Part I '

.
Wireless Channel Model

Objective :
Review the characteristics of wireless
channels .

Wireless Channels

that distinguish wireless from wireline

Things communications

Fading Interference
-
-

A x
NTT .
-
A h
.
h .

Examples :

Cellular telephony
-

WiFi

Satellite -
Bluetooth

We will first focus on

single
-

user
system and therefore

Fornow
deal with
fading only .
Two
categories of fading :

Large scale fading

.
-

Signal
Path loss function
:
strength decays as a
-

'

of d where d is distance
propagation .

signals
shadowing
:

get blocked by
large
obstacles such as
buildings .
.
.

by

with
slowly and are
Usually vary

fading
-
hope

cell site
planning
-

.
Small -
scale

Multipath Due from and

fading constructive
-
:

destructive interference of multiple signal paths

related to
design
Closely system
-

-
The main focus of this course
Multipath Channel as Linear System

Xx , : Channel input / TX signal L passband )

Yet ) : Channel output I EX signal L Passband )

I
>
s

Paths have different attenuation ai it ) and

may ,
e
, ,

different propagation delay ,

Tilt ,
t )

We focus narrowband systems

mainly on so we assume
,

Ai Lf ,
t ) = ai It ) and Tilt ,
t ) =
Tilt ) .

we will talk about extension to wideband system later .

Linear time
varying system
- :

yes § Aires X l t Tien )

-
=
.

? ai Lt )
=/s .

It -

Tix , )) * Xlt )

=
f .
I hit
,
t ) .

Xlt -
T ) AT
 where
htt t ) =
? hi Lt ) fl T Tilts )
.

T A

delay time

index index

The
frequency
is
corresponding response

-52444
!
JWT
Htt ; t ) =/ here ,
t ) .
e- dy =

§ aim .

For channels that have

stationary parameters

yet , = f ! htt ) .

X It -

T ) de = has * X Lt )

where

htt
)
§ Ai 8C Ti )
=
T -

and

Htt ) I I hit e5 " 'T T

5444
§
=

.
, .

dy =
a ,
e
Baseband model
signal
:

XX ) =
) .
E hes 2kt at -

) T2 sin 2k£
-

Re
Infxblti
Ahe
eJ2THct
( kit )

Reuben
,
=

real attenuation

if
µ
yet , § Aires X l t Tim )
-
=
.

# -5214
)
it
Tim
=
& aim ( r2 Xi Lt Tilt , ) e5
.

, .
e

2K£
eidetic )
J Tilt )
Re (§
-

= Aix ) Xbct -

Tie , ) .
e .

Yblt )

Nct
= if .

Be ( yay , eh )
 Hence the baseband model
, equivalent is

Ybct I § af th Xbft Tien )

.

= -

-
juvenile )
where AE Ct ) =
Ariel .

e complex number

baseband model channel modeled

In
signal ,
is as

A complex number in
cuddling real attenuation and

phase rotation due from

delay .

Baseband channel impulse response :

diet
hbk t ) =

§ 84Tie )
.

Again , if stationary ,

b
hb ( T I =
En .
Ai .

SCT -

Ti )

The received signal Y bits is sum of many delayed

attenuated and rotated

replicas of Xblt )
,
by aike ,

and
delayed by Tien .
From discrete
continuous time to time
signal :
-

Assume passband signal has BW w ⇒ baseband Bw I .

We thus sample at rate 2 .

I = W

Xb et ) =

§ Xin ] .
sine ( Wt -
h )

ideal interpolation waveform

where ] = Xb C I ) Xen
the n -
eh sample .

Thus ybct ) § Aib Lt ) Xbft Tien )

.

= -

Alice
§ (
=
, .

En xcn ] sine wt -
w Ties -
h
)

The sampled output is

y cm ] =
y, (F) =
§ a? IF ) { .

xcn ] .
sine ( m -
n -

wtilhf ) )
lee m -
n =L

? aibfw ,
l ]
Eexcm
=
sine I l
)
.

ti
-

g. w
. -

=
Ee helm ] .

xcm -
e ]

where

hyun
complex
]
? aibcmw , sine I e
⇐ )
=
- -

y .

g. w
number
T
l eh at time
tap m
-
 In particular for channel
,
stationary ,

Xco ] XCI ] X CL ho
] - .
. x

y [ my =
Ee he -

X Cm -
l ]
xco ] Xu ] x CD - -
.
xh .

Xco ] XCI ] X CL ] - .
.
xhz

Remark

.
i : path index each corresponds to
path
,
o

a sine scaled by a ? and

delayed

by Yi

path I

.
l
-

tap index each he is the sum

,

Path 2
of contributions of all the paths
at
ly W

If paths are close for

very
.

eg
.

paths o and I
,
the combined

attenuation and phase still incur

fading

If paths spread apart for path 2 it introduces

eg
.

,
.
,

inter -

symbol interference .

ts
For the same delay spread W T ⇒ A ⇒ more taps
.

Hence .
in wideband systems ,
ISI is severe .
Additive White Gaussian Noise (A WGN )

Now
,
we put the AW GN back to the model .

Yet ) =
{ Aix ) X Lt -

Tiki ) t WH )
i

where wits is Gaussian process with mean 0 and PSD ¥

We down convert and sample

again yes
to
get
-

4cm ]
§ helm ] xcm
= .
-
l ] t w Cm ]

where won ] is a complex EV whose real and

d Gaussian distribution
imaginary
i. i
parts are . .

N to ¥ )
( satisfy
.

circular
symmetric property )
* Review of Gaussian Random Variables

Standard Gaussian W -
Nco ,
I
)

¥
few , ↳
-

= e .
w ER .

Gaussian X 64 be
Nim
generated by X G Wth
-

- can - .

up
Ix
-

)=÷g
-

fix 26 '

e
,
x ER
)

Tail prob .
of standard Gaussian W > a is

Q ca ) =
Rl w >
a) =/ I e
-

Edw
E
By Chernoff bound Q
-

,
ca ) s e a > I
,

For X ,
,
Xu
,
- . .

Xn independent N l Mi
,
6 ? ) ,
i ELI ,
2
,
- - -
h }

I ,
Cixi -
Ni ,
Cim :
,
I ,
Cia )

Linear combination of Gaussian EVs is Gaussian .

Similar said for real vectors

things can be Gaussian

Our main concern in this course is

complex Gaussian .
Standard complex Gaussian CN

!
W - to ,
'

I +
{ = ,

W -
-

Wat j We.
where WE ,
W
,
i. i. d. NN to ,
'T )
,

For complex Gaussian RV W n CN to 62 )

,
,

its phase has uniform to ,

2K ) and

its magnitude tweet

WE has
Rayleigh distribution

fir , =
¥ exp ) .
r > o

its norm Wpf WE -1 has exponential distribution

fix , -_
Iz
.

expf¥ ) ,
x > o

Now
,
Consider complex Gaussian random Vector I = I ,zyjX±

The pdf is specified by

A
-

-
EH ] ,
K -

EEEKICK -
-

AT ] ,
J -

-
EUI Alice
- -

AT ]

eJ0E for
± is
circularly symmetric if n
I
any
0

For complex Gaussian it means J = I and I can be

,

expressed as real Gaussian vector

multi: HE:c
÷:D
-
Lastly ,
let 's consider n i - i .
d .
CNW .
I
) wi ,
wa
,
. - .

Wu .

i. e
, we NCNLE ,
I )

TIE )=÷n
'

exp ( )
"
.
-
Hell KEE
,

For U ( i.e 4*4=1 )

any unitary matrix
, ,

~ he ( Ute
isotropic property )

If we - CN le ,
I ) and I
-

-
Awe for some A

then I ~ CN ,AA*
to ) is circular
symmetric .

'
Moreover , Hell =/Wil 't Kil t - - -

-11Wh 12 is sum of

2h i i. d N to I ) It becomes Chi with

square
,
.
-
.

zh degrees of freedom and has pdf

fix !
" '
×
-

)
-

X
-

-
e x > 0
en , , ! ,
 Time and Coherence
Frequency

we wish to understand how rapid the channel

changes as a function of time or

frequency .

* Coherence time i

↳ here nie time To of a wireless channel is the time

which helm ]
interval over changes significantly .

i. e. within Tc channel the

, ,
stays roughly same .

Recall that

helm ] ? aibfw ) sine I l

)
=
- -

ti g. w

" t %

!
" '
"

E are e- ( e
, sine
⇐ )
=
ri w
.

g.
-

① ② ③

much slower than ②

① : aim
typically changes

② :
Define Doppler spread : Ds =
hi til Tile ) -

Tjctsl
,

② changes significantly when t

changes apt ,

③ fo
Changes ti (F) to
:
as .
w cc .

Tilt ) since was

Hence , variation in ③ is much slower than that in ②

 In conclusion ,
Tc d
Is
The
larger the Doppler spread ,
the smaller the coherence time !

*
Categories
'

Fast fading
:
if To is much smaller than delay
requirement

Mf
channel

I I

de word
withinrequirement
a sent will
delay
to
experience

multiple fading States

Slow
fading
:
if To is
longer than delay requirement

Remark Slow fast fading only depends

:
or not on

channel behaviors but hand

also
application at .
 * Coherence BW

6 here nie BW We of a wireless channel is the

frequency
which helm ]
interval over changes significantly .

i. e. within Wc channel the

, ,
stays roughly same .

-52449
that
Recall Hey ; e , § an e
.
.

Define Td
delay spread .gr/Tices-Tjctsl
?
: =

t.tt .
.
.

T
I -
l
Id

HH ) significantly when f changes

ie changes atta

We a I
Id

Categories
:
*

flat BW
fading
w
-
:
input ca we

Then , wt > > Td ⇒ we

only have I
tap
hast ane
y
only I
tap
.

u
← ,
i

g
I I
I

f
l
t ,
w
 frequency selective
fading : w > we
-

⇒ Lw C Td We have more than I

tap

Xi
"

iii.
f
.

.
.

.
.

- ,

Remarks
:

selective fading
freq only depends
i
) Flat or
-
not on

channel behaviors but hand

also
application at .

ii )
Modern such WiFi 4G LTE
comm .

systems as , ,

56 adopt wideband comm . and thus are subject

selective
to severe
freq -

fading .

iii ) For MIMO

,
we
usually assume flat -

fading

in Above d have
ii , iii ) seem
conflicting .
But we a

secret weapon .
 Division
Orthogonal Frequency Multiplexing ( OFDM )

Assume slow
fading .
Let L be max number of taps

Let of =
[ do ] ,
da ) ,
- - -

,dCNc - I
] ] be the data

dCNc
¥ [ Lti ]
deckle
} dco
I ] demo -13 ]
- - - -
-
=
-
- -

,
,
,

Cyclic Prefix L CP )

Yun )
-

II. he .
xcm -
I ] twcm ]
m O L I L Nc -1L
=
I
-

I
. -
. .

ho [ day HD dave 2) done ] do ] dowry

-
= I
. - -
. - -
- - -
.
- -
.

h ( *
dem -

Lti ) - - . - -
.

demo -2 ] date I ] -
.
-
-
david
+
. .
.
.

,
,

th [ B. a duh Ltl ] dCNc -2 ]

-
- -
-

- .
. - .
. .

.
.

usually large
!
Nc is
L small )
.

l 144
usually 4G
.

is in
( max 2048 in 4G LTE )
t Wfm )

By considering only m EEL ,

Not L -
I ]
,
we have
Cp is removed
'

ycm ] =
he .

dam -
L -
e) mod No ] -1 Wcm ]
o

those shows that

Stacking 4cm ] into
I

I -

-
k ④ A the where ④ is circular convolution
Matrix representation

cat
:
oh

!:/
"
-

a . ÷
;
"÷÷÷ at .

Note that C is a circular matrix ; therefore ,

it

can be
diagonalized by DFT matrix U with

Chick, )
"

.n
=
exp b. n Elo ,
,
,
.
-

Nc i -

if
. ,

I C. A Lith held

rate
the the
-

- = .

diagonal matrix

1--41=4
I
id
TX send I
'
where data
-

U
:
= is

EX 're I

I
Perform Li
:
-
I
.

U .

U tune

where and we have the same distribution

because we is isotropic .
 Now ,
we have

In = An .

d- n
twin ,
ne to ,
- - -

No -

if
selective
we have transformed freq .
-

fading
independent flat channels
into Nc -

fading

OFDM revisited :

"
domain To di dive
Data in
frequency

ihh
- - .

,
.
,

I
-
l
.
. Obtain time domain signal I = U .

via IDFT

dats
Nc -
I

where
-

Tru { exp ) .

In
.
h O
-
-

( can be efficiently implemented by FIT Olnbogan ) )

prefix append the last L signal

.
Add cyclic by

to the front .

Channel

introduces
w
linear convolution

Remove the channel effect circular

CP making
•

convolution in time domain Y

 .
Obtain frequency domain signal I -

-
U .

I via DFT
I

⇐ihh
Nc -

where 5 n
-

÷ .
{
o
exp ) .

yeah ]

.
Yi =
An .
dit wi is created where

I
-

I
-

:3 )
DETH -

ul! ]

.hn/re::::::::
Channel frequency

in
-

I
÷ iexetiiiihhl
.

Remarks : i ) Another view : Recall that I =

KO
A The

⇒ DFT ( 1) =D FT the ) .

DFT ( A) t DFT I we ) .
Circular convolution

in time - domain ⇒ multiplication in

freq -
domain .

did AI modulated
ii )
Any two are onto two

,¥e¥iikm
-¥e¥ih
dump
"

orthogonal subcarriers un

unit un =
¥ ,
etch " - m
)
= Sen -
m , .
Henne the name OFDM .
 it
hi
'
DFT & IDF T
) Physical operations U and
:
iii are pair

.
.
"
÷ : : '

.
.

ii÷
:c
:*:
ni
'

each one is flat

I I f
- s
w

This is implemented in 4G LTE ,

5 G ,
WiFi - - -

Another
v ) Fast
fading is
story .

Basically ,
OFDM

fails due to severe ICE .

) New solution
Orthogonal Time
Freq Signalling
Vi : -

( OT FS ) .
NOT our focus .

will consider
From
solely
Vii ) now on we
,

flat
fading unless otherwise specified !
i. e.
, only one tap .

Viii ) From now on

,
we use the termsfast or slow to mean

that a codeword has the chance to

experience multiple

flat
fading or not .
 Statistical Channel Models

models
We
rely on statistical to
gain insights into

system design .

Recall that

4cm ]
§ helm ] xcm
= .
-
d ] t w Cm ]

where

" t %

!
" '
"

helm ] E ane e- ( e
) sine
)
=
y w
.

g.
-
.

p
we
directly construct

statistical model for

taps

There are
usually a
large number of reflected paths

CLT

Its
¥
By ,
we have

÷
he Chi - CN Co , of ) = N to ,
E) t
j
.

No ,
Ej

has
magnitude ( Kayleigh distribution )
the
chit -
-

exp ) ,
x
> o

squared magnitude distribution

( Exponential )
)
'

lhecmsl exp x >

.

n o
,

This is called Kayleigh fading channel

 models the where
Kayleigh fading case there is

no
light
-

of -

sight L Los ) .

To model the case where LOS is

present ,
we

use Kilian distribution

helm ) =t¥ ,
Oe . EJO
-1¥ CN Co , Ge )
'

where
in Los
energy
k -
-
-

reflected paths
-

energy
in

Remarks :

it when k
-

-
o
,
it reduces to
Rayleigh
focus Kayleigh fading
ii ) We will on ,
i. e. no Los
,

As this is the case that we need MIMO the most !

Summary
:

Channel model :

Slow
flat fading t
Kayleigh fading tf fast
fading