift. Following a side impact the rams
dangerous situations. When a cut off The aim is to get as close to the can be used to cross ram doors away
Electrolux Construction Products, SE–433 81 Partille, Sweden. Tel: +46 (0)31-94 90 00. Fax: +46 (0)31-94 91 14. www.partner-industrial.com
P. 3-30 25/10/06 6:14 pm Page 8
Municipal
from a casualty. Rams could also be
used to lift or support a crushed in
roof. Rams that can have chain
adapters attached can also be used for
pulling actions such as pulling a vehicle
out from under a truck.
The rams are available in varying
capacities and lengths depending on
manufacturer. Some models can be
used with extension pipes to increase
the length. The extension-pipes cannot
and may not be used on the plunger
side of the ram because of the
increased danger of bending the
plunger. There are telescopic rams also
available on the market these vary in
length and power. Of course the ideal
situation is to have a complete series of
rams available to fit into every possible
situation.
Pic courtesy of ICET BV
General operating rules:
1. Always try to place the load on the full stroke of the bag, this being
LIFTING BAGS
ram into the centre of the plunger. 620 mm in some makes, whilst the
2. Place cribbing under the area you There are two types of lifting air bags. High pressure bag will lift 67 tons
intend to push off. (The use of a ■ The first type is the HIGH only for a few cm and then, as the
ram support will spread the load PRESSURE LIFTING BAG, this bag surface area of the bags decreases,
and offer you varying lengths and operates up to a maximum pressure the lifting force will diminish
angles from which to push) of 8 bar. proportionately.
3. Place the heads of the ram on solid ■ The second type is the LOW
material that will not tear during PRESSURE LIFTING BAG, this bag Operating the lifting bags
the push. (A hinge or strengthened operates up to a maximum pressure Points to remember
support is a good site. of .5 bar.
4. Guard against the ram slipping out 1. “Pack as you jack”. You must never
as a lot of energy it released. Pascal’s law applies in the case of both take the risk of lifting a load with-
5. The operator must be an arms high and low pressure bags; out placing cribbing under the load
length away from the tool and this being Pressure x Surface area = as you lift. If the load should move
preferably behind it. (This is to pre- Lifting Force. or the bag deflate, then the cribbing
vent him/her being injured should will support the load.
the ram spring free unexpectedly) So why do we have two types of air 2. For the best and safest lift ensure
6. Use two members during the opera- bags? that the bag is totally under the
tion, one watches the progression of Both bags have their advantages and load. A bag which is half under the
the push at the head of the ram and disadvantages load will give you only half the lift-
the other to watch the base of the ing capacity of the bag and will
ram and the effect of the push on ● The high pressure bags have a start- cause a sideways lift of the load.
the pillar or floor of the vehicle. ing height of only 25mm but a 3. Always use two bags together for a
7. As the push is being effected moni- smaller lifting height, the Low pres- stable lift.
tor the movement of the vehicle and sure bag starts at 60mm, but a 4. Never place cribbing on top of the
crib as necessary. much larger lifting height. bag as there is a chance that as the
● The High pressure bag can be placed
8. Good strategic cutting prior to the bag inflates the cribbing could be
push will not only make it easier to into very small spaces to begin the ejected with great force.
push but will also enable you to lift. 5. To provide the greatest degree of
● The high pressure bag can lift larger
move the metal in the direction you lift, the bag should be placed as
want it to go. weights of up to 67 tons in some close as possible to the load that is
Rams are the most effective way of models. The Low pressure bag can to be lifted. If the space between
removing dashboards away from casu- lift weights of up to 16 tons the two surfaces is too great, ensure
alties and are preferred to pulling with depending on make. that this space is filled UNDER the
● The Low pressure bag will lift
chains. (However the latter remains an bag until the bag is flush with the
option in certain situations.) weights of up 16 tons for the load.
Not
without
my MSA
Municipal
1. Stabilisation material of all types
effective stabilisation is the key to
efficient rescue. Wood cribbing,
plastic chocks and blocks and
shores are a few items we use.
2. Tool staging tarpaulin for keeping
equipment clean and in one place.
3. Centre punch for breaking win-
dows
4. Glass cutters for laminated wind-
shields
5. Protective covers for sharp metal
with magnets to keep them secure
6. Plastic protective shield for the
casualty
7. Clear plastic cover to protect the
casualty from flying glass and
metal
8. Valve stem puller to deflate tyres so
Pic courtesy of ICET BV they can be re-inflated for towing
9. Airbag restraint systems for the
6. With high pressure bags that do not Pneumatics steering wheel
lock together, never use more than 10. Knives and screwdrivers for cutting
Apart from Lifting bags air driven tools
two bags on top of each other as and stripping to locate airbag
can play a significant part in a rescue if
the middle bag will be displaced cylinders in the C pillar
the area is not safe to operate
with force and a bad situation will hydraulics in or if they are busy or not
result There are many tools being devel-
available these include:
oped to assist rescuers and as access
Hand tools ■ Air chisels into vehicles through laminated and
All sorts of hand tools are in use in the ■ Saws polycarbonate constructions becomes
course of rescue work. Many of the more frequent and difficult, more tools
The same safety procedures are will be developed.
smaller hand tools are normally part of
adopted when using these tools, a dis- In conclusion I would like to thank
a personal toolkit and are kept in a tool
advantage of this type of tool is noise my friend and mentor the late ICET
pouch which is worn around the fire
coupled with a high air requirement. founder Rob Walmsley for assisting
fighter’s waist. Inside such a pouch you
might find: pliers, knife, screwdriver, with some of the material for this
Battery operated tools article. Our view has always been there
tape measure, centre punch and seat
Reciprocating saws as well as hydraulic are many ways to removing parts of a
belt cutters. The idea of this tool set is
battery operated tools are already being vehicle, but before all, know your
that the fire fighter does not have to
used in the market. The reciprocating equipment and techniques, be safe and
keep going back to the tool dump to
saws are easy to carry and very efficient let common sense prevail.
collect small tools.
cutting tools. Their main disadvantage
A Halligan tool is very often used
is noise and danger to the vehicle Charlie McClung, Ndip AEC Natal,
when dealing with the sheet metal
occupants from the moving blade. As has been a rescue paramedic for
work of buses, minibuses, heavy goods
more vehicles on our roads are being 22 years, his skills were honed in
vehicles, trams, trains and aircraft and
made from polycarbonate materials, the military and the Kwazulu Natal
where it is necessary to make a large
which shatter when cut with traditional townships in South Africa as a
opening, use is made of the Halligan
cutters, I can see the use for reciprocat- National Diploma Paramedic
tool. This works like a large can opener
ing saws a frontline extrication tool before moving to Botswana where
and can be moved along the plate work
becoming more frequent. he was chief paramedic for an avi-
and when used in combination with a
hydraulic cutter is extremely efficient ation rescue service. At present he
Rescue assist tools
and quick. runs a training school in Botswana
Apart from the traditional tools such as and provides specialist rescue
Other Hand tools include: hydraulics and pneumatics there are a assistance the local emergency ser-
1. Hack saws number of other assist tools that can vices. Part of his portfolio is a chief
2. Hammers help the rescue team secure the environ- instructor for ICET in the Nether-
3. Axes ment and ensure the safety of the team lands, providing specialist rescue
4. High lift jacks and casualty. Here are a few I have training to rescue teams worldwide.
5. Pot jacks found very helpful during extrications:
3 0 % # ) ! , % $ ) 4 ) / .
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P. 3-30 11/17/06 12:28 PM Page 12
INTERSCHUTZ
2005
MAY 2005 SPECIAL OFFER
An MDM PUBLICATION
Issue 1 – February 2004
From June 6th–11th 2005, the world’s largest An MDM PUBLICATION
Issue 3 – August 2004
INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL
FIRE FIGHTER exhibition aimed at fire and rescue personnel
FIRE FIGHTER
worldwide takes place in Hannover, Germany.
Reporting Worldwide to Municipal, Industrial and Fire Training Professionals
Reporting Worldwide to Municipal, Industrial and Fire Training Professionals
INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL
FIRE FIGHTER
Reporting Worldwide to Municipal, Industrial and Fire Training Professionals
as establish contact with people they might FIRE FIGHTER
otherwise of not reached.
Reporting Worldwide to Municipal, Industrial and Fire Training Professionals
For more information concerning this incredible marketing opportunity please contact:
Mark Bathard
Sales & Editorial Manager
International Fire Fighter (IFF) Magazine
Tel: +44 (0) 1460 249199
Fax: +44 (0) 1460 249292
E-mail: mark.bathard@iffmag.com
P. 3-30 25/10/06 6:18 pm Page 13
Municipal
The Basic
Uses of a
Thermal
Imager
By Jonathan Bastian,
Bullard Thermal Imaging
Training Manager
THERMAL IMAGING IS ONE of the newest technologies to enter the fire a focal plane array or FPA).
service. The rapid acceptance of thermal imagers by the fire service alludes to Another way to understand the dif-
the importance of these new tools. The Federal Emergency Management ference between infrared energy and
Agency (a government agency in the USA) recently estimated that only visible light is to compare the TI and
one-fourth of all US fire departments have a thermal imager (TI). Anecdotal the human eye. The FPA and the eye
evidence indicates the ratio may be even lower internationally. This article is are both receivers. They receive energy
written for those who are relatively unfamiliar with thermal imaging, and (IR or visible light) and convert it into
briefly explains how the technology works, as well as how it can be used an image our brains can interpret. The
effectively at emergencies. FPA receives wavelengths of heat
energy called “infrared” while the eye
Visible light has a relatively small receives wavelengths of energy called
THE TECHNOLOGY
wavelength. This wavelength is suscep- “visible light.”
Current fire service TIs use old military tible to interference from small airborne
technology. This technology detects particles, such as the carbon in smoke FIRE!
infrared energy and converts it into a or the water in fog. IR has a longer Structure fires are the most common
visible image on a display. Modern wavelength than visible light. The and most understood application for
militaries use infrared (IR) detectors to longer wavelength is not easily reflected thermal imaging. A firefighter can use
permit their forces to see and target by small particles; therefore IR essentially the TI during incident size up. While
opposing forces, regardless of the “weaves” through the particles to reach sizing up the building, Engine 5 evalu-
battlefield’s light and smoke conditions. the detector (the IR receiver, also called ates the image from Photo 1. This
The properties that made IR detection
valuable to the military also make it
valuable to fire services. IR is a portion of the
IR is a portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum, which ranges from gamma electromagnetic spectrum, which
rays and x-rays, through visible light,
past infrared and microwaves to radio
waves. The energy’s wavelength deter-
ranges from gamma rays and x-
mines placement within the spectrum.
As the wavelengths vary, so do the
rays, through visible light, past
properties of the different types of
energy. IR is a portion of the electro-
infrared and microwaves to radio
magnetic spectrum that humans nor-
mally perceive as heat.
waves.
INTERNATIONAL FIRE FIGHTER www.iffmag.com 13
P. 3-30 25/10/06 6:18 pm Page 14
Municipal
properly use the other features of their
TIs (such as thermal throttles, EI modes
or pyrometers) to identify the hottest
spots.
Municipal
Capture the image
with Argus®3
the world's most
advanced thermal
imaging camera:
• 26 image capture
and download
Municipal
Jonathan Bastian is the Thermal
Imaging Training Manager at
Bullard. He leads the training team,
whose primary focus is to educate
the fire service on the safe and
proper use of thermal imagers. Bast-
ian is certified as a thermal imaging
instructor by the Law Enforcement
Thermographers’ Association (LETA),
the international public safety orga-
nization specializing in thermal
imager certification and training. He
is also a member of the NFPA
Technical Committee on Fire Service
Training.
Educated at Brown University and
licensed as a high school teacher in
TI Comm type 3 fire Illinois, Bastian served 12 years on
TIs are available with a wireless trans- of the firefighter. TIs regularly demon- the North Park Fire Department (IL),
including the last three as a captain.
mitter, training officers can connect the strate their value as critical firefighting
As Health and Safety Officer, he led
receiver to a television and video tools for fire departments around the
the development and implemen-
recorder and remotely monitor and world. When properly used, TIs offer
tation of the Department’s Rapid
record the thermal images. They can tremendous advantages to firefighters Intervention Team SOG. Bastian is a
review the recording later for additional at a variety of emergencies, including certified Fire Instructor I and
learning opportunities. fires, searches for victims and outside Firefighter III, and he spent 12 years
operations. Once firefighters under- as an EMT-I/D. He has taught
CONCLUSION stand the value of thermal imaging, classes on thermal imaging, rapid
Thermal imagers restore the ability to they can request these essential tools. intervention teams and search and
see in thick smoke or at night, with TIs can make the firefighter’s job easier, rescue operations.
capabilities limited only by the creativity safer and faster.
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P R O D U C T P R O F I L E
Municipal
FUNCTIONAL AND FLAME RESISTANT ®PROTECTIVE
CLOTHING MADE OF LENZING FR BLENDS
Especially for Hoods or garments which are
worn directly on the skin functionality and
insulation is a very important issue.
For this reasons protective apparel is used
in different blends for example 50/50 or:
65% Lenzing FR® (inherent flame resistant
Cellulosic fiber) and 35% Aramid (Kermel®,
Conex®, oder Nomex®).
Properties of this blends with Lenzing FR®
and Aramides are:
1. Same flame resistance like 100%
Aramide fabrics.
2. Better insulation against different
types of heat.
3. Unmatched wearer comfort
4. Durability.
5. Remarkable Price/Value performance.
Municipal
Firefighter P
Specifier
By Ivan Rich,
Technical Manager,
Bristol Uniforms Ltd
xtensive guidelines are now avail- to be considered. A third, and critically important, area of
Municipal
PPE Buyers/
rs Guide The responsibilities now placed on
employers are such that it is incumbent
on them not only to fully understand
and appreciate the extent of these
responsibilities but also how to dis-
charge them effectively. To assist in
this process it is important to look at
each of the areas in more detail.
SELECTION
Selection is a process, which seeks to
match the performance of the garment
to the hazards to which it will be
exposed requiring a thorough risk
assessment. This will include. . .
Municipal
PPE IN USE
Once PPE comes into operational use,
the emphasis shifts to the employer
who must adopt procedures which
ensure that all garments for which they
now have responsibility are worn and
looked after correctly.
Before garments are put into active
service the first requirement will be to
set up and implement a training pro-
gramme to satisfy European Directive
89/656/EEC (section II, article 4 para
8). It is important at this stage for sup-
plier and user to understand and
appraise the wearer of the capabilities
as well as the limitations of the
garments being brought into use. In
particular this will include training on;
Municipal
● Are the services provided directly by
the manufacturer or are they hired in
from a third party and how might
this affect quality control and service
delivery?
● The opportunity cost of contracting
out
● Overall value for money
Cable Drums
For storage of electrical cable and small hoses
Designed for heavy duty use
Mild steel with tough nylon coating
Can be stacked up to 3 units high
Most models available from stock
Municipal
Big Hose
Means
Big Water
By David Durstine,
Akron Brass Co.
Municipal
amount of water over a limited
distance.
The 130-millimeter (5-inch) hose can
Big Water
is the most popular size LDH in the
United States, and most pumpers carry
250 meters to 300 meters (800 feet to
1,000 feet) as their standard supply
hose. Special hose-layers, such as the
ones used in San Francisco, may carry
up to 1,500 meters (5,000 feet).
Even larger hose is available for
pumper boost the pressure from the were augmented with quick-connect large-scale municipal water supply and
hydrant. By switching to 130-millime- Storz couplings, and the heavy, double- industrial firefighting operations. Hoses
ter (5-inch) hose, however, they can jacket cotton construction on early with diameters of 150 millimeters to
potentially flow 3,800 lpm (1,000 gpm) hoses was largely replaced with light, 300 millimeters (6 inches to 12 inches)
over a distance of 300 meters (1,000 through-the-weave synthetic construc- are now available and can move enor-
feet) from the same hydrant using a tion. The result has been the develop- mous volumes of water. The 150-mil-
single hoseline without needing a ment of a wide range of LDH types and limeter (6-inch) hose is used by a few
second pumper. sizes. departments who need very high
Those kind of numbers made many In the United States, any hose with a flowrates, but the 200-millimeter
fire departments realize that it didn’t diameter greater than 65 millimeter (8-inch) and larger hoses are difficult
take a major disaster like the fire in (2.5 inches) is considered to be a large to handle and have not found much
Oakland or the earthquake in San Fran- diameter hose. The most common use with fire departments yet.
cisco to make large diameter hose sizes are 100-millimeter (4-inch) and For each LDH, there are different
worthwhile. The one-two punch of 130-millimeter (5-inch). pressure ratings depending on the
being able to deliver more water over The 100-millimeter (4-inch) hose can manufacturer and the intended use.
greater distances solved a lot of water flow about 1,900 lpm (500 gpm) over a The service test pressure ratings for
supply problems for urban and rural distance of 300 meters (1,000 feet) 130-millimeter (5-inch) supply hose
departments alike, who began replacing when connected directly to a hydrant. average about 13.8 bar (200 psi). This
their old hose with newer, larger hose. With a pumper at the hydrant, it can is the pressure that departments use
The movement to adopt larger sup- carry 2,850 lpm (750 gpm) or more when they conduct their annual hose
ply hoses was accelerated when the over the same distance. This size has tests. The actual working pressure in
Insurance Services Office (ISO), which the advantages of costing less, weigh- regular service is usually slightly less. If
rates most of the fire departments in ing less, and taking less volume than departments need to operate at higher
the United States, recognized the capa- larger hose. It is often used by depart- pressures – for example, to pump water
bilities of LDH and gave credit for ments who need to move a moderate to the upper floors of a high-rise
higher water supply flowrates if the
department used the big hose. In some
cases, the additional credit could boost
the department’s ISO rating sufficiently
to reduce fire insurance premiums for
property owners throughout the area.
Smart departments often used that
argument to persuade taxpayers and
town councils to budget the funds
necessary to buy the big hose.
Municipal
building, or to achieve high flowrates
for a long distance without using a
relay pumper – they can specify attack
hose with service test pressure ratings
up to 20.7 bar (300 psi).
Each LDH also has different pressure
drops depending on the hose construc-
tion. For example, the diameter of
some hose increases under pressure to
allow higher flow. For a typical 130-
millimeter (5-inch) hose, these figures
can vary from about 0.23 bar (3.4 psi)
to 0.45 bar (6.6 psi) per 30 meters (100
feet) of hose when flowing 3,800 lpm
(1,000 gpm). Although these differ-
ences result in only minor variations in
pressure when the length of the hose-
lay is short, they can be significant for
long hoselays. Departments need to ask Pic courtesy of Akron Brass
manufacturers for actual flow test data
when selecting a hose. One of the most important connec- To avoid this serious problem, the intake
tions is the intake valve on the pumper valve for LDH has a handwheel-actuat-
THE SECRET IS IN THE CONNECTIONS located on the downstream side of the ed shutoff that is designed to close
The secret to moving large volumes of large diameter hoselay. With thousands slowly. To protect hoses on the dis-
water from one point to another is not of pounds of water rushing through charge side of the pump from excessive
only in the hose, but also in the connec- the intake hose, any sudden valve pressure during pumping operations,
tions used at each end. With the proper closure at the pumper would cause a the intake valve also has an adjustable
connections, LDH water supply opera- massive water hammer that could burst pressure relief device to dump water
tions can be fast, safe, and efficient. the hose and injure the pump operator. onto the ground if the intake pressure
FORCE 50
FORCE 80
• Stainless 316 • Full 360° rotation, +/- 90° elevation • Integrated wormgear drive
• Integrated nozzle mechanics • Progressive optical joystick
• Proportional nozzle control • Record-and-play sequence
• Selectable parking position • Low weight • Compact size
• CANBUS communication • Multiple joysticks .... and much more
www.force-monitor.com
UNIFIRE AB, SWEDEN
Tel: +46 303 248400
WWW.UNIFIRE.COM
Municipal
can move from the hydrant to the fire.
The larger the supply hose, the higher
the water supply rating. Often a single
LDH can supply as much water as four
DOZENS OF USES
The development of different large
diameter hose types, sizes, and con-
necting devices gives fire departments
and brigades the flexibility to apply the Pic courtesy of Akron Brass
Municipal
fight fires anywhere within the facility. through gated wyes. This method does
Very large 250-millimeter and 300- not require a pumper to boost the
millimeter (10-inch and 12-inch) hose is water pressure and allows firefighters to
sometimes used in conjunction with make multiple attacks with a minimum
large trailer-mounted pumps to gener- of appliances in order to protect struc-
ate the required flowrates. tures along a wide fire front.
The aftermath of a variety of natural Other uses for large diameter hose
disasters also present situations where include shipboard firefighting, auxiliary
LDH can be put to good use. Earth- water supply for ARFF operations, and
quakes, floods, and landslides can stand-by water supply for buildings
break water mains buried beneath under construction.
roads or carried across bridges, leaving
large populated areas without water for How can LDH help you?
firefighting. Large diameter hose can Large diameter hose has proven
act as an above-ground water main to itself in a wide variety of situations
temporarily bring water into the Pic courtesy of Akron Brass over the past fifteen years. Depart-
affected areas. Fires, hurricanes, and ice ments and brigades that have not
storms can knock out electrical power tanks with water or retardant while adopted LDH need only to ask
to pumping stations, rendering keeping the ground crews safely away themselves if there are places or sit-
hydrants useless. Again, large diameter from the downwash of the helicopter uations where they need to move
hose can carry water from fire depart- blades. In other situations, large hose more water over greater distances
ment pumpers into the affected areas can carry water from a supply pumper with fewer personnel and lower
as needed. positioned at a remote water source to cost. If there are, then LDH may be
One of the latest applications for a more accessible area where tanker the solution. Remember that double
LDH is wildland firefighting, where vehicles have room to maneuver and be the hose diameter means roughly
wind-driven firestorms threaten hun- refilled. For a direct attack, short four times the flowrate over twice
dreds of homes and vast areas of trees lengths of large hose can be attached the distance – big hose means big
and brush. Large diameter hose can be directly to available hydrants in built- water.
used to quickly fill helicopter supply up areas and distributed to handlines
Municipal
P R O D U C T P R O F I L E
pressure at just 20/35 bar and does not
spread the burning debris, but still man-
ages to achieve a high density water fog
up to 15 metres. The angled nozzle can
be adjusted to give a straight stream of
water or – at the click of a switch – a
low expansion foam which can put out
fuel fires raging over 1,000m2.
The Petrogen Cutter is a revolutionary
way to cut through steel up to 14
inches thick.
It’s far more powerful, safer and light-
weight than acetylene systems . . . and a
lot more portable. It runs on regular
unleaded fuel and a special design means
fuel line flashback is impossible, making
it the safest cutting torch around.
The fuel remains liquid from the tank
to the tip, there are no vapours to catch
AIRE GROUP
fire and a fast flow check valve shuts off
the fuel if the hose is severed. The
Petrogen tank will not become a bomb
even if it is dropped, knocked over or
catches fire, unlike acetylene and
propane tanks.
Fully-filled petrogen fuel tanks are
A
acetylene tank weighing 200lbs.
equipment specialist has unveiled fire-drenching water fog or mist. This In the UK, strut systems provided by
two more innovative products – means only 12 litres of water is needed Yorkshire-based Aire Group are part of
a fire engine on a motorbike and a to tackle a car fire, around 10 litres to the British Government’s multi-million
super-safe steel cutter. put out an inferno in a small room and pound investment to provide its fire
The Aire Group scooped the presti- far less than that to suppress and con- services with the latest urban search and
gious Queen’s Award For Enterprise for trol small rubbish, grass or skip fires. rescue equipment.
its inflatable Aireshower mobile decont- Water fog and mist controls and Mr Bailey said: “Structural collapse
amination unit and was recently award- drenches fire by reducing the oxygen emergencies happen somewhere in the
ed the tender to supply support systems around the flames almost immediately. world every day. Now with the terrorist
designed to prop up collapsed buildings The tiny water droplets turn to steam threat so real, we have seen recent terri-
across the UK. very quickly which means each droplet ble examples of the havoc bombers
Now its compact Firexpress system expands an amazing 1,700 times to can wreak on buildings along with the
and Petrogen Cutter are sure to amaze replace or dramatically reduce the terrifying power of nature with the
the emergency services too. oxygen in the fire area. Indian Ocean tsunami.
The Firexpress is a firefighting system If there is no oxygen, there is no fire. “The Paratech support struts are
that packs into the back of a car – or The Firexpress system operates at low designed to deal with the aftermath of
even on a motorbike – yet can be used these kind of catastrophes and would
to douse blazes including car fires, rub- also be used after gas explosions, road
bish fires, grass fires, complex fuel fires accidents where vehicles have crashed
and even house fires. into buildings and trench rescues.’’
Aire Group Chief Executive, Richard In recent years the company’s product
Bailey, said: “It’s a flexible system that range has expanded so much it now has
works well both in busy cities or out in six distinct categories – Airesheltas,
isolated rural areas. Airemedical, Airerescue, Aire Urban Res-
“The motorbike can get through cue, Airemortuary, Airetactical and Aire
crowded streets far quicker than a large Planning.
fire engine, while in the countryside the
larger system easily fits into the back of View the Aire Group website at
a car or on a quad bike.’’ www.airegroup.com
Firexpress uses a small amount of
Industrial
iff5 p32 25/10/06 6:35 pm Page 1
P. 31-46 25/10/06 6:37 pm Page 33
Industrial
Shipboard
Firefighting
By Dave Cochran
THIS ARTICLE WILL DEAL only with firefighting efforts by firefighters other than eliminate the risks to the environment.
those who are crew members of vessels. It is assumed the shipboard fire When these vessels are tied up to docks
system is either inadequate, failed, or the fire became too involved for the in busy seaports, oftentimes the risks
crew to handle. are far more hazardous and create more
risk to those surrounding facilities and
ombating marine vessel fires is a as important, the damage to the envi- many times local residents who are
Industrial
ties of both the pumps and delivery
devices being utilized to handle the
situation at hand. For example a device
Firefighting
to the monitor. This can create a very
crowded deck, which will make the
conditions very unsafe for movement of
personnel and equipment. This may
become even more crowded if the situ-
ation involves the use of hands on fire
fighting operations on deck for engine
room and quarters. IF fireboats are
involved, these vessels usually have
their firefighting equipment perma-
including the many support vessels ground with care, and reasonable nently affixed which means this is
involved. assurances they will not move and usually not a problem. It is those
The technology has changed dramat- create a hazard to all personnel work- vessels of opportunity that are hired to
ically in the past several years which ing in the immediate area of the dock. be used as the firefighting base that
allow fire fighting vessels to remain at Not so when the situation is on the will require the safeing of this equip-
safer distances on the seas. In ports, seas. These devices, including the ment. This will also include the
however, and obviously depending on pumps necessary to supply the water to containers that hold the foam concen-
the nearness of other vessels and struc- these devices must be securely fastened trates required for containing and
tures, the fire teams may have to get to the deck(s) of the vessels being used making extinguishment or, if the emer-
closer to the vessel(s) involved in order to combat the situation. When I say gency does not involve a fire, that
to be successful and allow for the safe- secured, this will include welding them which is necessary to eliminate the
ty of every one involved. The ultimate to the decks as well as chaining them situation. If you have never been on a
goal of everyone involved is to come down to prevent them from breaking vessel in motion or on seas that are
through every incident with out injury loose while involved with securing the 10-12 feet or more you may find this
to all persons or vessels that may be situation – regardless of how long this difficult to understand. Suffice it to
involved. may take. This must be done before say it is difficult to maintain your
Large volume delivery devices today ever leaving port to travel to the loca- footing much less to attempt to
have obtained as much as 14,000 tion of the emergency. One cannot combat a serious situation that involves
gallons per minute. The norm today is afford to be working toward the safe- a marine vessel that is also pitching
somewhere around 4,000 to 6,000 ing of the equipment that is to be used around on the sea. Wave action may in
gallons per minute. Depending on to combat a situation for high sea fact halt all operations until it becomes
where the involved vessel is located will combat. While length of fire hose safe to resume what is necessary to
dictate the positioning and placement requirements on the vessel are limited bring the operation to a successful
of these devices. For example if the to the amount of deck space available, termination.
situation is in port, these devices can the number of hose lines required will When it becomes necessary to move
be placed on the surrounding docks or be determined by the delivery capabili- operations on board the vessel, large
volume fire hose – 5-inch or larger –
must be laid from the work boat or
In ports, however, and obviously barge to the involved vessel. It should
be noted here that control of the fire
depending on the nearness of must be established before placing fire-
fighters on board. This line or lines
other vessels and structures, the must be kept in a position to prevent
chafing and eventual leakage. This
fire teams may have to get closer line(s) become the life blood of the
firefighters as they combat any remain-
Industrial
firefighting teams to be able to safely
combat the situation below deck and in
the quarter’s area. In addition, self con-
tained breathing apparatus must be
utilized when working below or inside
the superstructure or quarters area.
Additional air bottles and, preferably a
breathing air compressor should be
brought along as required equipment
when combating this type of situation.
In addition to all of this it is recom-
mended a rescue team be on board just
in case it becomes necessary to bring
someone out of a bad situation. Often
time it is necessary to operate with
poor to no lighting for illumination of
the area(s) being worked-other than
the lights on the fire helmets. This
would include raising or lowering, or
moving personnel from the involved
vessel to the working platform. When
you are miles away from the shore it
becomes impossible to supply at a
moments notice. In addition, once the
extinguishing efforts have begun, it
must be continuous until the fire has
been blacked out and the vessel
declared safe to initiate towing or other
salvage operations. Pic courtesy of Dave Cochran
Industrial
VESSEL DRAINAGE
Spaces above the normal water line go
Firefighting
Water below the water line goes into
bilges. Water must be removed form
the highest points first. If sanitary
drains are available at floor level,
remove the toilet fixtures, shower, or
bidet to allow water to flow to holding
tanks-which are below the water line.
This will help lower the center of gravi-
ty. It is advisable to refrain from cutting
brought with the firefighting team to holes in the vessel to better facilitate
WATER
dewater. Here, another problem con- draining or other uses. This should only
Water used on vessels is measured in fronts the incident commander. Envi- be facilitated only after a review of any
long tons, which is 2,240 pounds per ronmental constraints will not permit consequences and obtaining permission
ton. For example: water that has been placed on board to from the appropriate authority such as
be pumped into the sea, river, or lake. the ships master, port captain or other
264 gallons per ton
It will have to be captured into a expert marine authority.
Salt water = 8.5 pounds per gallon
Fresh water = 8.3/4 pounds per gallon barge(s), another vessel, or other avail-
able source. This is to prevent addition- FIRE FIGHTING VESSEL
1
A 1 ⁄2 inch line delivering 125 gpm = al damage to the environment. This Vessels hired to be used as a firefight-
30 tons per hour places another problem onto the shoul- ing platform may be barges being
A 21⁄2 inch line delivering 250 gpm = ders of the Incident Commander, and a pushed by tow boats, or large work
60 tons per hour consideration that must be faced boats such as those used for offshore
A 2,000 gpm delivery device = before leaving the dock. In the situa- drilling operations. If it is at all possible
480 tons per hour tion where the vessel is tied up to a to do so this would be better served if
dock nearby storage tanks may be uti- some idea were known ahead of time
VESSEL LIST lized as well. If the vessel is tied up to a as to the existing conditions at the
It is obvious that with the use of large dock, it is better for it to list away from sight. It is imperative for the firefight-
volume delivery devices, water can the dock to prevent damage to either ing vessel to be set up for the best and
quickly affect the stability of a vessel. the dock or vessel. safest method by which to operate. In
Too much water fore and aft will affect
the trim. Too much either way may
cause the stern or bow to sink. Too
much in both the stern and bow areas
may break the back of the vessel and
ultimately sink them and bring the
center of the vessel up. The keel, which
is the backbone, will no longer be of
value. Too much water on either the
port or starboard side of the vessel will
create list to either side. The more
water the more the list. If allowed to
proceed uncontrolled the vessel may
turn upside down.
If it is possible to do so, dewatering
must be initiated as quickly as possible.
For every gallon of water placed on the
vessel, a gallon should be taken off-if it
is conceivable to do so. Many times the
dewatering cannot begin until access
to the vessel has been obtained Even
then it may not be possible to gain
access to the onboard pumps. It may
become necessary to use pumps Pic courtesy of Dave Cochran
Industrial
some cases the equipment will be set inserted both from the suction created oils may be involved. Crude oils are
up to operate from either the starboard by the nozzle, and by the bubbles in subject to boil over. Water reactive
or port side. Then again some vessels the finished foam. In addition, the pos- materials may react violently.
may be set up to operate from the rear sibility of a static spark is very likely to 3. Use the advice of those experts
of the vessel. Once the decision is occur. Obviously this is not something wisely. If you do you may well come
made, there is little chance of changing one wants to happen – it is not worth out of the situation safely.
these conditions when the involved the risk.
4. Don’t take unnecessary chances –
vessel is reached. The commitment has If called upon to combat a vessel
the firefighting profession often
been made and there is little chance of fire, it is recommended you:
times requires firefighters to be
changes to be made. All pumps must 1. Get expert help. The Master of the placed in some area of hazard.
be positioned close to the sides of the vessel, Engineer, Captain of the Shipboard firefighting may force
vessel to allow for drafting operations Port, Mates, Salvage companies, one to be in the red zone.
to continue uninterrupted until the sit- Marine architects, all of these are a
uation is eliminated. Consider taking 5. If possible get copies of the ships
source of expertise. papers – they will give you the
along a spare pump or two just in case
Murphy’s Law, decides to make a visit. 2. Know the product(s) involved. information about the vessel you
It is advisable to use longer suction Water reactive materials or crude are boarding.
hose to eliminate possible air leaks and
causing breaks in drafting operations.
These can be purchased in 20 or thirty
foot lengths; however, the longer the
hose the more difficult they are to
handle, especially in tight quarters. As
previously mentioned heavy rolling seas
Concentrate
can prevent pumps from performing.
The more suction hose you can put
between the pump and the strainer the
better off you are. The amount of
on foam; we do.
depth does not affect draft. In addition
to this the action of the sea may dic-
tate as to whether or not the captain of
the vessel may pull away from the
involved vessel if he/she believes the
vessel or crew are in danger. The cap-
tain will always be in charge-regardless
of what the IC feels is right.
The average fire pump is capable of
drafting 10-12 feet. However, today
there are pumps being tested that will Synthetic Fire Fighting Foams
far exceed the previous pump Fire protection is too serious a subject to be taken lightly. You don’t buy
capabilities. something as vital as fire fighting foam hoping that it’ll work when and if it has
to. You have to be sure. Which means selecting high performance foam
HATCHES concentrates from a specialist source – like Total Walther.
If a vessel has ulages or hatches such as Reliable Total Walther products have been safeguarding life and property for
those on barges, and they have not over 100 years. Our complete range of environmentally sustainable, synthetic
been breached or involved, should be fire fighting foams is used worldwide, protecting critical assets in high-risk
left alone. DO NOT open them under environments.
the pretenses of applying a foam blan-
Part of the global family of Tyco Fire & Security foam agents, Total Walther
ket to prevent ignition. In all probability
synthetic foams provide cost-effective, high performance solutions. We do it
if there are volatile products inside, they so well because we do nothing else. Don’t play at fire protection. Choose Total
are in the rich mode and will remain so. Walther for total peace of mind. We concentrate on foam - so you don’t have to.
To open them, insert a delivery device,
make a foam application, then remove For further information, please contact:
the device until the next application is Tyco Safety Products, Le Pooleweg 5, 2314 XT Leiden,
asking for trouble. When opened vapor Netherlands. Tel: +31 (0)71 5419 415
will certainly escape, and possibly reach Fax: +31 (0)71 5417 330 E-mail info@twfl.com
a source of ignition and create another
w w w. t w f l . c o m
problem to the already bad situation. In
addition, if applying foam air is being
Industrial
Aircraft Rescue
THE CRASH OF A commercial jetliner raises the specter of such overwhelming
By Kenneth D. Honig,
death and destruction that most people would rather not consider the possibili-
ty. Unless a community is in close proximity to an airport, it is often difficult to EMT-P, CEN
get the commitment of resources to plan for such an event. However, it is the
responsibility of emergency managers to plan for the unthinkable. For those “area concept” technique of blanketing
individuals who insist that these types of incidents only occur “someplace the outside of the fuselage with over-
else,” remember that to emergency managers in other municipalities, your lapping streams of firefighting product
community is somewhere else. to draw off heat, escape time for
In this series of articles, we will consider the role of fire, law enforcement passengers can increase significantly.
Tests conducted at the Federal Avia-
and EMS agencies when responding to an off-airport aircraft crash. In this
tion Administration’s (FAA) research
issue, we begin by reviewing aircraft rescue firefighting. facility at Atlantic City Airport in New
Jersey demonstrate that a fuel fire inside
tural firefighting. With a potential 300+ an aircraft cabin can reach temperatures
AIRCRAFT RESCUE FIREFIGHTING
victims, many of whom will have suf- that lead to flash-over conditions in less
Aircraft rescue firefighting (ARFF) fered burns and/or traumatic injuries than four minutes. The immediate
encompasses the techniques, tactics and and are in need of extrication, all avail- application of massive quantities of
skills utilized to maximize the number able resources must concentrate on the cooling firefighting product to draw off
of survivors of an aircraft crash. This rescue effort. This often involves the this heat is the most effective technique
involves the use of specialized and tactical decision to ignore a large body for increasing survivability in a low-
sophisticated equipment, and the imple- of fire until after rescue of the passen- impact aircraft crash fire incident.
mentation of specific strategies and gers and crew is accomplished. When planning a fire attack, certain
tactics, with priority being placed on The rule of thumb is initially to fight basic principles should be employed.
rescuing the greatest number of victims only the fire that interferes with the res- The responding firefighting force should
in the shortest period of time. cue. Once the rescue is completed, make the initial attack from upwind of
In order to certify them as airworthy, resources can then be redirected to fire- the fire. This allows nature to reduce the
manufacturers of commercial jetliners fighting. This is in contrast to a struc- amount of heat and smoke these fire-
must demonstrate that their aircrafts can tural fire response, where saving the fighters will encounter. Remember that
be evacuated of their full capacity in bedrooms from a kitchen fire is consid- structural firefighting protective cloth-
under three minutes, utilizing only half ered a win. After all, you can’t save half ing provides inadequate protection
the available exits.1,2 However, a jet air- an airplane! against extreme temperatures generated
craft can still be compared to a crowded by burning aviation fuels. When
movie theater with too few exits to pass ARFF TECHNIQUES approaching the scene, firefighters
any building code in the country. Techniques initially employed in the should realize that due to their limited
Due to the nature of the com- response are geared toward extending initial firefighting capacity, they should
bustibles involved in an aircraft crash, the “escape window” to allow the not waste time or product extinguishing
the physical forces which are experi- evacuation of passengers and crew. fires that do not involve passenger
enced and the potentially large number Aviation fuels burn at extremely high areas. Burning wings, engines and
of victims, strategic priorities differ from temperatures, between 3,000°F-4,000°F. landing gear do not normally contain
other types of firefighting scenarios. In The environment inside an aircraft cabin passengers, and unless the fire is
ARFF, the emphasis is more heavily can reach uninhabitable temperatures encroaching on passenger or other
weighted toward rescue than in struc- within two minutes. By employing the inhabited areas, it should be ignored
Industrial
ue Firefighting
until passenger rescue is complete. agent (Halon, carbon dioxide or dry The FAA makes yearly surprise tests
The first priority is to create and chemical powder). To meet FAA man- of response time, equipment and train-
maintain a rescue/escape path for pas- dated standards, this vehicle must be ing records. Failure to meet mandated
sengers evacuating the aircraft. Second- able to reach the midpoint of the fur- standards can result in hefty fines
ly, product should be applied to cool the thest runway from the fire station and and/or loss of certification.
areas of fuselage where radiant heat begin firefighting operations in three
from a fire has begun to encroach. minutes or less from the initial alarm. FIREFIGHTING PRODUCTS
Finally, after the passengers’ safety is Class B firefighting foams are the prima-
Large capacity foam vehicles carry up
established, and if sufficient quantities ry agent used for fighting aircraft fires.
to 6,000 gallons of water and AFFF.
of firefighting product are available, Foam is defined in NFPA Standard-11 as
They discharge firefighting foam
mop up of other areas can begin. “a stable aggregation of small bubbles
through turrets at up to 1,200 gallons
of lower density than oil or water, and
PREPARATION CONSIDERATIONS per minute or more, as well as through
shows tenacious qualities for covering
hand lines and under truck nozzles.
In order to prepare for an aircraft horizontal surfaces.” Foam is made up
They must be able to arrive at a scene
emergency, agencies should become of air, a foaming agent and water. It is
within four minutes after an alarm is
familiar with how airports deal with the air trapped in the bubbles that gives
sounded.
on-site incidents. foam its cooling ability.
The FAA has promulgated Federal Tanker vehicles may be utilized to The first chemical foams were devel-
Aviation Regulations (FARs) on a variety transport large quantities of water or oped in England in the late 1870s. The
of subjects involving operations of air- foam concentrate to the scene for United States Army Air Corps began
craft and airports. FAR Part 139 [14CFR replenishment of ARFF vehicles. using chemical foams formed by reac-
Part 139] deals with, among other Other vehicles in an ARFF fleet may tions of such materials as aluminum
things, aircraft rescue and firefighting. include command and communications sulfate or sodium bicarbonate and
Part 139 details the required areas of vehicles, stair trucks, ambulances, MCI water, in combination with foam-stabi-
training for aircraft rescue firefighters, equipment carriers, hazardous materi- lizing agents, in the 1930s. In 1935, the
and specifies the type and capacity of als/decontamination units, ladder and Army switched to mechanical foams
equipment available to respond to such hose trucks. where a liquid foaming agent is mixed
incidents.
Aircraft rescue firefighting vehicles
can be categorized into four types: Aircraft rescue firefighting
rapid intervention vehicles (RIV); large
capacity foam vehicles; tankers; and
miscellaneous ancillary vehicles.
vehicles can be categorized into
Rapid intervention vehicles quickly
deliver a sufficient quantity of firefighting
four types: rapid intervention
product to extinguish a small aircraft
fuel fire or knock down a large fuel fire.
Personnel on this equipment will also
vehicles (RIV); large capacity
make the first evaluation of the incident
and begin rescue operations. These vehi- foam vehicles; tankers; and
cles carry 100-1,000 gallons of water
and aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF),
as well as a secondary extinguishing
miscellaneous ancillary vehicles.
INTERNATIONAL FIRE FIGHTER www.iffmag.com 39
P. 31-46 25/10/06 6:40 pm Page 40
Industrial
Aircraft Rescue
with water and air. Examples of these
mechanical foams include protein
foams, which are albumin based, and
Firefighters should be familiar
fluoroprotein foams, in which glycols
were added to stabilize the foam. with, and have available, foam
In the 1960s, the United States Navy,
along with 3M, developed Aqueous Film
Forming Foam (AFFF). AFFF is totally
eductors and a supply of
synthetic and contains fluorocarbon
surfactants which cause a thin aqueous
foam concentrate at the scene
film to drain from the foam bubbles and
float on top of the liquid hydrocarbons. to continue firefighting efforts.
This traps the vapors and results in fire
extinguishment by removing the fuel vehicle to stand by in the event a plane should be familiar with, and have avail-
source. In addition, the cooling action crashes in their community. Therefore, able, foam eductors and a supply of
of the bubbles removes the heat, result- agencies must determine how to adapt foam concentrate at the scene to
ing in faster extinguishment. existing structural firefighting equip- continue firefighting efforts.
Firefighting foams are generally avail- ment for ARFF. Although it is possible, but not desir-
able in 1%, 3% and 6% concentrates. One of the simplest and least expen- able, to apply protein foams along with
The percentage refers to the number of sive methods is calculation of the boost- AFFF on the same fire, water should
gallons of concentrate to be mixed with er tank foam recipe for your equipment. never be applied to a foam blanket as it
water to produce 100 gallons of fire- This involves taking the capacity of the will dilute and wash away the protec-
fighting product. For example, one gal- on-board water tank on the fire truck, tion. It is also important not to mix dif-
lon of 1% AFFF concentrate is mixed calculating the amount of foam con- ferent types of foam concentrates
with 99 gallons of water, three gallons centrate needed, and then storing it on together. To insure the safety of rescuers
of 3% concentrate is mixed with 97 the truck ready for use. For example, a and to prevent possible reignition of
gallons of water, or six gallons of 6% 500-gallon booster tank would require fuel vapors, when the foam blanket has
concentrate is mixed with 94 gallons of 15 gallons or three 5-gallon buckets of dissipated, it should be replenished. A
water to make 100 gallons of product. 3% AFFF concentrate. Placed in the visible and complete foam blanket is
What comes out of the nozzle or turret hose bed near the tank fill, the foam necessary to insure vapor suppression.
is exactly the same. Since mobile pro- concentrate could be dumped into the
portioning systems cannot be accurately tank before the apparatus departs. The RESPONSE PLANNING
calibrated at the 1% level, these con- drive to the scene would sufficiently mix Off-airport aircraft emergencies fall into
centrates are utilized only in fixed-base the water and concentrate to produce four categories: low-impact crashes,
operations such as refineries and fuel 500 gallons of pre-mix. With a standard high-impact crashes, mid-air break up
storage facilities and are not used for water fog nozzle, this would produce and crashes into water.
ARFF. the firefighting equivalent of 1,500- In a low-impact crash, the pilot is
3,000 gallons of firefighting product. If able to make a fairly controlled landing
VEHICLE ADAPTATION an air aspirating nozzle was utilized, and the fuselage remains relatively
Many municipal fire departments are then the coverage would approximate intact. There may be an associated fuel
not financially able to purchase an ARFF 1,500-7,500 gallons.3 Firefighters fire. Responders will treat a large
Industrial
Firefighting
number of survivors suffering from force injuries and burns. dust and micro fibers. Responders must also take care to avoid
The local EMS system will be overloaded. A wide body jet may the biohazard dangers presented by body parts and fluids, and
carry up to 400 passengers, and appropriate hospital beds will to avoid unnecessary contamination of equipment by carefully
have to be located. choosing equipment staging sites. A decontamination station
In a high-impact crash, the forces involved are much greater for personnel and equipment should be established, and a
and there will be few, if any, survivors. The stress on respon- perimeter established to prevent cross contamination.
ders increases as it becomes apparent that few lives can be During and following ARFF operations, it is important to
saved. The clean-up operation, body recovery and identifica- remember that a plane crash is a crime scene until proven
tion process will tax the local medical examiner or coroner’s otherwise. A number of local, state and federal law enforce-
staff. ment agencies will be involved in the investigation into the
If the aircraft breaks up in mid-air due to an explosion or cause of the crash. Responders should take care not to unnec-
collision, aircraft wreckage and bodies may be spread over a essarily disturb aircraft parts. If it is necessary to move some-
wide area. If the aircraft lands in water, reaching the fuselage, thing in order to accomplish rescue or fire extinguishment,
rescuing survivors and combating a fire will be difficult. In then try to remember the original location or orientation of
these cases, even a shallow water crash will have severe the part and convey that information to investigators. Above
environmental consequences. all—no souvenir hunting! A perimeter should be quickly
Response planning should include designation of primary established and only those persons actively involved in the
and back-up locations for triage and treatment of victims. operation should be permitted access. Preventing unauthorized
Suddenly you are faced with 325 victims with injuries ranging access is infinitely easier than clearing the area of bystanders
from minor abrasions to fractures, burns and major trauma. later.
Where will you treat them? How many hospital beds are Before recovery of bodies or body parts commences,
available? How will you transport patients? photographs should be taken to document their location
Devise a plan and conduct a tabletop exercise to test it. in relation to the aircraft and surrounding area. This
Include neighboring fire, EMS and law enforcement agencies
in your exercise. Disaster drills and exercises are the time to
work out mutual aid bugs. Also, contact the local funeral
home association to assist in planning for a multiple fatalities
incident. Contact state and federal agencies for potential THE RIGHT GEAR FOR
FOAM
sources of assistance, from FAA Planning Guides to DMAT
Teams.
In any event, responders to an aircraft crash will have to
take special precautions to protect themselves. Beyond the FOAM CONCENTRATE PUMPS
obvious danger of fire, unburned jet fuel is a carcinogen that
can be absorbed through the skin; prolonged inhalation of • bodies in bronze or
vapors can lead to development of chemical pneumonia; and stainless steel
some equipment can be permanently contaminated if it comes
into contact with fuel. • integral relief valves
Aircraft fuselage may produce sharp edges that can easily
tear through bunker gear. Aircraft landing gears are made of • choice of seals
materials that will burn at extreme temperatures and react
violently if extinguishment with water or foam is attempted.
Aircraft engines may continue to operate for some minutes
after a crash, even if they have become dislodged. In an emer-
gency landing or low impact crash, jet turbines may produce
sufficient thrust to overturn responding apparatus and suck in • water turbine drives
loose equipment or even personnel who get too close. A bump
against a propeller can restart a reciprocating engine if it has
not been properly shut down. Pressurized lines and containers
may contain fluids or gases at extremely high pressures. Some
of the fluids may be flammable or toxic. In older aircraft, oxy-
gen may be distributed from central tanks through pressurized ALBANY PUMPS
lines. Surface control cables can be under extreme tension, and
if cut, may react with enough released energy to cause serious
injury or death. Electrical lines may remain energized. Tel: +44 (0) 1594 842275 Fax: +44 (0) 1594 842574
The new composite skin of modern aircraft is made up of e-mail: sales@albany-pumps.co.uk www. albany-pumps.co.uk
materials that when cut by a power saw can release dangerous
Industrial
The combination of a massive, REFERENCES
1. Federal Aviation Regulations Part 23. Airwor-
thiness Standards: Normal, Utility, Acrobatic
three-dimensional liquid and Commuter Category Airplanes (14CFR23),
Section 23.803(a) effective May 17, 1994.
2. Federal Aviation Regulations Part 25. Air-
hydrocarbon fire, a widespread worthiness Standards: Transport Category
Airplanes (14CFR25), Section 25.803(c) effec-
trauma and burn MCI, and a high- tive July 20, 1990.
3. Fire Department Training Program Instructor’s
Guide, 3M Light Water AFFF & AFFF/ATC,
profile media event makes this an 1987, St. Paul, MN, pg. 12.
CAFS Range -
a solution for every need
Firefighting with CAFS means improved knock down
times with reduced water and environmental damage
Also available as separate components for the main vehicle pump discharge
installation at vehicle build stage (MCP50 model) State-of-the-art technology
Industrial
Full-scale mobilization
Heavy exhibitor response
represented with its own generous-
THINGS ARE BOOMING AT
sized information stand (in Hall 27).
INTERSCHUTZ 2005. For
months now, the trade show
RUSSIA TO PRESENT TWO NATIONAL
team has been involved in a
PAVILIONS
full-scale mobilization. “We’re
delighted at the response, espe- At a total of two national pavilions, the
cially from outside Germany,” reports a member of the INTERSCHUTZ project Russian Federation will present its latest
team. All the market leaders have already registered for the “International disaster relief equipment and techniques.
Exhibition for Rescue, Fire Prevention, Disaster Relief, Safety and Security” at Demonstrations include firefighting
the Hannover Exhibition Center, running from 6 to 11 June 2005. Leading missions, disaster prevention and dam-
companies from Sweden, Spain, Portugal and Poland will be represented in age control, rescue and recovery work
Hannover for the first time ever. All in all, the organizers at Deutsche Messe and special training in the area of risk
AG are expecting to draw over 1,000 exhibiting enterprises, institutions, analysis and management.
organizations and associations for the exhibition, occupying halls 12, 13, 26 The Russian ministry for disaster pro-
and 27 at the exhibition center, as well its open-air site. tection (EMERCOM RUSSLAND) will
demonstrate how forest fires are extin-
guished using heavy airplanes, heli-
and equipment for rescue vehicles, fire
INNOVATION A BURNING NECESSITY copters and multi-purpose amphibian
stations and workshops.
Rescue services and security in planes as well as how robots are
Successful operations depend on
the spotlight deployed for firefighting and environ-
having up-to-date technical equip-
Fire brigades, the police and relief agen- mental recovery purposes.
ment, monitoring systems and commu-
cies are faced with ever-more complex The program is rounded out by a
nications technology. Visitors at
challenges, be it helping with natural presentation of new technologies for
INTERSCHUTZ/INTERPOLICE will be
disasters, severe accidents, fire or inter- fire protection in underground and
able to see all the latest developments
national terror prevention. Given the multipurpose structures as well as
here firsthand.
high priority of security-related issues, high-rise buildings.
The “Security” category at the show
this topic has been made into a new, The Russian Federation will appear at
will feature products and services for
independent trade show category by the INTERSCHUTZ in Hall 26 as well as at
access, security and monitoring systems
organizers of INTERSCHUTZ/INTERPO- INTERPOLICE in Hall 27.
in industry, transportation and the home.
LICE 2005. This means that in 2005, The INTERSCHUTZ team is expecting Additional national pavilions
the emergency services sector will be visitor attendance of around 130,000. Apart from Russia and the host nation
emphasized even more than at past of Germany, the following six nations
shows. And the entire exhibition pro- SUCCESS AT “CHINA FIRE” TRADE SHOW
have registered their own pavilions:
gram is being realigned and expanded Deutsche Messe AG did some highly Finland, France, Poland, Russia, Spain
to cope with this new development. successful advertising for INTER- and the United States.
Exhibitors at the event will be dis- SCHUTZ/INTERPOLICE 2005 at the
playing the latest technologies, trends “China Fire” trade show, held last Octo- RESCUE AND FIREFIGHTING MISSIONS
and services in the area of protection ber in Beijing. The Hannover-based
and prevention, emergency relief and exhibition company was represented at Live demonstrations at the
civil defense plus organization. the official German pavilion there. As a open-air site
The range of products and services result, more than 25 Chinese compa- A major bonus at INTERSCHUTZ 2005
runs from protective clothing and nies, primarily from the area of fire is its balanced mix of non-commercial
emergency and medical equipment to extinguishers and extinguishing agents, and industrial exhibitors, helping make
the latest-model rescue vehicles. Addi- have already signed up for INTER- this trade fair into the world’s top
tional areas include position-finding SCHUTZ/INTERPOLICE 2005 (versus event for anyone involved in rescue
equipment, measuring and detection just six companies in 2000). For the services, fire prevention, disaster relief
systems, control center and signaling first time ever, the Chinese association and safety/security occupations.
equipment, fire and building protection of fire brigades (CFPA) will also be The industrial exhibitors will display
Industrial
all the latest products and technologies
required for optimum performance by
rescue and security services.
The non-commercial exhibitors, on
the other hand, will be on hand with
their primarily volunteer crews to
reconstruct realistic damage scenarios
and simulate rescue missions. Every
day, from 10:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., a
series of spectacular demonstrations
and activities will take place at the
8,000-square-meter large demonstra-
tion site on the north side of Hall 26.
The main focus will be on the key top-
ics at INTERSCHUTZ, i.e. fire preven-
tion and firefighting, as well as rescue
missions of all kinds. This part of
the show is being organized by the
Hannover Fire Department.
Industrial
(THW). On a stand measuring 1,400
THE TRADE SHOW TEAM
square meters in Hall 26, with an extra
400 square meters outdoors, this organi- Organizer: Associated sponsors:
zation will demonstrate new equipment Deutsche Messe AG German Fire Protection Association (GFPA)
for difficult technical rescue assignments Dept. 212, Exhibition Grounds www.vfdb.de
as well as new rescue vehicles. In Hall 26 D-30521 Hannover, Germany German Association of Fire Departments
THW will present a “reconstructed” col- Internet: www.interschutz.de (DFV)
lapsed building with people “trapped” Unter den Linden 42
inside its cavities. THW members will Dr. Andreas Gruchow
10117 Berlin, Germany
demonstrate how they are located using Division Director
dfv.berlin@dfv.org
electronics and rescue dogs. A steel-pipe Michael Schneider Organization of the
structure on the outside of Hall 26 will Project Manager “non-commercial sector”:
be used to demonstrate rescue missions Phone: +49-(0)511/89-32 120
at significant heights or depths. This INTERSCHUTZ Office, Hannover Fire Dept.
Eva-Maria Gansauge Phone: +49-(0)511/912-1114 to –1117
structure will be converted into a climb-
Sekretariat Fax: +49-(0)511/912-1520
ing wall for the public on Saturday —
Tel. +49-511/89-3 21 21 Interschutz.2005@Hannover-Stadt.de
Open Door Day at the show. www.Feuerwehr-Hannover.de
Fax +49-511/89-3 31 26
Contact:
Local contact for GFPA:
Technisches Hilfswerk Jörg-Uwe Strauss
Project Consultant Rolf-Dieter Bräunig
State Chapter for Lower Saxony/Bremen
Phone: +49-(0)511/89-33 125 Beekeweg 3, D-30 966 Hemmingen,
Rainer Bormann
joerg-uwe.strauss@messe.de Germany
Phone: +49-(0)511/336 90 50 Phone: +49-(0)5101/92 50 43
Jana-Sofie Strobel Fax: +49-(0)5101/92 50 44
GERMAN RED CROSS (DRK) Tel. +49-511/89-3 00 66 rolf-dieter.braeunig@onlinehome.de
The German Red Cross will be present-
ing new rescue vehicles and its familiar state-of-the-art police lights. having a standardized, wireless security
blood donation mobile. It will also be Starting in late January, this police communications network.
introducing its new victim support and car will be used to advertise INTER- This program is complementary to a
information unit (UEBI) to the broad SCHUTZ/INTERPOLICE 2005 through- presentation sponsored by Johanniter
public for the first time. This German- out Germany, including at the Unfallhilfe (JUH) entitled “An introduc-
wide project involving medical and Motorola company stand at CeBIT in tion to digital wireless communication”
social care of affected residents and March. The provisional end of the line on 8 June, from 10:00 a.m. to 12:00
support teams at chemical accident for this vehicle will come at INTER- noon.
sites was launched in summer 2002 by SCHUTZ/INTERPOLICE in June, where
HOTEL AND PRIVATE ACCOMMODATION
Hannover-based local helpers. Their job interested visitors can examine the car
consists of informing people onsite of and its amazing equipment in Hall 12. To ensure you have a stress-free visit to
the hazardous chemicals released into the show, Travel2Fairs, a subsidiary of
the environment as well as providing DIGITAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATION FOR Deutsche Messe AG, is happy to orga-
advice to mission control, helping look EMERGENCY ORGANIZATIONS nize your accommodations in a hotel or
after patients and decontaminate any Starting in 2010 all authorities and private home (B&B). Hotel rooms are
affected people. organizations with security-related available in every price category, as are
missions in Germany will use the same, reasonably priced B&B or apartment
Contact UEBI: accommodations. You’ll find the rele-
standardized wireless communication
German Red Cross vant order forms — form 7.85 and 7.86
network. Germany’s federal and state
Hannover Municipal Chapter — in OBS.
governments are currently working full-
Holger Rathjens
speed to achieve this objective. The Contact:
Phone: +49 (0)174-72 10 285
current schedule calls for invitations to Phone: +49-(0)511/33 64 45 10
tender to go out to system providers by Fax: +49-(0)511/33 64 45 12
ONE-OF-A-KIND POLICE VEHICLE this spring. In 2006 the decision will info@travel2fairs.com
Guaranteed to rev up the motors of car then be made as to which systems www.travel2fairs.com
freaks everywhere: this Crossfire Road- technology will be adopted for all
star, commissioned by DaimlerChrysler emergency services and organizations
and built by Karmann, represents a in Germany. CULTURE, SHOPPING, SIGHTSEEING
unique specimen. This head-turning Visitors to the show can stop by the Details about local opera, theater,
promotional vehicle was equipped by stand of the Lower Saxony Wireless cabaret, shows, dining tips, shopping
Motorola with the very latest digital Communication Project Group in Hall recommendations, tourist attractions
wireless technology and by Lippstadt- 27, stand F 13, to find out what extra- and other information can be found at
based lighting manufacturer Heller with ordinary prospects will result from www.hannover.de
Industrial
P R O D U C T P R O F I L E
The group factories and main
products:
● VEMA® – hydraulic telescopic
platforms
● SAURUS® – fire fighting and rescue
vehicles
● KIITOKORI – buses, command and
clinic vehicles, EFI®-aircraft de-icers
Vema® products are EC-type tested
and manufactured according to Euro-
pean standard EN 1777. The produc-
tion itself is certified according ISO
9001. The production covers both
industrial and fire & rescue ranges
Vema® fire & rescue range 20–55 m
working height:
● 201 TF – 20 m compact mini
platform
● 202 TF – 20 m combined rescue
platform fire truck
● 282 TF – 28 m combined rescue
VEMA LIFT OY
platform fire truck
● 273 TFL – 27 m platform, outreach
22 m, cage load 400 kg
● 323 TFL – 32 m platform, outreach
21 m, cage load 400 kg
● 333 TFL – 33 m platform, outreach
25 m, cage load 400 kg
ema® hydraulic platform vehi-
V
capital Helsinki.
● 383 TFL – 38 m platform, outreach
cles are manufactured by Vema The Group is owned 100% by private
22 m, cage load 400 kg
Lift Oy company. The company persons. The history goes back to
● 453 TFL – 45 m platform, outreach
is part of Kiitokori Group specialized in 1940`s – today the number of manu-
26 m, cage load 400 kg
manufacturing heavy duty special factured vehicles is round 200 per year
● 553 TFL – 55 m platform, outreach
vehicles in its three factory, in employing over 200 skilled people. The
23 m, cage load 450 kg
Finland. The Group HQ is located in the share of export is 70%.
Vema® TFL-serie is designed for
lowest transport height and length of
the vehicle, focusing modern comput-
erized outreach control & diagnostic
systems in booms operations. Unique
automatic levelling and long second
boom construction allow access to even
most difficult targets.
Vema® units can customized,
equipped and mounted on any
commercial chassis.
T
he FSA’s vast hands-on training latest methods and technologies avail- ● Hazardous Materials On-Scene Inci-
facility and comprehensive pro- able, providing state-of-the-art, hands- dent Commander
grams are designed to challenge on and classroom training to develop
experienced and novice firefighters alike, individual competencies through team- HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AND HAZWOPER
serving private-sector industries including based learning. Companies and individ- Training for hazardous materials
petrochemical, aviation, mining, technol- uals may train at the world-class Nevada response is so specific that legislated
ogy, transportation and hospitality as well facility or have a program or course cus- standards have been set to guide
as municipal, county, state, federal and tomized and offered at a site anywhere responders through advancing levels of
international agencies and governments. in the world. command. FSA training meets or
Backed by 30 years of training exper- exceeds these requirements. The FSA
tise, the academy’s instructors, industry CRISIS AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
trains in containment, confinement,
experts and staff support a renowned Establishing effective command, control decontamination, first responder and
classroom curriculum augmented by and communications at any emergency incident command with strenuous exer-
exceptional hands-on training exercises is vital for the safety of rescuers, victims cises using heavy, chemical-protective
for real-life incident command and and the public. These systems also play a clothing. Instruction emphasizes pro-
response. FSA training on the field and in dominant role in effectively managing tecting people, property and the
the classroom meets or exceeds consen- an incident and returning chaos to order. environment.
sus standards and those set by the U.S. The FSA trains industries, organizations Courses and consulting in hazardous
Occupational Safety and Health Adminis- materials response include:
tration (OSHA), the U.S. Mine Safety and
and Health Administration (MSHA), the ● HAZWOPER 24-Hour/Hazardous
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Materials First Responder Operations
the U.S. Department of Transportation ● Hazardous Materials On-Scene Inci-
(USDOT), the National Fire Protection dent Commander
Association (NFPA), the Federal Emer- ● HAZWOPER 40-Hour/Hazardous
gency Management Agency (FEMA), and Materials Technician
the Nevada State Fire Marshal. Continu- ● HAZWOPER 8-Hour/Hazardous Mat-
ing education credit for FSA coursework erials Refresher
and training also may be available from a ● Hazardous Materials Advanced
variety of agencies and organizations. Response
● Hazardous Materials Chemistry
PROGRAMS AND TRAINING EMPHASIS ● Emergency Response Team (ERT) —
The University of Nevada, Reno’s Fire Comprehensive Refresher Training
Science Academy has earned an interna-
tional reputation for exceptional, safe, INDUSTRIAL FIRE FIGHTING
effective, flexible and responsive train- The FSA has received worldwide recog-
ing and consulting. FSA delivers the nition for its industrial curriculum,
&3! !D )&&