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NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUG

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B 6 GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO
TRAN OINH SQ (Tong Chu bien)

H 6 N G DAN - N G U Y I N D A N G M A N H - 0 6 NGOC THONG (dong Ciiu bien)
HOANG DUNG - PHAN HUY DUNG - N G U Y I N VAN HEP - HA TH! HOA
CHU VAN SON - LUU DUC TRUNG - PHUNG VAN TUU - NGUYEN THj HONG VAN
NGU VAN
11 NANG CAO
TAP HAI
(Tdi bdn ldn thd nhdt)
NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC

Ban quy^n thu6c Nha xuît ban Giao due - B6 Giao due va Dao tao
720 - 2007/CXB/662 - 1571 / GD Ma s6': NHI 12T8

/v'
LUtJ BIET KHI XUAT Dl/ONG >
()Qidt duang luu biet)
PHAN BOI CHAU

KET QUA CAN OAT
Thdy duac chi ldn cdu nudc, khi phdch anh hiing, tinh thdn
quyi't Hit cua nhdn vdt trd tinh trong bdi tha.
Ndm duac net ddc sdc ve phuang dien nghe thudt cua bdi tha
the hien qua gigng diiu, ldi dung tdvd mqch liin tuang.
TIEU DAN
Phan Boi Chau (1867 1940)
von ten la Phan Van San, biet hieu
Sao Nam, ngadi l^ng Dan Nhilm,
nay thuoc thi tran Nam Dan, huyen
Nam Dan, tinh Nghe An. Ong 1^ mot
trong nhumg ngon cd cCia phong trao
yeu ni/6c va each mang b Viet Nam
trong khoang hai mt/oi ISm n§m dau
the ki XX. Ong noi tieng than dong,
mUdJi ba tuoi do dau huyen, mifdi
sû tudi do dHu xCr, ba muoi ba tudi
do Giai nguyen trifdng Nghe An.
Dac biet ong luon nung nifu y chi
giai phong d§n t6c, nSm mi/cJi b^y
tudi da vi§'t hjch Bini) Tiy tiiu Bic
(Dep giSc Phap, khoi phuc dat Bac)
d^n d gdc da dau lang de keu goi moi ngudi htfdng Cmg phong trao Can
vi/dng. Phan Boi Chau la ngu'di van dong th^nh lap Duy tan hoi (1904), khdi
xL/dng phong trao Dong du (1905 - 1908), thanh vien cCia Viet Nam Quang
phuc hoi (1912). Nam 1912, dng bj trieu dinh nha Nguyen (dCmg sau la thUc
dan Phap) ket an ti^ hinh vang mat. Nam 1925, thtfc dan Phap bat duoc
ong d ThUdng Hai (Trung Qudc) dmh dem ve nifdc thCi tieu bi mat. Viec bai
lo, Chung phî dUa 6ng>a xet xCf cong khai. Trade su da'u tranh manh me
cCia quan chung nhan dan, k i thu danh phî xoa an khd sai chung than
cho Phan B6i Chau va dUa ong ve giam long d Ben Ngu, Hue. Ong mKt tai
dify nam 1940.
il) Luu biit: di lai tnidc luc chia tay. )ikdft duang : ra nudc ngoai.

Trong cuoc ddi hoat dong each mang, Phan Boi Chau da sang tac rat
nhieu tac pham thuoc nhieu thd loai khac nhau bang chC? Han, chO Ndm. Tho
van cOa dng luon ndng bong nhiet tinh yeu nu6c, cd anh hudng sau rong trong
quan chung sudt mot phan tu the ki. Phan Bdi Chau da cd nhieu each tan ddi
vdi loai hinh sang tac mang ti'nh chat tuyen truyen, cd dong va dat duoc thanh
cdng Idn. Cac tac pham chfnh : Bai tiiacti vi liuynti ptiCi (1897), Vi§t Nam
vong qudc sd (1905), Hai ngoai iiuyet tfiu (1906), Nguc trung ttiu (1914),
Trung Quang tam st? (1921 -1925), Van te Ptian Cfiau Trinii (1926), Ptian Bdi
Ciiau ni&n biiu (1929), v.v.
Sau khi Duy tan hoi dUdc thanh lap, theo chO truong cua td chijrc nay, nam 1905,
Phan Boi Chau nhan nhiem vu xuat dUOng sang Nhat de dat co sd dao tao cdt
can cho phong trao each mang trong nude. Luu biet l<tii xuSt duang duoc vi^t
ra trong budi chia tay eac ddng chf de len dudng.
* *
Phien dm
Sinh vi nam tit yS'u hi ki,
Khang hiia can kh6n tu chuydn di.
U" baeh ni6n trung tu hiJu nga,
Khoi thien tai hau eanh v6 thuy.
Giang son tit hi sinh dd nhud',
Hiln thanh lieu nhi6n tung diSc si !
Nguyen true trucmg phong Dong hai khu:,
Thien trung bach lang nh^t ti phi.
Dich nghia
Sinh lam nam nhi phai mong chuyen khac thucmg^^\
Le nao di trcri dSft tu xoay vdn.
Trong khoang tram nam nay phai co ta,
Ngan nam sau le nao chang co ai ?
Non s6ng da che't, s6'ng them nho nhu6'c,
Thanh hiln da vSng, doc cung ngu !
Mu6'n duoi theo con gio lorn qua biln Dong,
Mu6n I6p song bac ciing bay theo.
(1) Y tho nay the hien quan niem v^ "chi lam trai" cua cac nha nho xua.
4
Dich tha:
Ldm trai phdi la d tren ddi,
Hd de cdn khon tu chuyen ddi.
Trong khodng trdm ndm cdn cd td,
Sau ndy mudn thud, hd khdng ai ?
Non sdng dd chit, sdng them nhuc,
Hien thdnh cdn ddu, hgc ciing hoai!
Mudn VU0 be Dong theo cdnh gid,
Mudn trung sdng bac tiin ra khai.
TON QUANG PHIET dich
(Theo Vdn tha Phan Boi Chdu chgn lgc,
NXB Van hoc. Ha Noi, 1967)
Hl/dNG DAN HOC BAI
1. Giai nghia b6n cau diu cua bai tho va lam ro y thiic vl sii menh va hoai bao
cua nhan vat tru tinh - ngucd thanh nien tru6c thoi cuoc.
2. Tim trong hai cau 5 - 6 nhihig tiJf ngiJ thi hien thai d6 quylt liet va tinh cam
dau ddn ciia nha tho trudfc thuc trang dat nu6c. Rieng trong cau 6, nha tho da bay
to thai d6 nhu the' nao d6i vdi nin tu tudng, hoe va'n eu cua nu6c nha ?
3. Hai cau 7 - 8 thi hien mong mu6'n gi cua tac gia ? Dua theo ban dich ngMa, hay
phan tieh ve dep hao hiing cua hinh tuong Mudn lap song bqc cung bay theo.
4. Theo anh (chi), vi sao bai tho co duoc siic I6i cu6'n manh me d6'i vdi thi he
thanh nien yeu nude diu thi ki XX ?
BAI TAP NANG CAO
"Chi lam trai" da duoc nhan vat tri? tinh khang dinh dua tren nhirng co sd nao ?
Neu net tuong d6ng va khac biet trong quan niem vl "chf lam trai" giffa bai tho
Luu Met khi xud't duang cua Phan B6i Chau vdi m6t s6' tac phdm tho thdi trung
dai da duoc hoc.
(1) Hien thdnh : tiic thanh hiln.

TRI T H Q C D O C - HIEU
Thd van tuyen truyen, van dong each mang diu the k! XX
Tho van tuyen truyen, van ddng each mang bat dau xuat hien d Viet Nam vao dau the ki XX va
phat trien thanh ddng Idn vdi ten tudi cOa nhOmg nha nho duy tan nhu Phan Boi Chau, Phan Chau
Trinh, Nguyin ThUOng Hien, Dang Nguyen Can, Huynh Thuc Khang, Ngd Dure Ke, v.v. Ddng tho
van nay nham de'n muc di'ch truyen ba tu tudng yeu nude, each mang cho nhan dan ; keu gpi cai
each xa hdi de tu eudng va gianh tu do, doe lap cho To qudc. Giong dieu chung la hijng hdn, tha
thie't, lam li va chinh dieu dd da tao nen tinh trur tinh dam net ciia cae sang tac. Kinh nghiem nghe
thuat cOa tho ea truyen mieng duoe phat huy manh me. Ldi viet van chu" Han diigc ddi mdi. Nhieu
the loai ed Uu the trong viec chuyen chd noi dung each mang duoc the nghiem,... Tuy cdn bi
rang bupe nhieu bdi y thUe van hoc cCia thdi trung dai nhUng ddng gdp cQa tho van tuyen truyen,
van dong each mang dau the ki XX cho van hoa, van hoe va Ijch si!f Viet Nam la ra't Idn. Luu biet l(hi
xuat duang trudc het la mot bai tho trOrtinh, nhung xet ve kha nang tac ddng va cd vu cda nd, cd the
xep vao loai hinh tho van tuyen truyen, van dong each mang.
HAU TROI
TANDA
KET QUA CAN DAT

• Hiiu ducfc y thdc cd nhdn, y thdc nghe si cua Tdn Dd the
hien qua cdu chuyen "hdu Trdi".
• Thdy duac nhitng cdch tdn nghe thudt trong bdi tha
vd quan niem mdi ve nghe vdn cua tdc gid.
TIEU DAN
Tan Da (1889 -1939) ten khai sinh la Nguyin Khac Hieu, ngudi lang Khe
Thupng, huyen Bat Bat, tinh Son Tay (nay la xa Son Da, huyen Ba Vi, tinh
Ha Tay). Lang dng nam ven sdng Da, gan nui Tan Vien. Nha tho da lay ten
nui, ten sdng dd ghep lai thanh but danh eCia minh.
Tan Da thudc ddng ddi khoa bang, tUng theo ddi con dUdng eCf nghiep
nhung thi Huong hai lan deu khdng dd. Ong chuyen sang viet bao, viet van,
lam tho va trd thanh mot trong nhumg ngudi Viet Nam dau tien sinh sdng bang

nghe vidt van, xulft ban. T^n Da

tUng dm mong cai each xa hoi theo
eon dudng hpp phap, dung bao chf
lam phuong tien. Ong sdng phdng
khoang, da deo "tui tho" di khap ba
ki va nem dii nhuc vinh trong cudc
ddi, dSc biet phai chju nhieu lan dan
vdi nghe van, nghe bao. Tuy nhien,
trudc sau Tan Da v i n giU dupe cdt
each nha nho va pham chat trong
sach. Ong mat tai Ha Ndi trong
canh ban han.
Tan Da la ngUdi di tien phong d

nhieu ITnh vUc van hoa, la mdt cay
but tieu bieu eCia van hpc Viet Nam giai doan giao thdi, cd thanh tuu tren
nhieu t h i loai nhung thuc su xua't chung vdi tho. Ong da dat dupe da'u gach
nd'i giOra van hpc truyen thdng va van hpc hien dai, la ngudi "dao ban dan md
dau cho mot cudc hoa nhac tan ki dUOng sap sifa" (Hoai Thanh), "ngudi bao
tin xuan" cho phong trao Tho mdi 1932 - 1945. Tan Da de lai kha nhieu tac
pham. Ve tho, tieu bieu la Khoi tinii con I, II, III (xuat ban lan lupt vao cac
nam 1916, 1918, 1932), Cdn cho/(1921), Tiia Tan Da (1925),... Ve van xudi,
tieu bleu la Giac mong ldn (1928), Giac mong con I, II (1916, 1932), Tan Da
van tap (1932),... Ngoai ra. Tan Da cdn chu giai Truyen Kieu, djch Kinh thi,
tho Dudng, Li&u Trai. chi di va scan mdt sd vd tudng nhU Tay Thi,
Thien Thai,...
Bai tho Hiu Trdi dai, vi vay, chi can tap trung tim hieu doan in ehU to (tU
cau 25 de'n cau 98)**^.
* *
1. Dim qua chdng biet co hay khdng,

Chdng phdi hoang hot, khong mo mong.
That hon ! That phdch ! That thdn the !
That dugc len tien - sudng la lung.
(*) 6 phin Van hoc, di ti6n theo doi, ngucd biSn soan thudng danh sd thii tu ddng tho hoac chia
doan cdc van ban.

5. Nguyen luc canh ba ndm mdt minh,

vdt chdn dudi bdng nggn den xanh.
Ndm budn, ngoi day dun nudc udng,
Udng xong dm nude, ndm ngam vdn.
Chai vdn ngam chdn lai chai trdng

10. Ra sdn cung bdng di tung tdng
Tren trdi bdng thdy hai co xud'ng
Mieng cudi mum mim cting ndi rdng :
- 'Trdi nghe ha gidi ai ngdm nga,

Tieng ngdm vang cd sdng Ngdn Hd !
15. Ldm Trdi mat ngu, Trdi duang mdng
Cd hay len dgc, Trdi nghe qua".
Ifdc mdi bdy gid mdi gap tien !

Ngudi tien nghe tieng lai nhu quen !
Vdn chuang ndo cd hay cho ldm
20. Trdi dd sai ggi thdi phdi len.
Theo hai cd tien len dudng mdy

Vii VM khdng cdnh md nhu bay.
Cda son do ehdi, oai rUc ra
Thien mdn de khuyet nhu Id ddy !
25. Vdo trdng thdy Trdi, sup xud'ng lay

Trdi sai tiin nd ddt ldi day.
Ghebdnh nhu tuyi't vdn nhu mdy
Truyen cho vdn si ngdi chai ddy.
Chu tiin ngdi quanh dd tinh tuc^^^

30. Trdi sai pha nudc denhdp gigng.
Truyen cho "vdn sT dgc vdn nghe !"
"Dq bdm lay Trdi con xin dgc".
(1) Thien mon delchuyet: thanh ngft chi chung noi d ciia vua, d day chi chd'n thifin dinh (cita trdi,
nha trdi).
(2) Chu tien : cac vi tien. Tfnh tdc : (ngoi) ngay ngdn, te chinh hoac da ySn chd.
8
Dgc hit vdn vdn sang vdn xudi

Hei vdn thuyet li lai vdn chai
35. Duang can ddc y dgc da thich
Che trdi nhdp gigng cdng tdt hai.
Vdn ddi hai tdt ran cung mdy !
Trdi nghe, Trdi cdng ldy ldm hay.
Tdm nhu nd dq, Ccr le ludi
40. Hdng Nga, Chdc Nit chau ddi mdy
Song Thdnh, Tiiu Nggc lang tai ddng
Dgc xong mgt bdi cung vd tay.
- "Bam con khdng ddm man cda Trdi
Nhiing dng vdn con in cd rdi
45. Hai quyen Khdi tinh vdn thuyi't li
Hai Khd'i tinh con Id vdn chai
ThSn tiln, Gifc mdng vdn tieu thuyi't
Dai guong, Len sau vdn vi ddi
Quyen Dan ba Tau ldi vdn dich
50. Den quyen Len tam nay la mudi
Nhd Trdi vdn con cdn bdn ducic
Chda bii't con in ra mdy muai ?"
(1) Vdn thuyet li, vdn chai: cac loai van chinh theo each phan chia va quan niem cua Tan Da. Vdn
thuyet li hay vdn vi ddi (vi ddi) la loai van xudi co chiic nang giao huSh, di cap nhung va'n di
nghiem chinh nhu yeu nudc, ciiu ddi. Vdn chai la tho ca - loai van khdng ban true dien den cac
va'n di xa hdi.
(2) Tdm la ten mdt ngdi sao. Day la'y nghia chii' tdm la long (Tan Da chii).
(3) Ca ciing la ten mdt ngdi sao. ChQ ca nguyen la cai met, day la^y nghia chtt la le ludi (Tan Da chii).
(4) Hdng Nga, Chiic Nit: cac nhan vat trong th&i thoai Trung Hoa. Hdng Nga cdn dupc gpi la
Thudng Nga, mdt tien nvt sdng d cung Quang Han tren mat trang. Chiic TVi? ciing la mdt tien nii,
sdng d bd bac sdng Ngan, chi dUpc gap mat chong la Nguu Lang mdi nam mdt Mn vao ngay
mdng bay thang bay am lich (Nguu Lang chan trau d bd nam sdng Ngan).
(5) Song Thdnh, Tiiu Nggc : ten hai vi tien, thi nii cua ba Tay Vuong MSu - mot nhan vat trong
t h ^ thoai Trung Hoa.
(6) Man : lira dd'i.
(7) Khd'i tinh, Khd'i tinh con, Thdn tien, Gidc mdng, Ddi guang, Len sdu, Ddn bd Tdu, Len tdm : ten
nhiing tic phdm ciia Tan Da.

Vdn ddgidu thay, lai ldm ldi

Trdi nghe Trdi cung bdt budn audi!
55. Chu tien ao udc tranh nhau ddn :
- "Anh gdnh len ddy bdn cha Trdi!"
Trdi lai phi cho : "Vdn that tuyet!
Vdn trdn duac thi'chac cd it!
Nhdi vdn chudt dep nhu sao bdng !
60. Khi vdn hiing mqnh nhu mdy chuyen !
Em nhu gio thoang, tinh^^'' nhu suang!
Ddm nhu mua sa, lanh nhu tuyi't!
Chdng hay vdn sT ten hg gi ?
Ngudi dphuang ndo, ta chua bie't".
65. - "Dq bdm lay Trdi con xin thua
Con tin Khdc Hii'u hg Id Nguyin
Qui a A chdu viDia Cdu
Sdng Dd nui Tdn nudc Nam Viet".
Nghe xong Trdi nga ^^^ mdt luc Idu
70. Sai bao thiin tdo^^^ ldy so xet.
Thiin tao tra so xit vda xong
Di so len trinh Thuang di'trdng
- "Bdm qud cd tin Nguyin Khdc Hii'u
Ddy xud'ng ha gidi vi tdi ngdng". ,
75. Trdi rang : "Khdng phdi la Trdi ddy,
Trdi dinh sai con mgt viec ndy
Ld viec "thiin luang" cua nhdn loqi,
Cho con xud'ng thudt ciing ddi hay".
(1) Tinh -. trong sang, thanh sach.

(2) Nga: hoi ngd vuc, nira tin nita ngd.
(3) Thien tao : ten gpi chung cua cac bd phan chuyen trach d thien dinh (khdng nen nhSm thien tao
vdi Nam Tao, Bdc Ddu vdn la hai nhan vat dupc Ngpc Hoang giao nhiem vu giO s6 sinh, s6 tir
ghi chep viec sd'ng chet cua nhan loai dudi ha gidi). Trong mdt sd van canh khac, thien tao
dupc xem nhu dong nghia vdi trdi.
(4) Viec "thien luang" : mdt luan thuye't ve cai each xa hdi ciia Tan Da. Ong quan niem "thien
luong" la nhan td co ban thiic ddy su tien bp xa hdi, la su thdng nhdt toan ven cua ba "chdt"
trong con ngudi : luang tri (tri giac trdi cho), luang tdm (tam tinh, bung da trdi cho) va luang
ndng (tai nang trdi cho). Theo dng, ne'u chii y bdi ddp, thuc hanh "thien luomg" thi cd thi cai tao
dupc tinh trang "luan thudng dao ngupc, phong hoa suy ddi" va su tn tre, lac hau cua xa hdi
Viet Nam thdi dd.
10
- "Bdm Trdi, cdnh con thuc ngheo khd

80. Trdn gian thudc ddt cung khdng cd
Nhd Trdi ndm xua hgc it nhieu
Vdn lii'ng cdn mgt bung vdn do.
Gidy ngudi mUc ngudi thue ngudi in
Mudn cda hdng ngudi bdn phudng phd.
85. Vdn chuang ha gidi re nhu beo
Kiem duac ddng ldi thuc rdt khd.
Kiem ducfc thdi it tiiu thdi nhieu
Ldm mdi quanh ndm chdng du tieu.
Lo dn lo mdc hit ngdy thdng
90. Hgc ngdy mdt kem tudi ngdy cao ,
Sdc trong non yiu ngodi chen rdp
Mdt cdy che chdng bdn ndm chieu.
Trdi lai sai con viec ndng qud
Bie't ldm cd duac md ddm theo".
95; Rdng : "Con khdng ndi Trdi dd bii't

Trdi ddu ngdi cao, Trdi thdu hit
Thdi con cd ve md ldm dn
Long thdng chdngqi chi suang tuyi't!"
Vdng nhdi Trdi day, lay xin ra

100. Trdi sai Khien Ngicu ddng xe tiin
Xe trdi dd chuc ngodi thien mdn
Chu tien theo ra cung tien biet.
(2)
Hai hdng luy bier gigt suong red
Trdng xud'ng trdn gian van dam khoi.
'' (3)
105. Thien tien a lai, trich tien xudng
(4)
Theo dudng khdng khi ve trdn ai .
(1) Khien Nguu : tiic Nguu Lang.

(2) Luy biet: nudc mdt chia tay.
(3) Thien tiin : tien d tren trdi. Trich tien : tien bi tdi day xud'ng ha gidi.
(4) Trdn ai: nghia den la bui bam, day chi coi trdn, noi ngudi d tren mat ddt.
11
Dim khuya khi thanh sao thua vdng

Trdng td dua ldi ve non Dodi .
Non Dodi da tdi que trdn gidi,
110. Trdng len chu tien khdng cdn ai.
Tieng gd xao xdc, tieng ngudi day

Gida sdn cdn ddng rieng ngdm ngiii.
Mdt ndm ba trdm sdu muoi dim,
114. Sao duac mdi dim len hdu Trdi!
(Theo Tuyen tap Tdn Dd,
NXB Van hpc. Ha Ndi, 1986)
HLfdNG DAN HOC BAI
1. Thuat lai chuyen "hSu Trdi" eiia Tan Da trong bai tha va lam ro tai hu ciu cua
tac gia (chu y phan tich each tao tinh hudng, chon chi tilt, dung dd'i thoai, bd tri
cac canh, mieu ta tam li da dang cua nhan vat,...).
2. Oiuyen "hau Trdi" bang tudng tuong da giup nha tho ndi duoc gi vl ban than
ciing quan niem mdi cua dng vl van va nghl van ?
3. Tim cac chi tilt thi hien y thiic ea nhan cua tac gia.
4. Chi ra net each tan cua bai tho d giong dieu va each dung cac yiu td thudc
khû ngii.
5. Nhan xet chung vl gia tri tu tudng va nghe thuat eiia bai tho. '
BAI TAP NANG CAO
Cai ma ngudi ta thudng goi la "ngdng" d Tan Da dugc thi hien nhu t h i nao
trong bai the ? Hay neu nhiing diem gan gui va khac biet gifta cai "ngdng"
cua Tan Da vdi cai "ngat ngudng" cua Nguyin Cdng Tni trong Bdi ca
ngdt ngudng.
(1) Dodi -. ten mdt que trong bat quai, chi phuong tay. Non Dodi: niii phia tay ; cung cd thi hiiu
xii Dodi (each gpi dan da \i miin Son Tay - que huong cua tac gia -d\i phfa tay Ha Ndi).
12
TRI T H Q C Dpc - HIEU
Mot so yeii to mdi ve hinh thurc trong tho Viet Nam diu the ki XX
TCf nhOng nam hai muoi ciia the ki XX, tho Viet Nam diing tafde mdt thdi ki phat trien mdi de tien
vao quy dao hien dai. Su ddi mdi trong each nhin, each cam xuc din den nhieu ddi mdi trong hinh
thiirc tho:
- Viec chia mot bai tho (trudc het la tho thdt ngdn) thanh nhieu khd la hien tupng dang chu ^,
mac du trudc day, nhiimg dau hieu cOa su chia khd da th^p thoang xuat hien. Vdi viec chia khd, nha
tho cd dieu kien the hi§n dupe nhieu cung bac cam xiic bien hoa da dang ciia con ngudi ca nhan,
pha di tfnh chat duy If ehat che trong cau true ciia tho cd dien.
- Nhieu hinh tUpng quen thudc eiia tho cd dien da dupe cai bien, lam mdi, ed khi dUpc dat ben
canh cac hinh tupng mupn tU tho ea dan gian ; vi vay, chung trd nen gan gui, dung d|, ft mang ve
cao sang, xa each nhutrude.
- NgUdifu tho da mang dang dap ciia ngii dieu ndi, gan gui, sdng ddng, tao dieu kien thuan Ipi
cho sU giao tiep giiia tac gi^ vdi mdt Idp cdng chiing ddc gia mdi d thanh thj tU san hoa.
- Hinh thufc ke chuyen dijgc nhieu nha tho Ua thich va van dung, khdng chf lam cho tho "di dpc"
ma cdn md dudng cho sU xam nhap eiia chat van xudi vao tho.
THAO TAC LAP LUAN BAC BO
KET QUA CAN OAT

• Ndm duac yeu cdu vd cdch sddung thao tdc lap luan bdc bd
trong vdn nghi ludn.
• Bie't bdc bd mdt y kii'n sai, thii'u chinh xdc ve xd hdi hodc
vdn hoc.
Trong thuc t l ddi sdng, rat nhilu y kiln sai can phai phe phan, bac bd nham dl
cao, khang dinh y kien diing. Do dd, moi ngudi c&i bilt each bac bd.
Cung nhu vay, trong van nghi luan khdng chi cd viec khang dinh y kiln
dung, ma nhilu khi cdn eSn bac bd nhiing y kiln sai, thilu chfnh xac. Mudn y
kie'n bac bo cd siic thuylt phuc, hoe sinh can tim hiiu yeu cau va each sir dung
thao tac lap luan bae bd.
13
1. Yeu cau cua thao tac l$p luan bac bo

Bae bd mot y kiln nao dd khdng gian don la tuyen bd y kiln do sai, ma phai
lap luan dSy du dl chiing minh la nd sai thi mdi thuyet phuc duoc ngudi nghe,
ngudi doc. Mudn bac bd mot y kiln sai, trudc hit hay trich dan y kiln dd mdt each
ddy du, khach quan, trung thuc. Sau dd, ngudi viet phai lam sang td hai phuong
dien : y kiln ay sai d chd nao va vi sao nhu thi la sai. Dl tra ldi cau hdi thii nh^t,
c& doc ki va xem xet y kien a'y d ca ba yiu td : ludn diem, ludn cd va lap ludn.
Phan tieh dl ngudi doc tha'y y kiln dd sai d luan dilm, luan cii hay d each lap luan
rdi tiln hanh bac bp. Dl tra ldi cau hdi thii hai, e& diing li le va din chiing dl
phan tieh. If giai vi sao nhu thi la sai. Chang han, dl chiing minh mdt luan cii sai,
cd thi bac bd bang each chi ra trong luan cii dd, ngudi viet da trich din sai, cd y
cat xen y tii, cau chii cua ngudi khac, hoac trfch din diing nhung phan tfch, giai
thfch lai sai,...
Trong thuc tl, cai dung, cai sai khdng t6n tai tach biet nhau. Trong eac y kiln,
cd y kiln diing, cd y kiln sai; cd y kiln mat nay diing nhung mat kia sai, trudng
hgfp nay diing, trudng hop kia sai. Vi vay, khi van dung thao tac bac bd ein ed sii
can nhac, phan tfch tiing mat, dl tranh tinh trang khang dinh chung chung, tran lan
hay bae bd, phu nhan tSit ca.
Tuy theo tfnh cha't diing sai cua cae y kiln ma van dung lap luan bac bd cho
thfch hop va neu ra kit luan thoa dang. Ndi qua hoac ndi chua tdi la tu biln y kiln
cua minh thanh ddi tuong dl ngudi khac phi phan, bac bd. Bac bd la each lap luan
dl lam sang rd su that va chan If, tu nd cQng phai phii hop vdi chan If. Vi vay, hie
bd phai duoc thuc hien mdt each trung thue, ed miic dd va diing quy each.
2. Cach sur dung thao tac lap luan bac bo

Bac bd mdt y kiln sai, cd thi thue hien bang nhilu each : bae bd luan dilm,
bac bd luan cii, bac bd each lap luan hoac kit hop pa ba each that linh boat.
a) Bdc bd ludn diem tiie la vach ra cai sai cua ban than luan dilm. Cd nhilu
each bac bd luan dilm, nhung thdng thudng vin la hai each sau day.
- Dung thuc tedebdc bd. Chang han, nghien ciiu Truyen Kieu, Nguyin Bdch Khoa
dua ra nhan dinh : "Nd iTruyen Kieu - NBS) chiia chan mdt cha't t^n heo, tiiu ma
(chit tha),... Cai dep eua Truyen Kieu ng^y nay ehi nhiing tam h6n mudn thut ltd
14-
mdi cd thi thudng ngoan duoc". Luan dilm nay ed hai dilm chua thoa dang : a) chSft
tho eua Truyen Kieu tran ngap ("chiia chan") su "tan heo", va b) chi nhung tam hdn
mudn thut lui thi mdi thudng thiic duoc Truyin Kieu. Bac bd y kiln nay, ed thi ehi
ra : a) trong thuc t l tac phim, chit tho chiia chan trong Truyin Kieu khdng phai la
su tan heo, ma la tinh yeu va ndi dau vl phim gia eon ngudi, va b) nhan dinh dd trai
vdi thuc t l ddi sd'ng, bdi nhiing ngudi ed chf tiln thu, khdng chiu thut liii ciing diu
yeu min Truyen Kieu.
- Diing phep suy ludn di lam cho cai sai eua luIn dilhi cln phai bae bd duoc
bdc Id dly dii. Vf du, dl bac bd luan dilm neu tren, cd thi suy luan nhu sau : Neu
luan dilm "ehi nhiing tam hdn mudn thut lui mdi cd thi thudng ngoan duoc" cai
dep eua Truyen Kieu la diing, thi phin ddng ngudi dan Viet Nam, nhung ngudi
bin la khdng mudn thut liii, se quay lung lai vdi Truyin Kieu. Nhung su thuc thi
dau phai vay !
b) Bdc bd ludn cd tiic la vach ra tfnh chat sai lam, gia tao trong li le va din
chitng duge sit dung. Vf du, vao thdi ki trudc Cach mang thang Tam 1945,
Nhit Chi Mai phe binh VQ Trong Phung : doc van Vii Trong Phung, thIy "phin
ul't, khd chiu... vi cam thIy tu tudng hac am, cam hdn, nhd nhen In trong dd". Su
ehi trfch eiia Nhit Chi Mai d day gdm ba luan cii : hac am, cam hdn, nhd nhen va
theo dng, dd toan la thii xlu xa, de tien ca. Nha van Vu Trong Phung bae lai mdt
each ddng dae:
"Hie am, ed ! Vi tdi la ngudi bi quan ; cam hdn, ciing ed, vi tdi cho ring cai xa
hdi nudc nha ma lai khdng dang cam hdn, ma lai cii "vui ve tre trung", trudng gia,
an mac tan thdi, khieu vQ, v.v. nhu eac dng chii truong thi mdt la khdng mudn cai
each gi xa hdi, hai la fch ki mdt each dang si nhuc.
Cdn nhd nhen thi la thi nao ?
Ta thuc cai xa hdi khdn nan, cdng kfch cai xa hoa, dam dang cua bon ngudi ed
nhilu tiln, klu ea nhung su thdng khd cua dan ngheo bi bdc Idt, bi ap chi, bi
cudng biic, mudn cho xa hdi cdng binh hon nfta,... ma bao la nhd nhen, thi ha
de Dd-la^^\ Huy-gd, Man-rd^^\ Ddt-xtdi-ep-xki, M. Godc-ki, lai khdng cung la
nhd nhen ?".
Vu Trong Phung da dap lai diing ba luan eii, chi ra ndi dung tiln bd va cd tfnh
chil'n diu trong thii dd ciia dng dd'i vdi ddi sd'ng duong thdi.
(1) Dd-la (tmile Zola, 1840 - 1902): nhd van Phdp.

(2) Man-rd (Andr6 Makaux, 1901 -1976): nhd van Phdp.
15
c) Bdcbd cdch lap ludn la vach ra su mau thuIn, khdng nhit quan, phi Id gich
trong lap luIn cua ddi phuong, chi ra su ddi thay, dinh trao khai nilm trong qua
trinh lap luan. Vf du : Nam 1924, trong bai diln van ca ngoi Truyen Kiiu trong
nin van hoa din tdc, Pham Quynh da lip luIn nhu sau : "Mdt nudc khdng thi
khdng ed qud'c hoa, Truyin Kieu la qud'c hoa eua ta ; mdt nudc khdng thi khdng
cd qud'c tuy, Truyen Kieu la qud'c tuy eua ta ; mot nudc khdng thi khdng ed qud'c
hdn, Truyen Kieu la qud'c hdn cua ta".
Cach lap luan eua Pham Quynh nham xac dinh gia tri cua Truyen Kieu trong
nin van hoa dan tdc ndi chung la dung, nhung trong dilu kiln Wc biy gid thi each
lap luan nhu vay rd rang cd phin phien diln hoac chua chat che, "thIy cay khdng
thIy riing", cd thi gay nhan thiic mo hd trong du luan, lam nhu Truyen Kieu la tit
ca, ngoai Truyin Kiiu ra khdng cd gi gia tri hon nita. Ngd Diic K l da bac bd each
lap luan a'y nhu sau : "... thi thi tii Gia Long vl trudc, chua cd Truyen Kiiu, thi
nudc ta khdng qud'c hoa, khdng qud'c tuy, khdng qud'c hdn, thi' thi cai van tri vii
edng*^ miy trilu [...] deu la d dau dem din [...]".
CIch bae bd nay lam cho Pham Quynh khdng tri ldi dugc.
CIc cIch bae bd trin day tach ra dl thuylt minh cho di thly, trong thue tl
chiing lien kit vdi nhau. Muc dfeh cua bae bd la bao ve chan If, xac nhan su that.
Nlu xa rdi muc dfeh chan If thi su bae bd trd thanh nguy bien, vd bd va cd hai.
Bac bd la mdt phuang phip khdng thi thilu tren con dudng di tim chan If,
tranh diu cho chan If.
LUYEN TAP
1. Dgc doan dd'i dap sau va cho biet lap luan bac bd dugc van dung theo thao
tac nao ?
Bde-na Sd khi da ndi tilng, ed mdt vu nu dl nghi dng cudi cd ta vdi If do :
"Neu dng va em lly nhau thi eon cua chiing ta se thdng minh nhu dng va xinh
dep nhu em, that la tuyet vdi".
Bde-na Sd hdm hinh bae lai: "Nlu tdi va em lly nhau, ma con cai chiing ta lai
dep nhu tdi va thdng minh nhu em, thi dang sg biet bao !".
(1) Van tri vu cong : su nghiep dung nudc bang phdp luat, giao due va chig^n cdng quan su.
(2) Bdc-na So (Bernard Shaw, 1856 - 1950): nha soan kich Anh.
16
2. Lip luan dl phan bac sai lim trong luan dilm sau (neu dan y) : Cd tien la cd
hanh phuc.
Tham khao tai lieu sau.

Thac-ca-re^ ndi:
"Tiln bae khdng phai la van nang.
Nd cd thi mua duge ehilu giudng, nhung khdng mua dugc gilc ngu.
Nd cd thi mua duge chau nggc, nhung khdng mua dugc sic dep.
Nd ed thi mua dugc gily but, nhung khdng mua dugc y tha.
Nd ed thi mua dugc nha ciia, nhung khdng mua dugc gia dinh.
Nd cd thi mua duge thiic aii, nhung khdng mua dugc su ngon mieng.
Nd cd thi mua dugc trd choi, nhung khdng mua dugc nilm vui.
Nd ed thi mua duge xu ninh, nhung khdng mua duge Idng trung thanh.
Nd ed thi mua dugc cinh hlu, nhung khdng mua dugc tinh ban.
Nd cd thi mua dugc su phuc tiing, nhung khdng mua dugc long kfnh trgng.
Nd cd thi mua duge quyIn thi, nhung khdng mua dugc tri me.
Nd cd thi mua dugc thi xac, nhung khdng mua duge tinh yeu.
Nd cd thi mua dugc vii khf, nhung khdng mua duge hoa binh".
(1) Thdc-ca-ri (William Makepeace Thackeray, 1811 -1865): nhd van Anh.
,2.NV11/2NC-A 17

DOC THO
KET QUA CAN DAT

• Hieu dugc mdt sd dac diem ciia iha.
• Biet cdch doc vdn bdn tha.
I - DAC DIEM CUA THO

Tho la mdt trong nhOng nghe thuat xult hien sdm nhit trong lich sir loai
ngudi, la thi loai tidu bilu cho tinh tuy ciia nghe thult ngdn tut. Dinh nghia vl tho
rit khd, song ta cd thi-tim hiiu van ban tha qua mdt sd dac dilm cd ban sau.
1. Nhin ben ngoai, tha la mdt hinh thiic ciu tao ngdn ngu" dac biet. Nhin
chung, su sip xep cac ddng (cau) tha nhu nhfing dan vi nhip dieu lam nin mdt
hinh thiie ed tfnh tao hinh. Ddng thdi, su hiep vin, phdi xen tilng bing tilng trie,
tilng trim tieiig bdng, each ngit nhip viia thdng nhit vfia bie'n hoa tao nen tfnh
nhac dieu. Hinh thiic Iy lam nen ve dep nhip nhang, trim bdng, luylh lay cda van
ban tho.
2. VI thuc chit, tha la tilng ndi ciia tam hdn. Ldi tha tuy la ldi ndi thim cua
ndi tam sau kfn nhung thudng phii dugc ngam len hay dgc diln cam thi mdi thly
y vi. Ldi tho thudng diing cIc bien phip tu tii nhu In du, so sanh, nhan hoa, trung
diep, cau dao ngugc,... true tilp bilu hien su rung ddng trong tam hdn cua nhan vlt
trfl tinh. Ldi tho tuy bilu hien nhiing cam xiic,, tam su rieng tu nhung lai cd y ngMa
khIi quit vl con ngudi, vl xa hdi, nhan loai, ed gia tri thim mi va gia tri nhan van
sau sic, du lam nin tang chd su thdng cam lin nhau va phit triln ddi sd'ng ndi tim
phong phu ciia eon ngudi.
3. Tho thudng khdng true tilp kl vl su kien, nhung bai tha bao gid cung cd ft
nhit mdt su kien lam nay smh rung ddng thim mi manh liet trong tam hdn nha tho
ma van ban tho la su thi hien cua niem rung ddng Iy. Mdt mie'ng triu dem mdi,
mdt cai banh trdi nudc, mdt tilng ga gay canh khuya cd thi la nhiing su kiln gly
cam xuc cho Hd Xuan Huong. Nhan vat trong tho nhu Duang Khul trong
Khdc Duang Khue, Tiiu Thanh trong Doc Tieu Thanh ki,... cung la su kien ddi vdi
nha tho.
18 2. NV11/2NC-B

Nhan vat trii tinh (cung ggi la chu thi trfi tinh, cdi tdi trfi tinh) la ngudi true
tilp cam nhan va bay td nilm rung ddng trong tho trudc su kien. Sd di ggi la "nhan
vat" bdi nd cung cd ldi ndi, y nghi, hanh ddng nhu eac nhan vat van hgc khac. Tuy
nhiln, dd la cdi tdi thur hai cua nha tha, gin bd mau thit vdi tu tudng, tinh cam cua
nha tha. Do "sd'ng" trong thi gidi sang tao cua nha tho, nhan vat trii tinh dugc tu
do bilu hien, ft bi rang budc nhu tie gia ngoai ddi. Vi vay, khdng nen ddng nhit
nhan vat trfi tinh vdi tic gia.
4. Ngdn ngfi tho chu yiu la ngdn ngfl eua nhan vat trii tinh, la ngdn ngfi hinh
anh, bilu tugng. ^ nghia ma van ban tho mudn bilu dat thudng khdng dugc thdng
bao true tilp, dly du qua ldi tho, ma do tii tho, gigng dieu, hinh anh, bilu tugng
tho ggi len. Chang han, dl ndi cii y mudn tao dung mdt su nghiep sinh ngang vdi
Gia Cat Lugng, Pham Ngii Lao da vilt; "Cdng danh nam tit cdn vuong ng - Ludng
then tai nghe chuyen Vii hlu". Hoac dl ndi cai y dii thdi van da hit ma vin sin
sang chie'n diu. Dang Dung dung hinh anh : "Dudi nguyet mai guam da biy
ehly". Cach ndi va hinh anh nhu thi ggi la td tha. Tii tho la hinh thiic dac biet dl
bilu hiln y tho. Tii tho cd thi la mdt hinh anh tugng trung, la eae quan he dd'i
thoai, tuong phan, song hanh,... eua cle nhan vat, hinh anh,... Tho ed td todn bdi
nhu Tie'n si gidy, Hdu Trdi, ed hinh anh xuyen sud't, cd td tdng cdu, tdng khd nhu
cIc din chiing vita neu. Do dd, ngdn ngfi tho thien v | khoi ggi, gifia cac cau tho cd
nhilu khoang trdng, nhiing chd khdng lien tuc ggi ra nhilu ngMa, ddi hdi ngudi dgc
phai chu ddng lien tudng, tudng Urgng, thi ngMem tM mdi Mlu hit su phong phu cua
y tha d bin trong,...
II - CACH DOC THO

1. Do dugc td chfic dae biet, ngdn tfi ham siic, giau nhac dieu, cho nen van ban
tho cln dugc dgc thanh tilng, cham rai, cd khi ngam nga de hinh anh, nhip dieu,
am hudng cua van ban md ra va dgng lai thanh In tugng trong tam tri.
2. Do y nghia cua van ban tho thudng khdng dugc thdng bio true tiep qua ldi
tha, cho nen ngudi dgc tha phai biet cam nhan, suy doan, phan tfch dl tim din cai
y ngoai ldi. Ciing vdi vile cam nhan dly du su bieu Men cu thi eua ngdn ngfi tho
bang tudng tugng, cam giac, thi nghiem, ngudi dgc phai cam nhan dugc cai y ma
ldi tha khdng true tilp ndi din. Bai tho cd thi khdng cd ehfi "vui" nao ma ngudi
dgc phai cam thly dugc nilm vui, bai tho cd thi khdng cd tfi "budn" nao ma ngudi
dgc phai thly dugc y budn.
19
3. Bilt van dung ngfl canh de Mlu bai tha. Khai thac su kiln trong bai tha dl
bilt dugc bai tha ndi vl dilu gi, ldi tha nay sinh trong tinh hudng nao. Ngfl canh
lich sit, xa hdi kM sing tie bai tho cung gdp phin giai thfch y tha.
4. Khi dgc - Mlu bai tha cd the dgc lin lugt tfing ciu, cap cau hay tiing khd,
tfing doan, tuy theo dac dilm ciia bai tha cu thi, tim y tha nd'i liin cle ciu, khd,
doan thanh mdt cMnh thi.
5. Do y nghia eua bai tha thudng phong phii, nhilu binh diln, mdi lin dgc
thudng clii cam nhan dugc mdt phin. Vi vay, tha hay cln dugc dgc di dgc lai
nhilu lin mdi cam duge eli hay nhilu mat.
LUYEN TAP
1. Xlc dinh "su kidn" trong eae bai tha : Tu tinh (bai II), Chay gidc, Tien si
gidy, Thuang vg, Cdu cd mua thu. Ngfi canh, tinh hudng trong mdi bai tho
giiip cho viec dgc - hiiu bai tha nhu the' nao ?
2. Phan bilt y va tfi tho.
3. Neu Vl du cho thly ldi tha thudng khdng true tilp thdng bao y nghia eua
van ban tho. Tfi dd rut ra bai hgc vl each dgc tha.
4. Su phan biet nhan vat trfi tinh vdi tac gia cd y ngMa gi dd'i vdi vide dgc - Mlu tha ?
NGHIA CUA CAU
KET QUA CAN DAT

• Hieu dugc khdi niem "nghia six viec", "nghia tinh thdi" -
hai thdnh phdn nghia cua cdu.
• Biet van dung hieu bie't vi nghia cua cdu vdo viec phdn tich
vd tqo lap cdu.
I - NGHIA Sir VIEC VA NGHIA TINH THAI
Trong ban dich truyen ngin "Vi hdnh" cua Nguyin Ai Qud'c cd cau
(la) Phdi trd nhvcng nghin rudi pha-rdng [...].
20
Nlu vie't lai thanh :

(lb) Chi phdi trd nghin rudi pha-rdng [...].
hay:
(Ic) Phdi trd nhitng nghin rudi pha-rdng [...] ddy.
thi ea ba cau ciing bilu Men mdt su viec duy nhit. Tuy nMen, xet vl thii do hay su
dinh gia eua ngudi ndi, thi ba cau tren rIt khie nhau : gil nghin rudi pho-rang dd'i
vdi ngudi ndi ciu (la), la cao ; trong khi dd'i vdi ngudi ndi cau (lb), la thip ; cdn
ddi vdi ngudi ndi cau (le), thi khdng cM cho gia dd la cao, ma cdn cd y mudn
ngudi dd'i thoai dac biet luu tam din dilu Iy.
Nhu thi, cd thi chia nghia eua cau ra lam hai : thanh phan phan Inh su tinh,
ggi la nghia sU viec, va thanh phin phan Inh thii do, su danh gia eua ngudi ndi dd'i
vdi su viec, hay ddi vdi ngudi dd'i thoai, ggi la nghia tinh thai.
II - M O T S O L O A I N G H I A TINH T H A I QUAN TRONG

Nghia tinh thii rIt phong phii, din mfic khd quy tit ea vao mdt sd loai nhit
dinh. Tuy nhien, mdt cIch khai quit, ed thi ndi din hai trudng hgp sau day.
1. NghTa tinh thai hirdng ve su viec
Day la loai nghia tinh thii thi hien thai dd va su dinh gia cua ngudi ndi dd'i
vdi su vide dugc ndi din trong cau. Trong loai nghia tinh thii hudng vl su viec,
ding chii y la nhiing phan biet sau :
a) NgMa tinh thii chi su viec da xay ra hay chua xay ra
So sinh hai cau sau :
(2) Hdn vdn phdi doa nqt hay Id gidt cudp.
(3) Hdn nhdt mdt hdn gach vd, toan dap ddu.
(NamCao-CA/PAeo)
Ta thly d cau (2), su viec "doa nat", "giat cudp" da xay ra rdi; cdn trong cau (3),
su viec "dap diu" chi mdi la mdt du dinh.
Xet hai cau :
(4) - Ne'u ldm con chdu md quen gia pho', thdi chdc Id con chdu bd't hii'u.
(Phan Bdi Chau - Ngudi nuac ta vdi sic nudc ta)
21
(5) - Thua thdy, gid nhd con khoe khodn^ thi nhd con chd ddm kiu.
(Nguyen Cdng Hoan - Tinh thdn the due)
Nhd cd ni'u, gid, ta Mlu ngudi ndi cho rang cle su vile lidn quan diu cM la
gia thie't, ehfi khdng phai la Mdn thuc ; rieng cau (5) cdn cd them sac thai ao udc.
b) Nghia tinh thai chi kha nang xay ra cua su viec
Trong nhiing cau sau :
(6) [...] chdc chdn mg Du dd chet vd nhitng cdm tudng vi mg chi cdng thdm
thia, ti tdi trong tdm hdn tdii...].
(Nguyen Hong - MgDu)
il) Nhitng ddn chim sao, chim chia vdi, cheo beo, chich choe, chdo mao, tu hit,
vit vit,... hinh nhu da tdn mdt ra bdn phuang trdi mdt tdm vdo vo dinh.
(8) May ra ddi ba noi cd phong trao trdng tre chdn sdng ven triin de...
(Bang Son)
cle tfi ngfi chdc chdn, hinh nhu, may ra diu cM kha nang xay ra cua su viec, tuy c6
thi xip cae tfi ngfi nay theo mdt thang do tfi kha nang cao xud'ng kha nang thIp :
chdc chdn —> hinh nhu -^ may ra.
c) NgMa tinh thii ehi su vide duge nhan thfic nhu la mdt dao If
Xet vi du:
(9) [Tdi sdng vdi Cdu Trung Ddi, che't cung vdi Cdu Triing Ddi]. Tdi khdng the
xa Cdu Triing Ddi mot budc.
(Nguyen Huy Tudng - Vu NhuTd)
Ta thly khdng the chi mdt nghia vu, ndi rdng ra, la mdt su vide dugc nhan thfic
nhu la mdt dao If.
Viec phan biet nghia tinh thii cM kha nang xay ra cua su viec vdi nghia tinh
thai chi su vide duge nhan thfic nhu la mdt dao If khdng phai bao gid cung dl dang
vi ed trudng hgp tilng Viet dung mdt each bilu thi dl chi ea hai thfi nghia tinh
thii. Chang han hai cau sau, mdt cua Tf ndi vdi cha minh la Trin Van Sfiu va mdt
cua Trin Van Sfiu ndi vdi Tf:
22
(10) - [Theo ldi cha tinh dd thi cha cdn sdng md ciing nhu cha chit]. Phdi gidu
ten gidu hg hoai, con din thdm cung phdi nup lin, khong ddm din chdn chudng.
(11) - Cha tinh phdi ldm nhu vdy mdi xong, con phdi nghe ldi cha md trdvidi.
(H6 Bilu Chdnh - Cha con nghia ndng)
Di xac dinh phdi d hai cau tren chi nghia tinh thii nao, ta cln xet din nhfing
yiu td thudc ngfi canh. Nhd dd, cd the thly phdi d cau (10) bieu thi su tit yeu vl mat
nhan thfic, tiic la nghia tinh thai chi kha nang xay ra cua su viec : Tf dau ddn thly
rang dl cha dugc an toan, khdng trinh dugc viec phai len lut kM din tham cha.
Trong khi dd, d cau (11), phdi chi mdt tit yiu vl mat ngMa vu, tfic la ngMa tinh
thii ehi su viec dugc nhan thfic nhu la mdt dao If : Trin Van Sfiu khuyen eon nen
trd vl nha, ehfi khdng dugc di theo cha.
2. Nghia tinh thai hudng ve ngudi dd'i thoai

Day la loai nghia tinh thii thi hien thii dd, su danh gia cua ngudi ndi dd'i vdi
ngudi dd'i thoai. Trong tilng Viet, nghia tinh thai hudng vl ngudi dd'i thoai
thudng dugc bilu dat nhd cle tfi ngfi tinh thai cud'i cau. Chang han, nlu vilt lai
cau sau day cua ba Kiln ndi vdi ngudi lang dang xiim lai xem Chf Pheo rach mat
an va :
(12a) - Cd cdc dng, cdc bdnda, vi di thdi chic!
i^SimCzo-Chi Pheo)
thanh :
(12b) - Cd cdc dng, cdc bd nita, vi di thdi nhi!
ta thly d ca hai cau (12a) va (12b), bl Kiln diu thuc giue dan lang di v l ; cai khac
bilt la : d cau (12a), bl Kiln cho la hg dang cd y chin ehfi chua chiu di vl ; cdn
d d u (12b), y mudn tranh thu su ddng tinh cua hg vdi mdt sac thai cd phin
thin mat.
Cln luu f cle tfi ngfi tinh thii cud'i cau khdng phai chi thi hidn nghia tinh thai
hudng vl ngudi dd'i thoai. Ching han, trong cau :
(13) Khdn nan... Ong gido ai!...Nd cd bii't gi ddu !
(Nam Cao - Lao Hac)
23
thi ddu nhin manh su vile chua xay ra, tfic bilu thi loai ngMa tinh thai hudng vl
suviec.
LUYEN TAP
1. Nhfing tfi ngfi in dam trong cle elu sau dly bilu thi ngMa tinh thii nao trong
cae loai nghia tinh thai da hgc :
- Trdm lay me, con cam chiu tdi cung me. (1)
iSan Hdu)
- Nhung huang oi thu vi vdn cic bay sang. (2)

(Nguyen Phan Hdch- Huang oi)
- Tdi lien gdt ddu, chay viit di. (3)

(Nguyen Hdng - Mo'DM)
- Tao khong the Id ngudi luang thien nda. (4)

-Hdng xdm phdi mdt bita diic tai, nhung co le trong bung thi hg hd : xUa nay
hg mdi chi dugc nghe bd cd, bd hai, bd ba, bd tu nhd cii bd ehdi ngUdi ta, bdy
gid hg mdi dugc nghe ngudi ta ehdi lai cd nhd cu bd. (5)
- Trdi ndng ldm, nen dudng vdng. (6)
(Nam Cao - Chi Pheo)
- Nhung ban rdn tep nhep, vd nghia li nhung khong the khong nghi tdi, ngdn
mgt phdn ldn thi gid cua hdn. (7)
(Nam Cao - Ddi thda)
- Ta sexdy mdt ddi vTdqi ditq Idng tri ki. (8)

(Nguyen Huy Tudng - Vu Nhu To)
2. CM ra su khac biet vl ngMa tinh thii gifia eac cau (a), gifia cac cau (b) va gifia
cac cau (e) sau day :
a) Trdi mua mdt!
Trdi mua chdc ?
24
b) Xong rdi nhi!

Xong rdi md I
c) An rdi nhi I
An di md I
3. Cho mdt su viec gdm cle yiu td: (1) chu thi la "bic Iy"; (2) hanh ddng "thudng";
(3) ngudi dugc thudng ia "em tdi" ; va (4) vat thudng la "ba cudn sleh". Hay
vilt nhiing cau khic nhau dl diln dat:
a) Nghia tinh thii ehi su viec da xay ra.
b) Nghia tinh thai chi su viec chua xay ra.
c) Nghia tinh thii chi kha nang xay ra eiia su viec.
d) Nghia tinh thii chi sfi viec dugc nhan thfic nhu la mdt dao If.
d) Nghia tinh thii chi sd lugng vat thudng la nhilu.
e) Nghia tinh thai chi sd lugng vat thudng la ft.
BAI VIET SO 5
(Nghi Man van hgc)
KET QUA CAN DAT

• Biit viit bdi vdn nghi ludn phdn tich mot tdc phdm
vdn xudi hodc kfch.
• Van dung dugc ki ndng phdn tich vdn hgc vd kiin thdc vi
cdc tdc phdm dd hgc ; khdc phuc vd hqn chi dugc nhicng
sai sdt d cdc bdi viit trudc.
Tham khao cle dl van sau day :

De 1. Tie dung eua nghl thuat midu ta tuong phan trong truyen ngin Hai dica tre
(Thach Lam).
25
De 2. Nghe thult khic hoa tihh each nhin vat Hulh Cao trong tie phim Chttngudi
tic tu cua Nguyin Tuln.
De 3. Y ngMa phe phan sau kin cua doan trich phdng su Nghe thudt bdm thit ga
trong tic phim Viec lang ciia Ngd Tit Td.
De 4. Suy nghl vl mdt nhan vat hoac mdt cM tilt ma anh (chi) cho la cd ^
nghia sau sic nhit trong truyin ngin Ddi thita ciia Nam Cao.
De 5. Phan tfch sd phan bi kich cua nhan vat Vu Nhu Td qua doan trich VTnh biet
Cdu Trung Ddi trong tic phim Vu Nhu Td ciia Nguyin Huy Tudng.
De 6. Nghe thuat trao phung eua Nguyin Cdng Hoan qua truydn ngin Tinh thdn
the due.
26
VOI VANG
XUAN DIEU^*^
KET QUA CAN OAT

Cdm nhdn dugc long ham sdng bdng bdt, mdnh Hit cda
nhd tha vdi mot quan niem mdi vi thdi gian, tudi tre vd
hanh phuc.
Thdy dugc sic kit hgp nhuan nhi gida mach cdm xiic
ddi dao vd mqch triet ludn sdu sdc trong bdi tha ciing
nhitng sdng tqo mdi la trong hinh thdc thi hien.
TIEU DAN
Tha tha (1938) la tap tho dau tay ciia Xuan Dieu. Dd \k tieng tho dô dat
eiia mot t§m hon tre luc nao cung them yeu, khat sdng, say dam cudc ddi,
quyen luyen canh sac tran gian, the hien mot quan ni§m sdng mdi me, tfch
CLfc. Tap tho cung tr^n day nhOrng cam nhan tinh vi ve su lanh lung cDa thdi
gian va sir ed ddn giOra ddng ddi. Nd difdc viet bang mot hinh thifc hap d i n vdi
nhieu each t§n tao bao v^ nhuan nhj. Bdi the, Tha tha d\JXic xem \k mot dinh
cao ciia phong trô Tho mdi.
V6i vang \k mot trong nhiimg bî dae sac nh§'t cua tap Tha tha.
*
* *
Tang Vu Dinh Lien
Tdi mudn tdt ndng di

Cho mdu ddng nhat mdt ;
Tdi mudn budc gid lai
Cho huang ddng bay di.
Cda ong budm ndy ddy tudn thdng mat

Ndy ddy hoa cda ddng ndi xanh ri;
Ndy ddy la cda cdnh ta pha phdt;
(*) Vl cudc ddi vd su nghiep van hoc ciia Xuan Dieu, xem bdi Xuan Dieu d trang 34.
(1) Tudn thdng mat: cdch ndi khdc cua tudn trang mat.
27
Cda yin anh^^^ ndy ddy khuc tinh si;

Vd ndy ddy dnh sdng chop hdng mi,
10. Mdi budi sdm, thdn Vui hdng gd cda ;
Thdng gieng ngon nhu mdt cap mdi gdn ;
Tdi sung sudng. Nhung vdi vdng mdt nda :
(2)
Tdi khdng chd ndng ha mdi hoai xuan .
Xudn ducmg tdi, nghia la xudn duang qua,
15. Xudn cdn non, nghia la xudn se gid,
Md xudn hit, nghia Id toi cung mdt.
Ldng tdi rdng, nhung lucmg trdi cd chdt,
Khdng cho ddi thdi tre cda nhdn gian,
s (3)
Ndi ldm chi rdng xudn vdn tudn hodn ,
20. Niu tuoi tre chdng hai ldn thdm lai!
Cdn trdi ddt, nhung chdng cdn toi mai,
Nin bdng khudng tdi tiic cd ddt trdi ;
Mui thdng ndm diu rdm vi chia phdi,
Khdp sdng nui vdn than thdm tiin Met...
25. Con gid xinh thi thdo trong Id biic,
Phdi chdng hdn vi ndi phdi bay di ?
Chim rdn rdng bdng ddt tiing reo thi,
Phdi chdng sg do phai tdn sdp sica ?
Chdng bao gid, di! Chdng bao gid nda...
30. Mau di thdi! Mda chua ngd chiiu hdm,

Ta mudn dm
Cd su sdng mdi bdt ddu man mdn ;
Ta mudn riit mdy dua vd gid lugn.
(1) Yen anh-. chim yeh, chim oanh, con trdng, con mai qudh quyt nhau, thudng duoc sanh vdi sU
quatt quyt trong tinh yeu nam nii, vo chdng.
(2) Hodi xudn : nhd tiec miia xuan.
(3) Tudn hodn : xoay vdn tudn tu, lap di lap lai. Awdn vdn tudn hodn : y ndi mila xuan vin trd di
trd lai.
28
Ta mudn say cdnh budm vdi tinh yeu,

35. Ta mudn thdu trong mgt cdi hdn nhiiu
Vd non nudc, vd cdy, vd cd rang,
Cho chinh chodng m.ui tham, cho daddy dnh sdng,
Cho no ni thanh sdc cda thdi tuai;
—Hdi xudn hdng, ta mudn cdn vdo nguai!
(Theo Tha tha, NXB Ddi nay, Ha Noi, 1938)
HUdNG DAN HOC BAI
1. Bai tho duge vilt nhu mdt ddng cam xuc hdi ha tudn trao, nhung vin tuan theo
mdt bd cue khi rd rang, thi Men mach trilt Man sau sic va chat che. Hay tim
bd cue a'y.
2. Dgc toan bai, anh (chi) ed cam nhan thi nao vl nhac dieu ciia bai tho ? Nhac
dieu a'y dugc tao ra bang nhiing thu phap gi ?
3. Tie gia da cam nhan vl thdi gian nhu thi nao ? Phan tfch doan tfi cau 14 din
cau 24 dl lam ndi bat cam nhan Iy.
4. Hinh anh thien nhien, su sd'ng quen thudc quanh ta dugc tic gia cam nhan va
diln ta mdt cIch hip din nhu thi nao ? Dilu a'y thi Men quan niem gi eua
Xuan Dieu vl cudc sd'ng, tu6i tre va hanh phiic ?
5. Phan tfch nghl thuat sfi dung ngdn tfi (diep tfi, tfnh tfi,...) trong doan tho tfi
cau 31 de'n cau 39, qua dd lam ndi bat tuyen ngdn vl le sd'ng cua Xuan Dieu.
6. Qua bai tho ed thi hinh dung cdi tdi eua Xuan Dieu nhu thi nao ?
7. Hgc thudc ldng bai tho.
BAI TAP NANG CAO
Hay phan tfch nghe thuat eua Xuan Dieu trong viec sang tao nhiing cau tho va
hinh anh tho mdi la, ddc dao trong bai Vdi vdng.
29
DOC THEM
DAY MUA THU TOI

XUAN DIEU
TIEU DAN
Day mua thu tdi la bai thd viet ve de tî quen thudc Id miia thu vd vin
dung nhieu thi lieu truyen thdng. Nhiitig tac gia da girl vao dd nhOng cam xuc
mdi, dong thdi cd nhieu each tan tao bao trong xit If thi lieu, trong dien dat,...
Chinh vi y$y bai thd v i n dUdc xem la mdt thanh cdng xu£it sac, tieu bieu cho
hon thd cua nhd thd mdi Xuan Dieu.
* *
Rang lieu diu hiu ddng chiu tang,

Tdc budn budng xud'ng le ngdn hdng
Ddy miia thu tdi -mua thu tdi
Vdi do ma phai det la vdng.
(2)
Hem mgt loai hoa dd rung cdnh,
Trong vudn sdc do rUa ' mdu xanh ;
Nhdng luong run ray rung rinh Id...
Ddi nhdnh khd gdy xuang mong manh.
(1) Ma phai: mdu sdc md do, phai nhat, mo hd. Trong cau tha nay cd th^ hiiu la sac vang mo, sdc
vdng phai.
(2) Hon mgt: khdng ft, mdt sd (chiu anh hudng each ndi trong tie'ng Phdp).
(3) Rua : mai mdn. Theo tdc gia Thi nhdn Viet Nam, luc ddu XuSm Dieu via la "riia" ngMa Id sdc
dd xung ddt vdi mdu xanh, ldm mdt ve dep toan ven ciia mau xanh. VI sau, tac gia da siia thdnh
"rua". Sdc do rUa mdu xanh : cd thi hiiu Id sdc dd mdi mdn sdc xanh, cdn sdc xanh phai
nhat ddn.
30 .
Thinh thoang ndng trdng tungdn nga ...

Non xa khdi sif nhat suang md...
Ddnghe ret mudt ludn trong gid...
Dd vdng ngudi sang nhdng chuyen dd...
Mdy vdn tdng khdng, chim bay di.

Khi trdi u udt hdn chia li.
It nhieu thii'u nd budn khdng ndi
Tud cda nhin xa, nghT nggi gi.
(Tuyin tap Xudn Dieu, tap I: Tha, NXB Van hoc.

Ha Ndi, 1983)
HUdNG DAN DOC THEM
1. Doc toan bd bai tho va tim hiiu tnnh tu triln khai mach tho.
2. Phan tich nhfing cam nhan tinh t l ciia nha tho vl thien nhiSn trong thdi dilm giao
mua, luc ha sang thu.
3. Thu phdp lay am trong cdc cdu tho sau co hiSu qua nghe thuat nhu thi nao ?
- Rang liiu diu hiu ddng chiu tang,
Tdc budn budng xudng le ngdn hdng ;
- Nhihig ludng run ray rung rinh Id...
4. Anh (chi) co nhdn xet gi vl each cam nhan thien nhien cua Xudn Dieu qua nhfing
hinh anh:
- Rang liiu diu hiu ddng chiu tang,
Tdc budn budng xudng le ngdn hdng ;
- ...mua thu tdi
Vdi do ma phai det Id vdng.
- Thinh thoang ndng trdng tUngdn nga...
i\)Tu ngdn nga: ngdn ngd mdt minh, ngdn ngd vi chinh minh, vi mdt duyen cd mo hd ndo dd.
(2) Khdi su: bdt ddu.
(3) Vdn : cudn n6i Ifin ; mdy vdn : •$ ndi may tiing gon cudn n6i len tren tdng khdng.
31
THO DUYEN
XUAN DIEU
TIEU D A N
Tha duyen la mdt trong nhiimg tac phim tieu bieu nhat ciia hon tho
Xuan Dieu ma "sir bong bdt [...]b\iu hien ra mot each day dii hdn ca trong
nhumg rung dong tinh vi" (Hoai Thanh).
*
* *
Chieu mdng hod tha tren nhdnh duyen,

Cdy me riu rit cap chim chuyen.
Dd trdi xanh nggc qua mudn Id,
Thu de'n - nai noi ddng tie'ng huyen .
Con dudng nho nho, gid xieu xieu

Ld Id cdnh hoang, ndng trd chieu ;
. Budi dy long ta nghe y ban
Ldn ddu rung ddng ndi thuang yeu.
Em budc diem nhien khdng vUdng chdn,

Anh di ldng ddng chdng theo gdn
Vd tdm - nhung gida hdi tha diu
Anh vdi em nhu mgt cap vdn.
Mdy bie'c ve ddu bay gdp gdp

Con cd tren rudng cdnh phdn vdn
Chim nghe trdi rdng giang them cdnh
Hoa lanh chieu thua suang xud'ng ddn.
(1) Tie'ng huyen : tie'ng dan. Ci day, tdc gia mudn ndi tilng nhac ciia thien nhien tao nen bdi su
hod hop giiia tie'ng chim hdt, tilng gid th6i, tilng Id reo, v.v.
32
Ai hay tuy ldng budc thu em

Tuy chdng bdng nhdn gq to niem
Trdng thdy chieu hdm nga ngdn vdy
Long anh thdi dd cudi long em.
(Tong tap vdn hpc Viet Nam, tap 27,
NXB Khoa hoc xa hdi, Ha Noi, 1990)
HUdNG DAN OPC THEM
1. Anh (chi) co nhdn xet gi ve dac dilm cua the' gidi hinh tugng trong bai the hiSn iSn qua
cap mat tre trung va da tinh ciia Xudn Dieu ? (Chii y : moi su vat tit trdi da't, co cay,
chim muong de'n con ngudi deu nhu hoa hgp va giao cam vdi nhau). Tir nhan xet do,
anh (chi) hiiu nghia chu "duyen" d nhan de bai tho nhu thi nao ?
2. Doc kl hai khd ddu cua bai tho va phan tich ve dep ddy tho mdng cua canh chidu thu
dugc tac gia cam nhan va diSn ta mot each rdt tinh vi.
3. 6 kho ba cua bai tho, anh (chi) hieu quan he gifia "anh" va "em" nhu the' nao ma tac gia
lai vie't: "Em budc dilm nhien khdng vudng chdn - Anh di lung diing chdng theo gan" ?
Tfi "lung dung" co thi thay bang mot tfi khac hoan toan ddng nghia dugc khdng ?
4. Hay phdn tfch su cam nhan hit sfic tinh te' cua nha tho ddi vdi canh vdt thien nhien
dugc diln dat qua hai cdu tha : "Con co tren rudng canh phan van" va "Chim nghe trcfi
rdng giang them canh".
5. Anh (chi) hiiu thi nao vl hai cau cudi ciia bai tha : "Trdng thly ehilu hdm nga ngdn
vdy - Ldng anh thdi da cudi long em" ?
6. Trong Thi nhdn Viet Nam, Hoai Thanh so sanh hinh anh con co trong tha Xudn Dilu :
("Mdy bie'c ve ddu bay gdp gdp - Con cd trdn rudng canh phan van") vdi hinh anh con
cd trong tho Vuong Bdt thdi Dudng, Tmng Qudc : "Lac ha dfi co 16 te phi - Thu thuy
cdng trudng thien nhd't sdc" (Rang chiiu va con co co dan cung bay - Nudc thu va bdu
trdi mdt mau), de dua ra nhan dinh : "Tfi con co ciia Vuang Bdt lang le bay vdi rang
chiiu de'n con cd cua Xudn Dieu khdng bay ma canh phan van, co su each biet cua han
mdt ngan nam va cua hai the gidi".
(1) Bdng nhdn : ngudi lam mdi cho trai gai ldy nhau.
(2) Cudi : d day tac gia diing tfi "cudi" theo nghia md phdng tilng Phap. Trong tieng Phap, cudi
(marier), khdng chi cd nghia la kit hdn gifia nam va nfi ma cdn cd y nghia la gdn ket, hoa hop
gifia cdc su vat, mdu sdc hay long ngudi,...
33
3. NV11/2NC-/ -'''

Nhan dinh tren cua Hoai Thanh ggi cho anh (chi) suy nghi gi vl Men nrgng "phan van"
nai canh cd trong cau tho Xuan Dieu ? (Ggi y : Hdn tha xua thudng yen tinh, chua bilt
de'n trang thai co don, run riy, bang khuang cua cdi tdi ca nhan trudc vu tru va cudc
ddi de truyen vao canh vat nhu cac nha tho mdi sau nay).
XUAN DIEU
KET QUA CAN DAT

Hiiu dugc the gidi nghi thudt cda Xudn Dieu la su
the hien niim khat khao giao cdm vdi ddi.
Thdy dugc tdi ndng nhiiu mat cda Xudn Dieu vd vi tri
quan trgng cda dng trong phong trao Tha mdi ndi rieng,
trong tha ca Viet Nam hien dqi noi chung.
I- CUOCDC)!
1. Tieu Slit
Xuan Dieu (1916 - 1985) ten khai sinh la
Ngd Xuan Dieu. Than sinh cua thi si la mdt
nha nho, que d xa Trao Nha (nay la xa Dai
Lde), huydn Can Lde, tinh Ha Unh. Ong dd
Nghe vao day hgc d tinh Binh Dinh, lly ba hai
ngudi van^^^ Gd Bdi, xa Tung Gian, huyen Tuy
Phude va sinh ra Xuan Dieu.
Xuan Dieu ldn ldn d Quy Nhom, hgc hit
bae Thanh chung thi ra Ha Ndi, rdi vao Hud'
hgc tie'p. Tdt nghiep tu tai, dng di day hgc tu
va lam vidn chfic mdt thdi gian d Sd Doan*^^^
Mi Tho, nhung chu yeu boat ddng van hoc.
(1) Van -. lang cua nhttng ngudi lam nghl chai ludi, budn ban thuy san, thudng sd'ng tren thuyln,
tren mdt vung sdng nudc nao ddy.
(2) SdDoan (tilng Phap : Douane): SdThulquan.
34
3. NV11/2NC.B
Xuan Dieu bat diu cd tho dang bao tfi nam 1935. Ong ndi tilng nhu mdt "nha
tho mdi nha't trong cle nha tho mdi" (Hoai Thanh) va dly tai nang tfi nam 1937,
nhit la tfi khi xult ban Tha tha (1938) va Phdn thdng vdng (1939).
Xuan Didu tham gia Mat tran Viet Minh tfi trudc Cach mang thing Tam 1945.
Tfi dd, cudc ddi dng gin bd vdi each mang va nin van hgc each mang. Ong tfing la
dai bieu Qud'c hdi, Uy vidn Ban Chip hanh Hdi Van nghe Viet Nam, Uy vien Ban
Chip hanh Hdi Nha van Viet Nam nhilu khoa, v.v. Tit nhien, ddng gdp to ldn
nhit ciia Xuan Dieu dd'i vdi dit nudc vin la vdi tu each nha tho, nha van. Ong da
dl lai ngdt nam muoi tic phim thudc nhilu thi loai khic nhau. Xuan Dieu xiing
dang dugc xem la mdt nghe sT ldn, mdt nha van hoi ldn. Nam 1983, dng dugc blu
la Vien si thdng tin Vidn Han lam nghe thuat Cdng hoa dan chu Dfic. Ong dugc
Nha nudc tang Giai thudng Hd Chf Minh vl van hgc va nghe thuat nam ] 996.
2. Con ngudi
"Cha dang ngoai, me d dang trong - Ong dd JNghe deo khan gdi dd"^ '. Xuan
Didu hgc dugc d cha - dng dd Nghe - dfic tfnh cln cu, kien nhin trong hgc tap,
ren luyen va lao ddng nghe thuat. 6 Xuan Dieu, hgc tap, ren luyen va lao ddng
sang tao vfia la mdt quyet tam khic kho, vfia la mdt le sdng, mdt nilm say me ldn.
Sinh ra va ldn len d que me, Xuan Dieu thudng ndi din tac ddng cua thien
nhien noi day (Quy Nhom) dd'i vdi hdn tho ndng nan, sdi ndi eiia dng, dac biet la
nhftng ngon gio n6m ("Que me gio n6m th6i I6n tuori mat")^ va nhfing con song
biln ("Nhu hdn mai ngan nam khdng thoa - Bdi yeu bd lam lam, em oi !") .
Ngudi ta cdn nghi tdi mdt If do khic : dng la con vg le, phai xa me tfi nhd va
thudng bi hat hiii. Hoan canh Iy khien dng ludn ludn khao khit tinh thuong va su
cam thdng eua ngudi ddi.
Vl qui trinh dao tao, Xuan Dieu mdt mat la tri thfic Tay hgc, da hip thu anh
hudng cua tu tudng va van hoi Phip mdt each ed he thdng trdn ghi nha trucmg,
mat khic do xult than tfi mdt gia dinh nha nho (con mdt dng tu kep, tfic hai lin dd
tii tai HIn hgc), ndn lai tilp thii dugc mdt each tu nhien anh hudng eua nin van
hoa truyin thdng. Vi the, cd thi tim thly d nha tho su kit hgp hai yeu td ed diln va
(1), (2) Tho Xuan Dieu, bai Cha ddng ngodi, me a ddng trong.
(3) Bai Bien.
35
hien dai, Ddng va Tay trong tu tudng va tinh cam thim ml. Tit nhidn, van hoa, van
hgc phuomg Tay vin ed anh hudmg sau dam hom.
Xuan Dieu la mdt tai nang nhilu mat: lam thor, vilt van, nghidn ciiu phi binh
van hoc, dich thuat. Nhung dng trudc bet vin la mdt nha tho - mdt trong nhihig
nha tho ldn cua nin van hgc Viet Nam hidn dai.
I I - SI/NGHIEP VAN HOC
A - TRUCfC CACH IVIANG THANG T A M 1945
1. Ve tha
a) Nhin mdt each tong quit toan bd su nghiep van hgc eua Xuan Dieu, thly co
mdt tu tudng chi phdi tit ca, Iy la mdt nilm kbit khao giao elm vdi ddi - cudc ddi
hieu theo nghia trin thi nhit. Vdi Xuan Dieu, phuomg tien giao cam true tilp va
linh dieu nhit, khdng gi bing tho. Sang tie tha, Xuan Dieu mudn tha nhiing manh
hdn sdi noi va tinh t l eua minh dl'tim din nhiing tam hdn be ban d mgi phucmg trdi, 6
mgi the he, d mgi thdi khic, cua hdm nay va vinh viin mai sau iTinh mai sau).
Tuy nhien, trong nilm giao cam Iy, Xuan Dieu ddng thdi mudn cdi tdi ciia
minh phai dugc khang dinh ehdi loi : "Tha mdt phut huy hoang rdi chgt tdi - Cdn
hom budn le ldi sud't tram nam"^ - nha tha sg nhit phai boa tan cdi tdi ca nhin
cua minh trong biln ngudi vd danh "md md nhan anh"... Nhung sd'ng manh lilt,
sd'ng huy hoang nhu thi nao, nha tha chua cd dinh hudng rd rIt.
b) Tholt khdi he thdng udc le cua "tha cu" thdi trung dai, cle nha tha mdi nhu
lin diu tien nhin cudc ddi va vu tru bing con mit cua chfnh minh. Nhung sU
"thoat xac" Iy din Xuan Dieu mdi that trgn ven. Vdi cap mit "xanh non", cap mat
"bile rdn" ngo ngle va dly vui sudng, nha tha da phIt bidn ra bilt bao ve ding yeu,
dang say dim ciia thi gidi thidn nhien va con ngudi noi trin the' rIt ddi binh di va
gin giii nay :
Ta mudn dm
Cd su sdng mdi bdt ddu man mdn ;
Ta mudn riit mdy dua vd gid lugn,
(1) Bki Giuc gid.
36
Ta mudn say cdnh budm vdi tinh yiu,

Ta mudn thdu trong mdt cdi hdn nhiiu
Vd non nudc, vd cdy, vd cd rqng,
Cho chinh chodng mui tham, cho daddy dnh sdng,
Cho no ni thanh sdc cda thdi tuai;
- Hdi xudn hdng, ta mudn cdn vdo nguai!
(ydi vdng)
Vdi Xuan Didu, tit ca diu la "tinh yeu thfi nhit", la "miia xuan diu", bdi vi
trong eon mit dng "Tinh khdng tuoi va xuan khdng ngay thing" . Co nhien dep
nhit, vui nhit vin la mua xuan va tu6i xuan. Mdt the gidi nhu thi keu ggi eon
ngudi ta phai biet sd'ng manh liet, sd'ng hit minh vdi nd : "Sd'ng toan tim, toan tri,
sdng toan hdn - Sd'ng toan than va thfic nhgn giac quan" . Va khdng thi dfing
dung trudc thdi gian mdt di khdng trd lai (Vdi vdng, Giuc gid). Vdi mdt hdn tho
ydu ddi, yeu sd'ng nhu vay, Xuan Didu da thdi vao phong trio Tho mdi mdt ludng
gid ndng nan, sdi sue ft cd trong tho ca truyin thdng.
e) La mdt tam hdn kbit khao giao cam vdi ddi, tit nhien Xuan Dieu trudc hit
phai la nha tho cua tinh yeu. Vi tinh yeu la mdt trong nhfing nilm giao cam
manh lilt nhit, sau sic, toan ven nhit, vfia rIt muc trin thi, vfia hit sfic cao thugng.
Vi tinh yeu bao gid cung ddi hdi vd bidn, khat khao tuyet dfeh va vinh viin.
Mdt tinh ydu nhu thi, Xuan Dieu cam thly khdng thi tim duge trong thuc tl.
Xuan Dieu thly tinh cam manh liet cua minh ehi nhu "Nudc dd la khoai", cang
ydu cang thly "Dai khd"^^\ tham chf "Yeu la chit d trong ldng mdt ft"^'*^ Vi thi
ndi dung cua hlu hit nhfing bai tha tinh eua Xuan Dieu la ndi dau cua mdt trai tim
dim say, ndng nhidt ma khdng duge din dip xiing ding, la cam giac ed don, gia
lanh trudc thii dd nhat nheo cua ngudi ddi. Ta bilu vi sao trong thi gidi nghe thuat
cua Xuan Dieu, mua xuan va binh minh di liin vdi nhiing ehilu thu tan va nhiing
dim trang lanh ; su ndng nan di liin vdi cam gilc bo vo ; su ham hd, vd vap vdi
(1) Bdi )Oidn Ichdng mUa.

(2) Bai Thanh nien.
(3) Nudc dd' id Ichoai, Dai Idid; ten hai bai tho cua Xuan Dieu.
(4) Bdi Yeu.
37
cudc ddi di liin vdi nhu ciu tholt li tit ca, tham chf mudn trdn trinh ca chfnh ban
than minh iCdp hdi vqn dam). ^
d) Khi tha Xuan Didu mdi ra ddi, ngudi ta thly dng "Tay" qua. Dilu Iy khdng
phai khdng cd If. Tuy nhidn, thuc ra tha mdi ndi chung, tha Xuan Dilu ndi rieng,
tfi ban chat, vin ke thfia va phIt huy eli nhac dieu rieng, cai linh hdn rieng eua tho
ea truyen thdng. Tit nhidn yeu elu each tan ciia tha mdi khie'n Xuan Dieu khdng
the khdng hgc tap nhfing thanh tuu phong phii eua tha ea hiln dai phuomg Tay.
Ngudi ta tha'y dng chii yiu cMu anh hudng cua trudng tha tugng trung Phap
the ki XIX^'\ Trudng tha nay, ben canh nhiing mat ban chi, da ed ddng gdp to ldm
vao su phat trien cua nghe thuat tha ca : lam phong phu kha nang cMe'm linh va
diln dat the gidi mdt each tinh vi, mlu nhidm ban, nang cao tfnh nhac cua tho, mai
sic giac quan cua nha tha, phat huy cao do y thfic vl quan he tuang giao gifia cac
gilc quan khi cam thu thi gidi ,... Kinh nghidm eua Ddng va Tay, truyin thdng
va hien dai, kit tinh d mdt tam hdn nghe si kbit khao giao cam vdi ddi da giiip
Xuan Dieu kham pha dugc nhieu bie'n thii tinh vi cua thien nhien cung nhu ndi
tam eon ngudi va the hien duge trong nhfing vin tha "ft ldi, nhilu y, siic tfch nhu
dgng lai bao nhidu tinh hoa" (The Lfi).
Cln chii y den dac diem ca ban nay cua tha Xuan Dieu : dly la mdt thi gidi
nghe thuat dly xuan sic va tinh tfi, trong dd chuan muc cua cai dep khdng phai la
thien nhien (nhu thudng thly trong tha ea truyin thdng), ma la eon ngudi - con
ngudi gifia tudi tre va tinh yeu. Quan dilm ml hgc nay da khiln Xuan Dilu
sang tao ra duge nhilu hinh anh mdi me, ddc dao, dep mdt cleh khoe kholn va
dly sfic sd'ng.
(1) Trudng tho Wong trung (symbolisme) cua Phap ra ddi vao nfia sau the ki XIX. Nhfing cay biit
tieu bilu cho thdi ki ddu cua trudng tho nay la Bd-do-le (Baudelaire), Vec-len (Verlaine),
Ranh-bd (Rimbaud). Trudng tho Wong tnmg quan nifm ban thi cua thi gidi la vd hinh dd'i vdi
con mat ciia ngudi thudng, chi cac nha tho cd nang luc true giac dac biet mdi cam nhan vd dien
ta duoc. Dd mdi dfeh thuc la dd'i tuong cua tho. Trudng tho nay da phat huy cao dd quan he
tuong giao gitta cac giac quan, dong thdi dl cao tfnh nhac ciia tho (Vic-len quan niem tho tnidc
hit la nhac).
Trudng tho tuong trung cd ddng gdp ldn vao viec phat triln tho ca Phap, dem din cho tho Phdp
kha nang diln ta nhung biln thai hit sfic tinh vi cua thien nhien va ldng ngudi.
(2) Nha tho tuong trung Phap Bd-do-le phdt bilu quan niem nay trong bai Tuang giao (Correspondances).
38
2. Ve van xudi
Xuan Didu khdng chi lam tha ma cdn vilt nMlu thi loai khac. Vdi hai tap Phdn
thdng vdng (1939) va Trudng ca (1945), Xuan Dieu da dl lai nMlu trang vilt ding
ggi la kiet tic. Phdn thdng vdng la mdt tap but ki, truyen ngin, dng ggi la loai
"truydn y tudng". Trudng ca la mdt tap tuy but. NMn chung, van xudi Xuan Dieu
giau chit tho trfi tinh, cam hiing lang man la chii dao, tuy khdng phai khdng cd
nhfing trang vilt ngMeng vl cam hfing hien thue (Tod nhi kiiu, Cdi hod Id,...). Dgc
van Xuan Dieu, ta gap lai nMlu y tfi vdn quen thudc trong tho dng, nhung dugc diln ta,
phan tfch, If giai mdt each ranh mach, ti mi ban. Cam hfing trfi tinh dac bidt sdi ndi
trong Trudng ca da khiln nhilu trang vilt trong tap my biit trd thanh nhfing ang tho
van xudi dilm le, dly sfic hip din iLenh, Hoa hgc trd, Gid td tudi tha, Thu,...).
B - SAU CACH MANG THANG TAIVI 1945

Vdi nilm kbit khao giao cam vdi ddi (ddi vdi Xuan Didu, ddi khdng ehi thu
hep trong mdi trudng trf thfic tiiu tu san ma cdn bao gdm ca nhirng ldp ngudi "nhd
be", CO cue ma dng tfing bay to ndi "thuang vay"^ d nhilu truydn, kf trong tap
Phdn thdng vdng), hdn tho Xuan Dieu dl bit vao phong trao each mang de nhap
vdi cudc sd'ng rdng ldn, sdi ddng cua nhan dan.
Trudc biln ddi bao la Iy, nhfing chuyen tam tinh cua cdi tdi tiiu tu san du
phong phu thi nao cung trd thanh nhd be, ngheo nan. Vi thi, Xuan Dieu mudn md
rdng hdn tha dl dm Ip lly tit ea. Ong say sua vilt vl Td qud'c, nhan dan, vl Dang,
Bic Hd, vl hai cudc khing ehiln vT dai chdng thuc dan Phip va de qud'c Mi, vl su
nghiep xay dung dlt nudc, v.v. vdi mdt tinh thin lac quan sdi ndi. Va tai nang eua
dng duge phat huy trdn nhilu ITnh vuc : tha, van xudi, nghidn ciiu, phe binh van
hgc, dich thuat. Tinh cam edng dan la net ndi bat trong mgi sang tie cua dng. Nam
1960, tap tha Riing chung ra ddi, dinh diu su chuyin biln tu tudng sau sic va
vfing chic cua Xuan Dieu vdi tu each nha tho each mang. Cung tfi dd, dng lai tiep
tuc vilt vl tinh yeu (ben canh ddng trfi tinh cdng dan vin la chu yiu). Tho tinh
Xuan Dieu sau Cach mang, vl ki thuat, cd dugc gia cdng hem nhung khdng cdn ed
cai sdi sue, dim say ciia tuoi tre. Nlu trudc kia, dng hay ndi din xa each va ed
dan, thi nay dng ndi nhilu din eli Im Ip eua su sum vly va tinh chung thuy.
Vdi nhilt tinh cleh mang, tfi thing Tim nam 1945, Xuan Dieu da ddng gdp
cho nin van hgc Viet Nam mdt khd'i lugng sing tac dd so : mudi ba tap tha, nam
tap but kf, sau tie phim dich tho nudc ngoai.
(1) Thuang vay : ten mdt truyen ngdn ciia Xuan Dieu trong tap Phdn thdng vdng.
39
Sau Cach mang thing Tam 1945, tai nang Xuln Dilu dac bilt phIt triln manh
vl nghien ciiu, phd binh van hgc. Ong dl lai mudi sau tap nghien eiiu, phi binh
vie't vl hlu nhu du loai dd'i tugng : tfi tha Hd Chi Minh, Td Hfiu, Huy Cln,
Che Lan Vidn,... de'n tha Pham Tiln Dult, Hoang Nhuan Cim,... rdi ca tha ca quin
chung cua bd ddi, cdng nhan, ndng din trong khing ehiln va cai elch rudng dlt.
Ong vie't ea vl nhirng tap kf cua Nguyin Dfic Thuan iBdt khudt), Trin Dinh Van
iSd'ng nhu Anh),... Nhung Xuan Dieu dac bilt ddn sfic vao viec nghien ciiu, phe
binh eac nha tho co dien nhu Nguyin Trai, Nguyin Du, Hd Xuan Huang, Nguyin
Dinh Chiiu, Nguyin Khuyin, Tu Xuomg,... Ong mudn ddc gia mudn ddi sau vin
dgc dng va giao cam vdi dng khi tim bilu nhiing thidn tai bit tfi eua dan tdc. Ong
rlt chii y phIt hien gia tri nhan van, nhan ban d cle nha tha nay. Vdi kinh nghiim
sang tic phong phii eua minh, trong nghidn ciiu, phd binh, Xuan Didu thudng di
sau vao chuyen "blp niie" eua tha ea. Nhilu cdng trinh cua dng, vi the, cd thi xem
la nhiing tap giao trinh vl nghl nghiep cho nhiing ai mudn di vao edng vide dly
khd khan, phfie tap va rlt ddi tinh vi nay.
Ill - KET LUAN
Xuan Dieu la mdt nha tha mdi, tuy ed luc ngao nghl coi minh nhu dinh Hi Ma
Lap San ("Ta la Mgt, la Rieng, la Thfi Nhit - Khdng ed ehi be ban ndi cung ta"),
nhung thue chit lai la mdt tam hdn ludn rdng md vdi ddi. Ong la mdt cay dan
Ba Nha nhung khdng mudn cM ed mdt Chung Tfi Ki, ma khao khat hang van,
hang trieu tri am, tri ki, 6 mgi noi, mgi thdi, thudc mgi loai ngudi khac nhau trdn thi
gian nay. Mdt tam hdn nhu thi, tit nhien sin sang nhap vao phong trao elch mang
dl trd thanh thi sT eiia nhan dan.
Mdt tam hdn nhu the tit nhidn cung khdng thi tu giam ham minh trong mdt
boat ddng van bdc nao. Vi vay, dng vfia lam tha vfia vid't nhieu thi van khic. Sau
Cach mang, dng cang viet nhilu, viet khoe, vilt lien tuc. 6 ITnh vuc nao dng cung
cd ddng gdp ldn va in dam hinh anh mdt Xuan Dieu - nha tha cua mua xuln va
tudi tre, ludn ludn sdi ndi tinh ydu, dao dat tinh ddi.
Hl/dNG DAN HOC BAI

1. Dgc kT phin I eua bai hgc iCugc ddi), anh (ehi) cd nhan xet gi vl md'i quan hi
gifia mdi trudng gia dinh, xa hdi, thidn nhien, van boa ciia Xuan Dieu thdi nien
thilu vdi nhiing dac diem ea ban cua con ngudi nha tha ?
40
2. Tha mdi la tieng ndi tho ca eua cdi tdi ca. nhan. CIc nha tho mdi ndi chung diu
cd y thfic khang dinh cdi tdi ea nhan eua minh. 6 Xuan Dieu, su khing dinh Iy
cd gi dac bidt ?
3. Anh (chi) bilu the nao vl mau thuIn bi kich trong tha Xuan Dieu ndi chung,
trong tha tinh (trudc CIch mang thing Tim) eua dng ndi rieng ? Mau thuIn Iy
thi hien cu thi trong thi gidi hinh tugng ciia tho dng nhu the nao ?
4. Xuan Dieu coi con ngudi gifia tudi tre va tinh ydu la hoan mT nhit. Dilu Iy cd
anh hudng gi tdi nhiing ddi mdi trong elch sing tao hinh anh tho eua dng so vdi
nghe thuat tha ea truyin thdng ? Hay ndu vai din chiing cu thi.
LUYEN TAP VE THAO TAC

LAP LUAN BAC BO
KET QUA CAN OAT

Ndm vdng thao tdc lap ludn bdc bd.
Biit van dung thao tdc lap ludn bdc hd.
1. Dgc eac doan trich sau va cho bilt tie gia da sfi dung cleh bac bd nao :
a) "Tfi trudc din nay da cd nhilu dinh nghTa vl tho, nhung ldi dinh nghTa nao
ciing vin khdng du. Cd ngudi nghT ring tho la nhiing ldi dep. Nhung dau phai nhu
vay. Dudi ngdi but ciia Hd Xiian Huang, nhiing ehfi tim thudng ciia ldi ndi hing
ngay, ndm na mach que, da trd thanh nhiing ldi tho duge truyin tung mai. Va
Nguyin Du khdng nhiing dl lai nhiing cau tho nhu "Mai cdt cleh, tuylt tinh thin",
ma cdn vilt:
Thodt trdng nhdn nh0 mdu da,
An gi to beo ddy dd ldm sao I
Cung khdng phai tho 11 nhiing dl tai "dep", phong hoa tuylt nguyet cua cle eu
ngay xua, hoac nhfing nhd mong slu luy eua cle chang va nang mdt thdi trudc
Cach mang. Nha tha Phip Baudelaire (Bd-do-le) da lam bai tho ndi tilng vl eli
xac chd chit dly gidi bg, va d thdi chiing ta, eli xe dap, khiu ba dd ea, cho din cii
41
ba Id tren vai chil'n sT, bdng day thep gai hung ac eua ddn giac, diu cd thi dem ndi
trong tha".
(Nguyin Dinh Thi)
b) "Co ngudi vin nghT rang : trong sang tie van nghl. If tfnh khdng tham du.
Ndi the cung khdng dung. Danh rang khdi diem eua sing tao nghd thuat vin la
mdt xuc ddng manh me, sau xa. Nhung khdng phai vi thi ma ndi ring tie phim
nghe thuat khdng cln din If tfnh. Trudc het If tfnh cua nha sing tao tie ddng trong
khi suy nghT vl dl tai, sip dat tu tudmg, phan tfch tai lidu, ngMdn ciiu hmh thfic
thfch hgp cho mdt dl tai, van dung kinh nghiem vl but phip,... Biy nhieu cdng
vide diu khdng thi hoan toan phd thic cho cam hfing. Lf tfnh vin phai ludn ludn
tinh tlo dl lam cho hinh thfic phu hgp vdi ndi dung, phan lugng can xfing vdi
ytfi".
(Theo Dang Thai Mai)
c) B A C BO MOT QUAN DIEM THL/C DUNG
"Mdt nha van MT gd'c Nga, ba Ay Ren-da cho ring "Nhiing ke theo chu nghia
nhan van - trdn nguyen tie va ca tren thuc t l - la nhfing ke an bim, bdi md'i quan
tam hang diu cua hg la phan phat ehfi khdng phai san xult ; ndi dung ra la quan
tam din viec phan phat nhiing gi ma hg khdng san xult ra. Nhiing ke an bam tM
khdng bao gid dang kfnh hay tdt ca". Tfi dd, ba ndu ra nguyen tie dao dfic mdi:
"Cd rdi hay cho", cd vii cho nhiing ngudi lam ra cua cai vat chit.
Cln ndi ngay ring khdng cd gi khd khan lim trong viec nhan ra thuc chit cai
quan dilm dudng nhu rlt "tan ki" eua Ay Ren-da. Thuc chit, nguyin tic dao dfic
mdi nay la phai "tao" hay "san xult" ra cua cai vat chit thi mdi la ngudi td't. Cdn
ngudi theo chu nghTa nhan van va boat ddng xa hdi, gdm ca nha chfnh tri, diu la
ke an bIm, vi hg chang tao hay san xult cai bdng den nhu E-di-xan^^^ hay cai d td
nhu Pho^ . Hg ehi "day mau an phin" khi phan phIt eli ma bg khdng tao ra hay
san xult dugc ! Mudn bilt quan dilm nay dung hay sai, ta hay dem nd ap dung
vao thue tiln.
(1) E-di-xan (Thomas Alva Edison, 1847 - 1931) : nha phdt minh ngudi Mi da tttng cd tren mdt
nghin phat minh. sang chi kT thuat, bao gdm may dien bao, dien thoai, may hat, may phat dito
cd ldn, he thdng chiiu sang, v.v.
(2) Pho (Henry Ford, 1863 -1947): ngudi sdng lap tap dodn Ford - hang xe hoi ldn thtt hai nudc Mi.
42
Chang ban, theo If thuyet dd tM ngay chfnh tai Mi, ehi khoang 20% dan sd la
ngudi tdt, vi hg san xult. Cdn 80% cdn lai la ke an bIm vi hg cM lam dich vu,
phan phdi, tham chf vilt van lam tho, boat ddng xa hdi, tdn giao va tfi thien hay
nhiing viec "an bIm" khic. Rdi eli nude MT giau manh kia, hg sang tao nhilu va
san xult den mdt phin ba cua cai toan thi gidi, chic chin hg dang kfnh va tdt
ban nhiing nude sing tao va san xult ft horn, chang han nhu Viet Nam. Va
Bin Ghe't^ thi td't ban Me Td-re-da^^^ vi vi nfi thanh tM chang san xult dugc gi
ngoai viec mang tinh thUcmg din cho dan ngheo An Do trong tu each mdt ngudi
nhan van ehii nghTa, tfic dfeh thi la ke an bam.
• Dd la cai gi neu khdng phai la nguydn tic tdn thd vat chit va re rung cac gia
tri tinh thin cua gidi trgc phii MT ? Rd rang tic gia cua quan dilm nay rlt tMlu
Mlu bie't vl boat ddng eua xa hdi loai ngudi, nhit la kMa canh phan cdng lao ddng
va hgp tie cung ed Igi. Va that dang tile, tuy la nha van nhumg Ay Ren-do lai
khinh re chu nghia nhan van, khinh re ldng tdt va chu ngMa vi nhan sinh - dilu
nguge vdi tMdn chfic cua van hgc.
[...] Vl mat dao If, xem nhiing ngudi nhan van chu nghTa la an bIm cung la sai
lim nghiem trgng. Tu do, binh dang, bac ai chfnh la tieu chi co ban cua mdt xa hdi
bat diu bilu ban chit eon ngudi. Chiing ta sinh ra, ai cung ed quyIn binh ding,
nhung tao hoi khdng the cdng bing vdi mdi mdt ca nhan. Tao hoa khdng thi phan
phat tri tue va kT nang nhu nhau cho tit ca mgi ngudi. Chiing ta khdng thi chgn
cha me, chgn gia canh dl sinh ra. Cd nghTa eon ngudi sinh ra vdn lai khdng binh
dang, vay thi ai se mang lai cho chiing ta su binh dang neu khdng phai la nhfing
ngudi theo chu nghTa nhan van - nhiing ngudi quan tam khdng chi tdi nhiing el
nhan xult chiing ma cdn tdi timg manh ddi bit hanh - nin tang quan trgng eua
mdt xa hdi tim kiem su cdng bing ? Va de dam bao su dinh gia cdng bing dd'i vdi
ngudi san xult, cd thi din ra mdt quan diem, ai ddng nhilu thul va tao nhilu viec
lam cho xa hdi la ngudi td't. Gil tri eua mdt ngudi chfnh la d chd ngudi dd phuc vu
xa hdi nhu thi nao. Ma phue vu tM khdng chi la "tao" hay "san xult", ma quan trgng
(1) Bin Ghet (William Henry Gates III, sinh nam 1955): nha doanh nghiep, nha hoat ddng tii thien,
Chu tich tap doan phdn mim may tinh ldn nhdt the gidi Mai-crd-xdp (Microsoft), dng duoc coi
la ngudi giau nhdt thi gidi.
(2) Te-re-da (Theresa, 1910 - 1997) : nha hoat ddng tir thien An Do (ngudi gd'c An-ba-ni), nu tu si,
nam 1960 thanh lap Hdi tu nu truyin giao nhan ai, sudi ddi phuc vu ngudi ngheo, tre md cdi,
ngudi gid, ngudi benh tat. Bd duoc nhan Giai thudng Nd-ben Hod binh nam 1979.
43
ban ca la td chfic duge mdt xa hdi dan ehii, cdng bing, phat triln va van mmh, noi
Igi fch ridng cua mdi ca nhan kit hgp nhuin nhi vdi Igi leh chung cua toan xa hdi.
Khdng nin quin ring, chu nghTa thuc dung, tham chf chu nghia tdn thd vat
chit, chu nghTa dan phuang mdi chi la mdt nfia su that vl ngudi Mi. Mdt nfia
khic nim d Lu-tha Kinh^'\ Mo-ri-xan^^\ E-di-xcm va hang trilu ngudi nhan van
ehii nghTa yiu edng If, chudng tinh thuang va giau long sing tao khac".
(Theo Dd Kien Cudng, Dao dUc mdi la gi ?,
Tap chf Tia sdng, 8 - 2002)
2. Lap dan y ble bd Man dilm sau : Chi cd vao dai hgc thi cudc ddi mdi co
tuang lai.
3, Chgn mdt trong hai thanh ngfi sau lihlm bac bd y cu va tim y mdi :
a) Mua riu qua mdt thg.
b) Bdi long tim vit.
Ggi y : Tim khfa canh ed the ble bd trong cae thanh ngfi.
a) "Miia riu qua mit thg" la thanh ngfi cd y chd nhfing ai khoe tai trudc eac
bae thly diu la dai, vi nhu thi vfia dl bdc Id chd yiu kem eua minh, vfia td ra thilu
khiem ton. Nhung thanh ngfi dd ciing the hien mdt tam li tidu cue la ludn sg ngudi
gidi hom ma khdng dim thi thd tai nang, vugt ldn phfa trudc. Nhu thi thi lim sao
cd duge su tiln bd ? Dilu nay chiing td thanh ngfi nay cd ban che vl mat tu tudng.
b) "Bdi ldng tim vlt" la thanh ngfi chi mdt thii do hay soi mdi, bit be, ham y
che bai. Tuy nhien vl khach quan, "bdi ldng tim vlt" cung cd y nghTa tfch cue,
giup phIt Men nhiing so hd, sai sdt ma ngudi ta thudng bd qua.
(1) Lu-tha Kinh (Martin Luther King, 1929 - 1968) : lanh tu phong trao dan quyIn ngudi da den
Ml. Nam 1957, duoc bdu lam Chu tich Hoi nghi lanh tu Co Dd'c gido miln Nam Mi, nam sau
phat ddng phong trao dan quyIn ngudi da den MT, tttng budc tong thd'ng MT ki phdp lenh dan
quyln. Nam 1968, dng bi bon phan biet chung tdc bdn chit tai Mem-phit (Memphis).
(2) Mo-ri-xan : ngudi MT. Ngay 2-11-1965, Mo-ri-xon da be con gai (E-mi-ly) din bd sdng Pd-td-mdc,
gdn Lau nam gdc, vd tai ddy, dng da cham lira tu thieu -dl phan ddi cudc ehiln tranh xam luoc
Viet Nam cua bon cdm quyln MT.
44
DAY THON VI DA (1)

HAN MAC TU
KET QUA CAN OAT

• Cdm nhdn dugc tinh yiu ddi, ldng ham sdng mdnh Hit md
day udn khuc cda hdn tha Hdn Mac Tic.
• Nhdn ra dugc dqng liin kit vda ddt doqn vda nhdt qudn cua
mqch thavd ldi tqo hinh gidn di ma tdi hoa cda thi phdm.
TIEU DAN
Han Mac Tuf (1912 - 1940) ten

khai sinh la Nguyin Trpng Tri, sinh
tai lang Le IVIT, tdng Vd Xa, huyen
Phong Loc, tinh Ddng Hdi (nay la
Quang Binh), trong mot gia dinh
cdng giao ngheo. Sau khi hoc trung
hoc tai trudng Pe-lo-ranh (Pellerin) d
Hue, dng lam d Sd Dac dien Binh
Djnh, rdi vao Sai Gdn lam bao. De'n
nam 1936, bj mac benh phong, dng
ve hSn Quy Nhdn de chOa benh va mat
tai trai phong Quy Hoa.
Han MSc Tif noi tie'ng la than

ddng thd d Quy Nhdn luc mudi bd'n,
mi/di ISm tuoi. Ong cd nhieu but danh (Phong Tran, Le Thanh,...). TCr nam
1935, difdc mot ban thd la Quach Tan gdp y, mdi ddi thanh Han Mac Tif (Han :
but, Mac : muc - ngu y coi minh la ngudi lam nghe but mifc, tifc sang tac van
chUdng). Bat dau con dudng tho ca bang thd DUdng luat, khi thd mdi bung nd,
dng chuyen sang sang tac theo khuynh hudng lang man. Han Mac Tif dUdc
xem la hien tifdng thd ki la vao bac nha't cua phong trao Thd mdi.
(I) Thdn VTDg (cd ban chip la VTGig), lit gd'c la VTDd (vTla. lau, dd la canh ddng): thdn ndm sat
kinh dd Hul, bin bd sdng Huong, phong canh vudn tuoc rdt xinh x8n, nen tho, la noi cu ngu
ciia nhilu vuong hdu, quy tdc, danh sT thdi midc.
45

Tac pham chinh gom cac tap thd : Tha Dien (ve sau ddi thanh Dau thuang,
1938), Xuan nhuy, Thugng thanh khi, Cam chau duyen va kjch thd : Duyen ki
ngo (1939), Quan tien hoi (1940). Ngoai tap Gai que (1936) in luc sinh thdi,
cdn toan bo thd Han Mac Tif chi dUdc in thanh tap sau khi dng mat.
Dien mao het sifc phiic tap va day bi an ciia thd dng cd sir dan xen, rang
rit cua ca nhiing gi than thuoc, thanh khiet, thieng lieng nha't, ca nhung gi
ghe rdn, ma quai, cudng loan nha't. Trong dd trSng, hoa, nhac, hi/dng,... chen
lin hdn, mau, yeu ma,... Ngay cac hinh anh dd cung khdng he thuan nhat,
ma bien tudng moi khi mot khac. Tham chi, timg hinh anh cung tif phan than
thanh cac dang dd'i choi, ti/dng phan, tifdng tranh vdi nhau kha gay gat. Tuy
nhien, dang sau the gidi hinh anh phufc tap kia, v i n hien rd mot con ngudi
chura Chan Idng yeu sdng. Ngay ca luc linh hon mud'n rdi bo tran gian de bay
len cdi sieu nhien - ma dng goi la cdi "ThUdng thanh khf - thi ngifdi ta van
tha'y rd d dd mot tinh yeu de'n dau ddn hudng ve cudc ddi tran the. Do la can
cdt lanh manh tich ci/c ciia thd Han Mac Tif.
Day thon ViDa thudc tap Dau thuang, la kiet tac cOa Han Mac Tif va cung
la mot trong nhung thi pham xuat sac ciia thd Viet Nam hien dai.
• *
Sao anh khdng vi chai thon Vi ?

Nhin ndng hdng cau ndng mdi len
Vudn ai mudt qud xanh nhu nggc
Ld true che ngang mat chd diin .
Gid theo ldi gio, mdy dudng mdy

Ddng nudc budn thiu, hoa bdp lay
Thuyin ai ddu bin sdng trdng do
Cd chd trdng vi kip tdi nay ?
(1) Mat cha dien : Theo nhan tudng hpc, mat vudng chii diln dupc xem la loai tudng mao iing vdi
dlic tfnh that tha, trung hau. Cau tho vira cd ve dep tao hinh don thudn : mdt khudn mat dep dn
hien sau canh la mic day thi vi, viia gidu tfnh nipng uwig (triic bilu hien cho ve thanh cao,
guong mat cha dien bilu hien cho su tmng hau). Tdt ca that hai hoa vdi khung canh vd'n don sO
ma thanh tii bao trum ca vudn thdn VT trong ndng mai.
(2) Bdp -. (cay) ngd.
46
Ma khdch dudng xa, khdch dudng xa

Ao em trdng qud nhin khdng ra
O ddy suang khdi md nhdn anh
Ai biit tinh ai co dam dd ?
(Dau thuang, NXB Hdi Nha van. Ha Ndi, 1995)
Hl/dNG DAN HOC BAI
1. Bii tho ed ba khd, mdi khd nghieng vl mdt canh sic, mdt tam tinh. Hay ndu
nhan xet vl sac thai khac nhau d mdi khd tho vl mach lidn kit gifia cac khd.
2. Mdi khd tha trong bai diu ehfia dung cau hdi. Cle cau hdi ay da gdp phin tao
ndn am dieu rieng cua bai tho. Am dieu Iy da thi Men mach tam trang gi cua
tie gia ?
3. Hinh anh "nlng hang cau ning mdi len" that gian di, ciing that giau sfic ggi.
Hay dung nhfing hiiu biet va trf tudng tugng cua minh de cam nhan va tii tao
ve dep cua hinh anh Iy.
4. Anh (chi) cd cam nhan gi vl y nghTa cua hai can tho : "Gid theo ldi gid, may
dudng may - Ddng nudc budn thiu, hoa blp lay" ?
5. ICho tho thfi hai ed hai cau : "Thuyin ai dau bin sdng trang dd - Cd chd trang vl
kip tdi hay ?". Chfi "kip" ggi ldn dilu gi vl mdi tam tu dly uln khiic cua tie gia ?
6. cau tha "Ai bilt tinh ai cd dam dl ?" ed chiit hoai nghi. Theo anh (chi), dd la
ndi hoai nghi cua su chan ddi hay cua nilm tha thilt vdi cudc ddi ? Tai sao ?
7. Hgc thudc ldng bii tha.
BAI TAP NANG CAO
Cd cle each Mlu khac nhau vl cau tho "Ao em tring qui nhin khdng ra", chang ban :
a) Do ao lin vao suong khdi ndn nhin khdng rd ;
b) Day la mdt cleh ca tung sic lo trIng din la lung.
Anh (ehi) hay dua ra cleh hieu eua minh va phan tich y ngMa eiia cau tho dd.
(1) Nhdn dnh : bdng ngudi. (Nguyin Gia Thilu trong Cung odn ngdm khiic cd cau : "Md md nhan
anh nhu ngudi di dim").
47

TRANG GIANG
HUY CAN
KET QUA CAN DAT

Cdm nhdn dugc ndi sdu cda mdt cai tdi cd dan trudc
thiin nhien minh mdng hiu quanh, trong do thdm dugm
cd ndi sdu nhdn thivd tdm ldng yeu nudc thdm kin cda
thi si.
Nhdn ra dugc nhdng ve dep co diin trong mdt bdi tha mdi.
TIEU DAN
Huy Can (1919 - 2005) ten khai

sinh la Cu Huy Can, sinh-ra trong
mot gia dinh nha nho ngheo, d lang
An Phu, huyen HUdng Sdn (nay
thudc xa DCfc An, huyen Vu Quang),
tinh Ha TTnh. Nam 1939, dd tu tai
toan phan tai Hue, nam 1943 do kTsif
Canh ndng tai Ha Ndi. TCf nam 1942,
dng tham gia Mat tran Vidt Minh
trong td chifc Van hoa ciiu qudc, roi
tham dif Qudc dan dai hdi Tan Trao.
Tai day dng dUdc bau vao Uy ban
Dan tdc giai phdng toan qudc. Sau
Cach mang thang Tam 1945, dng
ludn giiJ cac chufc vu quan trpng trong
Chinh phii va trong Hoi Lien hiep
van hpc - Nghe thuat Viet Nam. Ong dupe Nha nudc tang Giai thudng Ho Chi
Minh ve van hpc va nghe thuat nam 1996.
Hdi cdn di hpc, Huy Can da bat dau lam thd. Vdi tap Lda thi§ng (1940),
dng dUdc bie't den nhu mot thi sT hang dau cGa phong trao Thd mdi. Sau Cach
mang thang Tam, Huy Can phai mat mot khoang thdi gian de ddi mdi ti^ng
thd. Tir nam 1958, ngudn thd dng lai tudn chay ddi dao, cac sang tac lien ti^p
ra ddi : Trdi mdi ngay lai sang (1958), Oaf nd hoa (1960), Bai tha cudc ddi
(1963), Hai ban tay em (1967), NhOtng nSm sau muai (1968), Chien tncdng
gin den chien trudng xa (1973), Ngay hang song, ngay hang tha (1975), v.v.
Huy Can ludn khao khat va lang nghe sif hoa dieu giu'a hdn ngudi vdi tao vat,
giiia ca the vdi nhan quan.
48
Trang giang la mdt trong nhCing bai thd tieu bieu nhat cua Huy Can in
trong tap Lijra thieng.
*
* *
Bang khuang trdi rdng nhd sdng dai
H.C
Song ggn trdng giang budn diep diep.

Con thuyin xudi mdi nudc song song,
Thuyin vi nudc Iqi, sdu trdm ngd ;
Cdi mgt cdnh khd Iqc mdy ddng.
La tha cdn nhd gid diu hiu,

Ddu tiing ldng xa vdn chg chiiu.
Ndng xud'ng, trdi lin sdu chdt vdt;
Sdng ddi, trdi rdng, bin cd liiu .
Beo dqt vi ddu, hdng ndi hdng ;

Minh mdng khong mdt chuyin dd ngang.
Khdng cdu ggi chut niim thdn mat,
Lang lebdxanh tiip bdi vdng.
Ldp ldp mdy cao dun nui bqc,

Chim nghiing cdnh nhd : bdng chiiu sa.
Ldng qui dgn dgn vdi con nudc,
Khdng khdi hodng hdn cung nhd nhd .
(Lica thieng. NXB Ddi nay, Ha Ndi, 1940)
(1) Trdng : mdt am khac cua chii "trudng", nghTa la dai. Trdng giang : sdng dai (ham chiia ca rdng)
chi sdng ldn.
(2) Con : gd ddt (hoac cat), dam ddt (cat) ndi cao.
(3) Cd lieu : tro trpi, vdng ve.
(4) Trong bai Lau Hodng Hgc (Hodng Hgc idu) ndi tilng cua Thdi Hieu (704 - 754), thdi Dudng
(Trung Qud'c), cd cau :
Nhdt mg huong quan hd xU thi ?
Yen ba giang thuang sii: nhdn sdu.
Tan Da dich :
Que huang Ichud't bong hodng hon,
Tren song Ichdi sdng cho budn ldng ai ?
Cd thi nhiing hinh anh trong dd da goi cho Huy Can viet nen hai cau kit ciia Trdng giang.
4. NV11/2NC-A 49

Hl/dNG DAN HOC BAI
1. Anh (chi) ed elm nhan nhu the nao vl am dilu chung cua toan bai tha ? Am
dieu ay da gdp phin the hiln tam trang gi cua tac gia trudc thien nhien ?
2. Hay nlu cam nhan eua anh (ehi) vl bfic tranh thiin nMdn dugc thi hiln trong
bai tho. cau dl tfi "Bang khuang trdi rdng nhd sdng dai" cd md'i liin hi gi ddi
vdi hinh anh tao vat thidn nhien va tam trang cua tic gia duge thi hiln trong bai ?
3. Hay phIt bieu nhan xet ve Mnh thfic t6 chfic cau tha va viec sfi dung ldi tho
trong cac cap cau sau :
Sdng ggn trdng giang budn diep diep.
Con thuyin xudi mdi nudc song song.
- Ndng xudng, trdi lin sdu chdt vdt;
Sdng ddi, trdi rdng, ben cd lieu.
4. Hinh anh "Cui mdt canh khd lac miy ddng" va hinh anh "CMm ngMdng canh
nhd : bdng ehilu sa" ggi cho anh (ehi) nhiing cam nghT gi ?
5. Tai sao ed the ndi tinh ydu thien nhien d day cung ehfia dung long ydu nudc
thim kfn ?
6. Hgc thudc ldng bai tho.
BAI TAP NANG CAO

Hay tim bilu hai ehilu khdng gian va thdi gian va md'i quan he gifia chiing
trong bai tho Trdng giang.
LUYEN TAP VE NGHIA CUA CAU

KET QUA CAN DAT
Bii't van dung hiiu bii't vi nghia ciia cdu vdo viec phdn tich
vd tqo lap cdu.
1. Nhiing tfi ngfi in dam trong eae cau sau day bilu thi nghTa tinh thii nao
trong cle loai nghTa tinh thai da hgc ?
- Bang chap ni gdnh vdc Ti triiu I Niim mdu tic at Id bi hai (chd chdng chai). (1
(San Hdu)
50 4. NV11/2NC.B

- 0-gien mdc tui vd thdy khdng cdn ddng ndo, chdng budc phdi vay Cri-xtd-pha
hai muai xu. (2)
(Ban-ddc - Lao Gd-ri-o)
- Di hg khdng phdi di ggi ddu. (3)
- Chuyin tdu dim nay khdng ddng nhu mgi khi, thua vdng ngudi vd hinh nhu
kem sdng hem. (4)
(Thach Lam - Hai dUa tre)
- Thoi di, dicng ndi din dng Lung, ngda cd rudt.' (5)
(Nguyin Kien - Anh Keng)
- Mdt duyin hai ng du danh phdn. (6)

(Trdn Tl Xuong - Thuang vg)
- Hdi thdi ta phdi ndi ra I Vi chicng hay ghit cung Id hay thuang. (7)
(Nguyin Dinh Chiiu - Truyen Luc Vdn Tien)
-[...]n0ndo ldy ddi muai ndm ldm mdt kiip [...]. (8)
(Pham Thai - Vdn te Truong Quynh Nhu)
- Ddng Id Gia-ve da tdm ldy cd do Gidng Van-gidng. (9)

(Huy-gd - Nhang ngudi Ichd'n khd')
- Tdi ddsuyt keu lin nhung cdhgng nghen hdn. (10)

(Nguyen Hdng - MgDu)
- Hdn vda gap dugc mdt doqn hay ldm nen ngdng dgc, ngdm nghl vd di cho
cdi khodi cdm ngdn ra trong long. (11)
(Nam Cao - Ddi thUa)
- Mong cdc chu lucmg tinh cho cdi su Iqc hdu. (12)
(Nguyin Minh Chau - Chiec thuyen ngodi xa)
- Bdy gid minh udc gid md chuyin ndy chi Id mdt gidc ma vd minh chua hi
cdu dugc con cd vd hdy cdn ndm ngd mdt minh trin ldp gidy bao. (13)
(He-minh-ue - Ong gid vd bien cd)
- ty, neu mdt ndng lin thay cho sao, vd sao xudng ndm dudi ddi ldng mdy kia
thi thi ndo nhi ?il4)
(Se'eh-xpia - Rd-me-o vd Giu-li-et)
51
- Ngudi vechdc khdng phdi chi ldm viec mdt budi tdi vi tdt cd gido vien a hai
trudng nam nd, gido viin chdng vien, cdc vien chdc diu nhdn dugc mdi ngudi mdt
bdn. (15)
(Se-khd'p - NgUdi trong bao)
2. Trong nhiing cau sau cau nao chap nhan duge, cau nao thi khdng ? Giai
thfch If do.
- Anh ben dung bua ddp vdo bdc tudng ; vdi vda bay tung toe. (la)
- Anh ben dimg bua dap vdo bdc tudng nhung nghi thi ndo Iqi thdi. (lb)
- Anh tiip tuc dung bua dap vdo bdc tUdng ; vdi vUa bay tung toe. (2a)
- Anh tiip tuc dung bua dap vdo bdc tudng nhung nghi thi ndo lai thdi. (2b)
- Anh vdn dung bua ddp vdo bdc tudng ; voi vita bay tung toe. (3a)
- Anh vdn dung bua dap vdo bdc tudng nhung nghi thi ndo Iqi thdi. (3b)
- Anh toan dung bua phd cda nhung nghi thi ndo Iqi thdi. (4a)
- Anh toan dung bua dap vdo bdc tudng ; vdi vda bay tung toe. (4b)
- Anh dinh diing bua phd cua nhung nghi thi ndo Iqi thdi. (5a)
- Anh dinh dung bua dap vdo bdc tudng ; vdi vita bay tung toe. (5b)
- Anh quyit diing bua dap vdo bdc tudng nhung nghi the ndo Iqi thdi. (6a)
- Anh quyi't dung bua dap vdo bdc tudng ; vdi vita bay tung toe. (6b)
3. Dgc cac cau sau va thue hien nhiem vu neu d dudi.
- Mai sau ddu cd bao gid ? I Ddt Id huang dy, so taphim ndy.
(Nguyin Du - Truyen Kieu)
-[...] mdt trdn nghia ddnh Tdy, tuy la md't tiing vang nhumd.
(Nguyin Dinh Chiiu - Vdn te nghia si Cdn Giudc)
- Tuy rdng giang san biin cdi, triiu dqi ddi thay cd mdy muai ldn, can hiem
nguy biin loqn dd nhiiu, md chdnh hgc mdt ddng vdn khdng sa sut.[...]
(Ngo Dlic Kl - Ludn ve chdnh hgc ciing td thuye't
Qudc vdn - "Kim Vdn Kieu" - Nguyen Du)
52
- Hudng ta cung nuang tu, tuy chdng than kia thich ng, nhung tinh duyin timg
ndy, cung Id mgt chut cuang thudng ! Ddu rdng ke ddy ngudi ddy, song dn di bdy
Idu nay dd bii't bao nhieu tdm su!
(Pham Thai - Vdn te'Truang Quynh Nim)
- Bdc chdng a, ddu van chdng d I Tdi tuy thuang, ldy nhd ldm thuang.
(Nguyin Khuyin - Khdc Duang Khue)
- Song ddu tdo bqo din ddu, hg cung khdng mgt ldn ndo ddm ddng chd tdi, de
ndi vdi minh, hay - thi cung thi- vdi tdt cd mgi ngudi.
(Hoai Thanh - Mgt thdi dai trong thi ca)
- Ddu trdi ndi, ddu cue khd thi ndo mac ldng, miin Id cd ke mang dai ddi mu
ngdt ngudng ngdi trin, cd ke do rdng khdn den luc nhuc Iqy dudi, trdm nghin ndm
nhu thi cung xong!
(Phan Chau Trinh - Dgo due vd ludn li Ddng Tdy)
- Mac dd bi tod dn Gido hdi kit tdi ndng ni, cdu cudi cung cda dng trudc phiin
tod vdn Id :. "Ddu sao trdi ddt vdn quay".
(Van Nhu Cuong - Hodi nghi lanh manh)
a) CIc tfi ngfi in dam diln dat loai nghTa tinh thai gi ?
b) Trong trudng hgp diu, nlu thay ddu bing tuy, thi cd chip nhan dugc
khdng ? Tai sao ?
e) Ci nhiing trudng hgp cdn lai, neu thay ddu I ddu bing tuy va nguge lai,
thi nghTa cua cau cd khic bidt ra sao ?
d) Thay ddu trong nhiing cau tren bing du I ddu, thi trudng hgp nao nghTa
manh hom ?
d) Nlu thay mdc du trong cau cud'i bing tuy, thi nghTa cua cau se thay ddi nhu
thi nao ?
4. Cho mdt su viec gdm cle yiu td : (1) chu thi la "dng Ba", (2) trang thai
"vui". Hay viet nhfing cau khac nhau de diln dat:
a) NghTa tinh thai ehi su viec da xay ra.
b) NghTa tinh thii ehi su viec chua xay ra.
c) NgMa tinh thai ehi kha nang xay ra eua su viec.
d) NghTa tinh thii chi su viec duge nhan thfic nhu la mdt dao If.
53
TUONG TU
NGUYEN BINH
KET QUA CAN DAT

Cdm nhdn dugc tdm trqng tuang tu cda chdng trai vdi
nhitng diin biin chdn thuc ma tinh ti, trong do md'i duyen
qui vd cdnh qui hod quyen vdi nhau that nhuan nhi.
Nhdn ra dugc ve dep cda mdt bdi tha mdi ddm dd phong
vi ca dao.
TIEU DAN
Nguyin Binh (1918 -1966) ten khai

sinh la Nguyin Trpng Binh, hdi mdi
trdi dat vao Nam Bp cdn lay ten la
Nguyin Bi'nh Thuye't. Ong que 6
lang Thien Vjnh, xa Ddng Dpi (nay la
xa Cdng Hoa), huyen Vu Ban, tinh
Nam Dinh. Md cdi me tif sdm, cha
lay vp ke, dUde ngudi cau rudt dua
ve nudi day. Sau theo anh trai la nha
thd True Dudng ra Ha Ndi. De kiem
sd'ng, Nguyin Bi'nh da lifu lac nhieu
ndi, vifa day hpc vira lam thd. Ddn
Cach mang thang Tam 1945 va
khang chien chdng thUc dan Phap,
dng hoat ddng d Nam Bp, lam tuyen
huan va van nghe. Nam 1954, Nguyin Binh tap ket ra Bac, tiep tuc lam vSn
nghe va bao chi d Ha Ndi rdi Nam Djnh. Ong mat dot ngdt vô sang 30 tet
AtTi, tiic 20-1-1966. Ong dupc Nha nUdc tang Giai thudng Hd Chi Minh vl
van hpc va nghe thuSt nam 2000.
Nguyen Binh lam thd tif nam mudi ba tudi. Nam 1937, dng da doat giii
thudng cua Tu lUc van doan vdi tap thd Tam h6n toi Nguyen Binh sang tac kha
nhieu t h i loai. Tac pham tieu bieu : cac tap thd Ld bUdc sang ngang (1940),
Mudi hai ben nudc (1942), Gdi ngudi vg mien Nam (1955), Dem sao sdng
(1962),... ; truyen thd Cay dan ti ba (1944), Tieng trong dem xuSn (1958),...;
cheo Cd Son (1961); v.v.
54
Nhay cam vdi thdi dai day bien ddng, trong dd nhiJng nen nep nghin ddi
sau luy tre xanh dang bj lung lay trudc su xam nhap cua cudc sdng do thj,
Nguyin Bi'nh da the hien sau sac ndi bat an cua mdt tam hdn vdn thiet tha vdi
nhumg gia trj cd truyen ma bay gid dang cd nguy cd mai mdt. La mdt nha tho
mdi, nhUng Nguyin Binh lai trd ve dao sau vao truyen thdng dan gian nen da
dem den cho tho minh ve dep "chan que". Canh sac va bdng dang con ngUdi
trong thd dng deu tha'm dupm tinh que, duyen que va phang phat hdn xu'a dat
ni/dc. Sau nay, dng cung dem dUdc vao thd minh hdi thd ciia each mang va
khang chien. Tuy cd khdng it thanh cdng d the tho that ngdn, nhung Nguyin
Bi'nh sd trudng nhat d the luc bat. Thd dng cd sifc phd cap rat Idn.
Bai Tuang tu rut trong tap Ld budc sang ngang.
*
* *
Thdn Dodi ngoi nhd thdn Ddng,

Mgt ngUdi chin nhd mUdi mong mdt ngUdi.
Gid mUa la benh cua gidi,
Tuang tu la benh cua tdi yeu ndng.
Hai thdn chung lai mdt ldng,
Cd sao ben dy chdng sang ben ndy ?
Ngdy qua ngdy lai qua ngay,
Ld xanh nhudm da thdnh cdy la vdng.
Bao rang cdch trd do giang^'K
Khong sang la chdng dudng sang dd ddnh.
Nhimg ddy cdch mgt ddu dinh,
Cd xa xdi mdy md tinh xa xoL..
Tuang tu thdc mdy dem roi
Biet cho ai, hoi ai ngudi biet cho !
Bao gid bin mdi gap do ?
Hoa khue cdc, budm giang ho^^^ gap nhau ?
(J) Cdch trd do giang : cdch sdng, each do.

(2) Khue cdc : ndi 6 ciia ngtfdi phu ni? giau c6, quy phai. Giang ho : song ho, chi cuoc sdng nay day
mai dd.
55
Nhd em cd mgt gidn gidu,

Nhd anh cd mgt hdng cau lien phdng .
Thdn Dodi thi nhd thdn Ddng,
Cau thdn Dodi nhd gidu khdng thdn ndo ?
Hoang Mai - 1939
(Juyin tap Nguyin Binh, NXB Van hpc.
Ha Ndi, 1986)
HUdNG DAN HOC BAI
1. "Tuang tu" cd nghTa la nhd nhung, nhung tam trang tuang tu b day cd phai chi
dom thuIn la nhd nhung khdng ? Ndi tuong tu d bai tha nay da diln biln qua
nhihig sic thai cam xiic nao ?
2. Trong bai tho, chang trai ed y trach mdc ed gli, dieu nay ed If hay vd If ? No
giup ta hieu dugc gi ve quy Mat tam II trong tinh ydu ?
3. Tim hieu nghe thuat diln ta thdi gian va tam trang trong hai cau : "Ngay qua
ngay lai qua ngay - La xanh nhudm da thanh cay la vang".
4. Md'i duyen que eiia Ifia ddi da hoa quyln trong canh qud nhu the nao ?
5. Phan tich hinh anh, tam trang va each diln ta dam chit dan gian cua tho
Nguyin Binh (ldi bd cue, ldi lidn tudng, each dung dia danh va ngdn ngfl,...).
6. Khat vong Ifia ddi trong md'i tuong tu nay cdn duge bilu bidn tinh vi bing nMlu
hinh anh cap ddi trong bai. Hay tim, thd'ng kd va phan tfch he thd'ng hinh
anh ay.
7. Hgc thudc long bai tho.
BAI TAP NANG CAO
So sanh bai Tuang tu cua Nguyin Binh vdi nhiing bai Ca dao yeu thuang,
tinh nghia trong sach giao khoa Ngd vdn 10 Ndng cao, tap mdt dl thly nhiing
net truyen thdng va cleh tan vl nghe thuat cua tie pham nay.
(I) Can lien pliong (cd hai each hieu) : hoac la ndi each trdng - cau trdng thanh hang lien tilp
nhau ; hoac la chi mot gidng cau tha'p, ra qua quanh nam.
56
TRI THQC OOC - HIEU

Ve ldi tha trong thd mdi
Phong trao Thd mdi khdng chi la cudc each mang ve cam xuc tho, the thd, ma cdn la cudc each
mang ve Idi thd. Trong thd cu, mau sac cam xiJc ca the trong Idi thd chUa dupc chu trpng nhieu.
Ddng thdi, do tinh quy pham chi phdi, nen Idi tho thudng nang tinh udc le, each dieu. Sang thdi thd
mdi, do nhu cau de cao manh me cai toi ciia thi sT, cung do ta chan la mot trong nhOrng yeu cau Idn
bao triim len thd ca thdi bay gid, nen Idi thd trong thd mdi da khac xua rat nhieu. Mau sac ca the
ciia cam xuc in dam trong mpi khfa canh ciia ngdn ti^ nhu vd'n tif, cac bien phap tu tCr hay ngO dieu,
gipng dieu. Ldi thd dUdc td chifc theo hinh thufc gan vdi chudi Idi ndi tU nhien cua ca nhan hon,
khdng cau ne vao nhuTig quy dinh gd bd ve sd lupng tCr, ve am thanh, ve van, ve luat, ve niem, v.v.
Loai Idi ndi trong giao tiep ddi thudng ua vao tho nhieu hon. Tham chi, ca khau ngu" cung dUdc sif
dung kha rdng rai. Vi nhufng le dd ma Idi thd trong thd mdi thudng thoai mai, linh hoat, uyen chuyen
hdn hin so vdi tho cu. Nhung phan biet thd cu, thd mdi, dieu quan trpng nha't khdng phai la d phan
"xac", ma d phan "hdn" ciia nd, hay ndi nhu Hoai Thanh, d "tinh than" cija tho mdi (Mpf thdi dai
trong thi ca). Ay la cai toi ca nhan nhin ddi, nhin thien nhien bang cap mat "tuoi tre, xanh non" (Xuan
Dieu) ddng thdi cam tha'y cd don trudc vu tru va cudc sdng. Su ddi mdi Idi tho trong thd mdi chfnh la
the hien sU ddi mdi trong each nhin dd eOa cai toi ca nhan.
DOC THEM
TONG BIET HANH^^^

THAM TAM
TIEU DAN
Tham Tam (1917 -1950) ten khai sinh la Nguyen Tuan Trinh, sinh tai thi xa
(nay la thanh phd) Hai DUdng, tinh Hai DUdng, trong mdt gia dinh nha nho
ngheo. Nam 1938, dng theo gia dinh len Ha Ndi kiem sd'ng. Ong ve tranh, lam
thd, vie't truyen, soan kjch, minh hoa sach bao, nhung thd vin difdc bie't de'n
nhieu hdn ca. La mdt nha thd mdi mang tam sU ciia "thdi dai cai tdi", nhung
Tham Tam cd gipng thd ran rdi, gan gudc, phang phat hoi thd cd, nhat la d
(1) Tdng biet hdnh : Bai hanh tiln biet ngudi di xa.
57

nhOmg bai hanh (Can trudng hdnh, Vong nhSn hanh, Tong bi$t hiinh,...).
Trong thd dng, sau nhiJng tam su u u^t dd day, la mot Idng ydu nU6c kin ddo
va ca khat vpng "leri dudng" - trifdc hS't la de thoat khoi cuoc sdng quin
quanh, be tie.
Sau Cach mang thang Tam 1945, ThSm Tam gia nhap quan dpi, l§n Viet
Bac tham gia khang chidn chdng thUc dan Phap. 6ng vCfa lam thu ki toa soan
bao Ve qudc quSn (nay la bao Quan ddi nhan din) vUa sang tac. Tr§n difdng
tham gia chien djch Bien gidi, Tham Tam da ddt ngdt qua ddi.
Tham Tam dUdc tang Giai thudng Nha nudc ve vSn hpc va ngh§ thudt
nam 2007.
Tong biet hanh la thi ph^m tieu bilu nh^t ciia Tham T i m trudc Cach mang
thang Tam 1945.
* *
Dua ngudi, ta khdng dua qua sdng

Sao cd tie'ng sdng d trong long
Bdng chieu khdng thdm, khdng vdng vgt
Sao day hodng hdn trong mdt trong ?
Dua ngudi, ta chi dua ngudi dy
Mdt gid gia dinh, mot ddng dung...
(2)
-Li khdch ! Li khdch ! Con dudng nho,
Chi nhdn chua ve bdn tay khdng,
Thi khdng bao gid ndi trd lai!
Ba ndm me gid cdng ditng mong.
Ta bie't ngudi budn chieu hdm trudc,

Bdy gid mila hq sen nd not,
Mdt chi, hai chi cdng nhu sen,
Khuyen not em trai ddng le sdt.
(\)Gia:l\ibitt.
(2) Li khdch : ngudi ra di.
58
Ta biet ngudi budn sdng hdm nay :

Gidi chua mUa thu tuai ldm thay,
Em nho ngdy tha ddi mdt bie'c
Gdi trdn thuang tiic chii'c khdn tay...
Ngudi di ? Lfnhi, ngudi di thuc !

Me thd coi nhu chiec Id bay,
Chi thd coi nhu Id hqt bui,
Em thd coi nhu hai rugu say.
1940
(Tha Thdm Tdm, NXB Van hpc. Ha Ndi, 1998)
Hl/dNG DAN Dpc THEM
1. "Li khach" 6 ddy co gia canh nhu thi nao va co bin phdn ra sao trudc gia canh dy ? Vi
sao nhdn vat nay lai tit gia gia dinh dl len dudng ?
2. M6t mat, "H khach" co thai dd "dimg dung" ("Mdt gia gia dinh, mdt dimg dung"), mat
khac, "li khach" lai rlt bu6n ("Ta bie't ngudi bu6n chiiu hdm trudc", "Ta bie't ngudi
budn sang hdm nay", "Sao dly hoang hdn trong mdt trong ?",...). Vi sao 6 "li khdch"
lai cd tam trang mdu thudn nhu thi ?
3. Phan tich bd'n cau tho ddu :
Dua ngudi, ta khdng dua qua sdng
Sao cd tieng sdng d trong long
Bdng chieu khdng thdm, khdng vdng vgt
Sao day hodng hdn trong mdt trong ?
4. Anh (chi) hay nhan xet vl dm thanh va vin dieu cua bd'n cdu tho sau :
Ta bie't ngudi budn chieu hdm trudc,
Bdy gid mUa hq sen nd not,
Mdt chi, hai chi cdng nhu sen,
Khuyen not em trai ddng le sdt.
Nhfing am thanh va vin dieu nhu thi gdp phin thi hien dugc dieu gi trong tam trang
cua "li khach" ?
59
5. Anh (chi) co nhan xet gi ve each dat cau, ldi so sanh va trat tu hinh anh trong ba
cdu cudi:
Me thd coi nhu chiec Id bay,
Chi thd coi nhu la hqt bui,
Em thd coi nhu hai rugu say.
Hay phan tich hinh anh va noi dung cam xiic trong ba cdu tho tren.
6. Qua bai tho, anh (chi) hieu "li khach" la ngudi nhu the nao ? Hay neu nhiing cam nhdn
cua minh vl ve dep cua nhan vdt nay.
CHIEU XUAN
ANH THO
TIEUDAN
Anh Thd (1921 - 2005) ten khai sinh la VUdng Kieu An, qud 6 Bac Giang,
sinh d thi tran (nay la thi xa) Ninh Giang, Hai DUdng, trong mot gia dinh vien
chifc nhd xuat than Nho hpc. Anh Tho chUa hpc het bac tieu hpc, nhung ham
van chUdng, chiu khd dpc sach. Sd'ng trong khdng khi budn te ciia mot gia
dinh cdn nang nen nep phong kien 6 mot tinh nho, Anh Thd tim den thd ca di
tu giai thoat va khing dinh minh nhU nhieu thanh nien tieu tU san d cac thj xa,
thj tran thdi thudc Phap Idn len vao nhuTig nam ba mUdi cOa the ki XX.
Anh Thd cung cd viet truyen (tieu thuyet Rang den, 1943), nhUng sU
nghiep chinh la thd. Ba bat dau cd thd dang bao ti/ nam 1937, de'n nam 1941
thi xuat ban tap BUc tranh que, gdm 41 bai vie't ve canh ndng thdn. Thd ciia
ba thien ve ta canh ~ toan nhufng canh binh dj, quen thudc : mdt bd tre, mot
mai ra, mot lan khdi bep, mot ben sdng, mdt con dd, v.v. Tuy vay, mdt sd bai da
lam xuc ddng Idng ngudi bdi nhOng net ve chan thuc, tinh te, tham dUdm mot tinh
que dam tham, pha chut tam su bang khuang, u budn ciia cai toi thd mdi.
Thang Tam 1945, Anh Thd hang hai tham gia each mang, nhiet tinh phuc vu
khang chien va xay dung da't nudc bang sang tac thd ca. Ba tCmg la U^ vien
Ban Chap hanh Hdi Nha van Viet Nam (khoa I va II).
Anh Thd dupc Nha nudc tang Giai thudng Hd Chf Minh ve van hpc vd
nghe thuat nam 2007.
60
Cac tac pham tieu bieu sau Cach mang thang Tam 1945 : cac tap thd
Ke chuyen Vu Lang (1957), Theo canh chim cau (1960), Dao Ngoc (1963),
Hoa dUa trang (1967), Mua xuan mau xanh (1974), Que chong (1977) va mot
sd tap hdi kf.
Bai Chieu xuan rut tu" tap BCtc tranh que.
Mua do bui em em tren bin vdng,

Dd bii'ng ludi ndm mac nudc sdng trdi;
Qudn tranh dicng im lim trong vdng ldng
Ben chdm xoan hoa tim rung tai bdi.
Ngodi dudng de cd non trdn bie'c co,

Ddn sdo den sd xudng mo vu va;
Mdy cdnh budm rap rdn trdi trudc gid,
Nhitng trau bd thong thd cui dn mua.
Trong ddng lua xanh rdn vd udt ldng,

Ld cd con chdc chdc vut hay ra,
Ldm gidt minh mgt cd ndng yem tham
Ciii cudc cao cd rudng sdp ra hoa.
(BUc tranh que, Nha xudt ban Hdi Nha van.

Ha Ndi, 1995)
HL/dNG DAN DOC THEM
1. Bai tho la radt bfic tranh que vao mua xudn. Hay chi ra nhiJng hinh anh, chi tilt tieu
bilu cua canh mua xudn noi dong que mien Bdc nudc ta.
2. Doc khd thii nhat cua bai tho, anh (chi) cd cam nhdn gi ve khong khi va nhip sdng ciia
ndng thon dugc ggi ta trong do ? Khdng khi va nhip sdng dy dugc ggi ta bdng nhung tit
ngfi, chi tilt nao va bang thu phap gi ?
3. Ngudi ta thudng noi, trong nghe thudt van chuong co thu phap dung cai dong de noi
cai tinh. Hay phdn tich thu phap d'y dugc sfi dung b khd thfi ba cua bai tho (chu y cdu 2
vl 3 cua khd tho).
61
•y^'^
LUYEN TAP PHAN TICH DE, LAP DAN Y

CHO BAI NGHI LUAN VAN HOC
KET QUA CAN DAT

Biit phdn tich di cho bdi nghi ludn vdn hgc.
Bii't tim y vd lap ddn y cho bdi nghi ludn vdn hgc.
Cho cle dl van sau :

De 1. Ve dep eua bai Tha duyen (Xuan Dieu).
De 2. Nghe thuat trao phung eua Nguyin Cdng Hoan qua truydn ngin
Tinh thdn thi due.
De 3. Nha van Nga Ld-d-nft Le-d-nd'p eho ring : "Mdi tic phim phai la mdt
phIt minh vl hinh thfic va mdt khim pha vl ndi dung". Anh (ehi) hay giai thfch
va chiing minh y kiln trin.
1. Phan tich dl
a) Vdi mdi d6 van trdn, anh (chi) hay xlc dinh :
- Ndi dung trgng tam.
- Cle thao tie lap luan chfnh.
- Pham vi tu lidu cln huy ddng.
b) Anh (ehi) cln dgc ki dl bai, tim nhumg tfi ngfi quan trgng, huy ddng kiln
thfic vl dl van nghi luan da hgc dl xac dinh cle ydu ciu ca ban. Chang ban, 6 dl 3,
cln tim hiiu ki y kiln eua Le-d-nd'p de nit ra vin dl trgng tim : yiu elu eua lao
ddng nghe thuat cua nha van la phai ludn sing tao ra eli mdi. Tfi dd, xae dinh cac
thao tic lap luan va pham vi tu lieu cln cho bai vilt.
2. Tim y
Cd thi tim y eho bai van bing each dat ra va tra ldi elc cau hdi.
a) Vdi dl 1, ed thi ndu len va tra ldi mdt so cau hdi sau :
- Ve dep eua bai Tha duyin dugc thi hidn d nhfing phucmg diln nao ? Tra ldi
cau hdi nay se tim duge elc y ldn : ve dep vl ndi dung, ve dep vl nghe thult.
62
- Ve dep ndi dung cua bai tha duge thi hidn nhu thi nio ? Vdi cau hdi nay,
can cfi vao ndi dung bai tha cd thi tun dugc cle y : bai tho 11 nhiing cam xiie tmh te,
manh liet vl md'i giao boa cua thidn nhien va mdi to duyen eua long ngudi.
- Ve dep nghe thuat eua bai tho duge thi hien nhu thi nao ? Dd la nghe thuat
sfi dung tfi ngfi, xay dung hmh anh, la cleh elu tfi, cleh the hien tinh cam, cam
xiic, gigng dieu tho,...
- Ve dep ndi dung va nghd thuat cd su thdng nhit, gin bd nhu thi nIo ? Dd la
nhihig tinh cam, cam xuc tinh tl, ndng nhiet, dim say dugc thi hien qua mdt
gigng tha tre trung, vdi nhfing hinh anh, ngdn ngfi mdi me, dly ggi cam.
b) Vdi dl 2, ed thi dat mdt sd cau hdi sau :
- Thi nao la nghe thuat trio phiing ? Nghe thuat trio phiing thudng sfi dung
nhiing thu phip nao va bilu hien d nhfing phuang dien nao ?
- Nghe thuat trao phung duge thi hien nhu thi nao trong truyen ngin
Tinh thdn the due ?
- Nghe thuat trao phiing cd y nghia, gil tri nhu thi nao trong viec thi hien ndi
dung tu tudng cua tic phim ?
Anh (chi) hay tra ldi elc cau hdi dl triln khai he thd'ng y eho dl 2.
e) Bing cleh dat va tra ldi cle cau hdi, anh (chi) hay tim y cho dl 3.
3. L$p dan y
a) Sau khi da ed y, cln sip xip elc y theo mdt trinh tu nhit dinh dl lam ndi
bat vin dl. Dan y thudng dugc xay dung theo bd cue ba phin (md bii, than bai, kit
bai). Vdi mdi dl bai cd thi ed nhilu elch sip xip y. Chang ban, d dl 1, dl lam ndi
bat ve dep cua bai Tha duyin, cd thi trinh bay tach ridng hai y : ve dep ndi dung,
ve dep nghe thuat; cd the phan tich tfing khd tho, trong mdi khd tho ndu rd nhiing
net dep vl nghe thuat va ndi dung ; hoac ed thi tiinh bay theo hai y eua ndi dung :
ve dep cua md'i giao hoi gifia eac canh sic thidn nhien, ve dep cua md'i to duydn
ldng ngudi (trong mdi y kit hgp phan tfch nhihig nit dep ngi dung cam xuc va
nghe thuat thi hien).
b) Anh (ehi) hay so sinh eac cleh sip xep y cua dl 1 vfia neu va ehi ra uu
dilm cung nhu ban chi (nlu ed) cua mdi cleh sip xep.
e) Hay lip dan y eho dl 2 va 3.
63
TRA BAI VIET SO 5
KET QUA CAN OAT

• Ndm dugc ddc diim vd cdc yeu cdu ca bdn cua di vdn d
Bai vie't sd 5.
• Biit cdch phdn tich di vdn nghi ludn vi mdt tdc phdm
vdn xudi hodc kich vd. nhdn ra nhung sai sot cdn trdnh
khi viit bdi ndy.
Hgc sinh xem lai nhiing yeu ciu da neu d bai Trd bdi viit sd 1 (sach giao khoa
Ngit vdn 11 Ndng cao, tap mdt) va chu y thdm mdt sd diem sau.
1. Bdi vii't sd 5 tiep tuc luyen tap vl kieu van ban nghi luan, nhumg tap trung
vao nghi luan van hgc. Cu the la phan tfch mdt vin dl dat ra trong elc tie phim
van xudi Viet Nam giai doan 1930 - 1945. Dd la eae tie phim da hgc va dgc them
d Hgc ki I nhu Hai dda tre (Thach Lam), ChQ ngudi td tu (Nguyin Tuan), Viec
ldng (Ngd Tit 16), Vu Nhu Td (Nguyin Huy Tudmg), Ddi thda (Nam Cao), Tinh
thdn thi due (Nguyin Cdng Hoan),... Nhu the, hgc sinh cln cd nhiing bilu bilt,
trdn ca hai phucmg dien :
a) Ndi dung, nghe thuat eua elc tac phim van xudi va kich giai doan 1930 - 1945,
kl ea nhiing tie phim dgc them nhu Viec ldng, Tinh thdn the due,...
b) Kl nang phan tich tie phim van xudi va kich da hgc.
2. Do tfnh chat va dae diem ciia dl b bai viet nay cd khac so vdi de cua eac bai
vie't trudc nen cln xem xet each thfic lam bai cua minh da phu hgp chua. (Cac yiu
elu vl kieu van ban, nhiing thao tie lap luan ea ban va cle phuomg thfic bilu dat
cln van dung kit hgp, kT nang phan tfch van xudi; vah dl trgng tam ma bai vilt cln
tap trung lam ndi bat; pham vi tu lieu ma dl yeu elu : kien thfic van hgc, kiln thiic
ddi sd'ng,...).
3. Xem xet bai lam cu thi cua anh (chi) de thly nhfing ban chi nao da dUflc
khic phue ; loai ldi nao vin cdn mac phai (vl ndi dung, vl ki nang vilt bai,...).
Thd'ng ke cae ldi trong bai vilt va xae dinh each sfia ehfia.
64
BAI VIET SO 6
(Nghi luan van hgc - Bai lam d nha)
KET QUA CAN DAT

• Biit viit bdi vdn nghi ludn phdn tich mgt vd'n di cda
tdc phdm tha.
• Van dung dugc ki ndng phdn tich tha vd kiin thdc vi
cdc tdc phdm dd hgc ; khdc phuc vd hqn chi dugc nhitng
sai sdt a cdc bdi vii't trudc.
Tham khao cle dl van sau day :

De 1. Cdi tdi ddc dio cua Tan Da trong bai tho Hdu Trdi.
De 2. Hinh tugng nhan vat trfi tinh trong bai Luu biit khi xudt duang eua
Phan Bdi Chau.
D^ 3. Thanh cdng eua Xuan Didu trong viec sfi dung hinh anh vl nhip dieu d
cae bai tha Vgi vdng, Ddy mua thu'tdi, Tha duyen.
Bi 4. Diu In tha ca dan gian trong bii Tuang tu eua Nguyin Binh.
De 5. Thien nhien trong bai tho Trdng giang ciia Huy Can.
D^ 6. VI mdt khd tho ma anh (ehi) cho la hay nhit trong bai Ddy thdn ViDa eua
Han Mae Tfi.
5. NV11/2NC-A
65
X"-
NHATKI TRONG TU CUA HO CHI MINH
KET QUA CAN DAT

Hiiu dugc hodn cdnh sdng tdc ddc biet cua Nhat ki trong tii
(Nguc trung nhat M), tic do hieu thim quan diim sdng tdc
vdn hgc cda Hd Chi Minh.
Ndm dugc ndi dung tu tudng ca bdn, ddc diim vi but
phdp vd phong cdch nghe thudt cda tap tha.
I - HOAN CANH RA DC)I CUA NHAT KI TRONG TU

Ngay 28 - 1 - 1941, sau ba muoi nam hoat
ddng d nudc ngoai, Nguydn Ai Qud'c ve nude
true tie'p lanh dao elch mang giai phdng dan
tdc. Ngay 13 - 8 - 1942, Nguyin Ai Qud'c luc
nay lly tdn la Hd Chf Minh ldn dudng di
Trung Qud'c vdi danh nghia dai bieu ciia
Viet Nam ddc lap ddng minh hdi^^^ va Phan bd
qud'c t l phan xam luge cua Viet Nam, dl tranh
thu su vien trg eua thi gidi. SaU nfia thing di bd,
ngay 27 - 8 - 1942, vfia tdi xa Tue Vinh, thugc
huyen Dfic Bao, tinh Quang Tay thi Ngudi bi
bgn huong canh^ Trung Qud'c bat gifi vi bi
tinh nghi la "Han gian"'^^''. Chung giam elm va
day doa Ngudi rlt da man trong mudi ba thing, NguySn Ai Qudc
giai qua giai lai gin mudi tim nha giam cua {Thdi ki hoat dong d Quang Chau,
Trung Quoc)
mudi ba huydn.
Trong dilu kien bi giam elm, chd dgi ngay dugc tra lai tu do, Hd Chf Muih da
lam tha di giai tri ddng thdi di td y chf va trang trai ndi long :
(1) Viet Nam ddc lap dong minh hdi (goi tat la Viet Minh): mat tran do Nguyen Ai Qudc thanh lap
cfPacBonam 1941.
(2) Huang cdnh : canh sat o lang xa.
(3) "Hdn gian" : a day chi nguoi Han lam tay sai cho Nhat - luc nay phat xit Nhat dang xam lupc
Trung Qudc.
66 5. NV11/2NC-B.

Ngdm tha ta vdn khdng ham,

Nhung vi trong nguc biit ldm chi ddy ;
Ngdy ddi ngdm nggi cho khudy,
Vda ngdm vda dgi din ngdy tu do.
(Mdddu tap "Nhdt Id ")
De'n ngay 10 - 9 -1943, Ngudi dugc tra W do va tap nhat kf kit thuc.
II - MOT SO DIEM CAN LUU Y VE TAP THO

Tap tho gdm 134 bai tha chit Hdn (bao gdm ea bai dl tfi b trang diu).
Xet vl thdi gian lam tha, thi trong mudi ba thing b tu, bd'n thing diu (can cfi
vao thdi dilm ghi dudi bai tha) tic gia viet 103 bii, chfn thing cdn lai chi lam
cd31bai.
Xet vl thi tha, trong 134 bai, trfi 8 bai lam theo eae thi khic, cdn lai 126 bai
diu la tha tfi tuydt. Cd thi ndi day 11 tap tho tfi tuydt eua Hd Chf Minh.
Xlt vl dl tai, tap tho ed bd'n dl tai chfnh : a) Phe phin nhiing hien tugng
ngang trai trong xa hdi va trong nha tu Trung Qud'c, b) nhiing ndi nilm va tam
trang eua nhi tho, e) nhiing giai biy vl nhiem vu sang Trung Qud'c vi muc dich
each mang ma bi bit oan, d) nhumg bai tha thu tilp. Hai dl tai a va b chiem ti le
cao nha't, la ndi dung chfnh cua tap tho.
Tap tho da dugc dich ra tilng Viet va in lin diu vio nam 1960. Tap tho ciing
dugc in b Trung Qud'c va dugc dich d cle nudc Nga, Mdng Cd, Ba Lan, Anh,
Phap, Hung-ga-ri, Nhat Ban, I-ta-li-a, Tay Ban Nha, Dan Mach, Mi, Dfic, Lao,
Thii Lan, Han Qud'c,...
III - NOI DUNG VA NGHE THUAT CUA TAC PHAM
1. Burc tranh nha tii va mgt phan xa hoi Trung Hoa dan qudc
Mdt ndi dung cua tap nhat kf la nhfing ghi chip vl nhiing dilu tai nghe mit
tha'y hing ngay cua tie gia trong nha tii va tren dudng chuyen lao, dem den cho
nhilu bai tha tfnh hudmg ngoai vl yiu td tu su, ta thuc. Nhd the, tie phim da tai
hiln duge bd mat den tdi eua nhi tu Qud'c dan dang Trung Qud'c rlt ti mi, ehi tilt
nhu mdt cud'n phim tu liiu ed sfic phe phan manh me. Rdng ban nfia, tap tho cdn
cho tha'y mdt phin eua tinh trang xa hdi Trung Qud'c nhung nam 1942 -1943.
67
•fi-
tnt
'fLk %3
o «
But tich trang bia va trang cudi cOa tap Nhat ki trong tu
Trang bia:
ChO Han hang trgn : Wgyc (rung nhaf W (Nhat kf trong tu).
Hai dong chO' so : ghi ngay thang dung vdi ngay H6 Chi Minh bi bat va ngay duoc tha. Ri§ng chQ s6
ghi nam co l<hac so vdi con so ghi d trang cuoi sach, c6 the la m6t each nguy trang ciia tac gia.
Bin dong chi; Han tiep theo la bai tho nam chQ, djch ra tilng Viet:
Than the d trong lao,

Tinh than a ngoai lao;
Muon nen six nghiep ldn,
Tinh than cang phai cao.
(Nam Tr§n djch)
Trang cuoi: ghi bai Ket luan k^t thuc tap tho:
Sang suot, nhd an Hau chQ nhiem,

Tu do trd lai vdi ta roi;
"Nguc tmng nhat ki" tir day ddt,
Tii tao an sau, cam ta ngudi.
(Khuong Hffu Dung djch)
68
7.
O day, but phip cham biem duge sfi dung rdng rai vdi nhilu cung bac va
gigng dieu khic nhau : khi thang thiing bdp chit, khi gilu cgt nhe nhang, khi
mia mai, chua chit, cudi dly ma cay ding, dau xdt, v.v. Nhin chung, nha tho
khdng dung ldi dao to bua ldn, nhung nhfing ddn cham biem thudng rlt sau sic,
t h ^ thia:
- Ban trudng nhd lao chuyin ddnh bqc,
Gidi ngudi, cdnh trudng kiim dn quanh ;
Chong den, huyen trudng ldm cdng viec,
Trdi ddt Lai Tdn vdn thdi binh.
(Lai Tdn)
Oa...! Oa...! Oaa...!
Cha sg sung qudn cdu nudc nhd ;
Nin ndi thdn em vda nda tudi,
Phdi theo'me din a nhd pha.
(Chdu be trong nguc Tdn Duang, 22-11)
- Nghi viec trin ddi ki Iq that.

Cum chdn sau trudc cung tranh nhau.
(Cdi cUm)
- Tudo, thd hdi ddu Id ?
Linh canh trd ldi thdng ra cdng dudng.
(Tiet thanh minh)
2. Burc chan dung tijr hoa cua Ho Chi Minh

Mdt ndi dung khac quan trgng ban cua Nhdt ki trong tii la nhung ghi chip vl
tam su eua tac gia - mdt thfi nhat kf trfi tinh ddc dIo, cd tfnh hudng ndi sau sic.
Nhd vay, qua tap tho, ngudi dgc thly hien len rd nit bfic chan dung tu boa eua
Hd Chf Minh - hinh tugng chfnh eua tap tho.
a) Dd la mdt tam guomg nghi luc phi thudng, mdt ban linh vi dai, khdng gi ed
thi lung lac dugc, diing la "Than thi d trong lao - Tinh thin d ngoai lao".
Mdt eon ngudi cd thi vugt ldn rlt cao tren mgi dau ddn the xac, phong thai
ung dung, tim hdn thanh tholt, tham chf tuoi tin, tre trung trong mgi tinh hudng :
- Trong tu khong rugu cung khdng hoa,
Cdnh dep dim nay kho hdng hd ;
69
Ngudi ngdm trdng soi ngodi cda so,

Trdng nhdm khe cica ngdm nhd tha.
(Ngdm trdng)
Hdm nay xiing sdt thay ddy trdi,

Mdi budc leng keng tiing nggc rung ;
Tuy bi tinh nghi Id gidn diep,
Md nAu khanh tudng ve ung dung.
(Di Nam Ninh)
Tinh thin Iy tao ndn b nhilu bai tha su chuyen mach bit ngd va thu vi - cau
diu, phin diu la "Than thi b trong lao", la ngudi tu ; cau sau, phin sau la "Tmh thin
d ngoai lao", la thi sT :
Ddp thuyin thdng xud'ng huyen Ung Ninh,
Ldng ldng chdn treo tua gido hinh ; .
Ldng xdm ven sdng ddng due thi,
Thuyin cdu re sdng nhe thenh thinh.
(Giita dudng ddp thuyen di Ung Ninh)
b) Dd la mdt tim hdn yiu nude thilt tha va khao kbit tu do ("Dau khd chi
bing mat tu do"), thue chit la khao khat chien diu ("Xdt minh giam ham trong tii
nguc - Chua dugc xdng ra gifia tran tiln").
Nhiing ngay thing trong tu, eon ngudi ay khdng luc nao khdng hudng vl
To qud'c, ludn ludn tfnh dim thdi gian ("Bd'n thing rdi", "Tim thing hao mdn vdi
xich gdng", "Ngay di ban tidn den bin sdng - Hen ban ve khi lua dd ddng") ma
"Tiic ngdy gid', ma dau ddm, hue bdi. Nhilu ddm thfic trIng : "Khdng ngd dugc",
"Dim khdng ngd",... Ngudi phai lam tha dl dd sdt rudt, nhung nhin nhfing bai tha nhu
nhiing td lich bdc di hit ngay nay dih ngay khac, Ngudi lai cang sdt rudt han nfia:
Ndm canh thao thdc khdng ndm,

Tha tu ta viit hem trdm bdi rdi ;
Xong bdi, gdc but nghi ngoi,
Nhdm qua cda nguc, ngdng trdi tu do.
(Dim khdng ngu)
c) Dd la mdt tam hdn nghe si tai hoa, mdt tri tud linh boat va nhgn sic, mit
mat rlt nhay cam dd'i vdi ve dep cua thidn nhiln va dl xuc ddng tnrdc nhOng
70
canh ngd thuang tam cua con ngudi, mdt mat tfi nhfing chi tilt thdng thudng cua
ddi sd'ng, cd thi nit ra nhiing bai hgc vl diu tranh cleh mang hay ren luyen dao
dfic iHgc ddnh cd, Nghe tiing gid gao, Tu khuyin minh,...) hoac phIt hien ra
nhfing mau thuIn hai budc eua mdt che dd xa hdi thdi nit de tao ndn nhiing tilng
cudi dly trf tue iLdi hdi. Cam tu, Cdi cum, Chia nudc, Ddnh bqc, Ddy trdi, Gia
quyin ngUdi bi bdt linh, Pha trd, Cdnh binh khiing Ign cdng di, Cdm hut thudc
(thudc Id), Ghe, Chdu be trong nguc Tdn Duang, 22-11, Tiin den, Lai Tdn, Tiin
vdo nhd giam, Thanh minh,...).
d) Nhung bao triim len tit ca la tim ldng ydu thuang bao la dd'i vdi nhan loai
cln lao, dd'i vdi cudc sd'ng noi trin the' cdn nhilu dau kh6 nay. Ay la tim ldng nhan
dao dat din mfic do qudn minh : mdt mat ft quan tam din ndi khd rlt ldn eua
minh, mat khac hit sfic nhay cam va sin sang chia se vdi mgi vui budn sudng khd
dii nhd nhat cua ngudi xung quanh. Cd thi ndi, tit ca nhihig gi cd lien quan din
con ngudi, den su sd'ng va Igi fch eua con ngudi diu khdng Igt qua eon mit chan
ehfia nhan tinh cua Hd Chf Minh : tinh trang lao ddng vlt va eua ngudi phu lam
dudng, canh ndng dan dugc mua hay ban bin, mdt hang chao ben dudng, mdt Id
than rue hdng noi xdm mii, mdt tilng slo budn trong nguc, canh dun nlu trong tu,
canh ddi ret ghe Id cua tii nhan, canh tranh nhau eiim chan dl duge ngu yen, mdt
chiu be bi giam trong tu, vg mdt ngudi ban tu din tham chdng, ngudi tii bdi gily
lim chan, mdt ngudi tu trdn bi bit trd lai, mdt ngudi tu chit, v.v.
Thanh ra tap nhat ki tam tinh trong nguc ma lam sd'ng day ca mdt nhan loai
vdi bie't bao sd phan cu thi rlt ding thuang. VI hinh anh Hd Chf Minh hidn ra
gifia eli nhan loai ciing khd Iy khdng hi cd chut gi phan biet, trii lai chan hoa vdi
hg trong tinh be ban (nan hiiu) vl nhu ngudi "ciing hdi ciing thuyin" (ddng chu
cdng t€):
Cung hdi cung thuyin nin phdi giup,
Viit thay bao cao ddm td nan.
(Viei hg bdo cao cho cdc bgn tu)
Hd Chf Minh cdn td ra hit sfic khoan hoa, dd lugng khi td thii dd tran trgng
dd'i vdi ea nhihig ngudi trong hang ngu eua ke thu (sd trudng Long An hg Luu,
tien sinh hg Quach, trudng ban hg Mae), nlu nhu hg vin gifi dugc ddi chiit anh
sang trong tim hdn :
Trudng ban hg Mac ngudi hdo hiep,
Ddc tui mua cam giup pham nhdn ;
71
Dim din cdi thdng cho hg ngd,

Chdng dung quyin thi, chi dung dn.
(Trudng ban hg Mac)
Tmh thuang cua Hd Chf Minh cdn bao triim ca din nhihig vat vd tri vd giac da
tiing gin bd vdi minh : xa thi nhd, mit thi thuang iRung mdt mdt chiic rdng, Linh
nguc ddnh cdp mdt chiic gdy cda ta,...).
Nha tha Trung Qud'c Viin Ung ndi rlt dung : day la bfic chin dung cua mit
bac dai nhan, dai tri, dai dung. Nhung trong ba phim chit Iy, dai nhin la eli gdc,
la ca sd.
3. Mot tap tho phong phu, da dang, dgc dao

Mdt nha bio Ha-i-ti, dng Ra-nd De-pe-xta-ra, tiing duge gap tie gia Nhdt ki
trong tu. Ong viet rang : "Tdi trinh bay vdi Ble Hd y kiln eua tdi vl tha Ngudi,
trong dd tdi vfia kham pha ra nhilu tinh hoa eua nd. Hlu nhu Ngudi tfi chd'i. Nguoi
ndi rang, khi b miln Nam Trung Qud'c, Ngudi da lam nhfing bai tha Iy cho qua thi
gid; ring Ngudi that ra khdng phai la mdt nha tha"^ \
Hd Chf Minh qua la ngudi am bilu nghd thuat, da dinh gil rlt cao lao ddng
nghe thuat, vi thi Ngudi bao gid cung gifi thai dd kbidm td'n trudc danh hieu thi
si^ '. Nhung, thuc tl, Ngudi da tao nin mdt "tic phim ldm" "ma tac gia hinh nhu
chi "dinh roi" vao kho tang van hoc, nhu mdt hanh ddng nglu nhidn [...] nhu mdt
cau chuyen van bit dae di" (Dang Thai Mai)^ '.
Nhdt ki trong tu la mdt tap tha phong phu, da dang, ddc dIo tfi ndi dung din
hinh thfic. Tap tho vid't trudc hit cho chfnh minh nen thi bidn sau sac tu tucmg va
phong each nghe thuat cua Hd Chf Minh. Ddc dao va phong phu b chd cd nhilu
dilu tudmg nhu trii ngugc nhau, dugc thd'ng nhit lai va trd ndn hai boa. Chang ban,
mdt tinh thin thep kidn cudng lai di vdi mdt chit tha trfi tinh dim tham, mdt thai
do ung dung thi si lai kit hgp vdi mdt nhiet tinh sdi ndi, mdt khf the "thao cui s6
long", mdt mau sic ed diln dam da lai ehfia dung tinh thin thdi dai. But phap thi
hit sfic da dang va linh hoat : lang man va hien thuc, ta thuc va trfi tinh,... Nghl
thuat trao long thi cd du sac thii : dua vui nhe nhang, tu trao hdm hinh, mia mai
chua chat, cham bilm sic sao, da kfch quylt liet, v.v.
(1) Tap chi Tdc phdm mdi, thang 5,6 -1970.

(2) Trong bdi Ngdm trdng (Vong nguyet). Ho Chi Minh viei : "Trang nhom khe cira ngdm nha tho".
6 day Nguoi co y noi vui di khuay khoa trong tu, chii kh6ng phai la m6t tuyfen bd' chinh thiic.
Kh6ng nhan minh la thi sT - cdi ldn ciia H6 Chi Minh chinh la d ddy.
(3) Nghien cicu hgc tap tha vdn Hd Chi Minh, NXB Khoa hoc xa hdi. Ha N6i, 1979, trang 153.
72
Hlu hit cle bai tho trong Nhdt ki trong tu diu viet theo thi tfi tuyet cd diln -
mdt thi tha hit sfic ham siic. Cd trudng hgp Hd Chf Minh dung ldi tap cd, sfi dung
thi liiu cu. Nhung ehi cln thay ddi mdt vai yeu td eua cau, chfi, tie gia da cd the
tao ra mdt elu tnic mdi, thi hien mdt ndi dung hoan toan mdi.
Nhu tie gia da ndi, Nhdt ki trong tu ra ddi nhu mdt each giai tri bit die dl cua
nha elch mang khi bi giam ham trong tu. Nhung nd da thuc su la mdt tap tho ldn,
vdi nhilu bai cd phim chit nghe thuat cao. Tho la tilng ndi tam hdn, la su kit tinh
nhumg truyin thdng van boa cua dan tdc va nhan loai cung nhiing trai nghidm
phong phu cua ddi sdng thuc te, tren co sd mdt ea tfnh sing tao vdi mdt tai nang
nghe thuat that su. Hd Chf Minh ed dly du nhiing dilu kien Iy. Ngudi lai ehi sang
tic trong nhiing giay phut ed cam hfing, ndn tho din mdt each rlt tu nhien nhu
ngudi xua tfing ndi : "Canh khdng hen din ma tu den, ndi khdng mong hay ma tu
hay" (Le Quy Ddn).
Nhung dilu ding quy nhit d Nhdt ki trong tu 11 vdi tie phim nay, ngudi dgc
duge tilp can vdi thi gidi tinh thin phong phu, trong phin sau thim nhit cua mdt
ngudi con vi dai cua dan tdc trong thdi dai ngay nay.
Hl/dNG DAN HOC BAI

1. Anh (chi) hieu thi nIo vl hoan canh sing tie cua Nhdt ki trong tu ? Hoan canh
Iy cd y nghia gi dd'i vdi viec tim bilu tap tho ?
2. lim bilu nhiing thdng tin chu yiu vl tap tho (qua trinh sing tie, thi tho, eac dl tai
chinh). Nhfing thdng tin nly giiip ich gi cho viec bilu nha tho vl dgc - hiiu tap tho ?
3. Nhdt ki trong tu 11 tap nhat kf bing tho. Dilu Iy tao ra cho tic phim nhiing ndi
dung gi ? Ndi dung Iy dugc diln dat bing nhumg biit phip gi ? Ndu din chfing
cu thi.
4. Phan tfch bfic chan dung tu boa eiia Hd Chf Minh trong Nhdt ki trong tu.
5. Ngudi ta thudng ndi tho Hd Chf Minh vfia cd diln vfia hien dai. Hay lam sing
td y kiln dd qua mdt vai bai tho trong Nhdt ki trong tu.
BAI TAP NANG CAO
Hay ehi ra mdt sd bai tho ed tinh trao ldng trong Nhdt ki trong tu va ndu nhan
xet vl sic thai, gigng dieu, cung bac khac nhau eua tilng cudi Hd Chi Minh
qua nhfing bai tha dd.
73
TRI THQC OOC - HIEU

Doc tap tac pham
Tap tac pham (tho, truyen ngan) la tap hop hoac tuyen chon nhieu tac pham ciia mot hay nhieu
tac gia, duoc sap x^p theo mot trat tu nha't djnh, phan anh mot so hien tuong ddi song, danh dau
mot chang dudng sang tac ciia mot tac gia hay mot giai doan vSn hoc (vi du Trich diem thi tap cQa
Hoang Difc LUOng, Tha tha ciia Xuan Dieu, Lda thieng ciia Huy Can, TCfSy ciia To HiJu, BtJtc tranii
que ciia Anh Tho, Vang bong mot thdi ciia Nguyin Tuan, Nhat ki trong tu ciia Ho Chi Minh, Truyet]
ngan Viet Nam 1945-1985,...).
Cac tac pham trong tap thudng sap xep khac nhau. Co tap sap xep cac tac pham theo thdi
gian sang tac truOc sau nhu Nhat ki trong tu. Co tap vCra sap xep theo thdi gian, vifa theo chii de
nhu TU ay gom ba phan : Mau Ida, Xieng xich, Giai phong. Co tap sap xep theo mot trat tu sao cho
ngudi doc cam tha'y hiing thu. 06 la trUOng hop Tha tha ciia Xuan Dieu.
Ope tap tac pham ciia mot tac gia nhu Nhat ki trong tu ciia Ho Chi Minh, can doc kT ti^g tac
pham trong tap, phan loai cac tac pham, phat hien cac de tai, chii de chung, tim hieu nhOtig cai
chung ve nghe thuat nhu hinh tuong, ket ca'u, phuong thuTctu ti^, giong dieu,... va giai thich tap tac
pham bang hoan canh ra ddi, dong co sang tac, ca ti'nh sang tao,...
yC^
CHIEU TOI
iMd)
HO CHI MINH
KET QUA CAN DAT

Cdm nhdn dugc ve dep cda tdm hdn Hd Chi Minh : trong
bdt cd tinh hudng ndo cung hudng vi su sdng vd dnh sdng,
chd nghia lac quan gdn liin vdi long nhdn di.
Thdy dugc but phdp ggi td thien nhien gidn di, tu nhien,
chdn that; ddng thdi cdm nhdn dugc ve dep vda co dien
vda hiin dai cda bdi tha.
TIEU DAN
Chieu toi la mot trong nhieu bai tho viet ve thien nhien ciia H6 Chi Minh
trong tap Nhat ki trong tu. Bai tho duoc sang tac trong khoang bon th^ng ddu
74
ciia thdi gian NgUOi bj cam tu - bon thang vo cijng cifc khd : "Song khac loai
ngudi viâ bon thang - Tieu tuy cOn hOn muOi nSm trdi" (Bon thang roi).
Bai tho duoc khdi hifng cl cuoi chSng duOng chuyen lao ciia Ho Chi Minh
(tif TTnh Tay d^n Thl§n Bao) vko lijc chieu toi giiJa nui rCftig. Tren duOng di
day, Ngudi v i n bj xieng chan, xich tay, nhieu khi phai ISn loi tdi "Nam mUOi ba
cay so mot ngay - Ao mu dam mua rach het giay" (/Wd/ den nha lao
Thien Bad).
Cung nhu hau het cac bai tho trong Nhat ki trong tii, bai Chiiu toi dUOc
sang tac theo the tU tuyet co dien, tinh ham sue rat cao.
Phien dm :
Quydn dilu quy lam tim tue thu,
Cd van man man dd thiin khdng ;
San thdn thilu nfi ma bao tue,
Bao tuc ma hoan. Id di hdng.
Dich nghia :
Chim mdi vl riing tim cay ngu,
Chdm may le trdi limg Id trdn ting khdng ;
Thilu nfi xdm nui xay ngd,
Ngd xay vfia xong, Id than da dd.
Dich tha:
Chim mdi vi rdng tim chdn ngd,
Chdm mdy trdi nhe gida tdng khdng ;
Cd em xdm nui xay ngd tdi,
Xay hit. Id than dd rUc hdng.
NAM TRAN dich
(HO CHI MINH, Todn tap, tap 3,
NXB Cninh tri Qudc gia, Ha N6i, 2002)
75
HI/6NG DAN HOC BAI
1. Dua vao canh ngd cua tie gia (xem phin Tiiu ddn), hay nhin xet nghl thult
midu ta thidn nhien trong hai cau diu cua bai tha.
2. Anh (ehi) hay ndu nhan xet vl thu phip nghl thuat ma tac gia diing dl ta man
dem da budng xudng d cau cud'i eua bai tha.
3. Hinh anh Id than rue hdng b cudi bai tho cd y nghia nhu thi' nao trong bfic tranh
ehilu tdi eua tic gia ? Dilu nay tbi hien dae dilm gi cua tim hdn Hd Chf Mmh ?
4. Mau sic cd diln eua bai tho thi hiln d dau va nhu tbI nao ? Vi sao ngudi ta
thudng ndi tha nghe thuat cua Hd Chf Minh tuy rlt cd dien nhung vin 11 tha
hien dai ? Hay phan tfch bai Chiiu tdi di giai thfch va chfing minh.
5. Hgc thudc long ban phidn am va ban dich bai tha.
LAI TAN
HO CHI MINH
KET QUA CAN DAT

Thdy dugc tinh trqng thdi ndt pho biin cda bgn quan lai
Trung Qudc thdi Tudng Gidi Thach.
Hiiu dugc nghi thudt chdm biim ddc ddo cda bdi tha.
TIEUDAN
Lai Tan cung la mot bai tho duoc sang tac trong khoang bon thang diu
ciia thdi gian Ho Chi Minh bj giam giOr tai cac nha tij ciia bon Quoc dan d^ng
Trung Qudc d Quang Tay.
Tho Ho Chi Minh trong Nhat ki trong tu rat phong phu, da dang ve noi
dung va hinh thuTc : tho trii' tinh, tho tU sU, tho tU trao, tho hai hu6c, thO cham
biem, da kich,... Lai Tan thuoc vao sd nhung bai tho cham biem, d§ kich dac
sac nhat ciia Ho Chi Minh trong Nhat ki trong tu.
*
* *
76
Phien dm :
Giam phdng ban trudng thidn thien dd,
Canh trudng tham thdn giai pham tiln ;
Huydn trudng thieu dang bien edng su,
Lai Tan y cuu thii binh thidn.
Dich nghia:
Ban trudng nha giam ngay ngly dinh bac,
Canh trudng tham lam an tiln pham nhan bi giai;
Huyen trudng chong den lam viec edng,
Lai Tan vin thii binh nhu xua.
Dich tha:
Ban trudng nhd lao chuyin ddnh bqc,
Gidi ngudi, cdnh trudng kiim dn quanh.
Chong den, huyen trudng ldm cdng viec,
Trdi ddt Lai Tdn vdn thdi binh.
NAM TRAN dich
(HO CHI MINH, Todn tap, tap 3, Sdd)
Hl/dNG DAN HOC BAI
1. Anh (chi) cd nhan xet gi vl kit elu cua bai tho ? (Chii y : Ba cau diu va cau
cud'i ed chfic nang diln dat khic nhau nhu the nao ? Chiing ed quan he vdi nhau
ra sao xlt vl phuong dien kit ciu cua bai tho ?).
2. Bd mIy quan If nhi tii cua chfnh quyln Tudng Gidi Thach d Lai Tan dugc midu
ta nhu thi nao qua ba cau diu cua bai tho ?
3. Ciu kit "Trdi dlt Lai Tan vin thii binh" ed mau thuIn gi vdi ndi dung ba cau
diu cua bai tho ? Hieu qua cham bilm eua bai tha nhu thi nao khi tie gia ha
mly chfi "y cuu thii binh thien" ("vin thai binh") ?
4. Hay neu nhan xet vl gigng dieu cua bai tho duge tao nen bdi cau kit.
77
TRI THLTC OOC - HIEU
Tho tur tuyet Ho Chi Minh

Ho Chi Minh s6 trudng ve tho chO' Han. NgUdi thudng diing t h i tur tuyet cd dien. D i y la the tho
rat ham sue, chiia mot noi dung phong phu trong mot khuon khd c i u chO ban chi, vi t h i nha tho
thudng phai tao ra nhieu tang nghTa va cai gpi la y ngoai ldi ("^ tai ngon ngoai").
Tho tir tuyet Ho Chi Minh co mau sac cd dien rat dam da, t h i hien d he thdng de tai thudng
hifdng ve thien nhien (tac gia Nhit ki trong tu nhan xet: "Tho xifa thifdng chuong thien nhien dep" -
Cam tudng doc "Thien gia thi'). Thuc ra tho xUa cung vilt ve nhieu tinh cam khac niia, nhung du
viet ve noi dung gi thi cung van dSt no trong khung canh cao son, luu thu9- . NgUdi xUa thudng dl
CO cam humg khi durng trudc thien nhi§n rong Idn nhin tilr cao tifxa, n§n doc tho thien nhien hoi ayta
thudng bat gSp nhOng thi de goi la dahg cao, dang san, dang lau,... 6 diem nhin ay, nha thO khong
chu trpng mo ta hinh xac ciia thien nhien ma thudng chi chim pha vai net, cdt ghi lay linh hon ciia
tao vat. Mau sac cd dien ciia tho xUa con t h i hien d hinh tupng nhan vat tri? tinh cp phong dp ung
dung tu tai, tam hdn hoa hpp vdi thien nhien.
Nhung tho Hd Chi Minh khong hSn la tho cd diln. C^nh trong thO xUa thudng tTnh tai. Cdnh
trong tho Hd Chf Minh luon van dong hudng ve su sdng, anh sang va tuong lai. Nhan vat trong tho
xUa thudng an minh giiJa thien nhien. Nhan vat trong tho Hd Chi Minh thudng hien ra d trung tSm
ciia biic tranh phong canh vdi tu t h i con ngudi hanh dong, con ngUdi lam chii. Con ngUdi ay mot
mat CO phong thai ung dung tu tai, dUdng nhu diing ngoai dong chay cOa thdi gian, mat khac lai
sdng cao dp vdi tiTng gid tiTng phut.
DOC THEM
GIAI DI S 6 M
(Tdo gidi)
HO CHI MINH
TIEUDAN
Giai di sdm cung nhu Chi4u toi, Lai Tan deu dupc sang t i c trong bdn
thang dau cue khd nha't ciia Hd Chi Minh trong nha tii ciia chinh quyln Qudfc
dan dang Trung Qudc d Quang Tay.
(1) Cao san, luu thuy (chiS Han): niii cao, nudc chay.
78
Giai di sdm gdm hai bai tho tuf tuyet danh sd I va II. (Nhung hai bai nay lai
mang mot ten chung, dupe viet lien mach, vay cung co the xem la mot bai
gdm hai khd tho). Day la mot trong nhiJng bai tho tieu bieu nhat ve tu tudng,
tai nSng va phong each nghe thuat cua Hd Chi Minh trong Nhat ki trong tu.
*
* *
Phien dm :
I
Nha't thfi k e d l da vi lan,
Qudn tinh ung nguyet thudng thu san ;
Chinh nhan di tai chinh dd thucmg,
Nghenh dien thu phong tran trdn han.
II
D6ng phucmg bach sic di thanh hdng,
U am tan du tao nhd't khdng*^^^;
Noan khi bao la toan vu tru,
Hanh nhdn thi hfing hdt gia nong.
Dich nghia :
I
Ga gay m6t lin, dem chua tan,
Chdm sao ndng vlng trang len dinh mii mua thu ;
Ngudi di xa da cd't budc tren dudng xa,
Gio thu tap mat tfing con titng can lanh leo.
II
Phuong dOng mau frdng chuyin thanh hdng,
Bdng dem u am da bi quel sach ;
I Hoi d'm bao la khlp vii tru,
Ngudi di thi hfing bdng them ndng.
(1) Theo ban in cua Nha xudt ban Chinh tri Qudc gia trong cudn H6 Chi Minh, Todn tap, tap 3, cau
tho ndy la : "U dm tan du nhdt tao khdng", va dupc chu thfch nhu sau : "Cau tho nay chiia lai
theo nguyen ban. Nhung chiing tdi vdn ngd tdc gia viei nhdm chii tdo la quet thanh chii tdo la
sdm. Va cau tho "U am tan du tao nhdt khdng" (Bong dSm con u am da bi quet sach) nhu ban in
nam 1960 la diing van phdp hon". 6 day, ngudi bifin soan ldy lai cau tho theo ban in nam 1960
(ciia Nhd xudt ban Van hod - Vien Van hpc) vi thdy hpp li hon.
79
Dich tha:
I
Gd gdy mdt ldn dim chda tan,
Chdm sao ndng nguyet vugt len ngdn ;
Ngudi di cdt budc trin dudng thdm,
Rdt mat, dim thu, trdn gid hdn.
II
Phuang ddng mdu trdng chuyen sang hdng,
Bdng tdi dim tdn quit sach khdng ;
Hai dm bao la triim vii tru,
NgUdi di, thi hitng bdng them ndng.
NAM TRAN dich
(HO CHI MINH, Todn tap, tap 3, Sdd)
HL/dNG DAN DOC THEM

1. Ddi chie'u ban dich tho vdi ban chfi Han, anh (chi) hay neu y kiln vl cac cdu hoi
sau day :
- Cdu 2 (bai I), ldi tho dich da bo qua khong dich chi tilt nao ? Chi tilt a'y co quan
trong kh6ng ?
- Hai cdu 3 va 4 (bai I), dm hudng cua ldi dich va am hudng cua ban phien am chfi
Han khac nhau thi nao ?
- cau 1 (bai II), ldi tho dich co gi chua that diing vdi nguyen tac ?
- Cac cdu 2, 3, 4 (bai II), ldi tho dich co gi dac sic ?
2. Cdu 2 (bai I), da sang tao dugc mgt hinh anh dep va dly thi vi nhu thi nao ?
3. Hay nhdn xet ve dm hudng cua hai cau 3, 4 (bai I), trong ban phien am chfi Han. Co
the dat ten cho dm hudng nay la gi ?
4. M tugng ndi bat cua anh (chi) vl bai II ma ban dich da truyin dat dugc (trfi cau ddu
cua bai nay dich chua dat).
5. CJ cau 3 (bai I) trong ban phien am chfi Han, tac gia dung hai chfi chinh nhdn, din
cau cud'i (bai II) lai diing hai chu hdnh nhdn, dilu Iy cd y nghia nghe thuat gi khdng ?
6. Hay phdn tich ve dep va y nghia tu tudng ciia hinh tucmg nhan vat trfi tinh hien len tfi
hai bai tii tuyet.
80
LUYEN TAP VE THAY DOI TRAT TlT

• • • •
CAC PHAN CUA CUM T\J

VA CAC THANH PHAN CUA CAU
KET QUA CAN DAT

• Nhdn ra hien tugng. thay ddi trdt tu cdc phdn trong cdu
tqo cda cum tit vd cdc thdnh phdn trong cdu tqo cda cdu,
hieu dugc hieu qud diin dqt cda Men tugng dy.
• Bie't van dting hiiu biit noi tren vdo viec doc - hiiu vdn bdn
vd ldm vdn.
1. Dgc cle cau sau (chu y nhfing chd in dam) va thuc hien nhiem vu neu
b dudi.
- Thuyin vi nudc lai, sdu trdm ngd ;
Cui mot cdnh kho lac mdy ddng.
La tha con nho gid diu hiu,
Ddu tiing ldng xa vdn chg chiiu.
(Huy Can - Trdng giang)
- Giita dodn qudn nhac, bdng rdn len bdn muai cdy sdo triic.
(Thep Mdi - Cdy tre)
a) Hay chi ra hiln tugng thay ddi trat tu elc phin trong elu tao cua cum danh
tfi va cle thanh phin trong ciu tao cua cum chu - vi a nhfing cau tren.
b) Tnnh bay y kiln cua anh (ehi) vl hieu qua diln dat cua hien tugng thay ddi
hat W cac phin trong elu tao eua cum tfi va cle thanh phin trong elu tao eiia cau,
qua cle elu dugc trich din tren day.
2. Dgc cac cau tiia sau (chu y nhihig chd in dam) vl thuc bidn nhiem vu nhu
vfia nlu d bai tip 1.
6. NV11/2NC-A 81
Ciia ong budm ndy day tudn thdng mat ;
Ndy ddy hoa cda ddng ndi xanh ri;
Ndy ddy Id cda cdnh ta pha phdt;
Cua yen anh ndy day khiic tinh si;
Vd ndy day dnh sdng chdp hdng mi.
(Xuan Dieu - Vdi vdng)
3. Dgc hai cau tiia sau dly va thue bidn nhiem vu nhu neu b bai tip 1 :
]G.en ngang mat ddt, riu tdng ddm,

Ddm toqc chdn mdy, dd mdy hdn.
(H6 Xuan Huong - Tutinh, bai II)
4. Tim nhiing cau tha, cau van khic cd hidn tugng thay ddi trit tu elc phin
trong elu tao cua cum tfi va elc thanh phin trong elu tao eua cau, nhu nhiing
trudng hgp tren day.
KIEM TRA VAN HOC
KET QUA CAN OAT

• Ndm dugc nhdng kiin thdc ca bdn vi lich sd vdn hgc Viet Nam
tic ddu thi kl XX din Cdch mqng thdng Tdm 1-945, mgt sd
thi loqi, cdc tdc gia vd tdc phdm tieu biiu dd hgc dphdn
Vdn hgc trong sdch gido khoa Ngfi van 11 Nang cao.
• Co ki ndng phdn tich vdn hgc.
Tham khao dl luyen tap sau day :

De bai (gdm hai phin)
Phdn I: Trac nghiem (12 cau, mdi cau tra ldi diing 0,25 dilm, tdng cdng : 3 dilm)
1. Dac dilm nao sau day khong phii hgp vdi van hgc Viet Nam tfi diu thi ki XX din
Cach mang thang Tam 1945 ?
82 .. NV11«N&6

A. Nin van hgc dugc hien dai hoa

B. Nhip dg phat trien dae biet mau le
C. Hip thu tinh hoa van hoc Trung Qudc tren tinh thin Viet hoa
D. Su phan hoa phfic tap thanh nhilu xu hudng trong qua tiinh phat triln
2. Hien tucmg van hgc nao sau ddy thudc be phan van hpc phat triln bdt hgp phap
trong giai doan van hpc tfi ddu the ki XX den Cach mang thang Tam 1945 ?
A. Tho mdi lang man
B. Tieu thuylt Tu luc van doan
C. Tiiu thuye't va tmyen ngdn hien thuc
D. Tho van each mang
3. Nguyen nhdn nao true tilp ddn de'n su phdn hod thanh nhieu xu hudng trong
van hpc Viet Nam tfi ddu the ki XX den Cach mang thang Tam 1945 ?
A. Xa hei thuoc dia nita phong kien trong giai doan nay phiic tap
B. Su khac nhau vl quan dilm nghe thudt va khuynh hudng thdm ml
C. Su phat triln da dang va phong phu ciia d6i ngu nha van
D. Anh hudng cua van hoa phuong Tay
4. Ddu la ddng gop mdi cua van hoc Viet Nam tir ddu the ki XX din Cach mang
thang Tam 1945 vao tmyin thing tu tudng 16n ciia van hpc ddn toe ?
A. Chu nghia yeu nudc
B. Chu nghia anh hiing
C. Tinh thdn ddn chu
D. Chu nghia nhdn dao
5. Khai niem tha mdi chu yiu dung dl chi xu hudng van hpc nao ?
A. Xu hudng tho lang man
B. Xu hudng tho each mang
C. Xu hudng tho trao phung
D. Ca ba xu hudng tren
6. Xuan Dieu khong vilt thi loai nao trong cac thi loai sau ?
A. Tho
B. Tiiu thuyet
C. Phe binh
D. Truyen ngin
83
7. cau tho nao sau day chip sai so vdi bai Vdi vdng ciia Xuan Dieu ?
A. Tdi mudn tat nlng di
B. Cho sdc mau dfing nhat
C. Tdi mudn buoc gio lai
D. Cho huong dfing bay di
8. Trong bai Vdi vdng, Xuan Dieu sfi dung bien phap tu tfi nao nhilu nhit ?
A. Nhan hoa
B. So sanh
C. Diep tfi, ngu
D. Hoan du
9. Nhan xet nao sau day khong diing ?
A. Bai tho Tuang tu vilt theo the luc bat nhung vin la tho mdi
B. Bai tho Tuang tu gin vdi ca dao nen khdng thudc tho mdi
C. Bai tho Tuang tu khdng phai la mdt bai ca dao
D. Bai tho Tuang tu la bai tho luc bat rlt gin vdi ca dao
10. Ddng nao sau ddy neu diing cac bai tho thudc phong trao Tho mdi (1932 -1945) ?
A. Luu biet khi xudt duang, Vdi vdng, Tuang tu, Tdng biet hdnh
B. Hdu Trdi, Vdi vdng, Chieu xudn, Trdng giang, Tuang tU
C. Ddy mUa thu tdi, Ddy thdn ViDa, Tha duyen, Tdng biet hdnh
D. Luu biet khi xud't duang, Ddy mua thu tdi, Tha duyen, Tuang tU
11. Chon cum tfi hgp li dien vao chd ddu ba chdin trong cau van sau dl cd mdt nhan x^t
diing : "Tan Da da dat dugc... giua van hgc truyin thd'ng va van hgc hien dai".
A. su ghi nhan
B. nen mong
C. da'u gach ndi
D. da'u son mdi
12. Nhan xet nao sau day ndi vl tho Huy Can ?
A. "Day la mot thi gidi nghe thuat ddy xuan sic va tinh tfi, trong dd chuIn muc
cua cai dep khong phai la thien nhien ma la con ngudi"
B. "Ngay ca luc linh hdn mudn rdi bo trin gian dl bay len coi sieu nhan, thi nguin
ta vin tha'y d do mdt tinh yeu ddn dau hudng vl cudc doi trin thi"
84
C. "Ludn khao khat va ling nghe su hod dieu giiia h6n ngudi vdi tao vdt, giira ca thi
vdi nhdn qudn"
D. "Canh sdc va bong dang con ngudi trong tho ong diu tham dugm tinh que,
duyen que va phang phat hdn xua ddt nudc"
Phdn II: Tu luan (7 dilm)

cau 1 (3 dilm). Neu van tat nhitng dac dilm co ban cua tho.
cau 2 (4 dilm). Chgn mdt trong hai yeu cdu sau :
a) Chi ra cdch cam nhan mdi me cua Xuan Dieu vl mda thu qua doan tho :
Rang liiu diu hiu dicng chiu tang,
Tdc budn budng xud'ng le ngdn hdng ;
Ddy mua thu tdi - miia thu tdi
Vdi do ma phai det Id vdng.
Han mot loai hoa dd rung cdnh,

Trong vudn sdc dd riia mdu xanh ;
Nhitng ludng run ray rung rinh Id...
Ddi nhdnh khd gdy xuang mong manh.
(Ddy mUa thu tdi)
b) Neu nhfing net dac sic trong each vilt ciia Hoai Thanh qua doan van :
"[...] TOi khdng so sdnh cdc nha tho mdi vdi Nguyin Du dl xem ai hon ai kem. Deri
xua c6 thi c6 nhOng bac ki tai ddi nay khdng sanh kip. Dimg ld'y mdt nguoi sdnh vdi mdt
ngudi. Hay sdnh thdi dai cung thdi dai. Tdi quylt rdng trong lich sii thi ca Viet Nam chua
bao gid c6 mdt thdi dai phong phii nhu thdi dai nay. Chua bao gid nguoi ta thd'y xudt hien
cfing mdt ldn mdt hdn tho rdng md nhu Thi LQ, mo mang nhu Luu Trpng Lu, hung trang
nhu Huy Thdng, trong sang nhu Nguyin Nhugc Phdp, ao nao nhu Huy Can, que mila nhu
Nguyin Binh, ki di nhu Chi Lan Vien,... va thilt tha, rao rue, ban khoan nhu Xudn Dieu".
{Thi nhdn Viet Nam)
85
/^'
TUÂY
TO HtJU'*'
KET QUA CAN DAT
Cdm nhdn dugc niim vui ldn cda nhd tha khi gidc ngd li
tudng cdng sdn vd nhd do, biit gdn bd vdi nhdn ddn lao
khd, tqo cho minh mdt sdc mqnh tinh thdn to ldn.
Thdy dugc nghe thudt diin td tdm trgng vui sudng, say me
bdng hinh dnh tucri sdng, gigng tha sdng khodi, nhip tha
•ddn dap.
TIEU OAN
Td HQu (1920 - 2002) la mot nha

tho Idn ciia nen vSn hpc Viet Nam
hien dai. Tho ong, ti^ tap nay den
tap khac (TU ay, Viet Bac, Gio long,
Ra tran, Mau va hoa, Mdt tiSng ddn,
Ta vdi ta) theo sat nhung chang
dudng Idn cua each mang Viet Nam.
Tac pham ciia Td Hiiru noi chung
thuoc loai tho truT tinh chinh trj thd
hien le sdng Idn, nhung tinh c^m
Idn ciia ngudi cong dan, ngudi chien
sT each mang ddi vdi Dang, vdi To
qudc, vdi nhan dan, vdi Bac Hd,...
Tho ong chii yeu dUOc sang tac
theo cam hUng lang man va khuynh
hudng sir thi. Nghe thuat tho Td HuTu Td HOu thdi ki bj bat giam
nghieng ve tinh dan tpc truyen trong nha tCi cua thirc dan Phap
thdng, chO yeu phat huy cac the thp (^h rut tir tap hoi ki Nhd lai m6t thifi •
cd dien va dSn gian, ngon ngO" giau To Hdu)
tinh quan chiing.
(*) V^ cudc ddi va su nghiep van hpc cua Td HChj, se hpc d bai Td HOu trong sach gido khoa
Ngit vdn 12 Ndng cao.
86
Td Huu vifa boat dong each mang vC/a lam thP. 6ng ti/ng giiJ nhieu cUOng
vj quan trpng trong Trung uong Oang va Chinh phii. Ong dUpc t§ng Huan
chuong Sao vang (1994), Giai thudng Hd Chi Minh ve vSn hpc va nghe thuat
(1996) va Gi^l thudng van hpc ASEAN (1999).
TCf ay la tap tho dau tay ciia Td HiJu tap hop nhiing sang tac ciia dng tir
nam 1937 den nSm 1946, the hien niem say me li tudng va nidm khat khao
dupc chien dau, hi sinh cho each mang tren tinh than lac quan chidn thing
ciia mot ngUdi thanh nien cong san.
Tap tho gdm ba phan : Mau Ida, Xiing xich, Giai phong ghi lai ba chang
dudng dau tranh va trudng thanh ciia Td HOu ti^ khi gilc ngd li tudng den
Cach mang thang Tam.
Bai TCt i'y dUpc rut tif phan Mau Ida ciia tap tho.
Tiidy trong tdi bitng ndng hq

' Mat trdi chdn li ehdi qua tim
Hdn tdi la mot vudn hoa Id
Rdt ddm huang vd rdn tiing chim...
Tdi budc long tdi vdi mgi ngudi

Ditinh trang trdi vdi trdm nai
Dihdn tdi vdi bao hdn khd
Gdn gui nhau them mqnh khd'i ddi.
Tdi da la con cda vqn nhd

Ld em cda vqn kiip phdi pha'
Ld anh cda vqn ddu em nhd
(X)
Khdng do cam, cu bdt cuba^ ...
7 -1938
(TO HUU, Tha, NXB Giao due, Ha Ndi, 2002)
(1) Kiip phdi pha : b day co le tac gia mudn noi de'n nhOng kie'p sdng mon moi, dang thuong.
(2) CA bdt cii ba: bo vo khdng noi nuong tua.
87
Hl/dNG DAN HOC BAI

1. Tim bilu tam trang cua Td Hiiu trong giay phut bit gap li tudng cdng san. Qua
hinh anh "Mat trdi chan If choi qua tun", cd thi bilu quan ni^m cua nha tiia vl
ll tudng cdng san nhu thi' nao ?
2. Nhan xet dac dilm chung vl gil tri bilu cam cua elc tfi ngfi : bdng (nlng ha),
choi (qua tim), rdt ddm (huang), rdn (tidng chim).
3. Ll tudng edng san da dem din cho Td Hfiu su thfic tinh vl mdi quan hi tinh cam
mdi nhu thi nao ? Vi sao su thfic tinh vl quan he tinh cam Iy lai dem di'n cho
Td' Hfiu sfic manh va nilm vui ?
4. Nhan xet vl gigng didu chung cua bai tha.
5. Qua nhiing tfi lap lai b diu cau : £)/(clu 6 - 7), Ld (elu 10-11), anh (ehi) hay
neu cam nhan cua minh vl nhip tha va tie dung bilu cam eua nd.
6. Hgc thudc long bai tha.
TRI THLTC DOC - Hliu

To Hfiu va viec hien dai hoa tho triJr tinh each mang Viet Nam
Tho tri? tinh chinh trj - each mang Viet Nam xua't hi§n cijng vdi cac phong trao each mang Vi§t Nam
tir dau the ki XX nhu phong trao Duy tan, Dong du, Ddng Kinh nghia thuc vdi cac ten tudi nhir
Phan Boi Chau, Phan Chau Trinh, Huynh Thuc Khang,... va tho ciia cac chidn sTcdng sin trong tii
nhu Tran Cung, TrUdng Chinh, Xuan Thuy,... Hau het tho ca each mang thdi ay deu mang hinh thite
truyen thdng nhu tho Dudng luat, tho luc bat, song that luc bat v6i cac hinh anh udc l§ nhU "cita
ddc lap", "ddn tudo", "hon mau ndng", "chieu hdn nUdc", "vp khuydn chdng",... rat it tinh ca thi.
Sdng trong bau khong khi ciia phong trao Tho mdi, Td Hull da sif dung hinh thirc tho mdi de tao
ra tieng ndi mdi cho tho ca each mang va ban than dng cung la nha tho mdi trong ddng tho each
mang. Ong dem den mot chii the trur tinh nhiet huyet, trd trung, mang dam ti'nh ca the vdi nhOtig
hinh anh mdi gan lien vdi sU cam thu, the nghiem ciia thi sT. (Vi du : "Tif ^y trong tdi bCmg ning ha -
Mat trdi chan li ch6i qua tim - Hdn tdi ia mot vudn hoa la - Rlt dam huong va rdn tieng chim..." -
TCf ay ; hay : "Khi ta da say miji hupng chan If - Ddi dang cay khdng mdt chut ngpt btii - Odi dau
budn khdng mot tieng cudi vui - Ddi den tdi phai di tim anh sang" - NhU nhifng con tiiu;...). Td HOU
da lam cho tho each mang cd hinh thifc hien dai va giau SIJTC h^p d i n ddi vdi tudi tre.
Vdi tap tho TU ay, 16 HOu da bac chiec cau ndi giOa hinh thirc tho mdi vdi tho ca each mang.
Qua do, cac nha tho mdi tha'y mdt kha nang dem tho ca gan bo vdi li tudng each mang, cdn cac
nha tho each mang tha'y mdt phuong hudng lam cho tieng tho each mang ddi mdi, g i n vdi tam hdn
ngudi duong thdi.
88
DOC THEM
.A. - , y^
NHO DONG
TO HUU
TIEU DAN
Bai Nhd ddng thudc phin Xl4ng xich trong tap TCf i'y, dupe viet vao thang
7-1939 trong nha lao ThCfa PhO 6 Hud.
Tang Vinh^'^
Gi sdu bdng nhdng trua thuang nhd
Hiu quanh ben trong mdt tie'ng hd !
Ddu gid cdn tham ddt nhd miii

Ddu rudng tre^ ' mdt thd yen vui
Ddu tdng d mq xanh man mdn
Ddu nhitng nuang khoai nggt sdn hiii ?
Ddu nhitng dudng con budc vqn ddi

Xdm nhd tranh thdp ngu im hai
Giita ddng ngdy thdng dm u dd
Khdng doi, nhung md trdi cit trdi...
Gi sdu bdng nhitng trua hiu quanh

Oi rudng ddng que thuang nhd ai!
Ddu nhdng lung cong xudng ludng cdy

Md bUn hi vong ndc huang ngdy
(1) Vinh : tic Id Nguyen Chi Thanh, ngudi Thiita Thien, ban hoat ddng each mang vdi Td Hiiu,
cung bi bat vao nha lao Thiita Phii nam 1939.
(2) Rudng tre : rSng tre, luy tre (tiS^ng dia phuong vung Trung B6).
(3) Mdt vdi y tho va hinh anh trong doan nay co le dupc gpi y tir bai tho MUa gieo hat, bud'i chieu
ciia Vich-to Huy-gd.
89
Vd ddu hit nhitng bdn tay dy
Vdi gid'ng tung trdi nhitng sdm mai ?
Ddu nhdng chieu suangphu bdi ddng

Lua mem xao xdc d ven sdng
vdng len trong tieng xe lua nudc
Mdt gigng hd dua hd ndo ndng
Gi sdu bdng nhitng trua thuang nhd

Hiu quanh ben trong mdt tieng hd !
Ddu ddng hinh quen, ddu cd rdi

Sao md cdch biet, qud xa xdi
Chao di thuang nhd, chao thuang nhd
Oi me gid xa dan chii'c ai!
Ddu nhitng hdn thdn tuthudxua

Nhiing hdn quen ddi gid ddm mUa
Nhitng hon chdt phdc Men nhuddt
' ' (3)
Khoai sdn tinh qui rdt thiet thd I
Ddu nhicng ngdy xua, tdi nhd tdi
Bdn khoan di kiem leyeu ddi
Vdn va theo mdi vdng quanh qudn
Mud'n thodt, than di, budc chdng rdi
Rdi mdt hdm ndo, tdi thdy tdi

Nhe nhdng nhu con chim cd lai
Say ddng huang ndng vui ca hdt
Trin chin tdng cao bdt ngdt trdi...
(1) Tieng xe lua nudc : tife'ng xe nudc dang hoat ddng. Ae nudc : cdng cu muc chuyin nudc bang
banh xe ldn, gdn nhilu dng tre (hoac vdu) da vat di mdt niia, khi bdnh quay co thi dua dupc
nudc tir sdng, sudi, kfenh, muong tnit vao mang ddn tudi rudng (gidng nhu cai cpn, cdi gudng nudc
d cac tinh mifo niii phia bdc).
(2) Hd: mdt kiû ngan khi ho.
(3) Thiet thd : that tha (tie'ng miln Trung va miln Nam).
(4) Cd lai: chim son ca (chii giai cua tac gia).
90
Cho tdi chUddy, tdi chd ddy

Tdi ma qua cita kham bao ngdy
Tdi thu tdt cd trong thdm lang
Nhu cdnh chim budn nhd gid mdy.
Gi sdu bdng nhdng trua hiu quanh

Oi rudng ddng que thuang nhd ai!
. Thang 7-1939
(TO HUU, Tha, Sdd)
Hl/dNG DAN DOC THEM
1. Hay chi ra nhiing cau tho dugc lap di lap lai nhilu lin trong bai (co chd biln ddi chiit it)
va cho bie't hieu qua nghe thuat cua chiing trong viec the hien ndi nhd cua tac gia.
2. Ddng que hien len qua ndi nhd cua tac gia vdi nhiing canh sic, nhfing bdng dang con
ngucfi nao ?
3. Tam trang cua tac gia da diln bien nhu thi nao trong bai tho ?
4. Bai tho cd ten la Nhd ddng nhung cam xiic va hinh anh khdng chi dimg b ndi "nhd
ddng", vay vl thuc cha't, ndi nilm Iy g6m nhOng cam xiic gi va hudng vl dau ?
LUYEN TAP VE CAU NGHI VAN TU TlT

KET QUA CAN DAT
• Ndm dugc hieu qud diin dqt cda cdu nghi vdn tu td.
• Biit van dung hiiu biit noi trin vdo viec dgc • hiiu vdn
bdn vd ldm vdn.
1. Dgc cle doan trich sau va tra ldi cau hdi ndu d dudi.
- NGUViN VU (lat dat v l xge xach) - Kia, thdy Cd.
VtJ N H U " T 6 - Lay Cu ldn.
(1) Khdm : nha tu, nha giam (tie'ng miln Trung va miln Nam).
91

NGUYEN VU - Thdy cd biet viec gi khdng ?

VU NHU"TO -Bdm Cu ldn, khdng. Duy cd bd Dan Thiim ddy viia mdi bdo
vdi chdng tdi rdng Nguyen Qudn cdng ldm phdn.
N G U Y I N VU (hit ham hoi Dan Thilm) - Thi ndo ?
DAN THIEM - Chung tdi ciing khdng rd. Nghe nhu Qudn cdng ldm phdn.
(Nguyin Huy Tudng - Vu NhuTd)
- Gi sdu bdng nhitng trua thucmg nhd

Hiu quanh ben trong mdt tiing hd !
(TdUvta-Nhd ddng)
Vl hieu qua diln dat, cau nghi vin trong doan trich thfi hai cd gi khac so vdi
nhihig cau nghi v&n trong doan trich thfi nhit ? Nlu cln diln dat hai cau tha tren
bang van xudi thi anh (chi) vid't thi nao ?
2. Hay ndu vai trd va tac dung nghl thult eua elu nghi vin tu tfi trong bai tho
Nhd ddng ciia Td Hfiu.
3. Dgc elc doan trich sau, tra ldi cau hoi va thuc hiln nhidm vu nlu b dudi.
- Nhitng ngudi ndy cdy bung tai cho ditng nghe thdy tiing ggi phuang xa. Hg
quyit gid: trgn nghia thuy chung vdi ndng tha cii. Nhung hg dd bi rudng ray md
khdng hay. Co phdi Nguyin Giang cdng d trong bgn nhitng ngudi xdu sd dy ?
(Hoki Thanh - Mot thdi dqi trorig thi ca)
- Cdi xd hdi Au chdng ra Au, Hdn chdng ra Hdn ndy, hd khdng phdi bdi cdc
nhdn vdt gid ddi Au chdng ra Au, Hdn chdng ra Hdn dy mda but khua luai md. gay
nin u ?
(Ngd Dlic K l - Ludn ve chdnh hgc cUng td thuye't
Qud'c vdn - "Kim Vdn Kieu" - ISlguyin Du)
a) Tim ham y tra ldi (khang dinh hay phii dinh) trong mdi cau nghi vlh hi tit
thudc tfing doan trich trin.
b) Trong cle ham y tra ldi dd, cd phin ndi dung nao chung ?
c) Tim trong tha, van nhihig cau nghi vin tu tfi cd phin ndi dung chung WOng
tu nhu vfia thly b muc b.
d) Chuyin nhfing cau nghi vSm tu tfi trdn day thanh cau trin thuat.
92
4. Dgc cac doan trich sau, tra ldi cau hdi vl thuc hidn nhiem vu neu b dudi.
Ndi sao chdng biet hd thdm
Ngudi ta hd phdi la cdm thu sao ?
(Nguyin Dmh Chiiu - Truyen Luc Vdn Tien)
- Nhu tren kia da ndi, thdi do "nghe thudt vi nghe thudt" chi cd mdt li do : Id
mudn thodt li thixc ti Tuy vdy ddu cd thodt li thifc tidi nita, thi su thuc vdn la su
thuc.^ Mdt ngudi ndm trin giudng binh cd thi tudng tugng la minh khoevd tukhdc
khoe hay khdng ?
(Dang Thai Mai - Vdn hoc Ichdi ludn)
- Hdn lac ddu :
^ - Khdng dugc ! Ai cho tao luang thien ? Ldm thi ndo cho mdt dugc nhitng vit
mdnh chai tren mat ndy ? Tao khdng thi Id ngudi luang thien nita. Bie't khdng !
(Nam Cao-ChiPhio)
a) Tim ham y tra ldi (khing dinh hay phu dinh) trong mdi cau nghi vin tu tfi
thudc fiftig doan trich trdn.
b) Trong eac ham y tra ldi dd, ed phin ndi dung nIo chung ?
c) Tim trong tha, van nhfing cau nghi vin tu tfi cd phin ndi dung chung tuona
tu nhu vfia thly b muc b.
d) Chuyin nhfing cau nghi vlh tu tfi trdn day thinh cau trin thuat.
5. Vie't mdt doan van, trong dd cd dung cau nghi vSm tu tfi.
THAO TAC LAP LUAN BINH LUAN

• • •
KET QUA CAN DAT

• Ndm dugc ndi dung, tdc dung vd cdch van diing thao
tdc lap ludn binh ludn.
• Bii't binh ludn vi mdt vdn di xdhdi hodc vdn hoc.
1. Binh ludn va tac dung cua binh luan

Binh ludn la ban bac vl dinh gil vl su diing sai, that gia, hay dd, Igi hai ciia
cle hiln tugng ddi sd'ng nhu y kiln, chu truong, su viec, con ngudi, tic phim
93
van hoc,... Mgi mgudi trong xa hdi diu cd nhu elu bmh luin nhim bay to y kiln
eua minh dd'i vdi mgi vide diln ra trong xa hdi^^\ Binh luan cd tic dung rlt to ldn:
khang dinh cai dung, eli hay, eli that, cii Igi; phe binh eli sai, eli dd, len In cai
xlu, eli ac nham lam cho xa hdi ngay cang tiln bd.
Dgc van bin sau va tra ldi cau hdi ndu b dudi.
THCii GIAN NHAN R 6 |

"Ngudi ta thudng chia thdi gian mdi ngay thanh ba phin : tam gid lam viec,
tim gid ngu va tim gid nhan rdi, mac du khdng phai ai cung cd dugc ti le diu dan
nhu the'. Hai tilng "nhan rdi" gay cho ta In tugng tim gid khdng lam gi, cd ve v6
thudng vd phat, khdng quan trgng.
Ki thuc thdi gian nhan rdi la cue ki quy blu. Dd la thdi gian dl mdi ngudi
sd'ng cudc sd'ng ridng cua minh. Dd la thdi gian dl dgc sach bao, tu hgc, xem ti vi,
chert thi thao, dan hit, mua nhay, ve tranh, lam tha, di mua sIm, giao luu vdi ban
be,.tham vieng nhihig ngudi rudt thit,... Thdi gian nhan rdi lam eho ngudi ta gilu
cd ban vl tri tud, tang cudng them ve sfic khoe, phIt triln them vl nang khilu, ca
tinh, phong phu them ve tinh thin, quan hi. Thidu thdi gian nhan rdi, ddi sd'ng con
ngudi se ngheo nin, tham chi la khdng cd cudc sd'ng ridng nfta !
Dinh gia ddi sd'ng mdi ngudi cao hay thIp hay nhin vao thdi gian nhan rdi eiia
hg. Cd ngudi lam vide "diu tit mat tdi" khdng ed lly chut nhan rdi. Cd ngUoi
phung phi thdi gian Iy vao cae cudc nhau nbet triln midn. Cd ngudi biet dung thdi
gian Iy dl phIt triln chinh minh. Phai lam sao dl mdi ngudi cd thdi gian nhan rdi
va bie't sfi dung him ich thdi gian ay la mdt vlh dl ldm cua xa hdi cd van boa.
Danh gia ddi sd'ng mdt xa hdi cung phai xem xa hdi Iy da tao dieu kiln cho
con ngudi sd'ng vdi thdi gian nhan rdi nhu thi nao. Cdng vidn, bao tang, thu viin,
(1) Tham khao truySn cudi sau : Cd hai dng chdu np mdt hdm dat con l&a di ehp. Mdt ngudi trdng
tha'y bao : "Xem hai nguoi ngd'c chua kia, c6 con lira ma khdng bilt cudi !". Ngucri dng nghe
thay ben cudi lira, dl diia chau di bp. Mdt ngudi trdng thSy bao : "Thang be be thi ma khdng
cho no cuoi lira, tdi chua". Lin nay ngucri dng dl chau cuoi, con minh di bd. Mdt ngucri c6 hoc
trdng thay ben mang thang be : "May that bat hiiu, sao khdng bilt nhudng lira cho ngUdi
bac tren ?". Nghe vfty, hai dng chau khdng bilt lam thi nao, danh cdrig con liia ra ehp !".
cau chuyen cho tha'y nhu cdu binh luan trong xa hdi r^tphd biln va cd tac ddng rat ldn din
ngudi trong cudc.
94
nha hat, nha hang, cau lac bd, san van ddng, dilm vui choi,... la nhfing eli khdng
thi thilu. Xa hdi cang phat triln thi cle phuomg tidn Iy cang nhilu, cang da dang
va hiln dai.
Xa hdi ta dang cham lo cle phuang tien Iy, nhung vin cdn cham, cdn so sai,
chua cd su quan tam dung mfic, nhit 11 d cac vung ndng thdn.
Thdi gian nhin rdi chinh la thdi gian cua van boa va phIt triln. Mgi ngudi va
toan xa hdi hay cham lo thdi gian nhan rdi cua mdi ngudi".
(Phong theo Hiiu Thp)
Cdu hoi
a) Van ban ban vl v& dl gi ?
b) Tic gia bilu va dinh gil y nghia thdi gian nhan rdi nhu thi nao ?
e) Thdi gian nhan rdi lidn quan din nhfing vlh dl gi trong xa hdi ?
d) Tie gia cd dl nghi gi dd'i vdi mdi ngudi vl xa hdi ?
2. Cach sir dung thao tac ldp ludn binh ludn
, Mudn binh luan mdt vin dl, ngudi ta thudng thuc hien cle budc sau :
a) Xlc dinh dd'i tugng binh luan : binh luan mdt hien tugng ddi sd'ng, mdt
nhan vat lich sfi, mdt y kiln hay mdt tic phim van hgc, mdt bd phim, mdt nhan vat
van hgc,...
b) Gidi thidu dd'i tugng binh luan : mud'n eho ngudi dgc bilt binh luan eli gi
ngudi binh luan phai ggi ten dd'i tugng binh luan, tnnh bay hidn tugng, trich din y
kiln, gidi thieu t|c phim van hgc hay nhan vat van hgc.
e) Dl xult y kiln binh luan. Di cd y kiln bin bac, dinh gil dd'i tugng, ngudi
binh luan cln phai:
- Phan tich dd'i tugng mdt each cu die. Tuy theo tinh chit ciia dd'i tugng, ehi ra
cai dung, cii td't, eli Igi hoac cii sai, eli xlu, cii hai mdt cleh khich quan,
tmng thuc.
- Nhin nhin dd'i tugng tfi nhilu quan he. Mdi su vat, hidn tugng diu cd quan
hi vdi nhilu su vat hien wgng khic. Vi thi khi danh gil dung, sai, Igi, hai, td't, xlu
cln xem xet nhilu quan hi mdi dily hit tmh chit, y nghia cua vin dl, trinh cii
nhin thiin lich, Ip dat.
d) Trong qua trinh binh luan, cln van dung cle thao tic lap luan nhu phan
tfch, giai thich, chfing minh, so sinh,... dl tnnh biy y kiln bmh luan ciia mmh sao
cho sing to, thuyi't phuc va blp din.
95
Khdng phai y kiln binh luin nao cimg hay, dung va co sfic thuylt phuc. Mudn
nlu dugc y kiln binh luin cd fch va co sfic thuylt phuc, ngudi bmh luin mdt mat
phai cd ll tudng xa hdi tidn bd, cd tu tudng nhin van, cd y thfic din chu, co hiiu
bilt ve cudc sdng, cd kiln thfic vl linh vuc cln ban ; mat khac lai phai bilt each
lap luin binh luin.
LUYEN TAP
1. Dgc van ban sau va tra ldi cle cau hoi nlu b dudi.
L6NGD6K!
"Trong ddi sd'ng, ta thudng thly mdt hien tugng xlu la long dd ki. Thly ai co
chut thanh tfch, ke dd' ki cam thly khd chiu, dau kh6 nhu minh bi mit mat dilu
gi, tilp dd nay sinh nhfing phan fing benh hoan.
Trong ldp, mdt hgc sinh ed thanh tfch hgc tdp gidi, ngudi cd tfnh dd ki se ndi
bdng gid la ban Iy kheo lam than vdi eae thly cac cd. Thly ban cd bd d6 mdi
hgp thdi trang, ngudi dd ki tim elch dim, bao : "Bau gi, hang thung Iy ma !".
Thly mdt ddi vg chdng dep ddi, hanh phuc, ke dd ki Uln ndi ddc milng : "Rdi
xem, dugc bao lau !".
Hien tugng dd ki trong ddi sd'ng da ed tfi xua. Thdi Tam qud'c cd danh tudng
Ddng Ngd la Chu Du, ndi tilng thao luge nhimg lai cd tmh dd ki. Thly Gia Cat
Lugng tai ba, Du da nhilu lin tim elch chfing td minh la ngudi tai "dl nhit
thien ha", nhung lin nao cung bi thua. Ldng dd ki cdn khid'n Chu Du tim
kl' sleh ham hai Gia Cit Lugng, nhung lin nao Lugng cung doan bilt vl
tholt hilm. Khi nhan ra tai trf cua minh khdng bing Gia Cat Lugng, Du da
ngfia mat lin trdi ma than : "Trdi da sinh Du, sao cdn sinh Lugng !". Ciu
ndi dd da bdc Id chan tudng cua ngudi dd ki : khdng chip nhin thuc tl
ngudi khic ban minh.
Ldng do ki cd thi gin vdi su hidu thing, mdt tdm If mud'n chiing to minh
khdng thua chung kem ban, thdm chf ban ngudi. Tmh hii'u thing cd thi c6 tac
dung kich thich ngudi ta phin diu, canh tranh vugt ldn nguoi khac, co y nghia
tiln bd nhit dinh. Tdm If dd ki ngugc lai, chi la su bidn dang cua long hiiu
thing. D6 ki la tim If eua ke thit bai. Ddng ca kfch thich phdn ddu giam sdt,
96
ml y mudn ha thIp, ham hai ngudi khac dl thoa ldng fch ki tang ldn. Phdn tfch
ldng dd ki, nha trilt hgc Hi Lap cd dai A-ri-xtd't da ndi: "Ngudi dd ki sd di cam
thly din vat dau ddn khdng ehi vi cam thly minh thua kem ma cdn vi phai nhin
thly ngudi khac thanh cdng". Nha trilt hgc da chi ra thuc chit ke dd ki la ke
khdng mud'n nhin thly ngudi khic thinh cdng.
Trdn thue tl, khdng mdt ldng dd ki nao cd thi ngan can dugc ngudi khic
thanh cdng, cho ndn ldng d6 ki chi cd hai eho ban than ke dd ki. Nd vfia lim
cho ke dd ki khdng duge sd'ng thanh than, ludn din vat khd dau vi nhfing If do
khdng chfnh ding, lai vfia cd thi din hg din nhihig muu dd xlu xa, tham chf
pham tdi ac. Ke dd ki khdng bilu rang "ngoai trdi cdn cd trdi" (cao hem),
"ngoai niii cdn cd nui" (cao hem), minh tai cdn ed ngudi tai hom.
Ldng dd ki la mdt tfnh xlu cln khic phuc. Con ngudi cln phai ed ldng cao
thugng, rdng rai, bilt vui vdi thanh cdng cua ngudi khic. Tinh cam cao thugng
khdng ehi giup con ngudi sd'ng thanh than, ma cdn cd tic dung thuc dly xa hdi
va ddng loai tiln bd".
(Phong theo Bang Son)
Cdu hoi
a) Dd'i tugng binh ludn trong bai 11 gi ?
b) CIch ndu dd'i tugng binh luan nhu the nao ?
c) Bai vilt da van dung nhfing thao tic lap luan nao ?
d) Van ban kit luan nhu thi nao vl ldng dd ki ?
97
7.NV11/2NC-A ^'

y ^
VE LUAN LI XA HOI O NUOC TA

(Trich Dqo ddc vd ludn li Dong Tdy)
PHAN CHAU TRINH
KET QUA CAN OAT

• Hiiu dugc tinh thdn yiu nudc vd md'i quan tdm ddc biet
cda Phan Chdu Trinh tdi vdndi ddn tri khi keu goi gdydung
nin ludn li xd hdi d nudc ta.
• Thdy dugc sdc thuye't phuc cda bdi diin thuye't qua
doqn trich.
TIEU DAN
Phan Chau Trinh (1872 - 1926)

tu Tif Can, hieu Tay Ho, biet hieu Hi
IVIa, ngirdi lang Tay Lpc, huyen Tien
Phude, phu Tam Ki (nay la thdn Tay
Ho, xa Tam Lpc, huyen Phu Ninh),
tinh Quang Nam. Ong la nha yeu
nudc va each mang Idn ciia Ijch sir
Viet Nam giai doan dau the ki XX.
Nam 1901, sau khi dd Phd bang,
dng CO ra lam quan mot thdi gian
ngan roi cao ve, di khap trong nUde
roi sang Trung Qudc, Nhat Ban de
xem xet thdi cudc. Phan Chau Trinh
chii truong bai bo che dp quan chii,
thuc hien dan chii, khai thdng dan tri, md mang cdng thuong nghiep ; Ipi dung
chieu bai "khai hoa" cOa thi/c dan Phap de dau tranh hpp phap, khdng tan
thanh bao dong hay nhd ngoai vien. NSm 1908, khi phong trao chdng sUU
thue day len 6 Trung Ki, dng bj bat day di Cdn Dao ciing vdi nhieu chi sT khac.
Ba nam sau, khi dupc tra tu do, Phan Chau Trinh xin sang Phap vdi ^ do tranh thii
su giup dd ciia Hdi Nhan quyen Phap ddi chinh quyen thuc dan d Ddng
Duong cai each chinh trj nhUng cdng viec khdng thanh. NSm 1925, dng vi Sai
Gon, chua kip thUc hien ke hoach hoat ddng mdi ciia minh thi bj dm nang r6i
98 ?NV11/2NC^

mat ngay 24 - 3 -1926. L l truy dieu Phan Chau Trinh trd thanh mdt phong
trao van ddng al qudc rdng khap ca nUdc.
Phan Chau Trinh viet rat nhieu, bang ca chii Han, chO Ndm, chi? qud'c
ngii. Ong noi tie'ng vdi nhung ang van chinh luan day tinh cha't hijng bien, co
lap luan danh thep. Ong sang tac nhieu tho, tat ca deu tha'm nhuan tu tudng
yeu nudc va tinh than dan chO. Cac tac pham chi'nh : Dau Phap chinh phO thu
(1906), Tinh quoc hon ca I, II (1907,1922), Giai nhan ki ngo dien ca (1915), Tay H6
thi tap (khoang 1904 - 1914) va Xang-te thi tap (1914 - 1915), Thit dieu tran
(1922), Dao dUc va luan li Dong Tay (1925), Quan trj chCi nghia va Dan tri chCi
ng/7/-a(1925),...
Ve luan lixa hoi d nudc ta la mdt doan trich trong phan III ciia bai Dao dUc
va luan li Dong Tay (gom nSm phan chinh, ke ca nhap de va ket luan), dupc
Phan Chau Trinh diln thuye't vao dem 19 -11 -1925 tai nha Hdi Thanh nien d
Sai Gdn.
*
* *
1. Xa hdi luan If that trong nude ta tuydt nhien khdng ai bilt din, so vdi qud'c
gia luan If thi ngudi minh cdn dot nit hom nhilu . Mdt tilng be ban khdng thi
(2)
thay cho xa hdi luan If duge, cho ndn khdng can cat nghia lim gi .
Tuy trong sleh Nho cd cdu : "Sfia nha tri nude rdi mdi yen thien ha". Hai ehfi
"thien ha" dd tfic la xa hdi. Ngay nay nhfing ke hgc ra lam quan cung vd ve nhic
(1) Theo Phan Chau Trinh, luan li phucmg Tay da phat triln qua ba giai doan, tir gia dinh, len qudc
gia, din xa hdi. Trong thoi Trung cd, luin li mdi chi la luto li gia dinh, gia dinh nao bilt gia
dinh na[y ; khi cac qud'c gia hinh thanh (khoang thi ki XVI) thi co luta li qud'c gia, qud'c gia nao
lo cung cd, phat triln qud'c gia na'y ; chi sau Chien tranh the gidi thii nha't, cai tu tucmg vl luan If
xa hdi mdi thuc su dupc dl xudng va xay dung. Luan li xa hdi tiic la luan If cua chu nghia xa
hdi, coi trpng su binh dang cua con ngucri, khdng chi quan tam din tumg gia dinh, qud'c gia ma
cdn din ca thi gidi. Ciing theo Phan Chau Trinh, trong xa hdi Viet Nam then do, ca luan If gia
dinh lan luan If qud'c gia (ma phdn cdt loi la y thiic nghia vu dd'i vdi qud'c gia) deu da tieu vong.
Day chfnh la nguyen nhan gd'c ciia tinh trang mat nudc. Rieng vl luan If xa hoi la thii luan If
dang dupc c6 vu d cac nudc phuong Tay thi ngudi dan ta chua cd y niem gi. Luu y : tac gia
dftng khai niem theo cii phap tilng Han ; b day, xd hdi ludn li hay qud'c gia ludn li chfnh la ludn
li xdhdi, ludn li qudc gia theo each ndi quen thudc hien nay.
(2) Y ca cau : Khdng thi hiiu don gian rang luan If xa hdi chang qua chi la tinh cam ban be giiia
ngudi nhy vdi ngucri khac.
99
den hai chfi dd nhung chi lam trd cuoi cho ke thfic gia^^^ ddy thdi. Cai chu y bmh
thidn ha mit di da tfi llu rdi^ '.
2. Cai xa hdi chu nghia^^^ bin Au chiu rlt thinh hanh nhu thd, da phdng dai^"*^
ra nhu thi, thi ma ngudi bdn ta thi dilm nhiln nhu ke ngu khdng bilt gi la gi.
Thuang hai thay ! Ngudi nudc ta khdng bilu eli nghia vu loai ngudi an cf vdi loai
ngudi da danh, de'n cii nghia vu mdi ngudi trong nude cung chua bilu gi ca. Ben
Phap, mdi khi ngudi cd quyln thi, hoac chfnh phu, lly sfic manh ma de nen quyln
Igi ridng eua mdt ngudi hay eua mdt hdi nao, thi ngudi ta hoac klu nai, hoac
chdng cu, hoac thi oai^ \ van dung^ ' ki eho dih dugc cdng binh mdi nghe.
Vi sao ma ngudi ta lam dugc nhu thi ? La vi ngudi ta cd doan thi, cd cdng
dfic biet gifi Igi chung vdy. Hg nghi rang neu nay dl eho ngudi ed quyen luc de
nen ngudi nay thi mai It cung lly quyln luc Iy di de nen minh, eho ndn phai hiep
nhau lai phdng ngfia trudc. Ngudi ta cd an hgc bilt xet ki thly xa nhu thi, cdn
ngudi nudc minh thi sao ? Ngudi minh thi phai ai tai nly , ai chit mac ai ! Di
dudng gap ngudi bi tai nan, gap ngudi yeu bi ke manh bit nat cung nga mat di
qua, hinh nhu ngudi bi nan khdn Iy khdng can tbidp gi de'n minh.
Da bie't sd'ng thi phai bdnh vuc nhau, dng cha minh ngay xua cung da bilu
de'n. Cho nen mdi cd cau : "Khdng ai be dua ea nam" va "Nhilu tay lam nen
(1) Thicc gid -. ngudi cd kiln thiic, hpc vSii.

(2) Y ca doan : Tu tudng "binh thien ha" cua Khdng - Manh cd dilm tuong ddng. vdi tu tudng vl
each mang thi gidi, vl viec xay dung nin luan If xa hdi dang dupc c6 vu d cac nudc phuong
Tay hien thoi, tuy vay, khdng m^y ke thudng quen mdm ndi din ba chtt "binh thidn ha" hiiu
dupc dung ban cha't cua v^n dl, te hon, cd khi xuyen tac nguyen y cua Khdng - Manh.
(3) Xa hdi chu nghia : tiic chu nghia xa hdi, ndi theo cu phap tiling Han, mdt luto thuylt chinh tri -
xa hdi dl cao quyln binh dang ciing nhu trach nhidm cua con ngudi b cip dd toan thi gidi (theo
each hieu cua Phan Chau Trinh).
(4) Phdng dqi: phat trien rdng (nghia trong van canh).
(5) Thi oai (tiic thi uy): phd bay siic manh.
(6) Van dung : cd tai lieu ghi la van ddng.
(7) Cdng ddc : y thiic san sang lam viec chung, san sang giup dd lan nhau va tdn trpng quyln Ipi
cua ngudi khac (nghia trong van canh).
(8) Phdi ai tai ndy : ai bi tai hoa thi chiu la'y, ngudi khac khdng quan tam (tai: tai hoa).
(9) Khdn : khd sd.
(10) Can thiep : can he, liin quan.
100
bdp . The' thi dan tdc Viet Nam nay hdi e6 so cung bilt doan thi, biet edng
fch , ciing gdp gid lam bao, gium^ ^ cay lam riing, khdng din ndi tro trgi, lo llo,
sg set, 11 li nhu ngay nay.
Ddn khdng biet doan thi, khdng trgng cdng fch la bdi ba bd'n tram nam trd vl
dly, bgn hgc trd trong nude mle^ ^ ham quyln tude, ham ba vinh hoa cua cle trilu
vua ma sinh ra gia dd'i ninh hdt, chi bilt cd vua ma chang bilt cd dan. Bgn Iy
mudn gifi tui tham minh duac dly mai, dia vi eua minh duoc vung mai, ben kilm
' (5) ' • o
cleh thilt phip luat, phi tan tinh doan the cua qud'c dan.
Diu trdi ndi, diu cue khd thi nao mac ldng, miln la ed ke mang dai ddi mu^^^
ngit ngudng ngdi trdn, cd ke lo rdng khan den*^^^ liic nhuc lay dudi, tram nghin
nam nhu thi ciing xong ! Ddn khdn ma chi ! Ddn ngu ma chi ! Dan Igi ma chi !
Dan hai ma chi! Dan cang nd Id, ngdi vua cang lau dai, bgn quan lai cang phii quy !
Chang nhihig thi ma thdi, "mdt ngudi lim quan mdt nha ed phude", diu tham, diu
nhung , dau va vet, diu nit tia cua dan thi nao ciing khdng ai pham binh ; diu
lly lua cua dan mua vudn slm rudng, xay nha lam cfia ciing khdng ai che bai.
Ngudi ngoai thi khen die thdi , ngudi nha thi dua hoi quan, khiln nhfing ke ham
mdi phu quy khdng dua chen vio dim quan trudng sao dugc. Quan lai ddi xua ddi
nay cua ta la thi dly ! Luan li eua bgn thugng luu - tdi khdng ggi bgn Iy la
thugng luu, tdi chi mugn hai chfi thugng luu ndi cho anh em dl bilu ma thdi - d
nudc ta la thi dly !
Ngay xua thi bgn Iy la bgn Nho hgc da dd duge cii bing cfi nhan, tiln si,
ngay nay thi bgn Iy la bgn Tay hgc da dugc eli chfic kf luc^ \ thdng ngdn ; cd
khi bdi blp dua vao than thi eua ehii cung ra lam quan nfia. Nhimg bgn quan lai da
ndi d trin nay chi cdn mdt tilng chi dung han la lu an cudp cd gily phep vay.
(1) Bdp -. tilng vd to.

(2) Cdng ich : viec Ipi chung.
(3) Gium: chum.
(4) Mdc: ban.
(5) Thii't: lam ra, dung lin.
(6) Ke'mang dai dpi mu : chi chung vua quan ngdi 6 ngdi cao.
(7) Kedo rdng khdn den : chi chung quan lai thudc ngach dudi hoac lu thudc ha.
(8) Nhiing : quay rd'i.
(9) Ddc thdi: hpp thdi.
(10) Kl luc : vien chiic phu trach viec gia'y td, s6 sach b cac cdng sd.
(11) Thdng ngdn : ngudi Ikm viec phien dich.
101
Nhumg ke d vudm thly quan sang, quan quyen, cung ben mui lam quan. Nao lo
cho quan, nao Idt eho lai-^\ nao chay ngugc nao chay xudi, diu cd rudng diu
ban trdu cung vui ldng, ehi cln duge lly mdt chfic xa trudng hoac cai tong, dang
ngdi tren, dang an trudc, dang hdng bach thi mdi thdi. Nhihig ke nhu thi ma vin
khdng ai khen che, khdng ai khinh bi, that cung la thay ! Thuang di! Lang ed mdt
tram ddn ma ngudi nay dd'i vdi ke kia deu ngd theo sfic manh, khdng cd mdt chut
gi ggi la dao dfic la luan If ea. Dd la ndi ngudi trong mdt lang dd'i vdi nhau, chf
nhu dd'i vdi ddn kieu eu kf ngu^"*^ thi lai cang ha khic hom nfia. 6i ! Mdt dan tdc
nhu thi thi tu tudng each mang nay nd trong dc chung lam sao duge ! Xa hdi chii
nghia trong nudc Viet Nam ta khdng cd la cung vi thd'.
3. Nay mud'n mdt ngay kia nude Viet Nam dugc tu do ddc ldp thi trudc hit dan
Viet Nam phai cd doan thi da. Ma mud'n ed doan thi thi ed chi hay hom la truyin
ba xa bdi chu nghia trong dan Viet Nam nay.
(Tuyen tap Phan Chdu Trinh, NGUYEN V A N D U D N G
bien soan, NXB Da Nang - Trung tam nghien ciiu Qudc hpc, 1995)
HI/6NG DAN HOC BAI

1. Theo anh (chi), luan If xa hdi ml tic gia ndu trong doan trich nly la gi ?
2. Nhfing bilu hien nIo duge neu trong bai chfing td nudc ta tuydt nhien khdng cd
luan li xa hdi ? Tie gia da td thai dd ra sao dd'i vdi cle hidn tugng dd ?
3. Theo tic gia, mud'n cd ludn If xa hdi thi phai lam nhihig gi ? Anh (chi) bilu dilu
tic gia dl nghi nhu thi nao ?
4. Tim nhung cau cam than trong doan trich. Su xult hien eua nhftng cdu cam than
a'y giup ta bilu them gi vl trang thai cam xuc cung nhu phim chit cua ngudi
diln thuyet ? Hay nhdn xet vl each kit hgp yeu td bieu cam vdi yiu td nghi
luan trong bai van.
5. Anh (ehi) hieu thi nao vl md'i quan he gifia viec tuyen truyin y thfic cdng dan,
gay dung doan the vdi su nghiep gianh tu do, ddc lap cho To qud'c ? .
(1) Lai -. vien chiic giup viec cho quan.

(2) Co : giao tai san cho ngudi khac gitt dl vay tiln ; din han nlu, khdng tra dupc thi tai san cua
minh se thudc vl ngudi cho vay.
(3) Chi: de'n.
(4) Ddn kieu cu ki ngu : dan noi khac din b nhd.
102
BAI TAP NANG CAO
Chu truomg xdy dung nin ludn If xa hdi d Viet Nam ma Phan Chau Trinh hd
hao tfi nhfing nam hai muoi cua the ki trudc den nay cdn ed y nghia thdi su nhu
thi nao?
TRI THLTC DOC HIEU

Tu tudng chinh trj cua Phan Chau Trinh
Phan Chau Trinh chii truong danh dd che dp quan chQ (che dp vua quan phong kien) de thifc
hien cai each xa hdi toan didn theo con dudng cua cac nudc dan chii phuong Tay. Ong khdng tan
thanh dudng Idi bao ddng chdng thUc dan Phap ma ngUpc lai, tin vao kha nang "hpp tac" Phap -
Viet di thuc day cdng cudc Duy tan dat nude. Theo Phan Chau Trinh, mot khi da't nUdc da cudng
thjnh thi ta mdi cd kha nSng li khai vdi bpn thuc dan de gianh ddc lap hoan toan. Vi vay, dng thudng
Ipi dung chieu bai "khai hoa" ma bpn thUc dan dua ra de da'u tranh ddi chung phai khai hoa thifc sU
cho dan Viet Nam, cung cd nghTa la phai thuc hien dan chij.
MOT THOI DAI TRONG THI CA

(Trfch)
HOAI THANH
KET QUA CAN DAT
• Ndm dugc quan niim cda tdc gid vi tha mdi qua vd'n di
cdt yi'u la "tinh thdn tha mdi".
• Thdy dugc cdch diin dqt ti nhi, tdi hoa. ddy sdc thuyi't
phuc cda tdc gid trong doqn trich.
T i i u DAN
Hoai Thanh (1909 -1982) ten khai sinh la Nguyen Dure Nguyen, sinh tai xa
Nghi Trung, huyen Nghi Lpc, tinh Nghe An trong mot gia dinh nha nho ngheo.
Ngay tif thdi di hpc dng da tham gia nhieu phong trao yeu nUdc. Thang 8 -1945,
Hoai Thanh tham gia each mang va lam Chii tjch Hdi Van hoa cifu qudc d
Hue. Ong tifng giii nhieu chifc vu quan trpng trong nganh Van hoa -
Nghe thuat. Hoai Thanh dupe Nha nudc tang Giai thudng Ho Chi Minh ve van
hpc va nghe thuat nam 2000.
103
Hoai Thanh la mdt trong nhiimg

nha phe binh van hpc xult sac nhat
cOa nen van hpc Vidt Nam hien dai.
Ong cd biet tai trong viec tham tho.
Cach phd binh cQa dng thien ve
thudng thirc va ghi nhan an tupng.
Ong gpi Idi phe binh ciia minh la
"lay hdn tdi de hieu hdn ngUdi", tuy
nhien, khdng phSi khdng cd mdt can
cdt If luan vung chac. VSn phe binh
ciia Hoai Thanh thudng nhe nhang,
tinh te, tai hoa va ludn thap thoang
mdt nu cUdi hdm hinh. Tac pham
chinh : VSn chuang va hanh dong
(1936), Thi nhSn Vi§t Nam (1942), Quyin song cOa con ngudi trong "Tnjy$n
KiSu" cCia Nguyen Du (1949), Noi chuyen tha khang chien (1950), Ph§ binh va
tiiu luan (3 tap : 1960, 1965, 1971),... Trong dd dang ke nhat la cudn Thi
. nhan Viet Nam. Day la tuyen tap dau tien ve tho mdi va la dinh cao nhat trong
su nghiep phe binh ciia Hoai Thanh.
Mdt thdi dai trong thi ca la bai tieu luan md dau cudn Thi nhan Vi§t Nam,
la cdng trinh tdng ket cd gia trj ve phong trao Tho mdi.
Doan trich dudi day thudc phan cudi ciia bai tieu luan nay.
*
* *
[...] Bdy gid hay di tim cdi dilu ta eho la quan trgng ban : tinh thin tha mdi.
Gil cle nha tha mdi cfi viet nhfing cdu nhu hai cdu vfia trich trin nay^^^ thi
tiln cho ta bilt mly. Nhung chinh Xudn Didu cdn vilt:
Ngudi giai nhdn : bin dgi dudi cdy gid ;

Tinh du khdch : thuyin qua khdng budc chat.
(1) Trie la hai cau tho cua Xuan Dieu :

Hdm nay tdi dd che't trong ngudi
Xua hen nghin ndm yeu men tdi.
104
Va mdt nha tiia cu^*^ ta canh thu lai cd nhfing cdu nhi nhanh va la led :
O hay ! Cdnh ciing ua ngudi nhi!
Ai thdy ai md chdng ngdn nga ?
Gil trong tha eu chi ed nhihig trin ngdn slo ngft^^\ nhiing bai tho chuc tung,
nhfing bai tha vinh hit cai nay din cai ng, ma eac nhi tho mdi lai chi lam nhihig
bai kiet tie thi cung tien cho ta bilt mly. Khdn ndi, cai tim thudng, eli Id lang
chang phai eua ridng mdt thdi nao va mud'n bilu tinh thin tho eho dung din, phai
sinh bai hay vdi bii hay vdy.
Au 11 ta danh phai nhdn ring trdi ddt khdng phai dung ldn cung mdt lin vdi
thi hi chung ta. Hdm nay da phdi thai tfi hdm qua va trong cai mdi vdn cdn rdt lai
ft nhilu cii cu. Cle thdi dai vdn lidn tilp ciing nhau va mud'n rd dae sic mdi thdi
phai nhin vio dai thi.
Cfi dai tbI thi tit ea tinh thin thdi xua - hay tho cii - va thdi nay - hay tho
mdi - cd thi gdm lai trong hai chfi tdi vl ta. Ngay trudc la thdi chfi ta, bdy gid la
thdi chfi tdi. Ndi gid'ng nhau thi vin cd chd gid'ng nhau nhu chfi tdi vdn gid'ng chfi
ta. Nhung chung ta hay tim nhihig chd khic nhau.
Ngly thfi nhit - ai bilt dich ngay nao - chfi tdi xult hien tren thi dan Viet Nam,
nd thuc bd ngd. Nd nhu lac loai noi dlt khIch. Bdi nd mang theo mdt quan nidm
chua tfing thd'y b xix nay : quan niem cl nhdn. Xa hdi Viet Nam tfi xua khdng cd cl
nhan. Chi cd doan thi: ldn thi qud'c gia, nhd thi gia dinh. Cdn el nhan, cai ban sic
cua el nhan chim dim trong gia dinh, trong qud'c gia nhu gigt nudc trong biln ca.
Ciing ed nhiing bdc ki tai xult diu Id dien. Thing hoac hg ciing ghi hinh anh hg
trong van tha. VI thing hoac trong van tha hg ciing dung din ehfi tdi di ndi
chuydn vdi ngudi'khic. Song diu tlo bao din dau hg ciing khdng mdt lin nao dam
diing chfi tdi di ndi chuyen vdi minh, hay - thi cung thi - vdi tit ca mgi ngudi.
Mdi khi nhin vao tam hdn hg hay dfing trudc loai ngudi menh mdng, hoac hg
khdng tu xung^^\ hoac hg In minh sau ehfi ta, mdt chfi cd thi chi chung nhilu
ngudi. Hg phai elu cfiu doan thi dl trdn cd dom. Chang trich gi tie phim hg vfia
(1) Cd sdch ndi la Ba Huyen Thanh Quan, cd sach ndi la H6 Xuan Huong (theo ldi chii cua
tic gia).
(2) Trdn ngdn sdo nga: thanh ngii Han Viet chi ngdn ngii mdn cu, sao rdng.
(3) Sudt trong "khuc tu tinh" cua Cao Ba Nha dai 538 cau, chfi tdi khdng cd da danh ma cung
khdng cd iay mdt ch& ta (chu thich cua tac gia).
105
ra ddi, doan thi da danh lam cua chung, ldm khi cung chang them ghi tin cua hg.
d phuang Tdy, nhit la tfi khi cd dao Thiin Chua, khdng bao gid ca nhin lai bi re
ning de'n the.
Bdi vdy eho nen, khi chft tdi, vdi cdi nghia tuyet ddi cda nd, xud't hiln gifta thi
dan Vilt Nam, bao nhieu con mat nhin nd mdt each khd chiu. Nd cfi ludn ludn
di theo nhftng chu anh, chft bdc, chft ong da thly chudng. Hud'ng biy gid nd din
mdt minh !
Nhung, ngay mdt ngay hai, nd md't din cii ye bd ngd. Nd dugc vd sd ngudi
quen. Ngudi ta lai cdn thly nd dang thuang. Ma thdt nd tdi nghidp qua !
Thi nhdn ta ea hd da md't bet cii cd't each hidn ngang ngay trudc. Chft ta vdi
hg to rdng qua. Tdm hdn cua hg chi vfia thu trong khudn khd chft toi. Diing cd tim
d hg cai khf phach ngang ting cua mdt thi hao ddi xua nhu Li Thai Bach, trong
trdi dlt chi biet cd tha. Din chut ldng tu trgng cln de khinh canh ea ban, hg cung
khdng ed nfta:
Ndi ddi cay cue dang gia vudt.
Cam do khong dua vdi khdch tha.
Khdng bilt trong khi ren ri nhu the Xudn Dieu cd nghi dih Nguyin Cdng Trfi,
mdt ngudi ddng qudn, chang nhiing da dua canh ngheo ma cdn ld'y canh ngheo
lam vui .
Nhung ta trach gi Xudn Didu ! Xudn Dieu, nha tha dai bilu dly du nhit eho
thdi dai, chi ndi cai khd sd, cai tham hai eua hit thay chung ta.
Ddi chung ta da nim trong vdng chft tdi. Md't bl rdng ta di tim bl sdu. Nhung
cang di sdu cang lanh. Ta tholt ldn tien cung Thi Lft, ta phieu luu trong trudng
tinh cung Luu Trgng Lu, ta dien cudng vdi Han Mac Tfi, Che' Lan Vien, ta dim
say cung Xudn Dieu. Nhung ddng tidn da khep, tinh yeu khdng bin, didn cudng
rdi tinh, say dim vin bo vo. Ta nga ngin budn trd vl bdn ta cung Huy Cln.
Ca trdi thue, trdi mdng vdn nao nao theo hdn ta.
Thue chua bao gid tha Viet Nam budn va nhit la xdn xao nhu thi'. Cung long
tu tdn, ta mit ludn ca cai binh ydn thdi trudc.
Thdi trudc, diu bi oan khult nhu Cao Bl Nha, diu bi khinh bd nhu ed phu hen
bin Tim Ducmg, vdn cdn cd the nuang tua vao mdt eli gi khdng di dich. Ngay nay
(1) "Ngay ba bua vd bung rau binh bieh, ngudi quan tit an chang cdu no ; Ddm nam canh an gi&
ngay kho kho, ddi thai binh cira thudng bo ngo" (Nhd nho vui cdnh ngheo).
106
ldp thanh kiln phu tren linh hdn da tidu tan cung ldp hoa hoe phu tren thi tfi.
Phuong Tdy da giao tra hdn ta lai eho ta. Nhung ta bang hoang vi nhin vio dd ta
thly thilu mdt dilu, mdt dilu cln ban tram nghin dilu khac : mdt ldng tin dly du.
Do, tit ca eli bi kich duang diln ngam nglm, dudi nhfing phii hidu dl dai,
trong hdn ngudi thanh nien.
Bi kich Iy hg gfii ca vao tieng Viet. Hg yeu vd ciing thfi tilng trong mly
muoi thi ki da chia se vui budn vdi cha dng. Hg ddn tinh yeu que huang trong
tinh yeu tilng Viet. Tilng Viet, hg nghi, la tim lua da himg vong hdn nhfing the
hi qua. Din lugt hg, hg cung mud'n mugn tim hdn bach^'^ chung dl gfii ndi ban
khoan riing.
Nhung do dd trong thdt vgng se nay mim hi vgng.
Chua bao gid nhu bdy gid hg hiiu cdu ndi can dam cua dng chu bio Nam phong^^^:
"Truyin Kiiu cdn, tilng ta cdn ; tilng ta cdn, nude ta cdn".
Chua bao gid nhu bdy gid hg cam thly tinh thin ndi gid'ng cung nhu cle thi
tho xua chi biln thien chfi khdng sao tidu diet.
Chua bao gid nhu bdy gid hg thd'y cln phai tun vl di vang dl vin vao nhimg gi
bit diet du bao dam cho ngly mai.
Novembre^ ' - 1941
(HOAl THANH - HOAl CHAN, Thi nhdn Viet Nam,
Nguyen Dlic Phien xua't ban. Ha Ndi, 1943)
Hl/dNG D A N HOC BAI

1. Dgc ki va nlu dan y ciia doan trich.
2. Tim bilu elch ldp luan chat che cua tic gia khi dinh nghia vl tho mdi.
3. Hoai Thanh hieu nhu thi nao vl ndi dung cua chu tdi va ehfi ta ?
4. Anh (ehi) cd nhan xet gi vl cleh din dlt va elch diln dat ciia tie gia ?
5. Doan van "Ddi chung ta nim trong vdng ehfi tdi. [...] Ta ngo ngin budn trd vl
hdn ta Cling Huy Cdn" ed gi dac sic vl ndi dung va nghe thuat ? Hay phan tfch
dl lam ndi bat nhihig net dac sic Iy.
(*) Novembre (tilng Phap): thang 11.

(1) HSn bach : ta'm lua dap vao ngudi g^n mat, dupc kit lai cd dû, cd chan, cd tay nhu hinh ngudi.
HSn bach dupc coi la cai mang linh hdn ngudi chit, dua len ban thd va rude theo quan tai ngudi
chit khi dua ma.
(2) Tiic Pham Quynh.
107
6. Ldng yiu nudc eua cac nha tho mdi va cua tie gia Thi nhdn Viet Nam thi hien
tdp trung nhd't b diim nao ?
BAI TAP NANG CAO
Hay phan tfch nhftng net dae sdc trong ldi van phi binh eua Hoai Thanh b doan
trich nay.
TRI THLTC D p c - HIEU

Phe binh van hoc
Phe binh van hpc la mdt bd phan ciia vSn hpc, cd chifc nang phim binh, danh gia va li giai cac
hien tupng van hpc nhif tac pham, tac gia, khuynh hudng, trao luu van hpc. Do do, phe binh van
hpc la su tu nhan thifc ciia van hpc, the hien trinh dp ^ thifc ciia mdt nen van hpc. Phe binh van hpc
phai difa tren co sd nhufng cam thu tinh te, phong phii trudc nhuTig gia trj van chuong ; nhifng cai
dich ciia phe binh van hpc la phai dua ra duqc nhOmg nhan djnh dung dan ve cac hien tupng
vSn hpc. Vi dd'i tupng ciia phe binh vSn hpc la san pham nghe thuat, nen phai cd sif rung cam vdi
nghe thuat thi mdi danh gia diing dupc. Vi the, mol bai phd binh van hpc dich thuc bao gid cung vifa
la cdng trinh khoa hpc, vifa cd tinh nghe thuat nhat dinh. Trong dien dat, van phe binh cung thifdng
ket hpp dupc ca hai yeu cau : vifa chinh xac, chat che, vifa giau cam xuc, hinh anh.
Trong thuc te, cd nhumg bai phe binh van hpc nghieng ve trinh bay nhiing cam xuc, an tupng ci
nhan dam chat chii quan ciia ngudi viet, gan gui vdi van sang tac (ching han, cac bai ft/a cho cac
tap tho van, bai binh van, binh tha hay chan dung van hoc,...). Lai cd bai nghieng ve luan giai, cat
nghTa mdt each khach quan cac hien tupng van hpc, gan gui vdi van li luan nghien cifu (ching han,
nhiimg bai phan tich toan bd su nghiep ciia mdt tac gia, phan tich cac khuynh hudng, cac trao lifu
van hpc,...). Lich sir phe binh tif xUa den nay da xua't hien nhieu khuynh hudng phe binh. C6 Idi
pham binh tuy hiing, difa hoan toan vao an tUpng chii quan, cd ldi phe binh tuan theo nhOtig
phuong phap khoa hpc : phe binh theo Idi triet hpc, xa hdi hpc, ngdn nguT hpc, ki hieu hpc, van
hoa hpc... Nhiing khuynh hudng va phuong phap ay da lam cho ddi sdng phe binh that phong phu,
da dang.
Phe binh van hpc cd vai trd tfch cUc ddi vdi ddi sdng van hpc. Tren co sd kham pha va khing
djnh nhiing gia tri chan chinh, phe phan nhiing mat yeu kem trong van hpc, phe binh bao gid cung
gdp phan bdi dudng va nang cao trinh dp tham mT cho ngudi dpc, gdp phan tac ddng tich cifc d^n
hoat ddng ciia ngudi sang tac. Khdng phai vd cd ma ngudi ta da coi phe binh la ban ddng hanh
ciia sang tac. Cd the ke den nhieu nha phe binh van hpc ten tudi nhu Xanh-to Bo-vO^^^ (Phap),
Bi-e-lin-xki (Nga), Kim Thanh Than, Vien Mai (Trung Qudc), Hoai Thanh (Viet Nam),...
(1) Xanh-taBa-va (Charles - Augustin Sainte - Beuve, 1804 -1869): nha phe binh van hpc Phip.
108
TRA BAI VIET SO 6
KET QUA CAN DAT

• Ndm dugc ddc diim vd cdc yiu cdu ca bdn cda di vdn d
BH vie't sd 6.
• Biit cdch phdn tich di nghi ludn vi mgt tdc phdm tha vd
thdy dugc nhiing sai sdt cdn trdnh khi vii't bdi ndy.
Hgc sinh xem lai nhftng ydu elu da ndu d tilt Trd bdi vii't sd 1 (Hgc ki I) va
chii y them mdt sd diem sau.
1. Bdi viit sd 6 tilp tue thuc hanh, luyen tap vl kilu van ban nghi luan van
hoc, nhung tap trung vao yeu elu phdn tfch mdt sd vin dl thudc cle tie phim tho
Viet Nam thdi ki tfi diu thi ki XX din Cleh mang thing Tam 1945. Dd la cae tac
phim da hgc hoac dgc them nhu Luu biit khi xudt duang (Phan Bdi Chdu), Hdu
Trdi (Tan Da), Vdi vdng, Ddy mua thu tdi, Tha duyin (Xuan Dieu), Tuang tu
(Nguyin Binh), Trdng giang (Huy Cdn), Ddy thdn Vi Dq (Han Mae Tfi),... Hgc
sinh cln ed nhftng hiiu bilt trdn ea hai phuomg dien :
a) Ndi dung va nghe thudt cua cle tie phim tho Viet Nam thdi ki tfi diu thi
ki XX din CIch mang thing Tam 1945 (chu yiu la tho mdi ling man) : thi tho,
am hudng, nhip dieu, tfi ngu, hinh anh, chu dl tu tudng, holn canh sing tie,...
Chii y ea nhfing tic phim tha dgc them iDdy mua thu tdi, Tha duyin, Tdng biet
hdnh, Chiiu xudn,...).
b) Ki nang phdn tfch tic phim tho da hgc.

2. Xem xlt va danh gil bai vilt cua minh tren elc phuang dien ndi dung, each
lim va hinhtiifictrinh biy.
- VI ndi dung : Lien he vdi tie phim tho duge hgc trong phin Van hgc dl bd
sung, hoan chinh bai viet.
- Vl cleh lam : Liin he vdi cle bai Dgc tha, Luyen tap thao tdc lap ludn
phdn tich (Vi tdc phdm tha) di nhdn ra uu dilm va nhugc dilm trong each vilt
ciia mmh.
- VI trinh bay : Chu y chfi vilt, chinh ta va elch trich ddn,...
109
DOC VAN NGHI LUAN
KET QUA CAN DAT

• Hiiu dugc mdt sddac diem cda vdn nghi ludn.
• Bii't cdch dgc vdn nghi ludn.
I - DAC DIEM CUA V A N NGHI LUAN

1. Van nghi ludn la van thuyet li, true tilp tnnh bay elc ludn dilm, thi hien
nhiing tu tudng, quan dilm, dao If b ddi, cd the la elc tu tudmg vl ehinh tri, trilt
hgc, dao dfic, xa hdi, van hgc nghe thudt,... Van nghi ludn thdi trung dai thi hiln 6
cle bai d o , ehilu, bieh, binh sfi, dilu trin, ludn,... Van nghi luan hien dai thi hiln
d cle ldi keu ggi, bai binh ludn, xa ludn, tranh ludn,... rat da dang.
Cac ang van nghi ludn dae sic thudng ndu cae vdn dl mdi me, ddc dao, thi
hiln nhftng tu tudng. If tudmg cao dep cua con ngudi. Dd ed thi la nhftng tu tudng
chfnh nghia, quan dilm nhdn van, ldp trudng each mang,...
CIc tu tudng Iy cd su sdu sic eua If tri, su phdng khoang cua tdm hdn, su dung
cam cua y chf, su kidn dinh cua nilm tin. Vi.the', dgc van nghi ludn cln phai nim
bit duge cle tu tudng ldm va cleh suy nghi eua ngudi vid't. Van nghi luin giup cho
suy nghi con ngudi duge sing sua, sic sao va nhay ben.
2. Van nghi ludn khdng ehi cd tu tudng dung din. If tri sac ben ma cdn co
nhftng tinh cam ldn lam thanh mach chim eua nd : tinh ydu chdn If, yeu chinh
nghia, yeu dlt nude, ydu nhdn ddn, tinh yeu eon ngudi. Thieu tinh cam ldntiiivan
nghi ludn khd khan, du If le cd hay cung khd din dugc vdi trii tim con ngUdi.
Ngudi ta thudng ndi "thiu If dat tinh" la nhu vdy. Van nghi ludn bdi dudng cho
con ngudi nhihig tinh cam sdu sic, dung din vl thdi dai, ddn tdc, nhdn loai. Do do,
dgc van nghi ludn cln cam nhdn dugc nhftng ldi tdm huylt, nhiing nhip ddp ttai
tim eua tic gia, bilt phdn biet eli thdt, eli gia trong ddi sd'ng.
3. Van nghi ludn ddi hdi su chat che cua ldp ludn, su xlc dang cua luin cfi, sU
chinh xac cua ldi van. Van nghi ludn tuy theo sd thfch cua tic gia cung thudng sit
dung hinh anh In du, so sinh, lidn tudng lam cho tu tudmg mim mai, ggi cam hole
hdm hinh. Van nghi ludn cung ed thi mang yeu td trft tinh, tie gia nghi luin
110
true tilp bdc bach ndi long minh bing nhflng ldi tdm huylt, gan rudt. Do dd, dgc
van nghi ludn cdn cam nhdn dugc ve dep phong phu cua ldi van.
II - CACH DOC VAN NGHI LUAN

1. Van nghi ludn dae sic d vd'n dl nghi ludn, d tu tudng, ludn dilm dugc dl
xud't. Dgc van nghi ludn cln phai nim bit dugc vin dl va cle tu tudng sdu sic
dudi hinh thfic ludn dilm. Chang ban, nhdn dinh cua Phan Chdu Trinh : "Xa hdi
ludn If thdt trong nude ta tuydt nhien khdng ai bilt din..." la mdt tu tudng sdu sic.
Mly chfi "tuydt nhien khdng ai bilt din" gdy chin ddng din ngudi nghe. Xa hdi
ludn ll chi thuc su xud't hien khi mgi ngudi trong xa bdi da la nhftng ca nhdn, edng
ddn binh dang, tu do. Mdt xa hdi cdn nang vl dao dfic phong kiln thi xa hdi luan li
lam sao cd duge ? Hoac nhan dinh cua Hoai Thanh : "Xa hdi Viet Nam tfi xua
khdng cd cl nhan. Chi ed doan thi : ldn thi qud'c gia, nhd thi gia dinh. Cdn cl
nhan, cai ban sac eua cl nhdn chim dim trong gia dinh, trong qud'c gia nhu gigt
nudc trong biln ea". Dd la mdt nhdn dinh khIi quit rd rang, dfit kholt, the hien co
sd tu tudng ma tie gia dua vao de ludn ban vl tho mdi.
2. Dgc van nghi ludn cln cam nhdn tinh cam chfnh nghia thim dugm trong tu
tudng cua bii van. Dd 11 ndi bfic xuc vl tinh trang ddn tri, ldng khinh ghIt bgn
"mang dai ddi mu" va lu "lo rdng Idian den" trong nhfing ldi ban vl ludn If xa hdi
6 nude ta eua Phan Chdu Trinh ; 11 ldng ddng cam ciia Hoai Thanh ddi vdi phong
trao Tho mdi trong bai Mdt thdi dqi trong thi ca;...
3. Van nghi ludn hay td't phai cd ldp ludn chat che, sic ben, ludn cfi xac thue
kit hgp vdi ldi van chfnh xlc, cd sfic ldi cudn. Phan Chdu Trinh da chfing minh su
fliilu ving ludn If xa hdi d nudc ta tfi ba bd'n tram nam, vach ra nguyen nhdn xa
hdi ciia thue trang dd. Hoai Thanh chfing minh tinh thin tho mdi bing each dd'i ldp
tiidi dai chft "ta" va thdi dai chft "tdi". Vi thi, dgc van nghi ludn cln phat hien
dugc cleh neu va ludn giai vdn dl eua tie gia, cleh phdn tfch, khang dinh hoac
each phe phin, ble bd giau sfic thuylt phuc eua bai van. Ddng thdi ciing cln luu y
cleh diln dat chfnh xlc, tinh te, phu hgp vdi tiiue chit vlh dl vl dap fing nhu elu
cua ngudi dgc.
LUYEN TAP
1. Kl ten nhumg tie phim nghi ludn noi tilng ma anh (chi) bilt.
2. Hay neu nhumg cdu van hay thi hien tu tudng ldn, quan trgng trong cle bai van
nghi ludn da hgc.
Ul
3. Neu mdt sd ludn cfi va each ldp ludn hay (phdn tich, chfing minh, so sanh,...)
ma anh (ehi) thly hfing thu trong cac bai van dd.
4. Nlu mdt sd doan van nghi ludn thim dugm chit trfi tinh.
5. Dgc doan trich sau cua Phan Bdi Chdu va cho bii't: vdn dl, each dat vlh di va
each ldp ludn eua tie gia hay b chd nao.
Al LA TO NL/6C TA ?
"Qud'c sfi b mdt nude cung nhu gia pho b mdt nha. Nha ma cd gia ph6, tiidi
con chiu mdi biet cao ting khao ti^'^ eua nha minh. Nudc ma cd sleh sfi, thdi din
trong nudc mdi bilt cdng lao khd nhgc vl su nghidp khai sing cua tiln nhdn ma
sinh md'i cam tinh mdt thiet. Nlu lam eon chiu ma quen gia ph6, thdi chac la eon
chiu bit hieu. Ddn trong nudc ma khdng bie't qud'c sfi thdi chac ddn nude d'y la
ddn vong td. Le d'y hien nhidn.
Quii la thfi nhd't la gan tren ngin nam nay, ngudi nude ta, ai hgc HIn hgc thi
thudc sfi Tau lau lau, ma gin ba muoi nam lai ddy, ai la nha Tdy hgc thi ndi sfi cac
nudc ngoai ludn ludn, ma hi bdi tdi sfi Nam ta, thdi ehi nghe mly tilng "xoang
xoang" : Hdng Lac, Rdng Tien, Dinh, Lf, Trin, Le, lap di lap lai. Chfi nhu hoi din
xa hdi biln thidn thi nao, thdi dai thay ddi thd nao, vide gi. gia, viec gi chdn, ngudi
nao edng, ngudi nao tdi, hinh nhu ft ai nghidn cfiu tdi.
Than di ! HIn t6 Dudng tdn cd phai la cha dng ta ddu ? Vua Na Pha Ludn ,
/-ox
vua Bl Dlc^ cd phai la ddng gid'ng ta ddu ? Ma ed sao cle nha cuu hgc, tin hgc ta
bet sfic tim tdi, ra cdng ghi nhd, din nhu viec sfi c6 nudc ta thdi khdng ai dl y din.
Tuc ngfi cd cau : "Phdt trong nhi, elu Thfch Ca ngoai dudmg". Tdi khdng dam bao
ngoai dudmg khdng ed Thfch Ca hay Thfch Ca ngoli dudmg khdng cd bd fch cho
ta. Nhung theo nguydn If eua loai ngudi, tit phai bilt Phdt trong nha da".
(Phan Bdi Chau - Ngudi nudc ta vdi sic nudc ta)
6. Dgc doan trich sau vl eho biet cai hay eua bai van nghi ludn.
TC/ HAI - MOT PHLTONG DIEN THIEN TAI COA N G U Y I N DU
"Vdi Nguyin Du, Tit Hdi dd td cdi thiic, budc qua cdi mdng, vd nhu the hinh
dnh TdHdi cdng rUc rd thim.
(1) Cao tdng khdo ti: td tien, dng ba, cha me - nhiing ngudi da mat.
(2) Nd Phd Ludn : phien am chii Han cua tidng Phap Na-pd-ie-dng I (Napoleon Bonaparte,
1769-1821), Hoang de'Phap.
(3) BiDdc : phien am chfi Han cua tidng Nga Pi-d't Dai dd (1672 -1725), Hoang dd Nga.
112
Thanh Tdm Tai Nhdn ndi din Tfi Hai tren bd'n muoi trang gily. Nguyin Du
chi ndi trong mdy trang, mudi phdn bd di tam. Tuy thi, trong Nguyin Du cd
nhihig dilu trong Thanh Tdm Tai Nhan khdng ed. Nhiing dieu cd the ggi hinh anh
mdt vi anh hung. Tfi Hai cung d vdi Kilu nam thing rdi tfi biet Kilu ma di. Thanh
Tam Tai Nhdn ehi ndi the. Nguyin Du ki hem :
Nua ndm huang Ida duang ndng,
Trugng phu thodt dd ddng ldng bd'n phuang.
"Trugng phu tholt da ddng ldng bd'n phuang". Con ngudi nay qua khdng phai
la ngudi cua mdt nha, mdt hg, mdt xdm, hay mdt lang. Con ngudi nay la ciia trdi
dlt, ciia bd'n phuong. Mdt ngudi nhu the liic ra di It cung khdng the di mdt each
tim thuomg nhu Thanh Tdm tudng. Ta hay xem Nguyin'Du ta liic Tfi Hai ra di:
Trdng vdi trdi biminh mang,
Thanh guam yin ngua lin dudng thdng giong.
VI sau, idii Tfi Hai da die chf, Kilu nhIc lai chuyen oan khult ngay trudc. Tfi
Hai eua Thanh Tam Tai Nhdn ndi : "Cd khd gi mly viec Iy. De ta dilm nam ngan
quan quit sach dlt Ldm Truy tra thu cho phu nhan". Nguyin Du khdng lly lai cau
ndi nay, nhung Nguyin Du ta cai gian eua Tfi Hai:
Tic Cdng nghe ndi thuy chung,
Bdt binh ndi trdn dung dung sd'm vang.
Nlu ta nghi ring ldi tho eua Nguyin Du thudng rat diu dang, rlt uyl'n chuyen,
thudng cd nhimg cdu nhu :
Dudi cdu nudc chdy trong veo.
Bin cdu ta liiu bdng chiiu thudt tha.
han ta phai ngae nhidn vi cdu nay tua hd nhu thd Id.
Nhung mdt ngudi phi thudng nhu Tfi Hai khdng thi trong liic gian dfi nem mdt
cai chen, mdt cai bat, hay dap ban, ddp ghi nhu cai bgn tim thudng la chiing ta.
Tit Hai ma gidn dfi bin phai kinh khiing nhu trdi duong lang le bdng ndi ddng td
sSan sit:
Td Cdng nghe ndi thuy chung,
Bd't binh ndi trdn dung dung sdm vang.
8.NV11/2NC-A
113
Cdn ed nhumg doan Nguyin Du khdng thim, khdng bdt, chi ld'y lai y eua
Thanh Tdm Tai Nhdn. Nhung Nguydn Du ndi vdi mdt gigng tha thie't, hang hai, ldi
van eua Nguyin Du vd ciing hdn hoan ndn thay doi ca y nghia cdu van.
Nhu ta eli quang canh trong dinh Tfi Hai, Nguyin Du vilt:
Qudn trung guam ldn gido ddi,
Vi trong thi lap ca ngodi song phi.
Sdn sdng ti chinh uy nghi,
Bdc ddng chdt ddt, tinh ki rgp sdn.
Thanh Tdm Tai Nhdn dai khai cung ndi thi nhung Thanh Tdm Tai Nhdn
khdng cd cai gigng ddm dl va tua hd nhu sung sudng dd.
Mdt VI du nfia : ea tung uy vu eua Tfi Hai, Thanh Tdm Tai Nhdn vilt: "Khdng
qui ba ngay, Tfi Hai phi mdt thdi dugc nam huydn". Phi dugc nam huyen thi cdn
ra gi! Nguyin Du chi bd vai ehfi va ddi each dat cdu :
Ddi can gio tdp mua sa,
Huyen thdnh dap dd ndm tod cdi Nam.
Vin chfing d'y y ma ldi van manh me va khodi cha bilt chfing nao ! Ca doan
van liin dd trong Doqn trudng tdn thanh diu manh me vd cung :
Thda ca trdc che ngdi tan,
Binh uy td dy sdm ran trong ngodi.
Triiu dinh riing mgt goc trdi,
Gdm hai vdn vd, rach ddi san hd.
Khi Hd Tdn Hien sai ngudi den thuyet hang, Tfi Hai ludng lu khdng mudn
hang, ndi phdn vdn cua Tfi Hai, Thanh Tdm Tai Nhdn ta trong ba bd'n trang gidy."
Nguyin Du lay y cua Thanh Tdm Tai Nhdn thu lai trong cd mly cdu ma thue la
rin rdi, thue la ngang tang :
Mgt tay gdy dung ca do,

Bdy Idu biSd sdng Ngd tung hodnh.
Bd thdn vi vdi triiu dinh,
Hdng than la Ido phdn minh ra ddu ?
Ao xiim rdng budc ldy nhau,
Vdo ludn ra cdi cdng hdu md chi !
114 8. NV11/2NC-8

Sao bdng riing mot biin thuy,

Sdc ndy dd di ldm gi dugc nhau ?
Chgc trdi qudy nudc mac ddu,
Dgc ngang ndo bii't trin ddu cd ai!
Ai cd ngd trong thi luc bit la ldi tho dm em, budn budn lai cd nhumg cdu hiing
trang nhu vdy. Nha't la cdu :
Sao bdng riing mot biin thuy,
Sdc ndy dd di ldm gi dugc nhau ?
thuc td rd mdt long tu tin phi thudng.
Ndi tdm lai, hoac bd bdt nhiing doan vd leh, hoac them vao mdt hai chi tilt,
hoac chi ldy lai y eua Thanh Tam Tai Nhdn, Nguyin Du da thue hien dugc mdt
each hoan toan eli mdng cua Thanh Tam Tai Nhdn, cai mdng biln Tfi Hai thanh
mdt bac anh hiing.xult chiing".
(Hoai Thanh)
DOC THEM
TIENG ME DE - NGUON GIAI PHONG

CAC DAN TOC BI AP BlTC
NGUYEN AN NINH
TIEU DAN
Nguyin An Ninh (1900 -1943) la nha van, nha bao va nha yeu nUdc ndi tieng
trudc Cach mang thang Tam 1945. Que dng d xa MT Hoa, huyen Hdc Mdn, tinh
Gia Djnh (nay thudc Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh). Nguyin An Ninh tdt nghiep
khoa Luat tai Dai hpc Xodc-bon (Sorbonne) d Phap nam 1920. Sau dd, dng dl
tim hieu mdt sd nude chau Au nhu Dire, Ao, Ha Lan, Bi, l-ta-li-a,... va trd ve nudc
nam 1922. Trong thdi gian d chau Au, Nguyen An Ninh da tifng lien he vdi cac
115
nha yeu nudc Phan Chau Trinh, Phan Van Trudng, cung da tiep xuc vdi
Nguyin Ai Qud'c va nhdm lam bao NgUdi cung kho. Ve nUdc, dng chii yeu
vie't bao va dien thuye't chdng de qudc nen da nhieu lan bi bat va chju canh
tu day. Lan cud'i cung (nam 1939), Nguyin An Ninh bj ket an nam nam tii,
phai di day d Cdn Ldn, bi hanh ha den kiet siTc va che't trong tiJ.
Nguyin An Ninh de lai nhieu bai bao, bai diln thuyet dac sac, nhat la
nhQng bai chinh luan. Tie'ng me de - nguon giai phong cac dan tdc bi ap bUc
(vdi but danh Nguyin Tjnh, in tren bao La Cloche Fe/ee'^', thang 12-1925) la
mdt trong nhOfng bai chinh luan xuat sac dd.
Nhieu ngudi An Nam thich bap be nam ba tilng Tay hom la diln ta y tudng cho
mach lac bang tilng nudc minh. Hinh nhu ddi vdi ho, viec sfi dung Phap ngfi la mdt diu
hieu thuoc giai clp quy tdc, cung nhu sfi dung nudc sudi Pe-ri-e (Perrier) va rugu khai
vi bieu trung cho nen van minh chau Au. Nhieu ngudi An Nam bi Tay hoa hien nay
tudng ring khi cdp nhat nhiing cai tim thudng cua phong hoa chau Au ho se lam cho
dong bao ciia minh tin la ho da dugc dao tao theo kieu Tay phucmg.
Thai dd mu tit vl van hoa chau Au nhu thi khdng nen lam chiing ta ngac nhien. Vi
chi CO nhiJng ngudi da hieu biet viing mdt nin van hoa roi mdi cd kha nang thudng thiic
mot nen van hoa ngoai bang. Nhiing kilu kiln triic va trang tri lai cang cua nhfing ngdi
nha thuoc ve nhiing ngudi An Nam dugc hun diic theo cai ma nhiing ngudi d Ddng Duong
goi la van minh Phap, chfing td ring nhiing ngudi An Nam bi Tay hoa chang cd dugc mdt
thfi van minh nao. Vide tfi bd van hoa cha dng va tilng me de phai lam cho mgi nguoi
An Nam tha thiet vdi gid'ng ndi lo ling.
Tie'ng noi la ngudi bao ve quy bau nhit nen dpc lap cua cac dan tdc, la yiu td quan
trpng nhit giiip giai phong cac dan tdc bi thd'ng tri. Nlu ngudi An Nam hanh dien giii gin
tie'ng ndi cua minh va ra sfic lam cho tilng ndi Iy phong phii hem dl cd kha nang phd biln
tai An Nam cac hoc thuyet dao dfic va khoa hgc cua chau Au, viec giai phong dan tdc
An Nam chi cdn la van dl thdi gian. Bat cfi ngudi An Nam nao vfit bo tilng ndi cua minh,
thi cung duong nhien khudc tfi nilm hi vgng giai phdng gid'ng ndi. [.,.] Vi the, dd'i vdi ngUoi
An Nam chiing ta, choi tfi tieng me de ddng nghia vdi tfi chd'i su tu do cua minh... [...]
(1) La Cloche' Felee (tie'ng Phap): Tie'ng chudng re.

(2) An Nam : Viet Nam.
(3) Ruqukhai vi: rupu nhe udng trudc khi art.
116
Nhilu ddng bao chiing ta, dl bien minh viec tir bo tie'ng me de, da than phien ring
tilng nudc minh ngheo nan. Ldi trach cfi nay khdng cd co sd nao ca. Ho chi bie't nhirng tix
thdng dung cua ngdn ngii va con ngheo nhiing tfi An Nam hon bit cii ngudi phu nii va
ndng dan An Nam nao. Ngdn ngii cua Nguyin Du ngheo hay giau ?
Vl sao ngudi An Nam co thi dich nhiing tac pham cua Tmng Qud'c sang nudc minh,
ma lai khdng the vie't nhiing tac phim tucmg tu ?
Phai quy ldi cho su ngheo nan ciia ngdn ngii hay su bat tai cua con ngudi ?
6 An Nam' ciing nhu moi noi khac, diu co the iing dung nguyen tic nay :
"Dilu gi ngudi ta suy nghi kl se diln dat ro rang, va dl dang tim tha'y nhiing tfi dl
noira". [...]
Chung ta khdng the tranh ne chau Au, vai trd hudng dao cua gidi tri thfic chiing ta
budc ho phai bilt it nhat la mot ngdn ngii chau Au dl hieu dugc chau Au. Nhung nhiing
kiln thiic thu thap dugc, ho khdng dugc giii ridng cho minh. Ddng bao cua ho cQng phai
dupc thdng phin niia. Tuy nhidn, su cln thiet phai bie't mdt ngdn ngii chau Au hoan toan
khdng keo theo chuydn tit bo tieng me de. Ngugc lai, thii tilng nudc ngoai ma minh hpc
dupc phai lam giau cho ngdn ngii nudc minh. [...]
(Theo Vdn hpc Viet Nam the'kiXX- Vdn nghi ludn

ddu theki, Quye'n nam, tap 1, NXB Van hpc.
Ha Ndi, 2003)
HUdNG DAN OOC THEM
1. Md diu bai viet, tac gia da phe phan hien tugng gi ?

2. Dua vao dau ma tac gia cho ring tieng me de la nguon giai phdng cac dan tdc bi
dp biic ?
3. Theo anh (chi), quan nidm cua tac gia ve tilng me de va tie'ng nu6c ngoai cd gi hgp If,
dung dan ?
4. Bai vilt ra ddi tii nhiing nam diu the ki XX (1925) nhung vi sao den nay nd vin cdn
nguyen gia tri ? Hay chi ra gia tri thdi su cua bai vie't.
5. Hay chi ra nhCtng yiu td the hien tinh chfnh luan cua bai viet.
117
PHONG CACH NGON NGlT CHINH LUAN
KET QUA CAN DAT

Nam dugc ddc diim chung vd cdch sd dung phucmg tien
ngon ngd trong phong cdch ngdn ngd chinh ludn.
Biit van dung kiin thdc trin vdo viec dgc - hieu vdn bdn
vd ldm vdn.
I - KHAI QUAT VE PHONG CACH NGON NGCCHINH LUAN

Phong each ngdn ngfi chfnh ludn la loai phong each ngdn ngfl. dung trong
nhimg van ban true tiep bay td tu tudng, ldp trudng, thai dd dd'i vdi nhirng vdn dl
thie't thuc, ndng bdng eua ddi sd'ng, dae biet trong elc linh vuc chfnh tri, xa hdi.
Nhihig van ban nay dugc ggi chung la van ban ehinh ludn.
Van ban ebfnh ludn tdn tai d ea hai dang : dang vilt va dang ndi. 6 dang vilt
la eac ban tuydn ngdn, bao cao chinh tri, xa ludn, binh ludn chfnh tri,... O dang ndi
la cac bai diln thuyet, phIt bieu trong mft tinh, phat bilu trong nghi thfic ngoai
giao,... Chfic nang ca ban cua van ban chinh ludn la tuyen truyen, co ddng, gilo
due, thuyet phue ngudi dgc, ngudi nghe de hg ed nhdn thfic va banh ddng dung.
Nhiing van ban thudc phong each ngdn ngfi chuih ludn cd eae dac dilm chung
nhu sau :
1. Tinh cdng khai ve chinh kien, tu tuong, lap trudng chinh tri, xa hoi
Van ban chinh ludn bao gid cung bay td edng khai quan diem cua ngudi vilt,
ngudi ndi ve cae vd'n dl xa hdi, chfnh tri; ehi trich, phd phan, ble bd elc ludn dieu
sai trai, cd hai; cd vu ddng vidn mgi ngudi lam theo le phai.
2. Tinh chat che trong lap luan
Van ban chfnh luan hudmg din su thuylt phuc bing each giai thfch, chfing
minh van dl dua tren nhiing ludn cfi xac ding, dugc trinh bay mdt each chat che,
khoa hgc.
3. Tinh truyen cam manh me
Khdng chi thuyet phue vl li trf, van ban chinh ludn cdn tie ddng manh me din
tinh cam eiia ngudi dgc, ngudi nghe, thdng qua each diln dat himg hdn, bilu cam.
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Tuong fing vdi nhihig dae diem chung ndi tren cua van ban chfnh ludn, phong
each ngdn ngfi chfnh ludn cd nhihig cleh sfi dung phuomg tien ngdn ngfi dang luu y.
n - CACH SlTDUNG PHLtiNG TIEN NGON N G C T R O N G PHONG CACH

NGON N G C C H I N H LUAN
1. Ve ngfi am, chflf vie't
6 dang ndi, van ban chfnh luan thudng duge phIt dm rd rang, vdi dm lugng va
ngfi dieu thfch hgp, tao nen su gin gui, thdng cam gifia ngudi ndi va ngudi nghe. d
dang vilt, van ban ehinh luan tudn thii nhiimg quy tic chinh ta eua phong each
ngdn ngfi ggt giua, thudng duge in bing kilu ehfi trang trgng, nghidm tiic.
2. Ve tilf ngflf
Ngoai vd'n tfi ngu chung cho mgi phong cleh, van ban chfnh luan cdn dung
mdt sd ldp tfi ngfi ridng, dae biet la ldp tfi ngfi ehinh tri. Ldp tfi ngfi nay bao gid
ciing lidn quan din ldp trudng, quan dilm eua rjgudi sfi dung. Thdng qua cleh hiiu
vl sfi dung nhiing tfi ngfi chinh tri nay, ngudi ndi hay ngudi vilt cd thi bdc Id cdng
khai lap trudng, quan dilm vl tinh cam cua minh vl cle mat eua ddi sd'ng xa hdi.
Vf du : cdch mqng, ddn chd, chuyin chinh, giai cdp, cdi td, ddi mdi, phdp quyin,
thuc ddn, tu tudng, chinh sdch, ngudi lao ddng,... Tuy thudc vao dl tai bin luan,
van ban chinh luan cdn sfi dung ca nhiing tfi ngfi khoa hgc, tfi ngfi thdng tuc,...
3. Ve kieu cau
Do yeu elu cln phai tic ddng vao ea If tri ldn tinh cam eua ngudi dgc, ngudi
nghe, van ban chfnh ludn sfi dung mdt each linh boat nhilu kilu cdu khac nhau,
vdi nhilu muc dfeh phat ngdn khic nhau. Cd liic diing cdu dem, cdu dae biet dl
diln dat tu tudng, tinh cam mdt cleh cd dgng, nhung ciing cd liic diing cau ghip
CO quan he tfi, cdu md rdng thanh phdn vdi dd dai ding ke dl diln dat mdt cleh rd
rang elc y tudng phfic tap. Cd liic diing cdu trin thudt nhung cd liic diing cdu nghi
vlh, lai ed liic phai dung cdu cam than hoac cdu elu khiln de tie ddng mdt each
true tilp va manh me din ngudi tilp nhdn. Vf du :
Mdi ddn tdc da gan gdc chdng dch nd li cda Phdp han 80 ndm nay, mot ddn
tdc dd gan goc ddng vi phe Ddng minh chdng phdt xd mdy ndm nay, ddn toe do
phdi dugc tudo ! Ddn tdc dd phdi dugc dgc lap !
Vi nhitng le tren, chdng tdi, Chinh phd ldm thdi cda nudc Viet Nam Ddn chd
Cdng hod, trinh trgng tuyen bd'vdi thi gidi rdng :
119
Nudc Viet Nam cd quyin hudng tu do vd ddc lap, vd sU that dd thdnh mdt
nudc tu do, dgc lap. Todn thi ddn tdc Viet Nam quyit dem tdt cd tinh than vd life
lugng, tinh mqng vd cda cdi de giu vdng quyin tudo, dgc lap dy.
(Hd Chf Minh - Tuyen ngdn Ddc lap)
4. Ve bien phap tu tfi

Van ban ehinh ludn sfi dung rdng rai eac bien phap tu tfi, nhiing Id'i ndi bdng
biy, truyin cam nhdm dat duge hieu qua tdm If, tang thdm sfic thuyet phuc. Cleh
dung cdu nghi vdn tu tfi, ldi ndi eudng dieu, trung diep,... rd't hay gap trong van
ban chfnh ludn. Vi du :
Cdi xd hdi Au chdng ra Au, Hdn chdng ra Hdn ndy, hd khdng phdi bdi cdc
nhdn vdt gid ddi Au chdng ra Au, Hdn chdng ra Hdn dy mda but khua ludi md gdy
nen u ?
(Ngd Dure Ke - Ludn ve chdnh hoc ciing td thuyi't
Qud'c vdn - "Kim Vdn Kieu" -Nguyin Du)
5. Ve bd cue, trinh bay

Van ban chfnh luan cd each trinh bay vfia hgp Id gfch (ludn diem ndu ra phai
rd rang, lap ludn phai chat che, ludn cfi phai ding tin cdy), vfia truyin cam, tie
ddng sdu xa den If tri va tinh cam eua ngudi tiep nhdn.
LUYEN TAP
1. Dgc lai doan trich Vi ludn li xd hdi d nudc ta cua Phan Chau Trinh (trang 99),
phan tfch, danh gia dac diem cua phong elch ngdn ngfl chinh ludn duge thi
hien trong do.
2. Hay chi ra nhiing bien phap tu tfi dugc vdn dung trong doan van chinh luan
sau day :
Nhicng ke d vudn thdy quan sang, quan quyin, cung hen mui ldm quan. Ndo
lo cho quan, ndo lot cho lai, ndo chay ngugc ndo chay xudi, ddu cd rudng ddu
bdn trdu ciing vui long, chi cdn dugc ldy mdt chdc xd trudng hodc cai tong,
ddng ngdi trin, ddng dn trudc, ddng hdng hdch thi mdi thdi. Nhitng ke nhu thi
md vdn khdng ai khen chi, khdng ai khinh bi, that cdng la thay ! Thuang di!
Ldng cd mgt trdm ddn md ngudi ndy dd'i vdi ke kia diu ngd theo sdc mqnh,
khdng cd mgt chut gi ggi Id dqo ddc la ludn li cd. Dd Id noi ngudi trong mdt
ldng ddi vdi nhau, chi nhu dd'i vdi ddn kiiu cu ki ngu thi lai cdng hd khdc han
120
nita. Oi ! Mat ddn tdc nhu thi thi tu tudng cdch mqng ndy nd trong dc chung
ldm sao dugc ! Xd hdi chd nghia trong nudc Viet Nam ta khdng cd la cung
vi thi.
(Phan Chau Trinh - Dqo dice vd ludn li Dong Tdy)
3. Dua vao nhiing dae dilm chung va cleh sfi dung phuang tien ngdn ngfi trong
phong elch ngdn ngfi chfnh ludn, anh (chi) hay diln thuylt trudc ldp (tfi nam
din mudi phiit) vl dl tai Su lua chgn nghi nghiep ddi vdi hgc sinh Trung hgc
phd thdng.
4. Dgc lai Bdi vii't sd 5 ciia anh (ehi) ; bay phdn tfch, danh gia nhiing dae dilm
chung va cleh sfi dung phuomg tien ngdn ngfl trong phong each ngdn ngfi chinh
ludn dugc van dung d bai van dd.
/?
TRA BAI KIEM TRA VAN HOC
KET QUA CAN DAT

Ndm dugc ddc diim vd cdc yiu cdu ca bdn cd vi ndi
dung vd hinh thdc cda di vdn dd niu d bdi Kilm tra
van hgc.
Thdy dugc nhung uu diim vd sai sdt cdn trdnh cda bdi
vii't ndy.
Xem xlt va phan tfch dl kiem tra van hgc vdi cae ydu elu sau :
1. Cd'u tnic cua dl kilm tra van hgc gdm may phin ? Mdi phin kilm tra nhftng
ndi dung nao ? (lich sfi van hgc. If luan van hgc, thi loai, tie phim eu the,...). Hinh
thiic kilm tra ed gi khac so vdi eae bai lam vdn thudng ki ? (Cd cle cdu hdi trie
nghiem khdng hay chi cd phin tu ludn ? Cd mly cdu tu ludn ? Tu luan vl van dl gi ?).
Nhfing kiln thfic van hgc va kiln thfic cudc sd'ng cln huy ddng d day la gi,... ?
2. Ki ndng vilt (bd cue, dat cdu, dfing tfi,...) va eac thao tie nao (giai thfch,
chfing minh, phdn tfch, so sanh, bae bd, binh ludn,...) cln van dung de lam dl kilm
tra van hgc nly ?
3. Tu phdn tfch va nhdn xet nhihig uu dilm va nhugc diem trong bai vilt cua
minh (vl kiln thfic va ki nang); chi ra each sfia ehfia cae ldi cua bai vilt.
121
BA CONG HIEN VI DAI CUA CAC MAC(*)

ANG-GHEN
KET QUA CAN DAT

• Thdy dugc ddnh gid cda Ang-ghen vi nhitng cdng hiin vi
dqi cua Cdc Mdc.
• Ndm dugc thao tdc lap ludn tdng tiin md Ang-ghen sit dung
trong bdi phdt bieu. -
TIEU DAN
1. Ang-ghen
PhMriiii Angghen (Friedrich Engels,
1820 -1895) cijng vdi Cac IVIac la nha
triet hpc, nha li luan va boat ddng
each mang, lanh tu ciia giai cap vd
san toan the'gidi. Ong la ngUdi Dufc,
con mot kT nghe gia giau cd d Bac-
men, mien Re-na-ni. Ong hpc dai
hpc d Bec-lin, quen biet Mac nam
1844 d Pa-ri, sau dd sang sdng va
hoat ddng d Anh rdi mat tai day. Tro
di hai ciia dng dupc rac xud'ng biln.
Ang-ghen chii yeu viet nhufng

ittim^'W^ tac pham ve triet hpc, chinh tri, kinh
te, Ijch sif,... cd cdng trinh viet chung
vdi Mac nhU Tuyen ngon Dang Cong sin (1848). Ong cung rlt quan tam din
van hpc nghe thuat va cd nhieu y kien sau sac lien quan den ITnh vUc nay. Bai
phat bieu ciia Ang-ghen dpc trudc md Cac Mac la mdt bai van nghi luan tidu
bieu va cd gia trj van chUdng.
2. Mac
Cac Mac (Kari Marx, 1818 - 1883) la nha triet hpc, nha li luan va hoat
ddng each mang, lanh tu cua giai cap vd san toan the gidi. 6ng la ngudi Bite,
(*) Ten bai do ngudi bien soan dat.
122
con mdt luat su d To-ri-e, mien Re-na-ni. Khi cdn la hpc sinh trung hpc, dng
da dupc tiep xuc vdi tU tudng ciia Cach mang Phap 1789 va nen van hpc cd
dien Difc. Ong theo hpc luat, sau chuyen sang hpc trie't va Ijch sif tai cac
trudng dai hpc Bon, Bec-lin, bao ve luan an Tie'n sT trie't hpc nam hai muoi ba
tudi (1841). Nam 1842, Mac tham gia hoat ddng bao chi; td bao tie'n bd ciia
dng bj chinh quyen bat dinh ban. Ong sang Pa-ri (Phap). De'n nam 1845, bj
true xuat khoi Phap vi nhCrng hoat ddng each mang, dng qua Bruc-xen (Bi). Do
nhQng diln bien chinh trj, dng lai de'n Pa-ri lan tranh (1848), ve CdHd-nho (Difc)
roi lai tdi Pa-ri (1849), sau dd sang d h i n tai Luan Odn (Anh). Thdi gian d Bi,
dng Cling vdi Ang-ghen vie't Tuyen ngon Dang Cong san. Cdng trinh ndi tie'ng
nha't cCia Mac la bd Tuban (1864 - 1876). Mac qua ddi ngay 14 - 3 - 1883.
Tang l i cif hanh tai nghTa trang Hai-ghet (Luan Ddn). Ang-ghen dpc bai phat
bleu trudc md dng.
Chiiu ngay 14 thing ba, vao liic ba gid kem mudi lam phut, nha tu tudng vi
dai nha't trong sd nhihig nha tu tudng hidn dai da ngfing suy nghi. Dl Mac d lai
mdt minh ven ven chi cd hai phiit, tbI ma khi trd vao phdng, chiing tdi da thly dng
ngu thilp di thanh than tren chiec ghi banh - nhung la gilc ngii nghin thu.
Con ngudi dd ra di la mdt tdn thdt khdng sao ludng hit duge ddi vdi giai cip
vd san dang dd'u tranh d chdu Au va chau Mi, dd'i vdi khoa hgc lich sfi. Rdi day,
ngudi ta se cam thd'y ndi trdng vdng do su qua ddi ciia bdc vi nhdn d'y gdy ra.
Gid'ng nhu DIe-uyn da tim ra quy ludt phat trien cua thi gidi hfiu co, Mac
da tim ra quy luat phat trien ciia lich sfi loai ngudi : cai su thdt dom gian nhung da
bi ting ting ldp ldp cle tu tudmg phu kin cho den ngay nay, dd la con ngudi trudc
hit cln phai ed cai an eli udng, quin ao va chd d, rdi sau dd mod ed thi lam chfiih tri,
khoa hgc, nghe thudt, tdn giao, v.v.; vi vdy, viec san xult ra nhimg tu lieu sinh hoat
vat chat true tilp, va mdi giai doan phIt triln kinh t l nhd't dinh cua mdt ddn tdc
hay mdt thdi dai tao ra co sd de ngudi ta phIt triln cle thi ehi nha nudc, cac quan
dilm phip quyln, nghe thuat va ea tdn giao nfia, eho nen phai xult phat tfi co sd
(\)Ddc-uyn (Charles Robert Darwin, 1809 - 1882) : nha bac hpc va trie't gia Anh. Ong da co cdng
khdm pha ra su phat trie'n va tien hoa ciia cac gid'ng loai tren co sd su chpn lpc tu nhien va cudc
da'u tranh d^ sinh tdn trong thien nhien.
123
dd ma giai thfch nhflng cai kia, chfi khdng phai ngugc lai, nhu tfi trudc di'n nay
ngudi ta da lam.
Nhtmg khdng chi cd t h i thdi. Mac „
cung tim ra quy ludt van ddng ridng eua J
phuang thfic san xud't tu ban chu nghia i^
hien nay va cua xa bdi tu san do ^ v
phuang thfic dd de ra. Vdi viec phIt hien •»
ra gil tri thang du^^^ trong linh vuc nay, |
lap tfic mdt anh sang da xudt bien, trong • '-|''^'
khi mgi edng tnnh nghidn cfiu trudc ddy .t.^ll
eua elc nha kinh t l hgc tu san cung nhu -îic^''
ciia cac nha phe binh xa hdi chu nghia
diu md mdm trong bdng tdi. [...]
Con ngudi khoa hgc la nhu vdy dd.
Nhung ddy hoan toan khdng phai 11
dilu chu yiu d Mae. Khoa hgc dd'i vdi
MIc la mdt ddng luc lieh sfi, mdt luc •«
lugng each mang. Mdi phat kien mdi
trong bat cfi khoa hgc If ludn nao, thdm .,(1
ehi ddi khi ngudi ta chua thd'y ngay
Md Cle Mac d nghTa trang Hai-ghit
dugc viec irng dung nd vao thuc tl, da
ed the dem din eho MIc mdt nilm vui thuc su, nhung nilm vui cua dng cdn ldn
hom nfia khi phIt kiln dd nhanh chdng ed tie ddng each mang din edng nghidp,
de'n su phat trien lich sfi ndi chung. [...]
Bdi le trudc hit Mac la mdt nha each mang. Bang elch nay hay each khic,
tham gia vao viec Idt dd xa hdi tu san va cae thiet che nha nudc do nd dung lin,
tham gia vao su nghiep giai phdng giai cdp vd san hidn dai ma dng la ngudi diu
tidn dem din cho giai cdp d'y y thfic vl dia vi va yiu ciu cua minh, y thfic ve dilu
kien de tu giai phdng, dd thdt su la sfi menh thiet thdn cua cudc ddi dng. Ddu tranh
(1) Gid tri thdng du: phdn gia tri ddi ra'6 san phdm so vdi khoan tien phai chi de tao ra san ph£m
a'y. Trong khoan tien phai chi co tien mua nguyen lieu, tien hao mdn may mdc,... va tiln chi tra
luong cdng nhan de ho sdng va khdi phuc siic lao ddng. Song, theo Mac, nha tu ban cd nhiû
each nhu keo dai gid lam viec cua ngudi thp hoac tang cudng dd lao ddng cua hp, khi^n san
phim lam ra nhidu hon ma luong thp vin the'. Phdn gia tri ddi ra ay la phdn siic lao ddng cua
ngudi cdng nhan bi chu tu ban bdc Idt.
124
la hanh ddng tu nhidn eua Mae. Va Mac da ddu tranh mdt each say sua, kien
cudng va cd kit qua, [...] ddn din su xult hien Hdi lidn hiep cdng nhdn qudc tl ^^^
vi dai [...], ddy ehinh la su nghidp ma ai xdy dung nen diu lly lam tu hao, thdm ehi
dii cho ngudi dd khdng lam gi them nfia.
• Dd 11 If do vi sao MIc la ngudi bi cam ghet nhilu nhd't va bi vu khdng nhilu
nhit trong thdi dai dng. Cac chfnh phu - ca chuyen che lin edng boa - diu true
xult dng, bgn tu san - ea bao thu ldn ddn ehii cue doan - diu thi nhau vu khdng va
nguyin riia dng. Mae da gat sang mdt ben td't ea nhiing thfi dd, coi nhu cai mang
nhen vudng chdn, chang them dim xia, va chi dap lai khi tha'y hit sfic cln thiet ma
- thdi. Va dng da mat di, hang trieu ngudi edng su each mang vdi dng d khip chdu
Au va chdu Mi, tfi nhumg him md Xi-bia den tdn Ca-li-phode-ni-a da tdn kinh,
yeu min va khdc thuomg dng, va tdi cd the manh dan ndi ring dng cd thi ed nhilu
ke ddi dich, nhung chua chdc da ed mdt ke thu ridng nao ca.
Ten tudi va su nghiep eua dng ddi ddi sdng mai !
(Theo MAC VA A N G - G H E N , Todn tap, tap 19,
NXB Chfnh tri Qudc gia. Ha Ndi, 1995)
Hl/dNG DAN HOC BAI
1. Xae dinh ba phin trong bai phat bilu cua Ang-ghen nlu lly trgng tam - phin
thfi hai - la phin tdng kit ba cdng hien vi dai cua Mac ddi vdi khoa hgc lich sfi
va phong trao cleh mang.
2. Cdng hiln diu tien cua Mae dugc Ang-ghen dl cap din la gi ? Tie gia dung
bien phap nao dl neu bat tim vi dai eiia cdng hiln Iy ?
3. Hai cdng hien khic ciia MIc dugc Ang-ghen dl cap din la gi ? Tim cle cum tfi
trong bai de chfing td tie gia diing thao tie ldp ludn tang tiln (edng hiln sau
vi dai hom cdng hiln trudc). Lf giai tai sao khi dl cdp den cdng hiln thfi ba cua
Mac, tie gia tich thanh hai doan.
4. Can cfi vao ldp luan d doan cud'i bai phat bieu - Mae chdng lai ai, bdnh vuc ai -
hay giai thfch y kien cua tie gia cho ring Mae "ed the cd nhilu ke ddi dich
nhung chua chic da cd mdt ke thii ridng".
(\)Hdi lien hiep cdng nhdn qud'c te: td chiJc dupc thanh lap nam 1864 va tdn tai de'n nam 1870.
125
TOM TAT VAN BAN NGHI LUAN
KET QUA CAN DAT

• Hiiu dugc muc dich, yeu cdu cda viec tdm tdt vdn bdn
nghi ludn.
• Bii't cdch tdm tat vdn bdn nghi ludn.
1. Muc dich, yeu cau torn tat van ban nghi luan
Tdm tdt van ban nghi ludn la mdt hinh thfic lam van, ket hgp ki nang dgc -
bilu vdi ki nang diln dat, dap fing nhu elu hgc tap, suy ngM trong thuc td'.
Trong ddi sd'ng, nhu cdu dgc van ban nghi ludn khdng hi ft ban dgc eae loai
van ban khac. Mud'n ndm chic ndi dung van ban nghi ludn thi cln phai bilt tdm
tit. Tdm tdt la nit ngdn mdt van ban ma vdn gifi dugc nhflng ndi dung ca ban, quan
trgng. Dilu nay ddi bdi ngudi tdm tit phai cd ndng luc bilu ro van ban cln tdm tat
(nguydn ban) va ed nang luc tong hgp, khIi quit.
Ydu elu cua bit cfi van ban tdm tit nao cung deu phai gifi dung ndi dung co
ban, thfi tu sip xep eae y trudc sau va cdu chfi chu yi'u cua nguyen ban. Cln phai
cdn nhle khi tdm tat lam sao de van ban ggn ma khdng sai, ngdn ma khdng thii'u.
Dilu cln luu y 11 khdng ndn biln ndi dung bai tdm tdt thanh bai phdn tfch van
ban hay bai nhdn xlt nguydn ban mdt cleh chu quan.
2. Phuong phap torn tat van ban nghi luan

- Dgc ki van ban cln tdm tit, ghi lai nhiing cdu the hidn tu tudmg chu yi'u cua
van ban dd, ndm bit dung ndi dung ca ban eua van ban.
- Luge bd chi tiet va nhiing ldi diln giai khdng quan trgng.
- Lap mdt dan bii trmh bay lai he thd'ng ludn diem cua van ban dugc tdm tit.
- Dung ldi cua minh dl thudt lai ndi dung ca ban cfia van ban dugc tdm tit,
nhung cln gifl dugc bd cue va nhimg tfi ngfi, cdu van quan trgng cua nguyen ban.
Vidu:
TOM TAT BAI Vi LUAN LI XA HOI 6 NUOC TA
COA PHAN CHAU TRINH
Ludn If xa hdi d nude ta tuydt nhiln chua cd. Dd la vi ngudi nudc ta khdng
bilt eli nghia vu loai ngudi an d vdi loai ngudi, khdng bilt cai nghia vu ciia mdi
126
ngirdi trong nudc dd'i vdi nhau, ddn din tinh trang ai sd'ng chit mac ai, ngudi nly
khdng bilt quan tdm den ngudi Idile.
Dd la do thieu y thfic doan thi, chua bilt gifi quyln Igi chung, chua biet benh
viic nhau. Y thfic doan thi eua ddn ta xua cung da cd nhung nay da sa siit. Sd di
thii'u ludn If xa hdi la do bgn vua quan chi bilt quyln Igi fch ki eua chung, ehi bilt
mua quan bin tude, ddn cang nd Id thi ngdi vua cing lau dai, bgn quan lai cang
phu quy. Chung chang qua 11 lu an cudp ed gidy phip.
Nay nudc Viet Nam mud'n dugc tu do, ddc ldp thi trudc hit phai tuyen truyin
xa hdi chu nghia, phai cd doan the dl lo cdng fch, mgi ngudi lo eho quyln Igi
ciia nhau.
LUYEN TAP
1. Tdm tit van ban trdn ddy thanh ba cdu.

2. Tdm tit doan trfch Mgt thdi dqi trong thi ca cua Hoai Thanh (trang 104) trong
khoang mudi lam ddng.
3. Tdm tat bai nghi ludn sau ddy trong khoang muoi cdu.
NGHT VE CAU CACH NGON :

"KHONG CO Gl THUOC VE CON NGUCJl MA XA LA DOI Vdl TOI"
"CIch .day ban mdt trdm nam, trong mdt trd choi "tu bach", cac eon gai eua
Cac MIc da ndu eho dng mudi tim cdu hdi, trong dd cd cdu : "Cdu cleh ngdn ma
cha ua thfch la gi ?". MIc da tra ldi : "Khdng cd gi thudc vl con ngudi ml xa la
ddi vdi tdi". Khdng ridng gi MIc ma Le-nin vl nhilu ngudi khic diu rlt yeu thich
cau each ngdn La-tinh c6 nay. Cii gi da lim cho cdu each ngdn cd sd'ng mai, va
hdm nay nd cdn cd y nghia gi dd'i vdi chiing ta ?
Cdu each ngdn la mdt cleh ndi bdng biy vl con ngudi, loai ngudi va tfnh
ngudi. Cd mdt eli gi thudc vl eon ngudi dang thd'ng nhd't mgi ngudi lai vl tdi
khdng thi dihig ngoli. Ndi khdng xa la cd nghia 11 tdi va mgi ngudi ddng nhit,
ding tfnh, ddng loai. Cdu cleh ngdn bieu thi, bd't cfi ai sfi dung nd diu tu true tilp
khang dinh : Tdi thudc vl nhdn loai.
Cai gi la thudc vl con ngudi ? Cd the ndi 11 tit ea, td't ca nhimg gi gin liin
vdi cudc sd'ng, su sd'ng cua eon ngudi. Hay ndi vl nhiing kbit vgng, udc mo thim
kfn ciia mdi ngudi. Ai chang mong dugc ydn dn, no dm, hanh phiic, vdn minh,
127
tii'n bd ? Ai khdng mong dugc sd'ng trong mdt ddt nudc ddc ldp, tu do, ddn chii,
khdng ai bdc Idt minh, nd dich minh ? Ai khdng thfch nhumg thu vui, elc thfi
hudng thu, va cd ai lai thich khd dau, bi si nhuc ? Nhiing eli chung nhu vdy cd
thi ke them rd't nhilu. Chiing cd thi doan kit con ngudi trong cudc dd'u tranh
chung vi cudc sd'ng.
Cd nhiing cii thudc vl eon ngudi nhung nim ngoai y mud'n eua con ngudi,
cung dang chfing td hg la ddng loai. Chang ban, khdng ai cd the dam bao khdng
pham sai lim. Ngay tfi thdi co xua, ngudi ta da bilt dilu dd. Xi-xd-rdng, nha hiln
trie't Hi Lap da ndi : "La con ngudi thi cd sai lim, ehi ed ke ngu xuln mdi cd chip
sai lim eua minh ma thdi". Dd la mdt dilu tit nhien, vi con ngudi ludn ludn bi dat
vao nhimg dilu kien, hoan canh phfic tap khdng thi bid't trudc va.phai quylt dinh
tfic thdi. Con ngudi cd the di sai dudng, cd thi cd nhiing quyi't dinh khdng dung,
cd the danh gil lech lac mdt su kien. Ddi khi dd chi la chuyen nhd, khdng ding
kl. Nhung ddi khi eon ngudi phai tra gia dlt eho sai ldm. Mong sao eho dilu dd
dfing xay ra. Con ngucri cang sdu sic thi cang hay ling nghe y kidn ngudi khic,
va cang biet nhilu thi cang ft mIc sai lim.
Nhung neu sai lam da xay ra thi sao ? Che gilu ngudi mIc sai lim chang ?
Ndi xlu ngudi dd chang ? Ming md, qud trich mdt elch thd Id chang ? Lam nhu
vdy la tan ac, vd nhdn dao. Ld-nin ed ndi : "Chi cd ai khdng lam gi ca thi mdi
khdng mIc sai lim". Ngudi cdn ndi thdm : "Ngudi thdng minh khdng phai la
ngudi khdng mIc sai lim ma la ngudi pham sai ldm khdng trim trgng va bii't mau
chdng sfia ehfia nd".
Khdng ai trdn trai ddt nay cd the bilu bilt dugc tit ea. Ddy cfing la mdt dac
tfnh bet sfic tu nhien ciia con ngudi. Bdi vi cle kiln thfic ma nhdn loai tfch luy
dugc la vd ban, cdn kha nang tiep thu duge eua mdi ngudi tile thay, lai ed ban.
Td't nhien, kha nang nay b mdi ngudi mdt khic, nhung khdng ai cd tbI thit su nim
dugc tit ea.
Vl vdy, nlu ai ed dilu gi khdng biet, thi cung chang cd gi la. Trii lai, ai thanh
that'thu nhdn dilu minh khdng biet thi dugc mgi ngudi tdn trgng. Dugc lam vile
vdi nhumg ngudi ed thi bdc Id mdt cleh chdn thanh : "Tdi khdng bilt" thi dl chiu
bilt bao so vdi nhumg ngudi xet doan ngudi khic mdt each ngao man, kidu edng vl
nhiing dilu ma hg hoan toan chdng bilt gl ca. Cai ding sg khdng phai la khdng
hieu bilt, ml la khdng mud'n hieu bilt.
128
Con ngudi cdn cd mdt dac tinh quan trgng la bilt hieu ngudi khac. Mdi ngudi
diu cd each nhin, y thfch va thdi quen ridng. Khdng thi nao khic dugc, vi ngudi ta
ch^g ai gid'ng ai va diu cd nhiing dae dilm cl nhdn.
Co le cudc sd'ng se hit sfic budn te nlu nhu bdng nhidn td't ea mgi ngudi diu
suy nghi hoan toan gidng nhau, cung thfch mdt vdt, cung ghet mdt vdt nhu nhau.
Khi dd, chung ta ed thi ndi ring eon ngudi da biln thinh nhflng ngudi mly khdng
hIn va mit mdt tfnh chd't hit sfic quan trgng cua eon ngudi la tuih chdt khic biet.
Nlu nhu tdi khdng quan tdm gi den hinh thfic, den lo quin cua minh, thi ddy
la viec cua tdi. Nhung dilu dd khdng ed nghia la tdi cd quyln ldn In nhumg ngudi
khac thfch mac dep, hgp thdi trang, vi dly 11 viec eua hg. Khdng thi dem y thfch
va thdi quen eua minh bat ngudi khic phai theo, ban nfia cdn ndn tdn trgng y thfch
va thdi quen cua ngudi khic.
Khi ndi khdng cd gi thudc vl eon ngudi ml xa la vdi eon ngudi la chiing ta
con cd y ndi rang eon ngudi cd thi cd nhiing luc budn philn, buc bdi, vd'p vap, thit
bai. Trong nhiing phut gidy Iy, ta phai te nhi, nhay cam va ehii y. Cd nhiing liic
chiing ta vd tinh hay hiiu y ddi hdi d ngudi khic mdt nu cudi tuoi tinh trong khi
ngudi ta dang cd mdt tim tu budn philn.
Hiiu vl thdng cam tim trang eua ngudi khic 11 mdt phim chit hit sfic td't dep
.cua nhfing ngudi cd timhdn nhidt thinh. Vi vdy, hg bao gid cung cd nhilu ngudi
ban thue su la ban.
Ciu elch ngdn khang dinh tilng ndi chung gifia nhiing eon ngudi. Nim duge
tilng ndi Iy, eon ngudi se bilu nhau, chip nhdn nhau va chd dgi nhau. Cii lam cho
con ngudi gid'ng nhau chinh la b chd mdi ngudi ai cung diu la mdt thi gidi rieng,
khic nhau. VI do khac nhau ma diu kbit khao su ddng cam eua ngudi khic.
Ciu each ngdn thi hiln khat vgng duge hoi nhdp. Du d ddu, tinh hud'ng nao,
con ngudi diu khdng mud'n tich khdi ddng loai, dfing tren hoac dfing ngoai
ding loai.
Vdi cdu cleh ngdn Iy, b ddu ta cung cd thi tim thly ban be".
(Theo Ac-ka-di Vac-bee,
Suy nghT ve nhitng cdu Mdc trd ldi con gdi,
NXB Thanh nien. Ha Ndi, 1993)
»NV1iaNC-A 129
A,'
BAI VIET SO 7
(Nghi luin xa hdi)
KET QUA CAN DAT

• Biit viit bdi vdn nghi ludn vi mgt vdn di xd hdi dugc dqt
ra trong tdc phdm vdn hgc.
• Biit kit hgp van dung kiin thdc vdn hgc vd ddi sdng, khdc
phiic vd hqn chidugc nhitng sai sdt d cdc bdi viet trudc.
Tham khao elc di'van sau ddy :

De 1. Quan nilm cua Nguydn Du vl ddng tiln trong Truyen Kiiu va quan
niem eua anh (chi) vl ddng tiln trong cudc sd'ng hdm nay.
De 2. Tfi bai tho Tiin si gidy eua Nguyin Khuyin, anh (chi) hay vilt bai van
ban vl darJi va thue trong cudc sd'ng bidn nay.
De 3. Nhan duge hgc mdt sd bai tha trong tip Nhdt ki trong tu cua H6 Chf Mmh,
anh (ehi) hay vilt bdi van ban vl y chf va nghi luc eua eon ngucri.
D^ 4. Tfi elc bai tha Ddy thdn Vi Da (HIn Mae Tfi), Ddy mua thu tdi,
Tha duyen (Xudn Dieu), Trdng giang (Huy Cdn), Chiiu xudn (Anh Tha),... hay
vie't bai van tiinh bay quan niem cua anh (chi) vl long yiu qui huong.
130 9. h4V11/2NC-B

DAM TANG LAO GO-RIO

(Trich Lao Gd-ri-d)
BAN-DAC
KET QUA C A N DAT

• Hieu rd dung y cda Ban-ddc khi miiu td ddm tang lao
Gd-ri-d.
• Ndm dugc nhitng biin phdp nghi thudt nhd vdn sd dung
trong doqn trich.
TIEU DAN
1. Bac thly cua chu nghTa hien thuc
"Mdt bac thay cOa chii nghTa
hien thuc" - dd la Idi Ang-ghen danh
gia nha tieu thuyet Phap Hdndiie dP
Ban-dac (Honore de Balzac, 1799-1850).
Sdng vao nifa dau th^ ki XIX khi
each mang 1789 d Phap da thanh
cdng, nhung anh vang son ciia ch^
dp phong ki^n chua phai da lui tan,
Ban-die thdi thanh nidn mp ifdc n6l
danh, nudi mdng lam giau va mudn
budc chan vao xa hdi thupng luu.
Ong sinh ra d tinh nho (Tua) trong
mdt gia dinh ndng dan, sau chuyin
len Pa-ri lam an. Chi tilt "dP" (de),
Ban-dac diu hidu ddng doi qu^ tdc, la do
(Minh hoa cOa Da-vIt) dng them vao ten hp cOa minh.
Ban-dac chpn con dudng van chUPng, trai vdi y ciia cha mudn con theo
hpc luat. Rdi dng lao vao ITnh vuc kinh doanh mong giau cd nhung toan
thua lo, that bai, cudi cijng danh tCr bo mdng lam giau, trd v l vdi nghiep
van chuang.
Do Idng say me van chuong ket hpp vdi vd'n sdng phong phu va su hieu
bilt sau sac cac ngdc ngach cua xa hdi tu san Ban-dac tich luy dupc trong
nhiJng nam bdn ba khap nPi tren con dudng kinh doanh, nen cac tac pham
ciia dng thdi ki nay, hpp thanh bd TS'n tro ddi, la nhQng tieu thuylt cd gia trj
hien thifc phe phan cai xa hdi trong dd ddng tien tac oai tac quai.
Cac tieu thuyet ndi tieng nhat la Mieng da ICfa (1831), 0-gie-ni Gr§ng-de
(1833), Lao Gd-ri-d (1834), Ao mong tieu tan (1837 -1843),...
131
2. Tieu thuyet Lao G6-ri-6

Tai quan trp ciia ba Vd-ke d ngoai d Pa-ri vao nam 1819 cd mdt so khach
thue phdng dai han : cd Vich-to-rin, con gai nha tUsan cd buTay-P-phe bj cha
rudng bo de don tai san cho cau con trai duy nhat; ten tii khd sai vUdt nguc
an nau dudi cai ten gia Vd-tP-ranh ; lao Gd-ri-d, sau mUPi chin tudi, xua kia
giau cd nhd budn ban lua mi, sau khanh kiet phai ra d quan trp, vi cd bao
nhieu tien deu bj hai cd con gai ma dng yeu thUPng vd cung bdn rut h^t c^ ;
anh sinh vien 0-gien dP Ra-xti-nhac tir tinh le len Pa-ri hpc luat,...
Ra-xti-nhac ngan ngam canh ngheo, mudn nhanh chdng dupc gia nhap
vao xa hdi phdn hoa. Chang tinh cd lam quen dupc vdi nij" ba tude A-na-xta-di dP
Re-xtd, con gai Idn lao Gd-ri-d, lien den chpi nha, nhung do vung ve ndi Id ra
ten lao Gd-ri-d nen til dd bj elm cifa. Sau chuyen khdng may Iy, Vd-to-ranh
khuyen Ra-xti-nhac chinh phuc cd gai ngheo Vich-to-rin rdi han se gidp dd
bang each gilt chit dijfa em trai ciia cd, nhu vay cd se dupc thiâ hudng gia
s^n khdng Id cOa bd, nhUng Ra-xti-nhac khdng nghe theo. Rdi anh lai tinh cd
lam quen dupc vdi Den-phin, con gai thuf hai ciia lao Gd-ri-d, vp chii ngan hang
Dd Nuy-xin-ghen va cd nhan tinh la DP Mac-xay.
Lao Gd-ri-d thu vet tien nong mua mdt can hd nhd de Ra-xti-nhic c6 cho
gap gd vdi Den-phin va lao cung du djnh se dpn d i n d ciing. Dung djp do, hit
cd em lai cd chi ddn khdc Idc vdi cha v l hoan c^nh quin bach khdng c6 tiln
trang trai nhung khoan tieu gilu chdng. Lao Gd-ri-d dam ra dm nang. Ra-xti-nhac
den tim A-na-xta-di va Den-phin bao tin cha cac cd khd Idng qua khdi, nhung
ca hai diu vien If do khdng tdi dupc. Cudi ciing A-na-xta-di den thi da qua
mudn. Ra-xti-nhac phai tU bd tiln ra lo chdn cat cho lao Gd-ri-d, ngudi lang
gieng ciia anh trong quan trp ciia ba Vd-ke (xem D^m tang lao Gd-ri-6).
Khi cd xe ddn din, 0-gien^^^ eho khieng chile quan tai trd lin budng lao^^\
thio dinh ra va kfnh cln dat lin nguc dng eu eli hinh anh thudc vl mdt thdi
ma Den-phm va A-na-xta-di cdn be bdng, ddng trinh, trong trIng va khong biet li sU
nhu lao da ndi gifia nhflng tilng kdu hdp hdi. Chi ed Ra-xti-nhac va Cri-xtd-pha^^^
cung vdi hai ga dd tuy^ di theo chile xe chd ngudi xlu sd din ngdi nha thd
(1) 0-gien : tiic O-gien do Ra-xti-nhac.

(2) Ra-xti-nhac mud'n md nip quan tai d^ dat len nguc lap vat ki nidm hinh trai tim trong cd m^y
mdn tdc ciia hai cd con gai; vide dd khdng thi thuc hien b dudi cdng.
(3) Cri-xtd-pha: gia nhan trong quan trp.
(4) Dd tuy : ngudi khieng quan tai.
132
ThInh-E-chien-duy-Mdng, khdng each xa

phd Mdi-Nfl-thlnh-Gio-na-vi-e-vo^'^ mly
tf. Din ddy, xac chit duge dat trudc mdt
gilo dudng nhd, thIp va tdi, quanh dd
chang sinh vien da hoai edng tim hai ed
gai bode chdng hg. Chi ed minh chang
vdi Cri-xtd-pha, anh nly tu nghi ed bdn
phdn lam nhiing nghia vu cud'i cung ddi
vdi mdt ngudi da lam eho anh kilm
duge mly mdn tiln dai cdng kha kha.
Trong khi chd hai vi linh muc, ehii be
hit le va ngudi bd nha thd, Ra-xti-nhle
xilt chat ban tay Cri-xtd-pha ma khdng
ndi nen ldi.
- Dung thi day, cau Q-gjoi a, Cri-xtd-pha
ndi, dng cu la ngudi tfi tl va dfing ddn,
chua bao gid to tilng, khdng hi lam hai
ai va chua tihig lim dilu gi nen tdi.
Nhan vat Gd-ri-d
(Minh hoa cua Bo-mi-e) Hai vi linh muc, chii bl hit 11 va
ngudi bd di din, hg tiln hinh td't ca
nhiing nghi ll xumg ding vdi gia tiln bay muoi quan trong mdt thdi ki ma tdn giao
kh6ng ld'y gi lam giau lim dl elu kinh lim phiic. Cle vi nha dao hit mdt bai thanh
thi, bai kinh Li-be-ri-a , bai kinh Da Pro-phun-di-xcr \ Nghi ll cfi hanh hit hai
muoi phiit. Chi cd mdi mdt cd xe dua dim cho mdt vi linh muc va mdt ehii be hat
16, ho thudn dl Ra-xti-nhle va Cri-xtd-pha ldn ngdi ciing.
- Khdng cd ngudi dua dam, vi linh muc ndi, chiing ta ed thi di nhanh dl khdi
cham tri, da nam gid rudi rdi.
Nhung gifia liic xae chit duge dat len xe tang thi xult hien hai chile xe cd treo
huy hieu^ ' nhung khdng ed ngudi ngdi, mdt cua bl tude Do Re-xtd va mdt cua
nam tude Do Nuy-xin-ghen, hai chie'e xe theo sau toln xe tang din nghia dia Cha
La-se-do. Din slu gid, xlc lao Gd-ri-d dugc ha huyet, dfing xung quanh la bgn gia nhdn
cua hai ed con gai lao. Bii kinh ngin ngui elu eho lao do chang sinh vien tra tiln.
(1) Ngiy nay, khu vuc nay thudc ndi thanh Pa-ri.
(2) Li-be-ri-a : kinh sieu dd.
0) DaPro-phun-di-xa: kinh cû hdn.
(4) Huy hieu : xe ngua cua cac nha quy^n quy cd treo hoac ve gia huy.
133
vfia dgc xong la bgn hg cung vdi dam ngudi nha dao bil'n ngay. Khi bai ga dao
huyet da hit dugc vai xeng ddt xud'ng che lip chii'c lo quan thi chung nging lin
va mdt ga ddi Ra-xti-nhle tiln dai cdng. O-gien mdc tui va thly khdng cdn ddng
nao, chang budc phai vay Cri-xtd-pha hai mucri xu. Su vide nay tu nd khdng cd gi
ding ke, da gdy eho Ra-xti-nhle mdt com nao long gbd gdm. Ngay tan, mdt budi
hoang hdn Im udt kfch thfch thin kmh, chang nhm ngdi md vl vui xudng dly gigt
nude mit cud'i cung eua ngudi trai tre, gigt nudc mit trao ra vi nhfing mdi xuc
ddng thieng liing eua mdt trii tim trong trIng, eli thfi nude mat roi xudng mat dlt
rdi tfi dd lai vut ldn din tdn trdi cao. Chang khoanh tay ngdm nhiing dim mdy ; va
nhin thd'y chang nhu vdy, Cri-xtd-pha ben bd di.
Ra-xti-nhIc cdn lai mdt minh, di mdy budc vl phia diu nghia dia, chang nhin
thly thanh phd Pa-ri nim khue khuyu dgc bai bd sdng Xen^ \ b dd anh den bat
diu lip linh. Ddi mdt ching gdn chat gin nhu them thudng vao khoang gifia cdt
ddng tru cua quang trudng Vang-ddm^ ' va dinh mai trdn diln Anh-va-lit^',
khoang dd la ncri sinh boat cua cai xa hdi thugng luu chang da mudn thdm nhdp.
Ching nhin cai to ong rlo rio d'y bing eon mat hinh nhu mudn hut trudc nudc mit
eua nd, va ching ndi nhfing ldi to tit nay :
- Gid ddy cdn may vdi ta !
VI, dl md man eho cudc thach thfic cua chang dd'i vdi Xa Hdi, Ra-xti-nhle di
an bfia tdi d nha phu nhdn Da Nuy-xin-ghen.
(Theo Lao Gd-ri-d, Lfi HUY dich,
Hl/dNG DAN HOC BAI

1. Cdn cfi vao diln biln cle budc tiln hinh dim tang lao Gd-ri-d dl tim ra bd' cue
bd'n phin eua bai nay va dat tiiu dl cho tfing phin.
2. Hm hieu nhumg dung y nghd thudt eua nha van nham khIe boa sd phin bi dlt
cua lao Gd-ri-d trong bii qua : a) nhumg ehi tilt cu tbI lien quan di'n vile chgn
lua khung canh, thdi gian, Inh sing, mau sic ; b) cai vdng ve cua dim tang va
sd ngudi ft di cfi rut din ; e) nghi 11 tiln banh hit sfic sa sai dudng nhfi cam
nhdn duge ca d nhumg ddng van ngin ngui (xem xet dd dai nha van dinh cho
mdi budc).
(1) Sdng Xen : con sdng chay qua Pa-ri.

(2) Vdng-ddm : quang trudng lap nam 1708, giiia cd chiec cdt cao bang ddng den.
(3) Anh-va-lit'. cung dien ndi tie'ng b Pa-ri, trong dat di hai nhilu danh nhan Phap.
134
3. Chiing minh tinh ngudi bae beo bi ddng tiln chi phdi qua: a) vi linh muc, hai ga dao
huylt, Cri-xtd-pha, bgn gia nhan; b) hai ed con gai, hinh anh hai chiec xe khdng.
4. Dgc ki doan cud'i, tfi chd "Ra-xti-nhle cdn lai mdt minh..." eho din hit, suy
nghi va du doln, bing elc chumg cfi eu the, lieu chang thanh nien d'y rdi ddy ed
cdn gifi dugc phim chd't td't dep eua minh nfia khdng.
BAI TAP NANG CAO
K l va ta trong doan trfch Ddm tang lao Gd-ri-d.
Bai t h a m k h a o
QUAN TRO BA V6-KE<*'

Mat trudc quan trg trdng ra mdt manh vudm nho, thanh thit ngdi nha dung thudc thg
vdi day phd Mdi-Nu-thanh-Gio-no-vi-e-vo, tfi ngoai phd nhin vao, cac ban tha'y ngdi nha
bjclt theo chiiu sau. Dpc theo mat trudc Iy, giiia ngdi nha va manh vudm, cd mdt bdn da
soi, hinh long chao, rdng ngdt mdt toa-do , rdi den mot ldi di phu cat, hai bdn la nhiing
cay phong lu thao, tnic dao va thach luu, trdng trong nhfing cai thd'ng ldn bang sanh trang
men mau xanh, trang. Mud'n vao ldi di Iy phai qua mdt cdng nho, phia tren cdng cd mdt
tSdn biln dl : "QUAN V6-KE" vdi ddng chii phia dudi : "QUAN TRO TRUNG LUU
CCA N A M GICll, N C T G I C I V A M O I NGU'Cil ".
Ting dudi ciing cua ngdi nha di nhidn la dl diing vao viec kinh doanh quan trp. Nd
gdm mdt can phdng thii nha't, cd anh sang nhd hai cfia kinh trdng ra phd va ngudi ta vao
phone nay qua mdt cfia limg . Phdng khach a'y an thdng vdi phdng an, budng cau
thang ngan each phdng an vdi nha blp, cac bac thang bang gd va bang gach vudng dugc
dinh len mau va cp bdng. That khdng gi trdng chan hom cai phdng khach dd bay bien g h i
b ^ , ghi dua, bpc thfi vai cudc cd spc md chen spc bdng. Giiia phdng la mdt ban trdn,
mat ban bing d m thach Thanh-An^ ', trdn bay mot bd khay chen udng rucfu bang sfi men
tring chay chi vang da bi md din nfia, hien nay ta thudng tha'y nhan nhan khlp noi. Can
phdng nay san lat khdng dugc ki lim, tudng ghep van cao vfia tim tay vin. Phin cdn lai
mat tudng kia dugc phii mdt ldp gily son ve cac su tich trong tmyen Te-le-mdc trdn dd
(*) Ten bai do ngudi bidn soan dat.

(1) Toa-da: don vi do ludng c6, bang 1,949 met.
(2) Cita Ivtng : loai ciia tha'p, viia nhu c6a ra vao viia nhu cira sd.
('i)BuSng cdu thang : khoang nha hep b dd bd tri cSu thang.
(4) Cdm thach Thdnh-An : ten loai da c£m thach mau xam co van trang.
(5) Ti-li-mdc: tac ph&ti cua Phe-no-ldng xu^t ban nam 1699. Su tich Te-ie-mac, con trai cua Uy-lit-xo
va Pe-ne-ldp, di tim cha sau chie'n tranh To-roa cung da dupc Hd-me-ro nhac de'n trong 6-di-xe.
135

nhitng nhan vat cd diln dugc td mau. Bfic van d khoang gifia hai khung cfia sd cd chin
song, trinh bay vdi khach trg canh Ca-lip-xd thit tiec con ttai Uy-lit-xo. Tfi bd'n chuc nam
nay, biic tranh son diu Iy da la dl tai tan phet cho bgn khach tre tudi, bgn nay cfi lam ra
bd sang hom thuc canh cua minh, ludn ludn bdng phlng chi gilu nhfing bfia an xoang
xinh ma canh ngheo khd bat ho danh phai chiu. Ld sudi bang da, nhung Idng Id liic nao
cung sach tron, chfing td chi cd dip long trgng lam mdi ddt Ifia. Mat Id sudi trang hoang
hai binh dly hoa gia cii ki, lip trong Idng kinh, gifia la cai ddng hd qua lac bang elm thach
xanh lam nhat trdng hit sfic kech cdm. Can phdng diu tien nay toat ra mdt miii khdng cd
ten trong ngdn ngii, cd le nen ggi la miii qudn trg. Nd ndng nac mui hdi md'c 6i khet; nd
lanh leo, nd xdng hoi am vao miii, nd tham vao quan ao, nd cd miii vi mdt can phdng d
day ngudi ta vfia mdi an xong ; nd sac miii hdi bat dia, miii hdi nha blp, miii hdi vien tl
ban..Kl ra ciing cd thi md ta dugc nd, neu ngudi ta bay ra dugc mot phuomg phap tfnh sd
lugng nhiing hgp cha't tanh tudi ma nhfing miii ddm mui va miii ddc dao cua mdi vi khach
trp tre hoac gia gieo rlc d noi day. Ay thi ma, mac diu nhfing su kinh tdm qua ngan dd,
nlu dem so vdi phdng an tilp giap, thi cac ban se thly phdng khach lich su va thom tho
bie't bao, chang khac chdn khue phdng thilu nfi...
(Theo Lao Gd-ri-d, LE HUY dich, Sdd)
TRI THLfC DOC - HIEU
Ke va ta
KS va ta la nhung thanh phan chii yeu ciia Idi ngudi ke chuyen trong mdt tac pham tu sif. Ndi
chung, ke gan vdi dien bie'n cOa cac su kien trong thdi gian, cdn ta lai chii yeu gan vdi khdng gian
bao gdm bdi canh noi su kien diln ra, nha ciia, dd dac, trang phuc, didn mao cQa cac nhan vat,...
Thuc ra, hai phuong thiie ke va ta trong tac pham gan ket vdi nhau khdng d l tach bach. Trong
mach ke vin cd the cd ta, va khi ta thi chSng phai khdng bao ham mot chut k l nao.
Khi k l mdt su kien diin ra trong khudn khd khdng gian va thdi gian nao day, ne'u nha van ke chi
tiet ddng thdi xen vao nhilu doan ta ti mi, van ban se dai va gdy an tupng cho dpc gia la sU kien
keo dai. Chung ta se cd cam giac ngupc lai la sU kien dien ra chdng vanh, neu van ban dUPC rut
ngan mdt each cd dung y, tuy thdi gian su kien v i n khdng thay ddi.
Trong tieu thuye't Lao Gd-ri-6, Ban-dac chu y day dii ca hai phuong dien ke va ta, dac bidt la ta.
Ngay d nhung trang dau ciia tac pham, nha van da mieu ta rat ti ml, de'n tCmg chi tiet ben ngoai va
ben trong quan tro ciia ba Vd-ke nPi dng Gd-ri-d thue trp. Vay ma trong Dam tang lao G6-ri-6. tac
gia hau nhu khdng ta ma chi ke, tham chi ke ra't ludt.
136
LUYEN TAP VE PHONG CACH

NGON N G C C H I N H LUAN
KET QUA CAN DAT ^
• Ndm vdng kiin thdc vi phong cdch ngdn ngd chinh ludn.
• Biit van dung kii'n thdc vi phong cdch ngdn ngit chinh luan
vdo viec doc - hiiu vdn bdn vd ldm vdn.
1. Dgc van ban sau, cho biet dac dilm chung va elch sfi dung cle phuong tien
ngdn ngfi cua phong each ngdn ngfl chinh ludn dugc thi bidn d trong van ban dd.
L 6 | K E U GOI TOAN QUOC KHANG CHIEN

Hdi ddng bao toan qud'c !
Chung ta mud'n hod binh, chdng ta phdi nhdn nhugng. Nhung chdng ta cdng
nhdn nhugng, thuc ddn Phdp cdng ldn tdi, vi chung quyit tdm cudp nudc ta ldn nda I
Khdng ! Chdng ta thd hi sinh tdt cd, chd nhdt dinh khdng chiu mdt nudc, nhdt
dinh khdng chiu ldm nd li.
Hdi ddng bao !
Chung ta phdi ddng lin !
Bdt ki dan dng, ddn bd, bdt ki ngudi gid, ngudi tre, khdng chia tdn gido, ddng
phdi. ddn tdc, hi Id ngudi Viet Nam thi phdi dicng lin ddnh thuc ddn Phdp di cdu
Td'qud'c. Ai cd sung dung sung. Ai cd guam dung guam, khdng cd guam thi dung
cud'c, thuong, gay gdc. Ai cung phdi ra sdc chdng thuc ddn Phdp cdu nudc.
Hdi anh em binh si, tu ve, ddn qudn !
Gid cdu nudc dd din. Ta phdi hi sinh di'n gigt mdu cudi cung di gid gin
ddt nudc.
Du phdi gian lao khdng chiin, nhung vdi mot long kiin quyi't hi sinh, thdng Igi
nhdt dinh vi ddn tdc ta.
Viet Nam dgc lap vd thdng nhdt mudn ndm !
, Khdng chiin thdng Igi mudn ndm !
Hd Ngi, ngdy 19 thdng 12 ndm 1946
HO CHI MINH
137
2. Hay chi ra nhumg yi'u td' mang lai trnh bilu cam trong doan trich sau ddy :
Cdi xd hdi chd nghia ben Au chdu rdt thinh hdnh nhu thi, dd phong dqi ra nhu
thi, thimd ngudi bin ta thi diim nhien nhu ke ngd khdng biet gi la gi. Thuang hai
thay ! Ngudi nudc ta khdng hiiu cdi nghia vu loai ngUdi dn d vdi loai ngudi dd
ddnh, din cdi nghia VM mdi ngudi trong nudc cung chua hiiu gi cd. Ben Phdp, mdi
khi ngudi cd quyin thi, hodc chinh phd, ldy sdc mqnh md de nen quyin Igi rieng
cda mdt ngudi hay cda mdt hdi ndo, thi ngUdi ta hodc keu ndi, hodc chdng cu,
hodc thi oai, van dung ki cho din dugc cdng binh mdi nghe.
Vi sao md ngudi ta ldm dugc nhu thi ? Ld vi ngudi ta co dodn thi, co cdng
ddc bii't giit Igi chung vdy. Hg nghi rdng niu nay di cho ngUdi cd quyin liic de nen
ngudi ndy thi mai at cung ldy quyin luc dy di de nen minh, cho nen phdi hiep
nhau Iqi phdng ngda trudc. Ngudi ta cd dn hgc biit xet ki thdy xa nhu thi, cdn
ngudi nudc minh thi sao ? NgUdi minh thi phdi ai tai ndy, ai chit mac ai ! Di
dudng gap ngudi bi tai nan, gap ngudi yeu bi ke mqnh bdt nqt cung nga mdt di
qua, hinh nhu ngUdi bi nqn khdn dy khdng can thiep gi din minh.
(Phan Chau Trinh - Dqo dUc vd ludn li Ddng Tdy)
3. Hay chi ra nhiing bidn phdp tu tfi duge vdn dung trong doan trich sau ddy :
Vdy cho nin trong nudc ngdy nay, ndo Id binh phdm vdn chuang Kilu, ndo la
phi binh nhdn vdt Kilu, ndo Id chd thich Kilu, ndo tha vinh Kilu, cho din hdt
tudng Kilu, diin kich Kilu, chdp dnh Kilu, trong nhd ngodi dudng, trin trdi
dudi ddt, ddu cung Kilu. Cd xem hiin trqng dy, thi nudc Viet Nam ngdy nay ggi
tin Id "Kim Vdn Kiiu qud'c", ndi gid'ng Viet Nam ta md ggi Id "Dqi Kim Vdn Kiiu
tdc", cung dung ldm chd khdng sai!
(Ngd Dure Ke - Ludn ve chdnh hoc cUng td thuye't
Qud'c vdn - "Kim Vdn Kieu" ^ Nguyin Du)
4. Dgc hai cdu tha sau va thuc hidn nhiem vu neu b dudi.
Chd bao nhiiu dqo thuyin khdng khdm,
Ddm mdy thdng gian but chdng td.
(Nguy&nDmh Chiiu-Duang TU-HdA^du)
a) Hay diln dat ndi dung hai cdu tho trdn bing van xudi theo phong cleh ngdn
ngfi chfnh ludn.
b) Hay ndi rd nhumg dae dilm khac nhau giua phong elch ngdn ngfi chfhh
ludn vdi phong elch ngdn ngfi nghe thudt qua so sinh doan van anh (ehi) vfia mdi
vie't vdi hai cdu tha eua Nguyin Dinh Chiiu.
138
LUYEN TAP VE THAO TAC

LAP LUAN BINH LUAN
• • •
KET QUA CAN DAT
• Nam vdng thao tdc lap ludn binh ludn.
• Biit van dung thao tdc lap ludn binh ludn.
1. Xac dinh dd'i tugng, ndi dung va each binh ludn trong cle van ban
sau ddy :
THANH NIEN VA SO PHAN
"Dai da sd thanh nidn thdi trudc khdng ai suy nghi, trdn trd gi lim vl cudc ddi,
vi ai da ed phdn nly.
Phdn 11 cai phin ma cudc sd'ng, xa hdi danh eho mdi ngudi : phdn lam trai,
phdn gilu, phdn ngheo, phdn din ba, phdn lam tdi,... Con nha lao ddng ngheo,
nhilu ldm hgc din chfn, mudi tudi, la da phai lo lam dn mong kl nghiep cha, anh.
Con nhi giau theo hgc len cao thi lam quan, kim ban thi lam thly. Sinh ra b phdn
nIo, theo phdn Iy, ehi sd ft la tholt khdi.
Trii lai, thanh niln ngay nay tuy eli phdn mdi ngudi vin cdn, song trudc mat
moi ngudi diu ed kha ndng md ra nhilu eon dudng. Ngay nay su lua chgn va cd
gang cua ban thdn, su giup dd cua ban be ddng vai trd quylt dinh. Cd lua chgn tdt
phai cd suy nghi, trdn trd.
Hit ldp tim, ldp chfn, hgc gi ddy ? Trung hgc hay hgc nghl, hay di san xult ?
Trai gli gap nhau bit diu ngdp ngimg. Yeu ai ddy ? Yeu nhu thi nao ? Sfic khoe
tang nhanh, kiln thfic tich luy da khi, sd'ng nhu thi nIo ddy ? Ba cdu hdi Im anh :
linh yeu, nghl nghiep, Id'i sd'ng. Khdng thi quy cho sd phdn. Co hdi cung chia diu
san san eho mgi ngudi.
Thanh niln ngay xua budc vio ddi nhu ngitdi di xem phun da bilt trudc ngdi d
rap nao, xem phim gi, ghe sd bao nhieu, cfi thi ml ngdi vao. Ngay nay, chua bilt
se xem phim gi, d rap nao, ngdi ghi sd md'y, canh ai. Cho din khi 6n dinh dugc
chi ngdi trong xa hdi, xlc dinh dung duge vai trd va vi tri cua minh la phai trai
qua ea mdt thdi gian dai.
Thdi gian se xdy dung eho minh mdt nilm tin va dao li.
139
Xdy dung nin thi nhu tau ra biln rdng, cd kim chi nam di xac dinh hudmg di;
khdng thi nhu ehil'e bleb gifia ddng, e de gid ddp, hai hung sdng va".
(Theo Nguyin Khac Vien)
BAN VE TRUYEN THAY BOI XEM VOI
"Thdy bdi xem voi la mdt bilu tugng rdt hay ve nhihig ngudi nhdn thfic chu
quan, philn dien. Thly bdi mdt kem da la bieu tugng vl ngudi cd kha ndng quan
sit han che'. Da thi, phuang phap nhdn thfic cua eac thly cdn ban che horn. Thly
nao cung cdn cfi vao bd phdn con voi do tu tay minh sd soang ma bilt, rdi cho dd
la toan bd eon voi. CIc thly khdng bilt su vdt, hien tugng la nhiing the toan ven ed
nhilu bd phan lidn quan nhau. Da the', cle thly cdn pham mdt sai lim tay dinh :
cle thly mud'n dung vu luc dl giai quyi't cdu chuydn chdn If. Thdt nuc cudi, *da chu
quan, philn didnlibu the thi du ed dinh nhau toae diu chay mlu, thdm chf ed gilt
ehl't nhau cung vdn khdng thi tim ra su that vl con voi ! Dl bilu dugc su thdt,
ngudi ta cdn ed phuomg phdp nhdn thfic dung ddn chfi khdng cln ddn vu luc".
(Theo Tran Minh)
2. Chgn mdt trong cle dl sau, vilt mdt doan van binh ludn.
a) Ndu suy nghi eua anh (chi) dd'i vdi quan nidm :
Trdng len thi chdng bang ai,
Trdng xudng thi thdy chdng ai bdng minh.
b) Mdt sd ban cdn ft tuoi da bat chude hut thudc. Khi dugc nhac nhd, cac ban
dy ndi: "Thudc la ed hai, nhung cung cd the cd mat Igi nIo dd. Nlu khdng thi thi
xua nay nhumg ai but thudc diu lim chuyin vd bd ca hay sao ?". Anh (chi) hay
vie't doan van binh ludn quan niem dd.
c) Trong mdt bai bio ed cdu : "Dang sau tit ca nhfing ngudi dan dng thanh
edng diu ed mdt ngudi phu nfi dim bi sinh". Hay vilt doan van binh luin
y kien dd.
d) Phai chdng "Mdt dilu nhin, chfn dilu lanh" ? Viet doan van binh ludn cdu
thanh ngfi nly.
140
/y'' y ^
NGUÔI CAM QUYEN

/v''
KHOI PHUC UY QUYEN

(Trich Nhdng ngudi khdn khd)
HUY-GO
KET QUA CAN DAT

• Hiiu tinh cdm yiu, ghet cda Huy-gd ddi vdi cdc nhdn vdt
trong doqn trich.
• Ndm dugc nghi thudt tinh ti tdc gid sic dung trong viec
tqo dung tinh hud'ng vd khdc hoq nhdn vdt.
TigU DAN
1. Huy-go
V(ch-to Huy-gd (Victor Hugo, 1802 -
1885) la nha thP, nha tieu thuyet, nha
soan kich lang man ndi tilng ciia
Phap' '. Ong sinh ra va Idn len sau khi
each mang 1789 da thanh cdng, song
t h i lire va nhlJng tan du ciia chd dd
phong kiln vin cdn. Cha dng la mdt
tudng rinh each mang, nhung me dng
lai la ngudi mang nang tu tudng bao
hoang. Tai nang thP ciia Huy-gd bdc Id
sdm tCr khi cdn di hpc : mUdi lam tudi
dupc Vidn Han lam khich le, hai mUPi
tudi, in tap thP dau tay. Nhung nha thP
tre nhiing nam thang ay chju anh
hudng giao due ciia me, cung diing ve
phia bao hoang, ddng thdi hUdng theo
than tupng Sa-td-bri-ang^ '.
(1) Chu nghia lang man Phdp xuai hien sau Cach mang 1789 va phat trifo chu ye'u vao nita dû
the'kiXIX.
(2) Sa-td-bri-dng (Fran9ois - Rene de Chateaubriand, 1768 - 1 8 4 8 ) : nha van lang man Phap.
141
Tu tudng Huy-gd chuyin biln manh me ciing vdi cac phong trdo each
mang diln ra sdi ddng d Phap sud't t h i ki XIX. Vai nam tnidc khi cupc
Cach mang thang Bay 1830^^^ nd ra, dng tif bo tU tudng bao hoang va trd
thanh chO soai ciia ddng van hpc lang man tich cUc vdi nhieu tac pham thp,
kjch, tieu thuyet dac sac.
Nam 1851, dng dufng v l phia nin Cdng hoa, kich lidt chdng lai sU kien
Sac-lo Lu-i Bd-na-pac^^^ tidn hanh cudc dao chinh, len lam Hoang 64 ; va bat
dau cudc sdng lUu vong sud't mUdi chfn nam, khi d Bi, khi d may hdn dao
ngoai khPi nudc Anh. Day la thdi ki xuat hien nhilu kidt t i c ciia dng.
Nam 1870, khi nin Cdng hoa dupc khdi phuc, Huy-gd trd v l nUdc vdi sir
ddn tilp ndng nhiet ciia dan chung. Nam sau (1871), Cdng xa Pa-ri nd ra, tdn
tai dupc bay muoi hai ngay rdi bj dan ap dam mau, dng dung cSm ldn tilng
benh vUc va xin an xa cho cac chien sT Cdng xa, tuy trudc dd dng khdng tan
thanh dudng Id'i each mang ciia Cdng xa.
Cd the ndi tu tudng ciia Huy-gd da chuyen bidn "tit bdng tdi ra anh sang"
nhu chii diing ciia dng trong NhOng ngudi khon khd.
Huy-gd thanh cdng tren nhilu t h i loai, nhung trUdc het dng la mdt nha thP
vdi hang loat tap thP trai dai trong sud't cudc ddi, tieu bilu nhU La thu (1831),
TrCfngphat(1853), MSc tudng (^856),...
Cung vdi sang tac thP, dng vilt tiiu thuylt ti^ khi cdn tre cho din ICic ve gia ;
nhieu tac pham khdng xa la vdi chdng ta nhU Nha thd.DCfc Ba Pa-ri (1831),
NhOng ngudi khon kh6 (1862),... Trai lai, kjch lang man ciia Huy-gd chO yiu
tap trung vao nhCrng nam ba mUdi, tieu bilu nhit la Hec-na-ni (1830), vd kjch
da gay sdng gid tren san khlu thdi biy gid.
2. Tieu thuyet NtiQng ngu&i khdn khd

Cdt truyen dupc dat vao thdi gian mly chuc nSm dau t h i ki XIX.
Giang Van-giang la ngUdi lao ddng nghdo khd vi dap vd tO kinh lay d p mdt
Chile banh mi 6e nudi chau ma dan d i n mUdi chin nam tu khd sai. Ra tii, nhd
sucam hoa ciia giam hiuc Mi-ri-en, dng trd thanh ngUdi tdt sau khi pham thdm
tdi cudp ddng hao ciia be Giec-ve. Ong ddi tdn la Ma-dP-len, md nha mdy, trd
nen giau cd, ludn giup dd mpi ngudi va dupc cir lam thj trudng mdt thanh phd
nhd. Nhung thanh tra mat tham Gia-ve dudi quyln dng v i n nghi ngd, rinh md,
theo ddi. Phang-tin la ngudi phu nOf gap nhilu oan trai, lam viec trong xUdng
(I) Cdch mqng thdng Bdy 1830 : cudc each mang cham dut mudi lam nam che' dd phong ki^n phuc
hdi (thdi ki Trung hung, I8I5 -1830) sau khi bi lat dd trong Cdch mang 1789.
(2)Sdc-la Lu-i Bd-na-pdc (Charles - Louis Bonaparte, 1808 - 1873) : chau cua Na-pd-ld-dng I
(Napoleon I), len lam Hoang de', la'y hieu la Na-pd-le-dng HI (Napoleon HI).
142
may ciia dng, vi cd con hoang la Cd-det ma bj mu giam thj sa thai, phai gifi
con cho hai vp chdng ga chii quan lifu manh Te-nac-di-e, rdi lam gai diem de
lay tiln nudi than va nudi con ; chi phan iimg lai ga tU san Ba-ma-ta-boa
treu chpc tan nhin trong luc chj dang dau dm, liin bj Gia-ve bat bd tu, may
nhd cd Ma-do-len can thiep mdi dupc thoat nan, rdi lai dupc IVIa-dp-len dUa
vao nam d benh xa. Dang luc hit Idng ciiu giup Phang-tin, Ma-do-len lai quyet
djnh ra toa tuthu de ctjfu Sang-ma-chi-o bj bat oan. Ong trd lai vdi ten that ciia
minh (xem Ngudi cam quyen khoi phuc uy quySn), vao tu, rdi lai vUpt nguc,
tim den chude be Cd-det dang sdng khd sd tai nha Te-nac-di-e, giiir Idi hifa vdi
Phang-tin luc chj qua ddi. Ong dUa Cd-det len Pa-ri, sdng lin trdn nhieu nam.
IVIdt cudc khdi nghTa ciia nhan dan dUng chien luy chdng lai chinh quyen tu
san nd ra d Pa-ri vao thang sau nam 1832 dUpc mieu ta het sufc hao hijng
vdi nhilu hinh tupng hu cau dep nhu chang sinh vien Ang-gidn-rat, cu gia
Ma-bdp, chu be Ga-vo-rdt,... Giang Van-giang cung cd mat tren chien luy. Ong
cihj sdng Ma-ri-u^t, ngudi yeu cDa Cd-det va tha chet cho Gia-ve. Sau khi
cudc khdi nghTa bj dap tat, dng vun dap cho tinh yeu ciia Ma-ri-uyt vdi Cd-det
va cudi cijng chit trong canh cd ddn.
Tfi ngay dng thi trudng gd cho Pbdng-tin tholt khdi Gia-ve, chi khdng gap lai
hln lin nao. Diu de dm yiu eua chi khdng bilu dugc gi, nhung ehi tin la bin din
dl bat chi. Chi khdng thi chiu dung duge bd matgdm ghile Iy, chi thly nhu chit
lim di, ehi lly tay che mat vl keu len hai hung :
- Ong Ma-do-len, cfiu tdi vdi!
Giang Van-giang - tfi gid chung ta se khdng ggi dng bing cai ten nao khac -
dirng dly. Ong bao Phang-thi bang mdt gigng hit sfic nhe nhing vl dilm tinh :
- Cfi yen tim. Khdng phai nd din bit chi ddu.
Rdi dng quay lai ndi vdi Gia-ve :
- Tdi bilt la anh mud'n gi rdi.
Gia-ve dap:
- Mau len !
Trong eli dieu bin ndi ldn hai tilng d'y ed eli gi man rg va didn eudng. [...]
Khdng cdn la tilng ngudi ndi ma la tie'ng thii gim.
Hdn khdng lim nhu thudng le. Hin khdng mao diu gi ca ; hIn khdng chia td
trSt tmy na ra. Hin coi Giang Van-giang nhu mdt dich thii bi hiem va khdng sao
143
bat dugc, mdt dd vdt la lung hdn dm ghi da nam nam ma khdng thi qudt nga. Lin
nay tdm dugc khdng phai la bit diu ma la kit thuc. Hin chi bao : Mau lin !
Hdn cfi dfing li mdt chd ma ndi ; bin phdng vao Giang Van-giang cap mat
nhin nhu eli mdc sdt, va vdi cai nhin d'y ban tfing quen keo gidt vao bin bao ke
khdn khd.
Chfnh eli nhin dy hai thing trudc ddy Phang-tin da thdy nd di thiu vao di'n tin
xuang tuy.
Nghe thly tilng Gia-ve, Phang-tin lai md mit ra. Nhimg dng thi truomg vin
dfing dd. Chi cdn sg gi nfia ?
Gia-ve tiln vao gifia phdng va bet lin :
- TbI nao ! May ed di khdng ?
Ngudi dan bl khdn khd nhin quanh. Chang cd ai ngoai ba xa va dng thi
trudng. TbI thi nd may tao thd bi vdi ai ? Chi la vdi chi. Chi rung minh.
, Rdi ehi trdng thd'y mdt su la lung, di'n mfic ngay trong nhihig com sd't ml. sang
hai bung nhd't chi cung chua tittig thd'y mdt chuyin tuang tu.
Chi thly ten mdt tham Gia-ve nim lly c6 lo dng tiii trudng ; chi thly dng tiii
trudng cui diu. Chi tudng nhu ea tbI gidi dang tiiu tan.
Dung la Gia-ve da turn ld'y e6 lo Gidng Van-giang.
- Ong thi trudng ci ! Phang-tin klu lin.
Gia-ve phi ldn cudi, eli cudi ghi tdm phd ra tdt ca hai ham rang.
- 6 ddy lam gi cdn cd dng thi trudng nfla !
Gidng Van-giang khdng ed gd ban tay hdn ndm ed lo dng ra. Ong ndi:
- Gia-ve...
Gia-ve ngit ldi dng :
- Ggi ta la dng thanh tra.
- Thua dng, Gidng Van-gidng ndi, tdi mud'n ndi riing vdi dng elu nay.
- Ndi to ! Ndi to lin ! Gia-ve dip ; ai ndi vdi ta thi phai ndi to !
Giang Van-giang vdn thi thim :
- Tdi elu xin dng mdt dilu...
- Ta bao may ndi to ldn ea ma.
144
- Nhung dilu nly ehi mdt minh dng nghe duge thdi...
- Ta cln gi dilu dd ? Ta khdng them nghe !
Giang Van-gidng ghi gin bin vl ha gigng ndi thdt nhanh :
- Xin dng thu eho ba ngay ! Ba ngay dl di tim dfia eon cho ngudi dan ba
dangtiiuomgkia ! Phai tra gia thi nao tdi cung chiu. Neu mudn, dng cfi di kem tdi
ciing dugc.
- May ndi gidn ! Gia-ve keu len. Cha cha ! Tao khdng ngd may lai ngdc thi!
May xm tao ba ngay de chudn ha ! May bao la dl di tim dfia eon eho con di kia !
A a ! Tdt thdt! Td't that ddy !
Phang-tin run len bin bat.
- Con tdi! Chi kdu len. Di tim con tdi! TbI ra nd chua den day !^'^ Ba xo ci ! Cho
tdi bilt con Cd-det ddu. Tdi mud'n con tdi! Ong Ma-do-len oi ! Ong thi trudng oi !
Gia-ve giam chdn :
- Gid lai din lugt con nay ! Do khi, cd cdm hgng khdng ? Cai xu chd diu gi ma
bon tii khd sai lam dng ng dng kia, cdn lii gai dilm dugc chay chua nhu nhfing ba
hoang ! Nhung nay ! Se thay ddi bet; da den liic rdi ddy !
Hin nhin Phang-tin trfing trfing, lai tum mdt tiim lly ed ao va ca-vat cua
Giang Van-giang, ndi thdm :
- Tao da bao khdng cd dng Ma-do-len, khdng cd dng thi trudng nao ca. Chi ed
mdt ten ke cIp, mdt ten ke cudp, mdt ten tii khd sai la Giang Van-giang ! Tao bit
dugc nd ddy nay ! Chi cd thi thdi!
Phang-tin chdng hai ban tay va hai canh tay cimg do viing nhdm ddy, ehi nhin
Giang Van-gidng, chi nhin Gia-ve, ehi nhin ba xo, chi ha mieng nhu mud'n ndi, tfi
trong hgng thdt ra tilng ren, rang danh vao nhau elm cdp, chi hoang hdt gio tay
len, hai ban tay ed sfic md ra tim chd bam nhu ngudi roi xud'ng nude dang ehdi
vdi, rdi ehi bdng nga vdt xud'ng gdi. Diu chi ddp vao thinh giudng rdi ngoeo
xudng nguc, mieng hi bdc, hai mit md to va Id dd.
Phang-tin da tit thd.
Gidng Van-gidng dl tay len ban tay Gia-ve dang tum lay dng, cdy ban tay d'y
ra nhu cdy bin tay tre con va bao bin :
(1) Trudc dd, Giang Van-giang ndi dd'i de lam yen long Phang-tin la dng da cho ddn Cd-det
v^ rdi.
'1I.NV11/2NC-A ^^^

- Anh da gilt chd't ngudi dan ba nay rdi dd.

- Dfing cd ldi thdi! Gia-ve phIt khung bet len. Tao khdng ddn dly dl nghe If su.
Dep nhihig cai dd lai. Luih trIng dang b dudi nha. Di ngay, khdng thi cum tay lai!
Trong gdc phdng cd chile giudng sit eu da gp ep, dung dl cae ba xa nga lung
nhumg hdm phai true ddm. Gidng Van-giang di tdi, gidt gly trong chdp mat chile
giudng cu nit, viec lam chang khd khdn gi dd'i vdi nhihig ea blp nhu eua dng, dng
elm lam lam cai thanh giudng trong tay va nhin Gia-ve trimg trittig, Gia-ve liii
ra phfa cfia.
Giang Van-giang tay vdn elm thanh sit, tfi tfi den ben giudng Phang-tin. Din
noi, dng quay lai ndi vdi Gia-ve, bang mdt gigng cd y mdi nghe ro :
- Tdi khuyen anh dittig quiy riy tdi luc nay.
Su thdt la Gia-ve run sg.
Hin dinh di ggi linh trIng, nhung lo Gidng Van-giang thfia ca trd'n mdt. Hin
danh dfing lai, tay nam ldy ddu can, lung tua vao khung cfia, mit khdng rdi Gidng
Van-giang.
Gidng Van-gidng ti khuyu tay ldn thanh giudng, ban tay dd ld'y trdn, nglm
Phang-tin ndm dai khdng nhuc nhfeh. Ong ngdi nhu the, mai miet, yen lang, rd
rang chdng nghi den dilu gi tren ddi nay nfia. Trong net mat va ding dilu dng chi
thly mdt ndi thuomg xdt khdn ta. Ma mang mdt luc Idu, dng mdi cui ghe lai gin va
thi thim ben tai Phang-tin.
Ong ndi gi vdi chi ? Ngudi dan dng bi rudng bd d'y ed thi ndi gi vdi ngudi dan
ba da chet ? Nhfing ldi d'y la ldi gi vdy ? Chang ai tren the gian nly nghe dugc. Ke
da che't ed nghe thd'y khdng ? Cd nhumg ao tudng earn ddng, cd the la nhfing su
thuc cao ca. Dilu ma chang ai nghi ngd la ba xa Xem-pli-xa, ngudi ddc nhdt
chfing kiln canh d'y, thudng ke lai ring luc Gidng Van-giang thi thim bin tai
Phang-tin, ba trdng thd'y rd rang mdt nu cudi khdng sao ta dugc hiln trdn ddi mdi
nhgt nhat va trong ddi mdt xa xam, ddy ngd ngang eua chi khi di vao cdi ehl't.
Gidng Van-giang ld'y bai tay ndng diu Phang-tin len, ddt ngay ngan gifia gdi
nhu mdt ngudi me sfia sang eho eon. Ong thit lai ddy rut cd lo ehi, ven ggn md
tdc vao trong chiec mu vai. Rdi dng vudt mit cho chi.
Luc d'y guomg mat Phang-tin nhu sing rd ldn mdt cleh la thudng.
Che't tfic la di vao blu anh sang vi dai.
f^b 10. NV11/2 NC-B

Ban tay Phang-tin budng thdng ngoli giudng. Gidng Van-giang quy xud'ng
tnidc ban tay d'y, nhe nhang ndng len va ddt vio dly mdt nu hdn.
Rdi dng dfing ddy, quay vl phfa Gia-ve va ndi:
- Gid thi tdi thudc vl anh.
(NhOng ngudi khdn kho, Ph&i thii nha't.
Theo ban dich ciia nhdm LE QUY DON,
NXB van hoa. Ha Ndi, 1958)
HL/dNG DAN HOC BAI

1. Xem xlt "ngudi elm quyln" d ddy fing vdi nhdn vdt nIo dl xae dinh ba phin
ciia bai nay. Ddt tidu dl cho tfing phdn va neu bdt tinh hudng dly kich tfnh.
2. Tim bilu nhdn vdt Gia-ve (bd dang, ngdn ngfi, hanh ddng, thai do trudc ngudi
benh, thii do trudc ngudi chet,...) dl chfing minh nhi van cd dung y nghe thudt
mieu ta bin nhu mdt con thu.
3. Phdn tfch tinh cam cua Giang Van-giang ddi vdi Phang-tin qua nhfing ldi le vl
hanh ddng tinh t l vdi eac nhdn vdt trong doan trich.
4. Hay If giai cle chi tilt nu cudi tren ddi mdi va guong mat rang rd cua Phang-tin
sau khi ehi da chit.
BAI TAP NANG CAO
Tim ldng cua Huy-gd ddi vdi nhihig ngudi khdn khd trong doan trich
Ngudi cdm quyin khdi phuc uy quyin.
Bai tham khao

CHAN DUNG GIA-VE^*^
Miii Gia-ve tet cd hai 16 sau holm ; hai ben ma hin cd hai chdm rau ram mpc ngugc
len de'n chan mui. Lin diu nhin hai cai rimg Iy va hai cai hang Iy, ai cung tha'y khd chju.
Khi han cudi - nghia la hoa holn Ilm va dl sg Ilm - khi bin cudi thi ddi mdi mdng dinh
dang ra, phoi bay nao rang nao Igi. Liic Iy, xung quanh cai mui la ca mot vlt nhan nhum
man rg, trdng nhu mom ac thu. Gia-ve ma nghidm net mat thi la mdt con chd dir. Khi cudi
thi lai la mdt con cop. Lai cdn cai tran hep, cai ham banh, tdc toa xudng tan Idng may,
gifla hai con mat Iiic nao cung cd mdt vet nhiu trdng nhu ludn ludn gian dii, tia mat tdi
tim, mieng thi mim lai mdt each khac nghiet dang sg, ca ngudi bin toat ra mdt ve oai
nghiem tin ac. [...]
(*) Ten bai do ngudi bien soan dat.
147

Tit ca con ngudi Gia-ve the hidn su rinh md, len Iiit... Khdng thdy tran vi cai mu siim
sup ; khdng thly mat vi long may ram, khdng thly elm vi chile khan quang qudn kin cd,
khdng tha'y tay vi tay thoc vao tiii ao rdng, khdng thdy gay vi gay gilu dudi ao. Khi cln
de'n thi dot nhien moi cai ay tfi trong bdng tdi xdng ra nhu mot doan quan phuc kich :
cai tran hep va gd, con mat ac, cai elm khiep ngudi, hai ban tay hd phap va chile diii cui
to tudmg.
Nhiimg liic rdi rai, ma Gia-ve ft khi rdi, hin cd dgc sach tuy ghet sach vd. Bdi thi hin
khdng de'n ndi la ngudi ddt Ilm. Cfi nghe van ndi cau ki cua hin thi bilt.
Hin khdng cd mot tat xau gi. Khi nao die y thi hin tu thudng cho minh mdt mdi
thudc la. Ngudi hin cdn cd chiit gin nhan loai la d chd dd.
(Nhiing ngudi khd'n khd, Phan thii nhat.
Theo ban dich cua nhdm LE QUY DON, Sdd)
TRI THQC DOC - HIEU

Tieu thuyet hien dai
Mac dii hinh thiJfc tieu thuye't da cd tU xUa d phuong Tay k l nhiing chuyen hU cau li ki nhU
Con lOa vang ciia A-pu-lay* , Gac-gang-chuy-a va Pang-ta-gruy-en ciia Ra-bo-le' ' hay tieu thuylt
truyen ki, tieu thuye't chuong hdi d Trung Qud'c, nhung tieu thuye't hien dai, cd y kiln cho la bat
dau vdi tac pham Don Ki-ho-te ciia Xec-van-tet d Tay Ban Nha (the ki XVI), cd y kiln cho la bat dau
vdi tac pham R6-bin-xan Cru-x6 ciia Di-phd d nUdc Anh (thi ki XVIII).
Tiiu thuye't hien dai v i n cd cd't truyen, nhan vat, chi tiet gay hdi hop, dpi chd cho ngUdI dpc,
song cau chuyen d day dUpc keo dai vdi viec khac hoa hoan canh, phan tich tam li, gidi thieu phong
tuc, trinh bay Ijch sir,... lam cho tieu thuye't trd thanh mdt bd bach khoa thu cua ddi sd'ng. Hinh thifc
van xudi cdn cho phep nha van mieu ta cac loai ngdn ngCi ciia hien thuc sdng ddng.
Tieu thuye't hien dai c6 nhieu loai xua't hien trong Ijch sir. Cd loai tieu thuyet xa hoi nhutac pham
cua Ban-dac, Huy-gd,... chu trpng the hien quan he con ngudi vdi hoan canh, bay to quan dilm mot
each kin dao hoac cdng khai. Cd loai tieu thuyet lich sd nhu ciia Xcd't' , mdt sd tac pham ciia
L. Tdn-xtdi,... chu trpng tai hien su kien va nhan vat Ijch sif ket hpp vdi hU ca'u, neu ra cac bai
hpc nhan thufc ve Ijch sir. Cd loai tiSu thuye't tU lieu, tieu thuyet phong tuc, tieu thuyet vo hi$p,...
Tieu thuye't la hinh thifc t h i loai khdng ngUng van ddng, ddi thay, khdng ddng ciifng trong mdt hinh
thUc CO djnh.
Tieu thuyet hien dai Viet Nam bat dau hinh thanh tU cud'i the ki XIX, dau the ki XX, tac gia tidu
bieu la Hd Bieu Chanh, Hoang Ngpc Phach.
(1) A-pu-ldy (Apuleius, khoang nam 125 - 180): nha van La Ma.
(2) Ra-ba-le (Fran9ois Rabelais, 1494 - 1553): nha van Phap.
(3) Xcdt (Waltes Scott, 1771 - 1832): nha van Anh.
148
LUYEN TAP TOM TAT VAN BAN

NGHI LUAN
KET QUA CAN DAT
Cd ki ndng tdm tdt vdn bdn nghi ludn.
1. Dgc bai van sau ddy, ehi ra eae y chfnh va vilt thanh bai tdm tat. (Hgc sinh
chulnbidnha).
MAVyNGhTVETHO
"[...] Tfi trudc de'n nay da ed nhilu dinh nghia vl tho, nhumg ldi dinh nghia nao
cQng vdn khdng du. Cd ngudi nghi ring tho la nhihig ldi dep. Nhung ddu phai nhu
vay. Dudi ngdi biit eua Hd Xudn Huong, nhiimg chfi tim thudng eua ldi ndi hdng
ngay, ndm na mich que, da trd thanh nhimg ldi tho dugc truyin tung mai. Va
Nguyin Du khdng nhimg dl lai nhfing cdu tho nhu "Mai cd't each, tuylt tinh thin",
ma cdn vilt:
Thodt trdng nhdn nhtyt mdu da.
An gi to bio ddy dd ldm sao !
Cung khdng phai tho la nhfing dl tai "dep", phong hoa tuylt nguyet cua cac eu
ngay xua, bode nhihig nhd mong slu luy eua cac chang va nang mdt thdi trudc
CIch mang. Nhi tho Phap Baudelaire (Bd-do-le) da lam bai tho ndi tilng vl eli
xlc chd chit dly gidi bg, va d thdi chiing ta, eli xe dap, khIu ba dd ea, cho din eli
ba Id tren vai ehiln si, bdng ddy thep gai hung ac cua ddn gidc, diu ed thi dem ndi
trong tho. Nha tha ngay nay khdng di tim eli mudn ddi vien vdng ben ngoai cudc
sdng thue eua eon ngudi.
Mdt nhi phe binh cho ring tha khac vdi eac thi van khac d chd tho in sdu vao
tri nhd. Mdt cdu, bode mdt bai tho hay thi ed dae dilm la ghi ngay vao tri nhd cua
ta, lam eho ta khdng qudn duge nfia. Vdn xudi trai lai, trdi qua trf nhd eua ta.
Cai hay ciia mdt doan vdn xudi cdn lai sau khi da quen hit doan van dy. Cdn dae
tfnh cua bai tho la in lai, tfi ggi tfi, cau ggi cau, dgc tfi trudc phai din tfi sau, dgc
ciu trudc phai den cdu sau, khdng the nao khic.
Nhung nhumg nhdn xet tai tinh trdn ddy eua nhi phe binh vin chua cdt nghia
dugc vi sao tha cd hieu qua lam cho ta nhd. Va cung ed cai ta rd't nhd, vf du nhu
cIng thfic toln hgc, nhung lai khdng phai la tho.
149
Diu md'i eua tha cd le ta di tim bin trong tdm hdn con ngudi chdng ? Ta ndi
trdi xanh hdm nay ndn tha nhung chfnh ra la long chung ta mang mdt ndi nilm vui
budn nao ma mud'n lim tha bode dgc tha vl trdi xanh. Mua phun budi ehilu ggi
nhimg ciu tha nao nhd nhung, nhung chfnh ndi nhd nhung gap budi ehilu mua ma
mud'n thi thim nhihig cdu tha chua thanh hinh rd.
Tha, va nghe thudt ndi chung, 11 su ehiln thing ldm nhd't eua con ngudi, tfi chd
vdng theo ban nang an ngu, truyin gid'ng, vd bid't tu nhdn ro minh, rdi nhd y thfic
d'y, tu tao eho minh mdt cudc sd'ng tdm hdn vugt cao horn ban nang. Bdn canh d6
dung san xud't, cau tha da dinh diu ban eli biln gidi chia eon ngudi vdi eon vdt.
Tdm hdn chung ta ed mdt rung ddng tha khi nd ra khdi tinh trang binh thudng,
khi nd khdng cdn chudi theo thdi quen nhu mdt ddy da trong bd may, khi nd thfic
tinh tu soi vao nd dl tu nhdn thd'y dang d mdt dd rung chuyin khac thudng, do mdt
su va cham nao vdi tbI gidi ben ngoai, vdi thidn nhidn, vdi nbflmg ngudi khac, rdi
do su tu soi sing d'y ml cam xuc thinh binh dugc ban.
Lam tha, d'y la dung ldi va nhihig ddu bilu thay cho ldi ndi tfic la chfi - de thi
bidn mdt trang thii tdm If dang rung chuyin khac thudng. Lam tha la dang sdng,
khdng phai chi nhin lai su sd'ng, lam mdt cdu tho ydu, tdm hdn cung rung ddng
nhu khi ed ngudi ydu trudc mat. Bai tha la nbflmg cdu, nhihig ldi diln len, 11 sdng
ngay len mdt tinh cam, mdt ndi nilm trong ldng ngudi dgc. Bai tha 11 sgi dly
truyin tinh cam eho ngudi dgc. Ta ndi truyin sang hinh nhu ngudi dgc chi dfing
yen ma nhdn. Nhung ki thuc, eli trang thai tdm li truyen sang d'y la ngudi dgc tu
tao eho minh, khi nhin nhumg chfl, khi nghe nhihig ldi, khi mgi sgi ddy eua tdm
hdn rung len vi cham thd'y nbflmg hinh anh, nhumg y nghi, nhirng mong mudn,
nhihig tinh cam ma ldi va ehfi eua bai tho keo theo ding sau nhu vung sang xung
quanh nggn lua.
Ndi de'n hinh anh trong tha. Tha la tilng ndi diu tidn, til'ng ndi thfi nhl't cua
tdm hdn khi dung cham vdi cudc sd'ng. Toi ldn d nhihig nai giao nhau cua tdm hdn
vdi ngoai vdt, trudc bet la nhiimg cam xuc. Cam xuc la phin thit xuang horn ca eua
ddi sd'ng tdm hdn.
Tho phai cd tu tudng, cd y thfic, vi bat cfi cam xiic tinh tu nao cua con ngudi
cung dfnh liin vdi su suy nghi. Nhung tu tudmg trong tha la tu tudng dfnh liin vdi
cudc sd'ng. Tu tudng eua tho nam ngay trong cam xuc, tinh tu. Khdng ai dgc tho
rieng bdng tri thfic ma ydu tho. Hieu tha ki thue 11 v&i dl cua ea tdm hdn.
Nen tha khdng ndi bing y nidm thuIn tuy. Ndi bdng y nidm chung ta se c6
trilt hgc, ludn If hay ve sinh ehfi khdng ed tha. Tha tim ndi vdi mdt su suy nghi
150
toan diln hom la suy nghi ridng theo ludn If^ . Tha mud'n lay ddng nhiimg ehilu
sau cua tdm bdn, dem cam xiic ma di thang vao su suy nghi.
Trin trdi cd ddm mdy xanh
O giiia mdy trdng, xung quanh mdy vdng
Ifdc gi anh ldy dugc ndng...
Nha ludn If ngdi khao cfiu mai xem vi sao ma chuyen mdy trIng mdy vang lai
dua din chuyin anh vdi nang. Ludn If chua hieu, nhung ea tdm hdn chiing ta da
hiiu va dm vang theo.
Ndi hinh anh nhumg khdng phai tho la ta canh, chup anh hay ghi dm. Hinh anh
cua tho khdng phai nhfing hinh anh ml cai d'ng kinh ghi dugc. Dfing ben ngoai ma
chup anh lai su vdt, thi trdng ma khdng thd'y. "Trong nghe thudt, mdt phong canh
la mdt tdm trang". Nhumg binh anh eua tho da bao him mdt nhdn thfic, mdt thii dd
tinh cam hoac suy nghi. Cdu tho ndi canh ma ki thuc ndi y tinh. "Thuyin ai thdp
thoang dnh budm xa xa", mdt trdng ma ldng da nang budn nhd, kbit khao
biln rdng.
Ndi hinh anh, khdng phai 11 dung nhilu each vi von. Ndi vf thd so nhu mugn
canh tnic dl ndi ngudi qudn tfi, nhu diing eon chim se dl ehi tiiu nhdn. Ngudi ta
vin kl lam chuyen cudi nhihig cdu tha "khach thinh"^ trong van chucmg Phip
cud'i thiki cd diln, sg hai chfi eli ghi den ndi phai ndi: "Cai noi em li dd ld'y eli
chd ding sau ciia chung ta". Nhihig "Ifia cam hdn", "lan sdng elch mang" la nhfing
cai slo mdi eua tha chung ta bidn thdi. Ndi vi khdng thi nao tholt slo.
Cho ndn lim tho khdng phai la phien dich y tinh bang hinh anh elu ki.
Hinh anh cua tho trii lai, phai Id hinh anh thue nay len trong tdm hdn khi ta
sdng trong mdt canh hud'ng bode mdt trang thai nao ddy. Dung cham vdi hanh ddng
hing ngdy, tdm hdn nay ldn bao nhieu binh anh nhu nhflng tia Ifia toi len khi biia
dap vao sit tren de. Ngudi lam tho lugm nhihig tia Ifia d'y, kit nen mdt bd sing,
nd. la hinh anh tho. Ngudi ehinh phu dfing trudc nha ngdng theo bdng chdng ehi
cdn nghe tilng dich thdi, bdy gid ndi len eho ta dilu dy va tho Viet Nam da cd cdu :
"Tilng dich thdi nghe chirng ddng vgng". Cdu tha gian di nhu cdu ndi thudng ma
ngdn vang mai. Tho la noi tu tudng, tinh tu, qudn quyt vdi hinh anh nhu hdn vdi
xlc dl tao ra cai bilt toln thi, biet bdng tdt ea tdm hdn, khdng phai ehi bilt bang y
niem, bing y thfic.
(l)Ltt^n//:ldgich.
(2) "Khdch thinh": phdng khach.
151
Chfi budn ai cung hieu nghia, nhung ndi "tdi budn" chua lam cho ai budn ca.
Dd mdi la mdt y niem. Cung nhu ndi trdi lanh, hoa trdng, ai cflng bilt ea, nhung
chua du lam cho ai thly lanh, thdy trdng. Mdi chfi va til'ng mdi nhu mdt nggn nl'n
trdng cdt bing gidy din tren nen den. Mdi nggn nen vdn trIng nhu nin den vdn
den. Mdi chfl la mdt nghia nhung bai tha yin chua cd hdn.
Chu va tiing trong tha phai cdn cd mdt gil tri khic, ngoai gia tri y niem. Dilu
ki dieu eua tha la mdi tie'ng, mdi chfl, ngoai cai nghia cua nd, ngoai cdng dung ggi
ten su vdt, bdng tu pha tung md rdng ra, ggi den xung quanh nd nhumg cam xiic,
nhfing hinh anh khdng ngd, toa ra xung quanh nd mdt viing Inh sing ddng ddy.
Sfic manh nhd't cua cau tha la d sfic ggi dy. Cdu tha hay, cd eli gi lam rung nhumg
chiec cdc kia trdn ban, lam ddng anh trang kia trdn bd dd. "Chim hdm thoi thdt vl
rihig"... Chung ta dgc ma thdy rd budi ehilu nhu hoi thd tdt din, cdu tha khdng
cdn la mdt y, mdi bfic anh ging gugng chup lai canh ehilu, nd da bao phu mdt
vang linh ddng truyin sang long ta eli nhip phdp phdng eua budi ehilu. Mdi chfi
nhu mdt nggn nen dang chay, nhiing nggn nin dy xep ben nhau thanh mdt vung
sang chung. Anh sang khdng nhumg d diu nggn nen, nd b td't ca xung quanh
nhirng nggn nen, y tha khdng nhihig trong nhumg chfl, nd vay bge xung quanh.
Ngudi xua ndi: "Thi tai ngdn ngoai".
Cai ki dieu d'y cua tieng ndi trong tha, cd le chang ta tim nd trong nhip dieu,
trong nhac eiia tho. Nhip dieu ciia tha khdng nhflng la nhip dieu bang bdng, trie
trie, len bdng xud'ng trim nhu tilng dan dm tai, mdt ngudi ngoai qud'c khdng bilt
tie'ng ta cung ed thi nghe thd'y duge. Nhac cua tho khdng gidi ban b thfi nhac
ngoai tai ay.
Tha cd mdt thfi nhac nfia, mdt thfi nhip dieu ben trong, mdt thfi nhip dilu eua
hinh anh tinh y, ndi chung la eua tdm hdn. Ngdm tha veo von mdi lam cho ta nghe
thd'y tie'ng bdng trim cua bing trie, chip tha, dgc tha bdng mit hoac dgc len nhu •
khi ta ndi, ed le dl cho chiing ta nghe thly ban tieng nhip dieu thue eiia tha. Dd la
nhip dieu hinh thanh cua nhflng cam xuc, hinh anh, lien tiep boa hgp, ma nhihig
tieng va chtt ggi ra nhu nhimg ngdn vang dai, ngay nhihig khoang lung linh gifia
chfi, nhimg khoang im lang cung la nai tni ngu kfn dIo eua su xiie ddng.
Duomg di cua tha la eon dudng dua thdng vao tinh cam, khdng quanh co, qua
nhfing chang, nhflng trung gian, nhfing cdt cdy sd. Van xudi ldi cudn ngudi nhu
ddng nude, dua ta di lin lugt, tfi dilm nay qua diem khic. Tha, trii lai, ehi chgn
mdt it diem chfnh, bam vao nhiimg diem Iy thi toan the ddng ldn theo.
Tha la tdng hgp, kit tinh. Vdn xudi dugc phep khdng mudi phin hoan hao,
nhung tha thi ludn ludn ddi hdi su toan bfch".
(Nguyen Dinh Thi, Tieu ludn, biit ki,
Nha xua't ban Van hpc. Ha Ndi, 2001)
152
2. Hgc sinh dgc ban tdm tdt cua minh ve bii Mdy y nghi vi tha, nghe nhdn xet,
gop y rdi bd sung, sfia ehfia.
3. Dgc va tdm tit van ban sau trong khoang mudi ddng.
MAY NET VE THO M6! TRONG CACH NHIN LAI HOM NAY
"... Tho mdi khdng ndi din dd'u tranh each mang, dd la nhugc diem ldn, va tho
mdi ndi chung budn. Dd la ndi budn eua ea mdt thi he ngudi trong xa hdi thuc
dan, nfia phong kiln ; nd thanh ra ndi budn vl sd kiip eon ngudi, cai budn tudng
nhu la ban chd't eua cudc ddi. Cung cd nhihig bai tho vui, nhflng vdn tho vui, cd ca
vai nha tho ma tdm hdn thidn vl cam xuc vui, nhung bao triim tho mdi ed thi ndi
la ndi budn day dfit, ndi budn cua thi be. Nhung cai budn cua tho mdi ddu cd phai
diu la uy mi. Ndi budn ciia "eon hd nhd rfing" la chan ehfia hoai niem vl giang
san, dlt nudc chfi ! Ndi budn trong bai Trdng giang khdng phai la ldng yeu que
huomg dd sao ? [...] Nhugc diem cua tho mdi la thieu khi phach each mang, nhung
tho mdi la phong trao vdn hgc phong phu, mdt phong trao sang tao ddi dao, cd
nhilu yiu td tfch cue : long ydu que huomg da't nude ddm da ; ldng yeu su sd'ng,
yiu eon ngudi; ben canh eli budn lai ed chu nghia lac quan nhu la mach nudc nglm
trong mit; ldng trdn trgng yeu min cha dng, yeu min qua khfi dep eua ddt nude,
gidng ndi. Lai cd nhimg nha tho ed cam quan vu tru sau sic ma vin nang ldng ddi.
Va tit ea cle nha tho mdi diu chung mdt tinh yeu : yeu tilng Viet, yeu tha thilt, da
diit. Chfnh long yeu tilng Viet dd la mdt bilu hien eua ldng yeu nude.
Phong trao Tha mdi da ddng gdp nhilu vl nghe thuat tho, da ddi mdi su bilu hien
cam xiic manh, nghia la cam xuc sdu tham vl cudc ddi, vl eon ngudi, vl dlt nude,
vl thien nhien, vl van vdt. Tho mdi da trau ddi tieng Viet, lam cho ngdn ngfi tho
Viet Nam uyin chuyen va hien dai, bilu hien duge tit ea cle mau sic tdm hdn eua
ngudi Viet Nam d thi ki nay. Nlu khdng ed phong trao Tho mdi thi cung khdng
CO ngdn ngfi tho mdi vfia siic tfch, sdc ben, vfia uyIn chuyen mugt ma, ehfia dung
nhilu nang lugng trfi tinh cho nhfing nha tho cae tbI he ra ddi sau Cach mang
thing Tim dl bilu hien tu tudng va tinh cam cua minh.
Vdi nhihig uu diem va nhugc diem cua nd, tho mdi xfing dang duge menh
danh la "mdt thdi dai trong thi ea" nhu Hoai Thanh da ndi, mdt thdi dai phong
phii, ddi dIo sfic sang tao eua bdn tho ddn tdc".
(Theo Huy Can, Nhin nhdn lai mgt sdhien tuqng vdn hoc,
bao Ngudi gido vien nhdn ddn, 1989)
153
J^'
LUYEN TAP VAN DUNG KET HOP

• • • • *
CAC THAO TAC LAP LUAN
KET QUA CAN DAT
• Bii't kit hgp cdc thao tdc lap ludn trong ldm vdn nghi ludn.
• Biit van dung kit hgp mdt sdthao tdc lap ludn trong ldm
vdn nghi ludn.
1. Dgc van ban sau va tra ldi elc cdu hdi ndu b dudi.
NHAN NHjN - PHAM CHAT C O A KE MANH
"Ndi din nhdn nhin khdng ft ngudi nghi ngay din hinh anh mdt ke yiu dudi
cui diu cam chiu mdt ke khae dang ldng nhuc, xi va minh. Dd la mdt cleh bilu
gian dom, ndng can. Nhin nhin la phim chit ldm cua con ngudi dugc tdi luydn
trong thue tiln khae nghiet, lam eho nd trd thanh ke manh. Dd la phim chdt ma
con ngudi cd duge trong cudc chinh phuc thidn nhidn, chinh phue xa hdi va chinh
phuc chinh ban thdn minh.
Trudc thien nhien, con ngudi la mdt sinh vdt nhd be. Ngudi ndng ddn mdt
nang hai suong, dung nha lam vudn, gieo trdng hoa mau. Mdt trdn bao tran qua,
nha dd, vudn tan, d n h ddng mit trIng. Ngudi ndng ddn ldng le nhdt nhanh vdt
lidu, dung lai nha, sfia sang vudn tugc, trdng edy chdng ddi, chuIn bi mua sau.
Nhdn nhin se thai nghen tri tut, nay sinh sing tao. Tfi phu thudc hoan toan vao
thidn nhien, con ngudi vuom tdi chinh phuc thien nhidn.
Xa hdi la do d e nhdm ngudi, d c el nhdn hgp lai ma thanh. Cac nhdm ngudi va
cl nhdn khic nhau du thfi. Trong gia dinh, mud'n ydn dm, eon d i nhin nhin me cha,
anh em nhdn nhin nhau, ehi ddu nhin nhin em chdng,... tu nhidn cd dugc gia dinh
doan tu. Trong xa hdi, mud'n duy tri quan hd td't dep con ngudi thudng nhdn nhin,
tu kilm che. Nhdn nhin la chdt keo kit dfnh mgi ngudi, lam nay sinh elc phim
chit td't dep nhu ldng vi tha, dfic hi sinh, tinh chung thuy, y thfic chudng tin nghia.
Bit ki luc nao ngudi khac lam tdn thuang minh, nhdn nhin la each giai quyi't tdt
_dep nhd't. Ngudi xua ndi : "Nhin nhdt thdi gid ydn sdng ldng. Lui mdt budc trdi
biln mdnh mdng". Ngudi ndng ndi khdng bid't kilm chi, thuomg dly cac quan hi
154
vao ngd cut, tao thinh nhihig kit cue xlu. Quan he ngudi va ngudi vd'n rd't mong
manh. Mdt ldi ndi so sud't, mdt d i nhin chi nhao ndi dau ngudi khac, mdt lin
phan bdi, diu vd tinh phi vd quan he va thai nghen d c mdu thuIn, xung dot. Ke
xuc pham ngudi khae la ke yiu vl trudc sau se bi ed lap.
Ban thdn mdi ngudi cung phai biet nhin nhin. Mud'n di choi nhung viec chua
xong, phai kim nin ham mud'n lai. Mud'n hgc cao, giau sang, nhung thdi co chua
tdi, diu phai dgi chd. Con ngudi sinh ra ed sd phdn khac nhau. Ngudi dep ke xdu,
ngudi yiu ke khoe, cd ngudi khdng may lai bi tdt nguyin. Mdi ngudi phai tu chdp
nhdn thue te ciia minh ma di ldn. Trong cung mdt hoan canh, ngudi nhdn nhin chiu
thucmg chiu khd, phin diu lidn tuc, ed If tudng cao dep, nghich canh biln thanh
thien dudng. Ngudi khdng bilt nhin nhin thi ndn ndng ddi hdi, bit chap quy ludt,
di dau cung vdp, nghich d n h la dia nguc.
Ndi ggn lai, nhin nhin khiln con ngudi tfi bi ddng chuyin sang chu ddng, tfi
thi yiu chuyin sang thi manh, trong ding cay nim duge vi nggt ngao. Nhin nhin
la hgc phi phai tra dl ed dugc thidn nhien, xa bdi va ea ban thdn minh. Nhin nhin
la phim chd't eua ke manh cd tim mit nhin xa".
(Theo Manh Chieu Quan)
Cdu hoi
a) Hay cho bilt cle thao tie ldp ludn sfi dung trong van ban.
b) CIc thao tic ldp ludn kit hgp vdi nhau nhu thi nIo de lim sing td vin dl ?
2. Cho dl bii "Bin vl su ndn ndng". Hay ldp dan y va cho bilt cd thi vdn
dung nhihig thao tic ldp ludn nao dl vilt thdnh van ban nghi ludn.
Ggi y : Ndn ndng la tdm If sdt rudt, mud'n cd ngay eli minh khdng ed. Dang
dm yiu mud'n khoe manh ngay, dang ngheo mud'n giau ngay, dang lac hdu mud'n
tiln bd ngay, dang khd mud'n sudng ngay. Su ndn ndng thudng ddn din viec lim
bit chip quy ludt, phip ludt va ddn din dd vd, thdt bai,...
155
NGUCfl TRONG BAO

SE-KHOP
KET QUA CAN DAT

• Nam dugc ddc diim tinh cdch vd y nghia cda hinh tucmg
nhdn vdt "ngudi trong bao".
• Thdy dugc mgt sd net ddc sac trong nghe thudt xdy dipig
nhdn vdt diin hinh cua nhd vdrI.
TIEU DAN
An-tdn Pap-ld-vich Se-khdp

(1860- 1904) la nha van Nga kiet
xuat trong ITnh vuc tmyen ngan va
kjch. Ong xuat than trong mot
gia dinh lao ddng binh dan d tinh
Ta-gan-rd'c. NhOng n§m hpc d Khoa Y,
Dai hpc Tdng hpp Mat-xco-va (1879 -
1884), Se-khd'p da ndi tilng v l
truyen ngan. Nam 1887, dng dUpc
nhan Giai thudng Pu-skin cOa Vien
Han lam khoa hpc Nga. Sau nam
1890, sang tac ciia dng chuyin
sang mdt thdi ki mdi. Nha van da
cho ra ddi nhieu kiet tac mang tinh
than chdng dd'i manh liet che dp
ndng nd chuyen che (Dao Xa-kha-lin,
Phong so 6,...). Nam 1900, Se-khdp dupc bau lam Vien sTdanh dU Vien Han
lam khoa hpc Nga. NhUng hai nam sau, dng da khudc ti/ danh hieu nay de
phan ddi chinh quyln Nga hoang khdng cdng nhan viec Godc-ki dupc bau
lam vien sT. Do benh phdi nSng, nam 1904 dng sang Dure chCa benh va qua
ddi tai day. Khi gia dinh va ban be dUa thi hai dng ve nudc, chinh quyln Nga
hoang da phai cho canh sat canh chimg can mat vi sp xay ra bieu tinh.
Se-khdp de lai cho ddi hon nam tr§m truyen ngan. Truyen cua dng thudng
dat ra nhilu van de cd y nghTa xa hdi va nhan ban sau xa.
Truyen ngan Ngudi trong bao (1898) dupc Se-khdp vilt trong bdi canh cS
xa hdi Nga dang ngat thd trong bau khdng khi chuyen che bao thO nang n l
156
cudi the kl XIX. Mdi tn/dng xa hdi ay da de ra lam thif san pham ngudi ki quai.
Ngudi trong bao la mdt phat hien nghe thuat cCia nha van. Cau chuyen cudi ra
nude mat ve cudc ddi mdt con ngudi mac chung benh sp hai, bac nhupc
d i n ndi sd'ng va chet deu tham hai khdng chi phan anh mdt thUc trang xa hdi
ma cdn c6 y nghTa khai quat triet li sau sac. Dpc truyen ngan nay, nha van
Nguyin Tuan cho rang : "Truyen Be-ll-c6'p^^^ la mdt ang van da kich len de'n
tuyet dinh : hinh thij, ten hp nhan vat da thanh mot cai su, da thanh mdt hinh
dung tl/ ngay nay van cdn tac dung Idn".
(Luac doan md ddu : Bdc si I-van I-va-nUt vd Bu-ra-kin, gido vien trung hpc di sdn vi qud
muon, ddnh phdi nghi dim tai nhd kho cua dng trudng xdm a cudi ldng Mi-rd-no-xit-xkdi-i Tqi
day, Bu-ra-kin ddkecho bdc sTI-van nghe chuyen viBe-li-cdp.)
Day nly, chang phai tim ddu xa, cleh ddy khoang hai thing, d thanh phd cd
mdt ngudi mdi chit tdn la Be-li-cdp, ban ddng nghiep eua tdi, mdt giao vien day
tilng Hi Lap. Chdc la anh cung da nghe ten dng nay rdi. Hdn ta ndi tilng vl dilu
la luc nao cung vdy, thdm ehi ca vio khi rd't dep trdi, bin diu di giay cao su, elm d
vl nhit thilt la mac lo binh td dm cd't bdng. 6 bin dl trong bao, chile ddng hd
qua quyt cung de trong bao bing da buou ; va khi nit chile dao nhd dl ggt but chi
thi chile dao Iy cung dat trong bao ; ca bd mat bin ta nfla dudng nhu cung d trong
bao vi luc nIo bin cung gidu mat sau chile ed lo banh td be dfing len. Hin deo
kinh rdm, mac lo bdng chin. Id tai nbet bdng, va khi ngdi len xe ngua thi bao gid
cung eho klo mui len. Ndi tdm lai, con ngudi nly liic nIo cung cd khat vgng manh
liet thu minh vao trong mdt d i vd, tao ra cho minh mdt thfi bao cd thi ngan dch,
bao ve ban khdi nhihig anh hudng ben ngoai. Cudc sdng lam hin khd chju, sg hai,
budc ban phai thudng xuydn lo du va cd le nhu dl bao ehfia eho thai dd nhiit nhat,
ghe tdm dd'i vdi bidn tai, liic nao bin cung nggi ca qui khfi, nggi ea nhimg gi
khdng bao gid ed that. Mdy thfi ngdn ngfl ed ma hin day ddi vdi bin thdt ra cung
chi la mdt thfi giay cao su, mdt thfi d che ma nhd dd bin cd thi trdn tranh dugc
cudc sd'ng thuc.
- O, tilng Hi Lap nghe that la tuyet vdi, em tai. Hin ta ndi vdi ve nggt ngao.
Va nhu dl chfing minh eho ldi ndi ciia minh, hin nheo mit lai, gio mdt ngdn tay
len vl thdt ra tilng : - Anthrdpos^^^ !
(1) Bi-li-cd'p : tiic truydn ngdn Ngudi trong bao.

(2) Anthrdpos (tie'ng Hi Lap): con ngudi (chd thich cua nha van).
157

Ca y nghi cua minh, Bl-li-cd'p cflng cd gidu vao bao. Dd'i vdi ban, chi cd
nhiimg ehi thi, thdng tu, nhihig bai bio elm doan dilu nay dilu ng mdi la nhumg
d i ro rang. [...]
Hdn cd mdt thdi quen ki quae la di hit nha nay di'n nha khae nod bgn chung
tdi b. Hin de'n nha gilo vidn nao dd chang ban, klo gbd ngdi, chdng ndi chang
ring, mdt nhin xung quanh nhu tun kilm vdt gi. Hin cfi ngdi urn nhu phdng thi'rdi
dd mdt gid sau thi d o tfi. Hin ggi dd la "elch duy tn nhumg md'i quan bd td't dd'i
vdi ban ddng nghiep". Bgn gilo vidn chung tdi diu sg hdn. Thdm chf ca bidu
trudng cung sg bin. Anh thfi nghi ma xem, gilo gidi chung tdi la bgn ngudi bilt
suy nghi, rat nghidm chinh, dugc gilo due qua eac tie phim cua Tud'c-gbd-nhlp
va Se-drin^^\ the ma eli thing cha quanh nam di giay cao su va mang d d'y da
khdng che ea trudng hgc chung tdi sud't mudi lam nam trdi. Ma ddu phai ehi cd
trudng hgc ! Ca thanh phd nfla dy ! Cac ba elc cd tdi thfi bay khdng dam td chfic
diln kich tai nha nfia, sg rang nhd bin bilt thi lai philn, gidi tu banh khi cd mat
bin khdng dam an thit va danh bai. Dudi anh budng cua nhihig ke nhu Bd-li-cdp,
trong vdng mucd, mfidi lam nam trd lai ddy, ddn chung trong thanh phd ddm ra sg
tdt ca. Sg ndi to, sg gfii thu, sg lam quen, sg dgc sdch, giup dd ngudi ngheo, day
hgc ehfi,... [...]
- Bd-li-cdp b ngay cung mdt nha vdi tdi, - Bu-ra-kin ndi tilp, - cung mdt
ting, cfia dd'i dien nhau. Tdi vdi bin vin thudng xuydn gilp mat nhau, va tdi bilt
rd sinh boat d nha cua bin. O nha ban cung sd'ng tbl thdi: cung vdn mac ao khoac
ngoai, ddi mu, ddng cfia, cai then, ed du su ngdn elm va ban che, luc nao cung sg
nha lai xay ra chuydn gi. [...]
Budng ngu eua Bd-li-cdp chdt nhu d i hdp. Khi ndm ngu, bin keo chan trum
diu kin mit. Trong budng ndng bfic, ngdt ngat, gid thdi ngoai cfia sd ddng kin mit,
Ifia reo trong Id, cd tilng thd dai nghe dl sg vgng len tfi dudi bdp...
Nam trong chdn, bin cam thly rdn rgn. Hdn sg nhd ra lai cd chuydn gi, sg ke
trdm ehui vao nha. Sau dd sud't ddm bin nam ma toan nhflng dilu khung Ichilp; va
budi sang, khi cung di din trudng vdi tdi, mat hdn tai nhgt, riu ri,
(Luqc mot doqn : Tuy sd'ng thu minh, dan ddc, nhiit nhdt, nghi ki nhung Be-li-cdp cUng dd
suyt lay vq, dd Id Va-ren-ca, chi gdi cua Cd-va-len-cd, mdt gido vien vUa mdi ve trudng. Va-ren-ca
(\)Tudc-ghe-nhep (I-van Xec-ghe-e-vich Tudc-ghe-nhep, 1818 - 1883) wkSe-drin (Mi-kha-in

Ep-gra-phd-vich Xan-tu-cdp Sd-drin, 1826 -1889): hai nha van Nga ndi ti^ng.
158
tuSi chvcng ba muai, tinh tinh hdn nhiin nhi nhdnh, hay ndi, hay hdt, hay cudi, ddng mdt ti la cudi
pha len. Hai chi em sd'ng cd ve tu do, phdng tdng. Suxudt hien ciia hai chi em nhd ndy da ldm xao
ddng cdi khdng khi tinh lebudn chdn. Thdy Be-li-cdp co ve thich Va-ren-ca, mgi ngudi nghi ra trd
gdn ghep hai ngudi. Y dinh lay vq ddn chodn ngqp tdm tri, nhung hdn cU ldn IQa ddn do suy tinh vi
cisathendy thing. Hdn gdy gd hdn di, mat mdy cdng nh0 nhgt vd hinh nhu lai cdng mud'n chui
mnh sdu han trong cdi bao cua minh. Nhung cd mdt chuyen bdt ngd xdy ra. Hdm trudc, vUa nhdn
duoc bite tranh chdm biem : "Mgt ngudi tinh si" ciia "mgt cdu ngd nghich ndo dd", thi hom sau -
trong budi di chai chii nhdt, Be-li-cd'p nggc nhiin din hodng hot khi tdn mdt chitng kien cdnh hai
dii em Va-ren-ca vd Cd-va-len-cd phdng xe dap vut qua. Budi tdi, Be-li-cdp quyit dinh din nhd
Va-ren-ca nhung cd igi di vdng nen chi gap ngudi em).
Be-li-cdp ngdi ydn, chang ndi chang ring chiimg dd mudi phiit rdi len tilng :
- Tdi tim den anh de giai bay tdm su. Tdi rdt budn hue anh a. Cd mdt ten vd lai
nao dd da ve chdm biem tdi va mdt ngudi gin gui vdi ca hai chiing ta. Tdi thd'y cd
nghia vu phai ndi qua quyet vdi anh ring tdi chang hi ed lidn quan gi tdi mdt
chuyen nhu tbl... Tdi chang hi lam dilu gi so sud't ding de cho mgi ngudi gilu cgt
nhu vdy. Liic nao tdi cung xfi su nhu mdt ngudi tfi tl, dfing ddn. [...] Cdn mdt dilu
nfla tdi cung mud'n ndi vdi anh. Tdi thi vao nghl dl Idu, cdn anh thi mdi bit diu di
lam, nen vdi tu d c h la ban ddng nghiep di trudc, tdi thdy ed nghia vu phai nhle
nhd anh ddi dilu. Anh da di xe dap va d i trd giai tri Iy hoan toan khdng hgp vdi
tu thi cua mdt nha gilo due thilu nien.
- Vl sao vdy ? - Cd-va-len-cd hdi lai bdng gigng trim trim.
- Chang le dilu nay lai cdn cln phai giai thfch nfia sao ? Chang le dd lai la
dilu khd bilu u ? Neu thly giao di xe dap thi hgc sinh se lam gi ? Lii tre chi cdn
thilu nudc la di diu xud'ng ddt thdi. Va lai nlu khdng cd ehi thi nao cho phep thi ta
khdng duge lam. Hdm qua tdi sg phdt kinh len dly ! Khi tdi nhin thd'y chi eiia anh,
mat tdi hoa len. Dan ba eon gai ml di xe dap thi qua la chuyen kinh khung !
- Nhung ma dng mud'n d i gi mdi dugc chfi ?
- Tdi chi mud'n mdi mdt dilu 11 nhle bao anh. Anh cdn tre, tuang lai anh cdn
crphfa trudc, anh cln phai xfi su rdt, rd't than trgng. Thi ma anh da budng tha ! O !
Anh da budng tha minh qua chfing ! Anh mac do thdu ra dudng, di ngoai phd luc
nko anh cung elm theo sleh nay sleh ng, rdi bdy gid lai cdn cudi xe dap nfia.
Chuyen anh va ehi anh di xe dap ma din tai dng hieu trudng, rdi din tai dng thanh
tra... Liic d'y tbi.cdn ra d i tbl thd'ng gi nua khdng ?
- Yilc ta va ehi ta di xe dap chang lidn quan gi din ai ca ! - Cd-va-len-cd ndi,
mat dd gay. - Con nao thing nlo thd mui vao chuyen rieng eua nha ta, ta eho chiu
Dilm Vuong t i t !
159
Bl-li-cd'p tai mat dfing day.

- Nlu anh ndi vdi tdi bdng eli gigng nhu tbl thi tdi khdng tbl tid'p tue
nfia. - Hin ta ndi. - Va tdi cung yeu elu anh khi ed mat tdi, dittig bao gid an ndi
nhu the ve cdp tren. Anh cln phai cd thai do kinh trgng dd'i vdi chinh quyen.
- Hoi ra la ta da ndi gi ddng den chfnh quyln sao ? - Cd-va-len-cd hoi, mat
han hgc nhin Bd-li-cdp. - Xin dng dl cho ta ydn ! Ta la ngudi trung thue va vdi
nhfing ngudi nhu "quy ngdi" ta khdng mud'n ndi chuydn. Ta khdng ua nhihig tin
4
mach leo.
Be-li-cdp bdi rdi, ludng eudng mac lai do ngoai, ve mat dly hoang hd't. Bdi dd
la lin diu tien trong ddi bin phai nghe nhumg ldi thd bao din tbl.
- Anh cd the ndi gi tuy anh. - Hdn vfia ndi vfia budc ra ngoai banh lang ddn
xud'ng elu thang. - Tdi chi mudn bio trudc cho anh ring cd the cd ngudi da nghe
dugc cudc ndi chuyen nay. Va dl cho khdng ai cd tbl xuydn tac cdu chuydn vfia
rdi va dl khdi ed dilu gi chang lanh xay ra, tdi se bao clo vdi ngdi bieu trudng ndi
dung cdu chuydn hdm nay... trdn nhihig net chfnh. Tdi se phai lam vide dd.
- Bao d o ha ? Nay, di ma bao d o di nay !
Cd-va-len-cd tum lly ed ao bin tfi phfa sau rdi xd manh. Be-li-cdp ldn nhao
xud'ng elu thang, ddi giay cao su lde ede ddp vio bdc gd. Cau thang kha cao,
nhung hdn da lan xud'ng dudi mdt d e b binh ydn vd su. Hdn dfing ddy sd lin mui
xem cap kfnh ed eon nguydn ven khdng. Nhung dung vao luc bin xud'ng elu thang
thi Va-ren-ca va hai ba nfia vfia cung di ddu vl. Hg dfing d dudi va nhin ldn - dilu
nay dd'i vdi Bd-li-cdp la kinh khung ban ca. Tha tu vdt cd, be gay chdn minh di cdn
hem la bie'n thanh trd cudi eho thidn ha. Bdy gid thi trudc sau gi ca thanh phd cha
bilt. Chuydn se din tai ngdi hieu trudng, ngdi thanh tra. Chao di ! The' rdi lai nhd
xay ra chuydn gi nfia ehfi ! Hg se lai ve tranh chdm bilm khac, rdi mgi chuyen ddn
de'n chd la ngudi ta se ep minh vl huu...
Khi ban dfing ddy, Va-ren-ca nhdn ra hin. Cd ta nhin bd mat nuc cudi eua
bin, nhin chiec banh td nhdn nhum, ddi giay cao su, khdng hiiu chuyen gi da xay
ra. Cd ta tudng ring hdn da vd y trugt nga. Khdng nen duge, cd ta cudi phi ldn
vang khIp khu nha :
- Ha - ha - ha !
Cai tie'ng cudi dm vang, lanh ldi "ha - ha - ha" dd da chdm dfit tit ca : eh&i
dfit chuyen cudi xin, chdm dfit ca cudc ddi cua Be-li-cdp. Hin khdng cdn nghe
160
thly Va-ren-ca ndi gi, khdng cdn nhin thay gi nfia. Trd vl din nhi, viec diu tien la
hin eit tdm anh dl tren ban di, sau dd ldn giudng nim va khdng bao gid day nfia.
Khoang ba ngay sau, tdi sang nha Bd-li-cdp. Hin nim trong man, dip chan
kin va im lang. Hdi thi bin ehi dip "khdng" bay "cd" thdi, khdng ndi them dilu gi.
Mdt thing sau, Be-li-cdp chit. Biy gid, khi ndm trong quan tai, ve mat hin
trdng hiln linh, dl chiu, thdm chi cdn ed ve tuoi tinh nfia, cfi het nhu bin mumg
ring cudi cung hin da duge ehui vao trong d i bao ma tfi dd khdng bao gid phai
thoat ra nfla. Phai rdi, tbl la bin da dat dugc muc dfeh cudc ddi! [...]
Tfi nghia dia trd vl, ldng chung tdi diu d m thly nhe nhang, thoai mii. Nhung
chua dly mdt tuln sau, cudc sd'ng da lai diln ra nhu eu, nang nl, met nhgc, vd vi,
mdt cudc sd'ng chang bi chi thi nao elm doan nhung cung chdng dugc tu do hoan
toan, chang td't dep gi ban trudc. Tren thue tl, Be-li-cdp da chiu dm phu nhung
Men cdn bao nhieu la ngudi trong bao, trong tuong lai cung se cdn bao nhieu ke
nhu thi nfia !
(Luac doan cudi : Bu-ra-kin ngitng ki, budc ra khoi nhd. Trdng len. Dd nica dem. Van vdt
chim trong im ldng. Bdc si l-van trdm ngdm : "Dd, van de la d chd do. Chung ta sdng chui rite a
thdnh phd ndy trong khdng khi ngdt nggt, chung ta viit nhitng thU gidy td vd dung, ddnh bdi ddnh
bqc - nhiing cdi do khdng phdi la mgt thU bao sao ? Chung ta sdng cd ddi ben nhiing ke vd cdng
rdi nghe, nhitng kexui nguyen giuc bi, nhitng mu ddn bd nhdn rdi ngu si, chiing ta ndi vd nghe dii
thA chuyen nhdm nhi, vd nghia - do chdng phdi la mgt thUbao sao ?". Chinh ddy mdi la diiu ddng
ndi! Vd cud'i cung, l-va-nict kit ludn : "Khdng thi sdng mdi nhu thi dugc .'").
1898
(Theo Truyen ngdn A. P. Se-khdp,
ban dich cua PHAN HONG GIANG - CAO XUAN HAO,
NXB cau vdng, Mat-xco-va, 1988)
HJdNG DAN HOC BAI
1. Neu nhihig bieu hiln chumg td Bd-li-cdp la "ngudi trong bao" ea trong sinh boat
va trong tu tudng. Tai sao Be-li-cdp lai tu thu minh vao trong bao nhu the ?
2. Nhdn vdt Be-li-cdp vfia dang ghet lai vfia ding thucmg. Phdn tfch va tim hieu
nguyen nhdn ndo da tao nen tfnh dch eua nhdn vdt.
3. Be-h-cd'p la nhdn vdt mang tuib cbdt bilm hoa, hai budc. Chi ra d e bien phap
nghe thudt lim nen hieu qua thim mi dd.
11. NV11;2NC-A ' " '

4. Anh (ehi) suy nghi gi vl phin kdt cua tac phim qua ldi ke : "Nhung chua dly
mdt tudn sau, cudc sd'ng da lai diln ra nhu cu, ndng nl, mit nhgc, vd vi, mdt
cudc sd'ng chdng bi chi thi nao cdm doln nhung cung chang duge tu do hoan
toan, chang td't dep gi hem trudc" ?
BAI TAP NANG CAO
Quan sat trong ddi sd'ng bidn thue, phai chang cung cd bidn tugng "ngudi trong
bao" ? Y kiln eua aiih (ehi) dd'i vdi hidn tugng nay nhu tbl ndo ?
LUYEN NOI: THAO LUAN, TRANH LUAN
KET QUA CAN DAT

Bii't van dung thao tdc lap ludn bdc bd vdo viec thuc hdnh
thdo ludn, tranh ludn.
I - CHUAN BI
1. Tim hieu ydu elu cua d c bai tdp ndu d dudi.

a) Xem xet mdt so ludn dilm sau :
- Trdnh voi chdng xdu mat ndo.
- Im ldng Id vdng.
Theo anh (ehi), d c ludn dilm trdn ed hoan toan dung khdng ? Hay chuIn bi
If le dl phat bilu y kiln eua minh.
b) Cd y kiln cho ring : Ngudi cd tfnh tu chu la ngudi ludn banh ddng theo y
minh ma khdng cln quan tdm den hoan canh va nbflmg ngudi xung quanh.
Anh (ehi) cd tin thanh y kiln tren khdng ? Hay cung d e ban thao ludn va
bay td quan diem eua minh.
162 11. NV11/2NC.B

c) Cd hai y kiln khic nhau duge dua ra tranh ludn vl bai tho Vdi vdng ciia
Xuln Dilu :
- Bai tha the hien mdt quan nidm sd'ng tich cue, khdng dinh cdi tdi khat khao
sdng, kbit khao ddng biln.
- Bai tha chi la su cd ddng eho ldi sd'ng gap tidu cue, vi ki va hudng lac.
Nlu tham gia tranh ludn, anh (ehi) tan thanh y kiln nao ? Hay phat bieu dl
bao vl quan dilm eua minh.
2. Dl tiln banh thao ludn, tranh ludn, anh (chi) cln :
- Xac dinh vd'n dl cln ble bd va vin dl cln khang dinh (bao ve).
- Lua chgn d c h thfic khang dinh, ble bd.
- Xdy dung dl cuong trinh bay. (Luu y : xem them bai Thao tdc lap ludn
bdcbd, trang 13).
II - THUC H A N H TREN LCiP

Hoc sinh tiln hinh thao ludn theo d c yeu elu sau :
- Lua chgn vd'n dl, ndi dung thao ludn.
- Thao ludn mdi vdn dl (theo nhdm hoac ea ldp).
- Ling nghe dl nhdn xlt, nit ra nhihig kit ludn phu hgp eho tfing tinh hud'ng.
TRA BAI VIET SO 7
KET QUA CAN DAT

• Ndm dugc ddc diim vd cdc yiu cdu ca bdn cda di vdn a
Bai vilt so 7.
• Bii't cdch phdn tich di nghi lugn vi mgt vdn di xdhdi ddt ra
trong tdc phdm vdn hgc vd thdy dugc nhiing sai sdt cdn
trdnh khi vii't bdi ndy.
Ngoai nhimg yeu elu nhu da neu d tilt Trd bdi vii't so 1 (Hgc ki I) vl d e tilt
tra bdi trudc, hgc sinh cln chii y them mdt so dilm sau.
163
1. Khae vdi Bdi viit sd 5 va 6, Bdi viit 5d'7 tdp trung thuc hanh, luyin tdp vl
kilu van ban nghi ludn xa hdi. Tuy cung la kilu bai nghi ludn xa hdi, nhimg dl tai
cho bai viet nay khic vdi Bdi viit sd 1 va Bdi vii't sd2 (Hgc ki I). Dl tai b Bdi viit
sd 1 la mdt hiin tugng ddi sdng ; b Bdi vii't sd2 la mdt vd'n dl tu tudng, dqo li cdn
b bai vilt nay la mdt v&i di xa hdi duge dat ra trong tic phim van hgc. Dd la d e
tie pham da hgc bode dgc thdm nhu Truyin Kiiu (Nguydn Du), Tiin si gidy
(Nguyin Khuyen), Nhdt ki trong tu (Hd Chf Minh), Ddy mua thu tdi, Tha duyen
(Xudn Dieu), Trdng giang (Huy Can), Ddy thdn Vi Dq (Han Mac Tfi), Chieu xudn
(Anh Tha),...
2. Vdi eac dl nay, hgc sinh cln kit hop duge nhumg bilu bilt va ki ndng tren
mdt so phuomg dien sau :
a) Nhiimg hieu bilt vl elc tic phim vdn bge Vilt Nam duge neu trong dl.
b) Kiln thfic vl thuc t l cudc sd'ng, xa hdi, nbflmg kinh nghiem cl nhdn, vd'n
sd'ng, vd'n van hoa,...
c) Ki ndng phdn tfch vdn hgc va ki ndng phdn tfch mdt van de xa hdi. Chu y
vdn dung d c thao tie lap ludn da hgc nhu phdn tfch, so sinh, bae bd, binh ludn,... dl
vilt bai van.
d) Cach viet bai nghi ludn vl mdt vd'n dl xa hdi ddt ra trong tie phim van hgc.
164 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com

TOI YEU EM
PU-SKIN
KET QUA CAN DAT

• Cdm nhdn dugc ve dep cda tinh yiu chdn thdnh, cao thugng
cda nhdn vdt trd tinh trong bdi tha.
• Thdy dugc mdt sd net noi bat trong nghi thudt tha cd diin
cda Pu-skin : gidn di, tinh tivd hdm sue.
TIEU DAN
A-lech-xan-dnci Xec-ghe-evfch Pu-skin

(1799 - 1837) - "Mat trdi cCia thi ca
Nga", la niem vinh quang kieu hanh
ciia nhan dan Nga, hien than day du
nha't ciia sdc manh tinh than dan tdc
Nga. Thien tai sang tao cua dng da
khoi day SLTC phat trien phi thudng
cho van hpc Nga the ki XIX va dua
nd trd thanh mot trong nhCirng dinh
cao cua nghe thuat nhan loai.
Pu-skin xuat than trong mot gia
dinh quy tdc lau ddi d Mat-xco-va. TCf
thdi ki hpc d trudng trung hpc danh
cho con em quy tdc (1811 - 1817),
Pu-skin da sdm tie'p thu nhiJng tu
tudng tie'n bd va cung sdm ndi tieng vdi nhieu bai tho yeu nUdc, ngpi ca sufc
manh vTdai cua nhan dan Nga trong cupc chie'n tranh chdng quan xam lupc
Na-pd-le-dng nam 1812. Vi nhCmg bai tho "chdng dd'i" Nga hoang, Pu-skin bj
day xud'ng mien Nam (1820 - 1824), rdi day len mien Bac (1825 - 1826).
Nam 1827, han luu day dupc giam, Pu-skin trd ve kinh dd nhung mau thuan
giiJa dng va chfnh quyen vin rat gay gat. Pu-skin da bi sat hai trong mdt cudc
dau sung (do am muu ciia chinh quyen Nga hoang) khi dng ba muoi tam tudi.
Tai nang van hpc ciia Pu-skin the hien tren nhieu the loai. Ngoai hon tam
tram bai tho trur tinh, dng cdn vie't tieu thuye't bang tho Ep-ghe-nhi 6-nhe-ghin -
mdt kiet tac ciia van hpc the gidi, nhieu trudng ca tho tam cd (Ru-xlan va
Li-Cit-mi-la, NgUdi tu Cap-ca-dO,...). Truyen ngin ciia dng cung rat xuat sac
(Con dam pich, Co tieu thu nong dan,...). Tac pham Con gai vien dai uy la mdt
165

tieu thuye't Ijch sir mau muc. Ddng thdi, Pu-skin cdn viet nhieu vd kjch
ndi tieng.
Pu-skin trudc het la nha thP. Thd Pu-skin khdi ngudn cam hufng tir hidn
thuc ddi sdng Nga, con ngUdi Nga dUPng thdi vdi mudn van ve phong phu, da
dang cua nd. Ngdi but cua dng rat tinh te khi viet ve thien nhien, dam tham khi
viet ve nhu m i u ' ^ \ trong sang khi vie't ve tinh ban va het sufc chan thanh, cao
thupng khi viet ve tinh yeu. Toi yeu em (1829) la mdt trong nhung bai thP tinh
hay nhat cua Pu-skin, dupe vi nhU "vien ngpc vd gia trong kho tang thi
ca Nga".
Dich nghia :
Tdi (da) yeu em ; tinh ydu, cd le,
Trong tdm hdn tdi chua lui tit holn toan ;
Nhung mong sao nd khdng lam em bdn khoan thdm nfla ;
Tdi chang mud'n em budn vi bit cfi le gi.
Tdi (da) ydu em khdng thdt ra ldi, khdng hi vgng,
Khi thi bi su rut re, khi thi bi nilm ghen tudng giay vd ;
Tdi (da) ydu em chdn thanh, say dim biet bao,
Ciu trdi cho em dugc ngudi khic yiu cung nhu the.
Dich tha:
Tdi yiu em : din nay chicng cd the
Nggn lica tinh chua hdn dd tdn phai;
Nhung khdng di em ban ldng thim nda,
Hay hdn em phdi ggn bdng u hodi.
Tdi yiu em dm thdm, khdng hi vgng,
Luc rut re, khi ham hue long ghen,
Tdi yiu em, yiu chdn thdnh, ddm thdm,
Cdu em dugc ngudi tinh nhu tdi ddyiu em.
1829
(Pu-skin, Tha trit tinh, ban dich cua THUY TOAN,
(1) NhU mdu : ngudi d nudi con chii nha bang siia cua minh, cdn gpi la vii nudi.
166
Hl/dNG DAN HOC BAI
1. Doc diln d m bii tho, luu y cum tfi Tdi yeu em va vi tri eua cum tfi nay trong
bdi, hay tim bilu kit elu bai tho va diln biln tdm trang nhdn vdt trfi tinh.
2. Tinh cam phfie tap, te nhi cua nhdn vdt trfi tinh trong bai dugc Pu-skin diln ta
tmh tl nhu tbl nao qua bd'n cdu tho ddu ?
3. Cam xuc trong hai cdu tho : "Tdi ydu em dm tham, khdng hi vgng - Liic rut re,
khi hdm hue ldng ghen" cd gi ddc biet ? Nd he md trang thii tinh d m gi trong
nhan vdt trfi tinh ?
4. Xu hudng vuom tdi su cao d trong tu tudmg, tinh d m la dae trung co ban ciia
tho Pu-skin. Phdn tfch hai cdu tho cud'i dl chfing mmh.
BAI TAP NANG CAO
Pu-skin da vdn dung nhihig bidn phip nghe thudt gi trong bai tho Tdi yiu em ?
Hay phdn tfch hieu qua nghe thudt cua chung trong viec tbl hien tinh cam
nhan vdt trfi tinh.
DOC THEM
BAI THO SO 28
TA-GO
TIEU DAN
Ra-bin-dra-nat Ta-go^' (1861 -1941) la nha vSn ldi lac ciia An Dp. Ong ra ddi
tai thanh phd Can-cut-ta thudc bang Ben-gan. Ta-go xuat than trong gia dinh
quy tdc Ba La Mdn ndi tie'ng. Cha la De-ven-dra-nat Ta-go (1817-1905), lanh tu
(1) Ra-bin-dra-ndt Ta-go : nghia la Chua mat trdi Ta-go (tie'ng Xang-co-nt dpc la Thd-kur), tude
hifiu ding ca'p cao quy Ba La Mdn. Tta do cha Ta-go dat vdi udc vpng Ta-go se trd thanh
thien tM.
167
ciia Hdi Bra-ma Xd-ma-giP^ . Ta-go

chju anh hudng sU giao due ciia
cha, sdm cd tinh than yeu nude va
giau Idng nhan dao.
Tif be, Ta-go thdng minh, can
cu, hieu hpc. 6ng tu hpc la chii yeu,
Idn len khdng bao Idu da trd thanh
mdt hpc gia uyen bac, mdt nha
khai sang, mdt chie'n sT bao ve hoa
binh ldi lac. Nhdn dan An Dp gpi dng
la Thanh sU^^.
Nam 1961, To chiJc Van hoa,
Khoa hpc, Giao due ciia Lien hiep
qud'c (UNESCO) cdng nhan Ta-go
la Danh nhan van hoa the' gidi va ki
niem mdt tram nam ngay sinh cua dng.
Ta-go hoat ddng tren nhieu ITnh vUc, mat nao dng cung dat diiqc thanh tifu
rue rd. Trong van hpc nghe thuat, dng de lai mdt di san rat dd so : 52 tap thP,
42 vd kjch, 12 bd tieu thuyet, hang tram truyen ngan, hang ngan ca khuc va
tranh ve. Trong dd, tho ca la xua't sac nhit.
Nam 1913, Ta-go la ngUdi chau A dau tien dUpc vinh dU nhan Giai thudng
Nd-ben van hpc vdi tap ThO Dang^ '. TCr dd ten tudi ciia dng l l y lung tren
the'gidi.
Tho tinh chie'm mdt vj tri quan trpng trong sU nghiep sang tac ciia Ta-go.
Quan niem tinh yeu cOa dng rat sau sac va tie'n bd. Ta-go vie't tho tinh nhieu
nha't vao tudi nam muoi sau khi ngudi vp yeu da'u cua dng qua ddi. 6 tudi dd,
tho tinh cCia dng v i n tuoi tre, hon nhien va say dam. Ta-go danh rieng cho chD
de nay hai tap tho gia trj: Ngudi lam vUdn, Tang pham cda ngudi yeu. Bai tha
so' 28 trong tap Ngudi lam vUdn dUpc xep vao mdt trong nhumg bai tho tinh hay
nha't the gidi.
(1) Hdi Bra-ma Xd-ma-gia: td chiic cai each xa hdi va tdn giao An Dp, chii truong chi tdn thd mdt
dang tdi cap Bra-ma do Ram Md-han Roi (1799 - 1833) sang lap nam 1828. Ve sau, cha Ta-go
cung trd thanh lanh tu cua phong trao nay.
(2) Thdnh su -. b Na^t tdn ba vi thanh, ve tdn giao la Diic Phat Thfch Ca Mau Ni, \k. chfnh tri la
Ma-hat-ma Gan-di (1869 -1948), \i van hoa nghe thuat la Ra-bin-dra-nat Ta-go.
(3) Tha Ddng : tap tho gdm mdt tram linh ba bai, Ta-go chpn trong sd cac bai tho sang tac tit nam
1890 dta 1912 va tu dich ra tie'ng Anh. Day la khuc ca Ta-go mud'n dang cho Cudc Ddi, Con
Ngudi, the hien nilm khat vpng tu do cua minh.
168
Ddi mdt bdn khoan cua em budn,

Ddi mdt em mud'n nhin vdo tdm tudng cua anh
Nhu trdng kia mud'n vdo sdu bien cd.
Anh da decudc ddi anh trdn trui dudi mdt em,
Anh khdng gidu em mdt dieu gi
Chinh vi thimd em khdng biet gi tdt cd ve anh.
Ne'u ddi anh chi Id vien nggc
anh seddp nd ra ldm trdm mdnh
vd xdu thdnh mdt chudi
qudng vdo CO em.
• Ne'u ddi anh chi Id mdt doa hoa
trdn tria, diu ddng vd be bdng
anh sehdi nd ra de dqt len mdi tdc em.
Nhung em ai, ddi anh la mdt trdi tim
Ndo ai biet chieu sdu vd bin bd cua nd.
Em Id nit hodng cua vuang qud'c dd
Ay the md em cd biet gi bien gidi cua nd ddu.
Ne'u trdi tim anh chi Id mdt phut gidy lac thu
Nd send ra thdnh mdt nu cudi nhe nhom
Vd em thdu sud't rdt nhanh.
Ne'u trdi tim anh chi Id kho dau
Nd setan thdnh le trong
Vd lang imphdn chie'u ndi niem u dn.
Nhung em ai, trdi tim anh Iqi Id tinh yeu
Ndi vui sudng, kho dau cua nd Id vd bien.
Nhicng ddi hoi vd su gidu sang cua nd Id trudng cdu.
Trdi tim anh ciing d gdn em nhu chinh ddi em vdy,
Nhung chdng bao gid em biet trgn nd ddu.
(Tha Ta-go, ban dich cua DAO XUAN QUY,
NXB Van hoa - Thdng tin. Ha Ndi, 2000)
HLTdNG DAN DOC THEM

1. Trong bd'n cau diu, tac gia ndu hinh anh ddi mdt em. Hinh anh ay cd y nghia gi ddi vdi
chu dl cua bai tha ?
2. Phan tfch hinh anh trdi tim trong bai tho tfi cau : "Nhung em ci, ddi anh chi la mdt trai
tim" din hit.
3. Su ddi lap cac hinh anh vien nggc va doa hoa (tfi "Neu ddi anh chi la vien ngpc..." din
"anh se hai no ra dl dat len mai tdc em") vdi hinh anh trdi tim noi len dieu gi ?
169
4. Bai tho neu ra nhilu nghich If. Hay lam sang to dilu dd qua viec giai thfch cac cau tho:
- Anh khdng gidu em mdt dieu gi
Chinh vi thimd em khdng biit gi tdt cd vi anh.
- Em la nd hodng cua vuang qud'c dd
Ay thimd em cd biet gi bien gidi cua nd ddu.
- Trdi tim anh cdng d gdn em nhu chinh ddi em vdy
Nhung chdng bao gid em bii't trgn nd ddu.
TRI THUrC OOC - HIEU

Tho van xuoi
Tho vie't bang hinh thife van xudi. phan biet vdi thO vie't tach ra tCmg ddng nhU don vj nhjp didu.
Nd cung phan biet vdi tho tu do la hinh thifc tho khdng bj rang budc bdi mdt luat nao, nhUng van
phdn ddng. Tho van xudi da cd mam mdng tCf rat sdm, sau dd cac nha tho Ranh-bd va Bd-dO-le cd
y thurc djnh hinh cho the tho nay. Ho mudn the hien chat tho bang van xudi, gpi la tho van xudi. Roi
cac tac gia Tudc-ghe-nhep, U^ -man^ ', Ta-go va Ld Tan, trd thanh bac thay ciia the tho nay. 6 Viet Nam,
cac nha tho Han Mac Tir, Che Lan Vien, Cij Huy Can cung cd nhOiig bai tho vSn xudi thanh cdng
Tho van xudi cd ca'u tuf dpc dao va hinh anh mdi la, cd the bdc Id tinh cam trUc tie'p, nhung
thudng sif dung hinh anh ngu y, tupng trung, nghjch If, nhifng hinh anh ao giac, mdng tudng de khPi
gpi nhifng tu tudng sau sac, nhiJTig suy tu triet If. Dac diem ciia nd la khdng bj han che bdi each
phan ddng va hiep van cho nen each bleu dat tUdo hon tho ca nhieu.
ON TAP VE LAM VAN

(Hgc ki II)
KET QUA CAN DAT

• Nam dugc cdc ndi dung ca bdn cda phdn Ldm vdn trortg
sdch gido khoa Ngfi van 11 Ndng cao, tap hai.
• Bii't van dung cdc ngi dung tren vdo viec viit bdi kiim tra
tdng hgp cudi ndm.
On lai ngi dung phin Lam van da hgc trong sach giao khoa Ngd vdn 11 Ndng
cao, tdp hai theo d c ydu elu sau :
1. Trinh bay thao tie lap ludn binh ludn va ydu cdu dd'i vdi thao tic nay. Ndu
mdt sd vf du minh boa.
2. Trinh bay thao tie ldp ludn bae bd va ydu cdu dd'i vdi thao tac nay trong bdi
van nghi ludn. Neu mdt sd vf du minh boa.
(1) Uyt-man (Walt Whitman, 1819 -1892): nha tho MI.
170
3. Yiu elu va phuang phip tdm tit van ban nghi ludn.
4. Nhihig yeu elu dat ra cho vide tranh ludn, bac bd.
5. Binh ludn cdu cleh ngdn : "Thdt bai la me thinh edng". Khi vilt bai, anh
(chi) chu y nhfing md'i quan he gi, cln dung nhflng vf du ed thdt nlo dl' lim
sang td ?
6. Bmh ludn cle cdu thanh ngfl : "Ngua non hau dl", "Trimg khdn hon vit".
Trong cac cdu nay ed bao ham thai dd coi thudng thi he sau hay khdng ? Y kiln
anh (chi) vl vin dl dd nhu tbl nao ?
7. Nhan xet d e b ndu vd'n dl trong doan van Ai Id to nudc ta ? (trang 112) cua
Phan Bdi Chdu. Tie gia da sfi dung thao tie ldp ludn nao vl hieu qua eua thao tie
iy ra sao ? Hay md phdng thao tie ldp ludn dd de viet mdt doan van nghi ludn.
8. Nhdn xet cleh binh van eua Hoai Thanh trong doan van TdHdi -mdtphuang
dien thiin tdi cda Nguyin Du (trang 112). Tac gia vdn dung thao tie ldp ludn nao ?
Hay md phdng thao tac ldp ludn va dch vilt dd dl vilt doan van bmh mdt cdu tho,
khd tha, hinh tugng tho ma anh (ehi) ydu thfch.
9. Thd'ng kd, phdn loai va nhdn xlt he thd'ng dl van tham khao eho d c bai vilt
trong sach gilo khoa Ngd vdn 11 Ndng cao (tdp mdt, tdp hai). Trudc hit la dl van
nghi ludn xa hdi, tilp den 11 dl van nghi ludn van hgc. Trong mdi loai dl lai ed d c
tiiu loai: loai cd yeu elu cu tbl ; loai dl md ; loai dl true tilp ndi vl d c vd'n dl
dao dlic, ldi sd'ng ; loai dl neu d c vd'n dl xa hdi dat ra trong d c tic phim van
hoc ;... Neu khai quit dch ldp y eho d e loai dl va tiiu loai dl dd.
TIEU Sir TOM TAT
KET QUA CAN DAT

• Ndm dugc yiu cdu cda vdn bdn tiiu sd tdm tdt.
• Bii't duac cdch thdc viit tiiu su tdm tdt.
1. Tieu sfi tdm tit la van ban ghi lai nhflng thdng tin khach quan, ca ban vl
•net ca nhdn, nhdm gidi thieu mdt each khIi quit vdi ngudi dgc, ngudi nghe
vficudc ddi, qui trinh bge tap, edng tie, nhimg thanh tfch, ddng gdp,... eua
171

el nhdn dd. Vf du : tiiu sfi mdt nha boat ddng chfnh tri, nha khoa hgc, nha van,
nha tha; tiiu sfi mdt gilo vien, hgc sinh,...
Vdn ban tieu sfi tdm tit rdt thdng dung trong ddi sd'ng, giup chung ta bilu
duge nhumg net chu yiu vl thdn the vl su nghilp cua mdt con ngudi. Trong cac td
chfic, CO quan, vide ndm bit tiiu sfi tdm tit cua d e thanh viin cung la yeu elu cln
thii't giup d e nha quan If tim bilu, theo ddi va phdn cdng edng viec hop If, hidu
qua. Vide tim hieu mdt nhdn vdt dl vii't tiiu sfi tdm tit phin nao eho thd'y kha
nang thu thdp, khai thdc thdng tin eua ngudi viet vl nhdn vdt duge ndi tdi.
2. Nhihig yeu cdu co ban cua van ban tiiu sfi tdm tdt
a) Gidi thieu duge mdt cleh ngin ggn, trung thuc vl cudc ddi, su nghilp, boat
ddng eua mdt nhdn vdt, do vdy cln sfi dung phuomg thfic trinh bay chu yd'u la
thuylt minh vdi nhihig so lidu, mdc thdi gian cu tbl, qua dd nlu bdt nhihig su kidn
tidu bieu, nhihig boat ddng chinh, nhihig thinh tfch va nang luc ndi bdt eua ngudi
duge gidi thidu ; van phong chuIn muc, cd dgng, trong sing.
b) Tuy theo muc dfeh vl dd'i tugng ma tieu sfi tdm tat ed tbl duge tnnh bay chi
tilt bode so luge, trinh bay dudi dang mdt vdn ban hoan ehinh theo cle y-, elc muc
hodc theo khudn mlu (sa yiu If lich tu thudt).
Khi vilt tiiu sfi tdm tit eua mdt nhdn vdt (nha boat ddng ebfnh tri, nha van,
nha tha,...), vdi muc dfeh tim hiiu, nghien cfiu hoac gidi thieu trudc edng chung,
cln trinh bay mdt sd y co ban sau :
- Nhflng net chfnh vl thdn t h i : d c tdn ggi, ngay sinh, que quan, gia dinh,...
- Nhihig su kien quan trgng trong cudc ddi va su nghiep.
- Danh gia chung (nang luc dae bidt, nhflng danh hidu, thanh tfch da dat dugc,...).
Khi gidi thieu mdt nhdn vdt vdi muc dfeh giao luu (mdt bge sinb tai nang, mdt
ea si tre, mdt van ddng vien vfia dat thdnh tich cao,...) cd tbl neu ngin ggn mdt sd
y sau :
- Ten thudng dung, biet danh (nlu ed)
- Ndm sinh
- Que quan
- S d thfch
- Nang luc dac biet
- Thanh tfch ndi bat.
172
3. CIc budc cbuin bi va vilt tiiu sfi tdm tit:

- Tim bilu vl dd'i tugng, suu tim d c ngudn tai lidu dl ed dly du d c thdng tui
ck thilt.
- Xac dinh muc dfeh vilt tiiu sfi tdm tit.
- Xac dinh nhflng ndi dung ca ban cln tdm tit.
- Vilt tiiu sfi tdm tdt.
LUYEN TAP
1. Anh (ehi) hay ndu mdt sd tinh hudng cdn vilt tiiu sfi tdm tit.
2. Doc lai muc Tiiu sd trong bai Xudn Diiu (trang 34) va ehi ra nhfing ndi dung
chfnh dugc trinh bay d ddy. Nhimg ndi dung trinh bay vl tiiu sfi cua Xudn Dieu
giup anh (ehi) bilu them dilu gi vl eon ngudi va su nghidp van hgc cua nha tho ?
3. Xem xlt tinh hud'ng sau va thuc hidn d c yeu elu neu d dudi.
Chi doan anh (ehi) se gidi thidu mdt doan vidn uu tu tham gia fing cfi vao Ban
Chip hanh Hdi lidn hiep thanh nien eua tinh (thanh phd'). Anh (ehi) dugc phdn
cdng vilt tiiu sfi tdm tat cua ngudi doln vien dd.
a) Xac dinh muc dfeh vilt tieu sfi tdm tit.
b) Xlc dinh nhumg ndi dung cln trinh biy.
c) Hm hiiu vl ngudi dugc gidi thidu dl cd nhihig thdng tin cln thilt.
d) Vilt tiiu sfi tdm tat.
173
ON TAP VE VAN HOC

(Hgc ki H)
KET QUA CAN DAT

Hi thdng hod dugc cdc kiin thdc ca bdn vi tdc gia, tdc
phdm, li ludn vdn hgc trong sdch gido khoa Ngfi vdn 11
Ndng cao, tap hai.
Cdng CO kiin thdc vi cdc tdc phdm trin cdc mat: ddc trung
thi loqi, ndi dung tu tudng vd phong cdch nghe thudt.
A - N O I DUNG ON TAP
Phdn Van hgc trong sleh gilo khoa Ngd vdn 11 Ndng cao, tdp hai gdm
d c ndi dung ldn : van bge Viet Nam thdi ki tfi diu the ki XX din Cleh mang
thing Tam 1945, van hgc nudc ngoli vl mdt sd kiln thfic If ludn van hgc.
I - VAN HOC VIET NAM
1. Van hoc Viet Nam dau the ki XX den Cach mang thang Tam 1945
Gdm chu yiu la tho, chi cd ba bii van xudi thudc tbl nghi ludn.
a) Vl tha
- VI mat the loai, d c bai tho trong chuong trinh Hgc ki II thudc nhieu tbl tha
khic nhau. Hay ndu tdn d c tbl tha Iy va cho ddn chfing cu tbl.
Dgc ki d c phin Tri thdc dgc - hiiu vilt vl d c tbl tha nay trong sleh gilo
khoa Ngd vdn 10 Ndng cao va Ngd vdn 11 Ndng cao de van dung vao vile
phdn tieh, dinh gil d e bdi tha, tdp tha da hgc.
Cln kit hgp dn tap bai tie gia ]Qidn Diiu vdi bai tha Vdi vdng, vi ddy la tac
pham hit sfic tieu bilu eua Xuan Dieu (ehii y cdi tdi kbit khao giao cam vdi ddi va
dae tnmg thi phap, phong elch).
Trong bai Khdi qudt vdn hgc Viet Nam td ddu thi ki XX din Cdch mang
thdng Tdm 1945 ed ndu lin qui trinh hien dai hoi eua van hgc Viet Nam b thdi Id
nay qua ba giai doan. Hay so sinh cle bai tha Luu biit khi xudt ducmg ciia
174
Hian Bdi Chdu, Hdu Trdi cua Tan Da vl Vdi vdng cua Xudn Dieu - fing vdi ba
giai doan hiln dai boa ndi trdn - de minh boa (so sinh tren hai binh dien ndi dung
va Mnh thfic).
b) VI vdn xudi
- Ba bai van xudi trong phin vdn hgc Viet Nam d Hgc ki II (Vi ludn li xd
hoi d nudc ta cua Phan Chdu Trinh, Tiing me de - ngudn gidi phdng cdc ddn tdc
bi dp bdc eiia Nguyin An Ninh, Mdt thdi dqi trong thi ca eua Hoai Thanh) diu
thulc thi van nghi ludn. Chii y : sfic thuylt phuc cua vdn nghi ludn chu yiu la d K
le danh thIp, ludn cfi hung hdn. Khi dn tap nen tham khao them nhfing bai vilt
vl van nghi ludn d phdn Lam vdn trong sleh giao khoa Ngu vdn 11 Ndng cao,
tap hai.
- Bai Mgt thdi dqi trong thi ca eua Hoai Thanh cung la mdt dang cua van nghi
luan, nghia la cung thuyet phuc bdng ldp ludn Id gich chat che, ludn dilm chfnh
xac, ludn cfi hung hdn. Nhumg vi 11 mdt bai nghi ludn van hgc nen If ludn phai dua
trin CO sd thim van tmh tl, hanh van vfia phai thuylt phue vl If, vfia phai thuylt
phuc bang tinh cam, cam xuc thim mi. Cho nen van nghien cfiu, phe binh vdn bge
CO chd rlt gin vdi vdn hinh tugng.
II - VAN HOC NUdC NGO Al

NhOng tie phim thudc nhdm nly cung thudc nhilu tbl loai khic nhau :
ha cdng hiin vi dqi cda Cdc Mdc ciia Ang-ghen (vdn nghi ludn), trich Lao Gd-ri-d
CUE Ban-ddc, trich Nhdng ngUdi khdn khd eua Huy-gd, (tiiu thuyet), Ngudi
trong bao eua Se-khd'p (truyen ngin), Tdi yeu em eua Pu-skin, Bdi tha sd28 cua
Ta-go (tho). Cln dgc d c phin Tri thdc dgc - hiiu vl elc tbl loai van bge tuong
tog dl van dung vao vide phdn tfch nhihig tie phim nay. Nen so sinh d c tac
phdm Cling tbl loai dl cung ed nhdn thfic vl nhfing dac sic cua mdi tie phim.
m - L I LUAN VAN HOC

Chu y vdn dung kiln thfic If thuylt vao thue hanh dgc - bilu d c tie phim cu
thi 6 ddy la vdn dung kiln thfic vl dae dilm eua the loai tho va vdn nghi ludn
trong cle bai vl If ludn van hgc {Dgc tha, Dgc vdn nghi ludn) vdo viec dgc - hieu
cic tac phim thudc hai the loai nly trong sleh gilo khoa Ngd vdn 11 Ndng cao,
175
tip hai. Cln luu y di'n nhumg dilm khic bilt gifla bai nghi luin chfnh tri, xa hdi
vdi bai nghi ludn vdn hgc (phd binh vdn bge).
B - PHLTONG P H A P ON TAP
Hgc sinh ebuin bi b nha dl cuomg phat bilu vl d e vlh de trong ndi dung dn
tdp, de'n ldp trao ddi dudi su hudmg din eua giao vien.
/^'•
DAC DIEM LOAI HINH CUA TIENG VIET
KET QUA CAN DAT

• Hiiu dugc nhicng net khdi qudt vi ddc diem loqi hinh cua
tiing Viet; ndm dugc ddc diim cda "tiing" vdi tu cdch Id
dan vi ngd phdp ca bdn cua tiing Viet.
• Biit van dung nhicng hiiu biit trin vdo viec dgc - hiiu
vdn bdn vd ldm vdn.
I - TIENG VIET THUOC LOAI HINH NGON N G C D O N LAP

Theo mdt cleh phdn loai dugc thfia nhdn rdng rai, tieng Viet thudc loai hinh
ngdn ngfl dan lap. Trong loai hinh nay cdn cd tilng HIn va mgt so ngdn ngfl b khu
vuc Ddng Nam A, chdu Uc, chdu Phi,...
Trong cle ngdn ngfl dom ldp, dom vi ngfl pblp ea ban cd hinh thfic la mdt
dm tiit, thudng ed nghia va ed tbl dirge dung nhu mdt td. Trong cdu, y nghia ngfl
phip dugc bieu thi chu yiu bdng trdt tu tfi va bu tfi, cdn tfi khdng bil'n ddi hinh
thdi. Vi tfi trong cle ngdn ngfl dom ldp khdng biln ddi binh thai nin elc ngdn
ngfl dom lap eon duge ggi la ngdn ngfl khdng co hinh thdi, hay ngdn ngfl khong
biin hinh,...
Til'ng Viet duge coi 11 mdt trong nhumg ngdn ngfl tiiu bilu cua loai hinh don
ldp. Nhiing ddc tnmg eua tilng Viet, vdi tu elch la hidt ngdn ngfl don Idp, dugc thi
bidn rd net b dom vi ngfl phdp ca ban va eae phuomg tidn ngfl phap ebu yû cua nd.
176
II - DON VI N G C P H A P CO BAN CUA TIENG VIET

Dom vi ngfl phip co ban cua tilng Viet dugc ggi la tiing. Bit diu tfi tiing, cd
thi true tilp hay gian tiep tao nen tdt ea d e dem vi cd nghia nhu td, cum td, cdu.
Tiengfiongtilng Vidt ed nhimg ddc dilmridngvl ngfi dm, ngfi nghia va ngfi phip.
I. Dac diem ngur am ciia tie'ng

Xet vl phuang dien ngfl dm, mdi tiing la mdt dm tiit. Dd'i vdi ngudi Viet, xae
dinh mdt cdu cd bao nhidu tilng va ranh gidi eua mdi tilng d ddu 11 viec dl dang.
Qang ban, nghe mdt cdu tha luc bat, ngudi Viet ai cung cd tbl nhdn ra ddng tren
CO sau tilng, ddng dudi cd tim tieng :
Trdm ndm trong cdi ngudi ta.
Chic tdi cha minh kheo Id ghit nhau.
(Nguyin Du - Truyen Kiiu)
Trong cleh pbit dm tilng Viet, khdng ed hien tugng ndi dm tfi dm tilt ng sang
am tilt kia (nhu thudng thly trong tilng Anh, tilng Phip,...). Chang han, cdc anh,
mot d'khdng bao gid dugc phIt dm thanh cd canh, md td.
VI cd'u tao eua dm tilt tieng Viet, cd hai dae dilm quan trgng cln luu y :
- Thfi nhd't, dm tilt nlo cung mang thanh diiu. Thanh dieu cd anh hudng to
ldm din nhac dieu cua cdu. Viec phdi hgp d c thanh bing bode thanh trie ed thi
mang lai nhfing bidu qua dae biet. Chdng ban. Tan Da cd hai cau tho diing d e
tilng trie vl tilng bang that tai tinh :
Tdi cao phdn thdp, chi khi udt •
Giang hd mi choi quen qui huang.
; • (Tan Da - Thdm md cii ben dudng)
- Thfi hai, ngoai thanh dieu, dm tilt cdn ed hai phin chfnh khic : phin dm ddu
vi phin vdn (vf du : dm tilt toan cd Cd'u tao 11 tloan). Phin vin ed hat nhdn la mdt
nguyen dm gifia vin, dugc ggi la dm chinh. Ciing vdi thanh dieu, dm chfnh bao gid
cung phai cd mat trong dm tilt.
Thdi quen ndi ldi, mdt d c h choi ehfi dae sic eiia ngudi Viet, la do nhfing dac
lli^m vl thanh dieu, vl dm diu, vl vin cua dm tilt tilng Viet (vf du : cd dd'i -^
cd't dd). Nhflng ddc dilm nay cdn duge thly qua phep ldy, 11 mdt trong nhfing
'iNV11/2NC-A ^^"^

phucmg thfic elu tao tfi quan trgng cua tilng Vilt (vi du : dep -^ dep de ; lanh ->
lanh leo, lanh lung, lanh lanh ; nhd -^ nhd nhdn, nhd nhoi, nhd nhen, nho nho ;
bdng -^ bdng bdng ; quanh —> loanh quanh,...).
2. Dac diem ngiir nghia ciia tie'ng

Trong til'ng Viet, tiing la dan vi nhd nhdt cd nghia hoac tilm tang kha nang
trd thanh dom vi cd nghia.
Cle tilng nhu cha, me, nhd, cica, ndi, sdng, dn, udng, met, khoe, tdt, xdu,...
diu cd nghia, dugc dung dl ggi tdn su vdt, hanh ddng, trang thai, trnh chdt,...
Nhimg tie'ng nhu thuy, hod, thdo,... tuy khdng tbl dung rieng dl ggi tin sur vdt,
hiln tugng nhung nghia eua chung cung cd tbl dugc nhdn bid't qua su ddi ehilu
cle td hgp ehfia chung. Chang ban :
- Dd'i chie'u thuy qudn, thuy chiin, thuy thd, thuy triiu, thuy Igi,... cd thi bilt
thuy la "nudc".
- Dd'i chie'u hod xa, hod tiin, hod phdo, hod luc, cdu hod,... cd thi bilt hod
la "Ifia".
Cdn nhihig tilng nhu dp (trong dm dp), leo (trong lanh leo), lung (trong lanh
lung),... thi qua khdng dl giai thich nghia. Tuy nhien, nlu so sanh dm vdi dm dp,
lanh vdi lanh leo va lanh lung thi ed the thly dugc tie dung tao nghia eua dp, leo,
lung vl qua dd bilu dugc nghia eua chung. Chang ban, lanh ixong ban tin thdi tilt
chi cd nghia la eli lanh kbich quan, ed tfnh vdt If, bin ngoai, nhung trong cdu Me
mdi vi qui mdy hom, cdn phdng dd trd nen lanh leo thi cai lanh b ddy lai la eli
lanh chu quan, d i lanh cua long ngudi. Chinh tieng leo da gdp phin tao ra su Idiac
biet vl ngfi nghia Iy gitta lanh va lanh leo.
Khi ndi rang nhin chung tiing trong tilng Vidt diu cd nghia, chung ta da tam
tach rieng mdt sd tilng dugc coi 11 khdng cd nghia. Dd la nhihig til'ng nhu bd,
hdng {trong bd hdng) ; dudi, uai (trong dudi uai),... ddc bidt, mdf sd ldm la nhihig
til'ng trong tfi mugn gd'c Au nhu ki. Id (trong ki-ld) ; ra, di, d (trong ra-di-6) ;...
Tuy nhidn, vl nhfing tilng loai nly, cln ghi nhdn kha nang dugc dung nhfi nhflng
til'ng ed nghia bode kha nang ed tbl dugc dung ldm thdi nhu nhumg til'ng co ngMa,
vfdu :
- Mua ndm ki thit.
- Ra-di-6 vdi v6-di-d gi!
tlo 12. NV11/2NC-B

Dac dilm ngfl nghia eua tilng da gdp phin tao ra cleh ndi ldi, dch lam tho
thuan nghich dgc (dgc xudi hay dgc ngugc diu ed nghia), elch lam cdu ddi ciia
nguoi Vilt,...
3. Ddc diem ngiir phap ciia tie'ng

Xet vl mat ngfl pblp, tiing ed nhflng ddc dilm quan trgng sau ddy :
- Trong rd't nhilu trudng hgp, mdi tilng la mdt td dan ed tbl dam nhiem mdt
chfic nang ngfl pblp nao dd trong cdu. Vi du, d c tilng trong hai cdu tho sau ddy :
Trudc sau ndo thd'y bdng ngudi,
Hoa ddo ndm ngodi cdn cudi gid ddng.
- Trong nhihig truomg hgp cdn lai, mdi tilng la mdt thanh td cd'u tao ndn cle
tit ghep {binh linh, ndi niim, si quan, phong cdnh,...), tfi lly {xdp xe, gai gdc, xdn
xao, ldm cam,...) bode tfi nglu kit {bd hdng, dudi uai, mac cd,...).
Ngay ea trong trudng hgp tieng chi la mdt thanh td cd'u tao tfi phfic, nd vdn cd
kha nang boat ddng nhu mdt tfi. Chang ban, d c tilng trong tfi lly vdi vdng cd thi
dugc tich ra, diing ldm thdi nhu hai tfi ddc ldp :
Di ddu md vdi md vdng,
Md vdp phdi dd md qudng phdi ddy.
(Ca dao)
Chfnh nhflng dac diem vl ngfl nghia va ngfl pblp tren ddy eua tilng la nguyen
nhin sdu xa ddn din su mo hd vl kit hgp trong mdt sd cdu. Vf du, xlt cdu : Cdng
viic nhd chdng chi lo lieu tdt cd. Vdi cdu hdi Ai lo cdng viec ?, cd din ba kha
nang tra ldi diing. Trong nhumg trudng hgp nhu vdy, dl trinh bilu nhim, khi ndi
chiing ta cln ngat, nghi dung chd vl khi vilt, cln diing dd'u cdu thfch hgp.
Ching ban:
- Cdng viec nhd chdng, chi lo lieu tdt cd.
- Cdng viec nhd, chdng chi lo lieu tdt cd.
- Cdng viec, nhd chdng chi lo lieu tdt cd,
179
LUYEN TAP
1. Dua trin nhflng dae diem cua tiing, hay phdn tfch su tmh td va d i hay trong
mdi ve dd'i sau :
- Chudng gd ke dp chudng vit.
- Trd chai trdi cho.
2. Trong bai tha Ddy mua thu tdi, Xudn Dilu vilt:
Han mgt loai hoa da rung cdnh,
Trong vudn sdc dd rua mdu xanh ;
Nhung ludng run rdy rung rinh Id...
Ddi nhdnh khd gdy xuang mdng manh.
Hay phdn tfch gil tri cua nhihig tfi lay dugc dung trong khd tha trdn.
3. Bai tha Din Nggc San (khuyl't danh) sau ddy thudc loai tha "thudn nghich ddc".
Dgc xudi:
Linh uy tiing ndi that Id ddy
Nudc chdn hoa rao mdt khdm mdy
Xanh biic nudc soi hd ldn bdng
Tim bdm riu mgc dd trdn xoay
Canh tdn luc ddnh chudng dm tieng
Khdch vdng khi dua xq ngdt bay
Thdnh thi tiing vang ddn cdnh thdng
Ranh ranh ng but vdi nghien ndy.
Dgc nguge :
Ndy nghien vdi but ng ranh ranh
Thdng cdnh ddn vang tiing thi thdnh
Bay ngdt xq dua khi vdng khdch
Tiing dm chudng ddnh Idc tdn canh
Xoay trdn dd mgc riu bdm tim
Bdng Ion hd soi nudc biic xanh
Mdy khdm mdt rao hoa chdn nudc
Ddy Id that ndi tiing uy linh.
Hay vdn dung nhfing bilu bie't vl tiing dl giai thfch hidn tugng "thudn nghich
ddc" trdn ddy.
180
4. Dgc doan tha sau ddy :

Thd the rdng mai chim cdng trdi,
Ldng Id khe Yin cd nghe kinh.
Vdng bin tai mdt tiing chdy kinh,
Khdch tang hdi gidt minh trong gidc mdng.
Ndy sudi Gidi Oan, ndy chua Cda Vdng,
Ndy hang Phdt Tich, ndy ddng Tuyi't Quynh.
Nhdc trdng lin ai kheo hoq hinh,
Dd ngu sdc long lanh nhu gdm det.
Thdm thdm mdt hang ldng bdng nguyet,
, Gap ghinh mdy ldi udn thang mdy,
Chimg giang san cdn dgi ai ddy.
Hay tqo hod kheo ra tay xip ddt.
(Chu Manh Trinh - Bdi ca phong cdnh Huang San)
a) Hay chi ra nhihig hidn tugng ddi trong doan tho.

b) Cho bilt hien tugng ddi tren ddy da dua vio nhfing dae dilm gi cua tiing.
BAI VIET SO 8
(Kilm tra tdng hgp cudi nam)
KET QUA CAN DAT

Ndm viing ngi dung ca bdn cda cdc bdi dphdn Vdn hgc,
Tiing Viet vd Ldm vdn trong sdch gido khoa Ngfi van 11
Ndng cao, chd yiu Id tap hai.
Biit van dung nhicng kii'n thdc, ki ndng dd hgc mot cdch
tdng hgp, todn diin dildm bdi kiim tra cudi ndm.
Dl ehuin bi cho bai kilm tra tdng hgp cudi ndm, hgc sinh cln chu y mdt sd
dilm sau:
L Tdng kit lai mdt sd vin dl co ban trong sleh giao khoa Ngd vdn 11
Ndng cao, tdp hai theo d c ydu elu vl nhihig luu y vl dch dn tdp da neu d bai
181
kilm tra tdng hgp cud'i Hgc ki I (sach giao Ichoa Ngii vdn 11 Ndng cao, tdp mdt),
thi hien b cac mat:
- Vl ndi dung Van hgc, Tilng Vilt va Lam van.
- Vl ki ndng thuc hanh.
- Vl tfnh chdt tfch hgp cua elc ndi dung Van hgc, Tidng Vilt va Lam van.
- Vl dinh hudmg ddi mdi kilm tra, danh gia.
Hgc sinh Udn be vdi cle bai On tap viVdn hgc va On tap viLdm vdn (Hgc Id II)
dl ndm duge d e van dl trin.
2. Hinh thfic bii kilm tra tdng hgp cudi nam cung kit hgp cac elu hoi trie
nghidm vl tu ludn. Phin cdu hdi trie nghidm, hgc sinh tham khao b bai Idim tra
tdng hgp cud'i Hgc ki I. Phin tu ludn bao gdm d e cdu (dl) khic nhau nham kilm
tra todn diln hom. Do dl kilm tra cd nhieu ndi dung, nhilu cdu, vi thd, hgc sinh
khdng ndn vilt dai ma tap trung ren luyen elch vilt bai van, doan van ngdn hoan
chinh ve mdt vdn d6 vdn bge bode xa hdi nao dd. Dl lam td't phin tu ludn, cd
tbl tham khao, tim bilu va luydn tdp mdt sd dl sau (vie't mdi dl trong khoang
400 chfi):
De 1. Anh (chi) nghi the' nlo vl cdu ndi cua mdt nha van Nga : "Ned lanh nhdt
khdng phai la Bae Cue, ma la ncd khdng cd tinh thuomg" ?
De 2. Vl mdt thdi bu tdt xlu ma anh (chi) thly cln phd phin.
De 3. Mdt sd ddu bidu dl phdn bilt flia mdi lang man Vilt Nam (1932 - 1945)
vdi tha cu trudc nd.
De 4. Bfic tranh thidn nhidn trong hai bai tha : Gidi di sdm va Chieu tdi ciia
Hd Chf Minh.
182
T 6 N G K E T P H U O N G PHAP D O C - HIEU
VAN BAN VAN HOC
KET QUA CAN OAT

• Ndm dugc cdc kiin thdc vi thi loqi vdn hgc ldm ca sd
cho viec dgc - hieu vdn bdn vdn hgc.
• Biit khdi qudt, ddnh gid ndi dung, tu tudng vd nghi thudt
cda vdn bdn vdn hoc.
I - NHUMG KIEN THUC VE THE LOAI

1. Ddc dilm cua van ban tha vl cleh dgc tho.
2. Ddc dilm chung cua tiiu thuylt, truyen ngin va cleh dgc d c thi loai dd.
3. Ddc dilm cua vdn ban kich vl d c h dgc van ban kich.
4. Ddc dilm cua van nghi ludn vl dch dgc van nghi ludn.
5. Dac dilm elc tbl van cd nhu vdn ti, chii'u, diiu trdn, ki sii vl nhfing dilu
cln luu y khi dgc d c tbl van dd.
6. Dac dilm eua elc thi tho cd nhu tha Dudng ludt (thdt ngdn bat cii, tfi tuyet),
tha cd thi {ca, hanh), tha hdt ndi vd nhfing dilu cln luu y khi dgc cle tbl tho dd.
7. Dae dilm eua tbl loai phdng su.
8. Su khdc biet gifia tha mdi va tha cd diin.
II - PHUONG PHAP KHAI QUAT NOI DUNG,TUTU6NG

vA NGHE THUAT CUA VAN BAN VAN HOC
, 1. Khai quat cac noi dung, tu tuong chu yeu cua van ban van hgc
Tren CO sd dgc - bilu y nghia eua tfi ngfi, cdu, doan, nim bit y chfnh duge
huyIn dat qua d c phuomg tien bieu dat, ngudi dgc phai bilt khIi quit. Yeu elu
cua Idili quit 11 rut ra mdt d e b ehuIn xlc vl ngdn ggn nhfing dilu chu yiu trong
de tdi, chu dl, cung nhu thii dd eua tie gia duge bilu dat trong van ban van hgc,...
Hgc cleh tdm tat vdn ban van bge chinh la thao tie dua den ki ndng khai quit ndi
dung chu yd'u cua vdn ban. Nhung viec khai quit mang tfnh chu ddng, sing tao
hon 11 tdm tit, nghia la ngudi dgc phai tu lua chgn tu tudng ehii yiu eua vdn ban
tren ca sd da cam nhdn. Chdng ban, khdi quit ndi dung bai Chii'u cdu hiin
183

(do Ngd Thi Nhdm vie't), cd tbl ndi dd la bii vdn klu ggi ngudi biln tai ra giup
nudc, ddng thdi dl ra ba biln phap cu tbl nhim ehilu tdp ngudi hiln tai. Khai quit
ndi dung bai Cdu cd mda thu ciia Nguyin Khuyin ed phan khd hom. O ddy ed ve
dep mua thu cua qud huomg, lang canh, cd khuynh hudmg In ddt, linh ddi, cd ndi
budn dg "Tua gdi budng cln Idu chang dugc", nhung chu yeu la khat vgng mdt
khdng gian thanh vdng, ydn tinh eho tdm hdn.
Mdi van ban van hgc cd nhieu y ldn, nhd, hgp thanh tu tudmg cua vdn ban. Su
khai quit ddi hdi phai lua chgn thdng tin quan trgng phu hgp vdi ndi dung va ldi
van ciia van ban van hgc. Ngudi dgc ed the tim bilu d e tfi then cbdt trong nhan dl
(nhu Hanh phuc cda mot tang gia, Thuang vg,...); cd the dua vao edu bode doan van
tiiu bilu nhdt, chang ban doan chi em Lidn dim dem cd thfic de xem chuyin tau tfi
Ha Ndi vl {Hai dda tre - Thach Lam), hoac doan ngudi tfi tu Hudh Cao cho chfi
{Chu ngudi tic tu - Nguyin Tudn); cd tbl can cfi vao d c tfi duge lap di lap lai nhu
chia khoi eua van ban ; cd the dua vao tfnh cleh, sd phdn cua nhdn vdt chinh, bode
mdu tbuin chu yeu nhu trong doan trich Vinh biit Cdu Trung Ddi (kich VU NhuTd -
Nguyin Huy Tudng),... de khIi quit tu tudmg eua van ban.
2. Khai quat dac diem nghe thuat chii yeu ciia van ban van hoc
Ddng thdi vdi viec khai quit ndi dung, tu tudmg, can nim bit ddc dilm hinh
thfic ndi bdt eua vdn ban van bge. Trudc hit la nhdn ra ddc dilm tbl loai: tho, truyin,
nghi ludn, kf su, v.v. Sau dd la nhdn ra d c h vilt cua tie gia. Tuy theo loai vdn ban
ma tim bilu dch vilt, bao gdm ldi le, kit elu, d c phep tu tfi, ngdi kl (thfi nhit hay
thfi ba), gigng dieu.- Cudi cung, nhdn ra net ridng, ddc dIo eua van ban van hgc.
Dl nim bit duge d c dae dilm ndu tren, cln so sanh vdi d e vdn ban van hgc
tuang ddng hay khac biet. Vf du so sanh bai tha Tuang tu ciia Nguyin Bfnh vdi ea
dao, so sanh ngdn tfi cua truydn ngdn Chi Pheo (Nam Cao) vdi doan trich Hanh
phuc cda mot tang gia {Sddd - Vu Trgng Phung),...
m - DANH GIA NOI DUNG TUTUONG VA NGHE THUAT CUA VAN BAN
VAN HOC
1. Danh gia ngi dung, tu tudng cua van ban van hoc
Dgc mdt van ban, nhdt la van ban nghe thudt, ngudi dgc phai bilt ddnh gia ndi
dung, tu tudng eua van ban. Trdn ca sd khai quit tu tudmg chu yi'u cua van ban van
hgc, ngudi dgc phai nhdn ra tu tudmg nhdn van, khuynh hudmg ddn chu, tiln bd,
tinh thin ydu nude, yeu boa binh, y thfic phe phin elc tu tudmg phi nhdn dao,
chuyen chi, ddi tra. Dd la nhihig gil tri ca ban ciia van hgc. Ngudi dgc phai chi ra
184

dugc ddng gdp ridng cua tihig vdn phim, thi phim dl lam sdu sic them d c tu
tirdng ldm eua nhdn loai. Ngudi dgc cln neu ra nhfing dilm minh tdm die, ddng
cam, thfch thii va cd tbl ndu ea nhimg dilm cdn ban khoan. Dl bilu gil tri dae sic
trong nr tudmg eua vdn ban, ngudi dgc cdn dgc nhilu tic pham dl so sinh ; ddng
thdi cln ed tri thfic vl van hgc ^fi, vl bdi d n h xa hdi qua khfi hay cudc sd'ng hien
tai dl cam nhdn that sdu sdc mdt tu tudmg ddc dao, mdi me nlo dd.
2. Danh gia dac diem nghe thuat chu yeu cua van ban van hgc
Dua trin ydu elu vl su thd'ng nhd't gifia hinh thfic vdi ndi dung, ngudi dgc
khang dinh gil tri va su phu hgp eua hmh thfic nghe thudt vdi ndi dung, tu tudng ;
chi rd nhfing ddc dilm ddc ddo vl hinh tugng nhdn vdt, vl ngdn tfi, ehi tilt nghe
thudt, kit cd'u, dac biet la nhfing dae dilm ma minh cam thd'y thfch thii. Dd cd
thi 11 nhumg tfi dung dlt, nhihig chi tilt ddc dIo, cleh ve chdn dung mdi la, cleh
kl chuydn khic thudng, nhd dd ml ngudi dgc thdm yeu tie phim.
HL/dNG DAN HOC BAI

L Kiln thfic ve tbl lOai ed y nghia nhu tbl nlo ddi vdi vide dgc - bilu van ban van bge ?
2. Neu nhihig yeu elu vl phuomg pblp khai quit va dinh gil ndi dung, tu tudng va
nghe thudt eua van ban van hgc.
DAC DIEM LOAI HINH CUA TIENG VIET

• • •
(Tie'p theo)
KET QUA CAN DAT

• Hiiu dugc tdm quan trgng cda trdt tu td vd hu td trong
viic td chdc cdu vd biiu thi nghia.
• Bii't van dung nhung hiiu biit trin vdo viic doc - hiiu
vdn bdn vd ldm vdn.
III - c A c PHUONG TIEN NGU" P H A P CHU YEU CUA TIENG VIET

L Trat tu tir
Trong tilng Viet, trdt tu xip ddt elc tfi cd mdt vai trd cue ki quan trgng : su
thay ddi trdt tu d e tfi thudng ddn din su thay ddi vl ndi dung. Sau ddy, chung ta
xem xlt vai trd ciia trdt tu tfi trong cdu va trong cum tfi.
185
a) Vai trd cua trdt tu tfi trong cdu
Trdt tu sdp dat d c tfi dugc coi la phuang tiln ngfl pblp chu yiu dl bilu thi
quan hi ngfi phap gifla d c tfi trong cdu. Xet hai cdu :
Minh nh&ta nhucd nhd mudi,
Ta nhd minh nhu Cuoi nhd trdng.
(Ca dao)
Phin in ddm ddng nhit vl thanh phin tfi vung (cung cd ba tfi : minh, ta, nhd)
nhung Ichlc biet hoan toan vl nghia, do d c tfi cd chfic nang ngfi phap Idiac nhau.
Trong cdu thfi nhdt, tfi minh (dfing trudc ddng tfi vi ngfl) ddng vai chu ngfl, bilu tlii
chu thi cua hinh ddng {ai nhd ? -^ minh nhd) ; trong cdu thfi hai, tfi minh (dihig
sau ddng tfi vi ngfi) ddng vai bd ngft, bilu thi ddi tucmg cua hanh ddng {nhd ai ?
—> nhd minh). Tuang tu nhu vdy, tfl ta trong hai cdu trdn cd su thay ddi vl vai trd
khi thay ddi vi tri dd'i vdi ddng tfi vi ngft.
b) Vai trd cua trat tu tfi trong cum tfi
Cd tbl thly vai trd cua trdt tu tfi dugc the hidn rdt rd trong cum danh tfi, cum
ddng tfi va cum tinh tfi.
Chdng ban, trong cum danh tfi, su thay ddi vi tri d c tfi cd tbl ddn ddn su thay
ddi vl y nghia. Vf du : giing nudc ^ nudc gieng, phdng ndm ^ ndm phdng,...
Cflng nhu vdy, trong cum ddng tfi va cum tfnh tfi, su thay ddi trdt tu d e tfi se
ddn de'n nhumg thay ddi vl nghia rdt da dang. Chang ban : dugc bai ^ bai dugc,
hgc lai # lai hgc, de'n ban ^ ban din, chdm ndi ^ ndi chdm, gidu long thuang
ngudi 9t ldng thuang ngudi gidu,...
2.Hutiif
Trong tilng Viet, hu tfi cd vai trd quan trgng trong vile td chfic cdu. Vai trd
nay dugc tbl hien d hai phuang didn : bilu thi quan he ngit phdp gifla cae tfi trong
cdu va bieu thi mdt sd y nghia ngd phdp trong edu.
a) Hu tfi bilu thi quan h? ngfl pblp gifla d c tfi trong cdu
Nhd hu tfi, quan he ngfl phap gifla cac tfi trong cdu dugc tbl hiln ro.
Hu tfi dinh dd'u quan hi chinh phu. Vf du :
Hdm do tdi vdo nghi d dinh cu cua tien phu tdi. Ngudi anh cua tdi ldm quan
Thu trdn Lang San, cd mot cdi dinh d ldng.
(Le HOu Trac - Thuang kinh ki su)
186
Hu tfi danh diu quan he dang ldp. Vi du :

Ta mudn riit mdy dua vd gid lugn
Ta mudn say cdnh budm voi tinh yeu.
(Xuan Dieu - Vdi vdng)
Hu tfi cdn dugc dung dl danh ddu quan hi chu vi, ddc biet trong nhfing trudng
hop cd su so sanh, tuang phan hay tuong ddng. Vi du :
- Chung tdi thudng nghe binh phdp noi: Bdo todn dugc ddt nudc Id tdt nhdt,
lam tan nudc thi kem han, bdo todn dugc qudn thi tdt nhdt, ldm tan qudn thi
kem hem.
(Nguyin Khoa Chiem - Nam trieu cdng nghiep diin chi)
- Nay anh tdi qud nhien thi dd, cdn tdi thi phieu bat giang hd, hd chdng phdi
mdt cdu sdm cda tre con do sao ?
(Le Hfiu Trac - Thuang kinh ki su)
b) Hu tfi bilu thi mdt sd y nghia ngfi pblp trong cdu

Hu tfi giup nhdn didn d c kilu cdu nghi vdn, elu khiln, cam thin, trin thudt,
chang ban elc tinh thai tfi a, U, nhi, nhe, ddy, ddy, di, thdi, chdng,... Vf du :
DAN THIEM : - Ong phdi trdn di. (Cd tilng qudn Im Im, tilng trdng, tilng
chieng, tilng tu vd, tilng ngua hf) Ong phdi trdn di (ldi cd ve van Ion). Trong luc
biin cdndy, dng hdy tam lanh di. Khi ddn ndi len, hg ndng ndi vd cung. Hg khdng
phdn biet phdi trdi. Ong trdn di.
(Nguyin Huy Tucmg - Vu NhuTd)
Hu tfi bilu thi nhOmg y nghia vl sd lugng dfing trudc danh tfi trong cdu. Ddy 11
chfic nang cua d c tfi nhu nhitng, cdc, mgi, mdi, tdng,... Vf du :
- Rdi Bdc di dem chdn
TUng ngudi, timg ngudi mgt.
(Minh Hue-Oem nay Bdc khdng ngu)
- Xdt ngudi tim cica hdm mai

Quat ndng dp lanh nhiing ai dd gid ?
(Nguyin Du - Truyen Kieu)
Co thi ndi hu tfi, cung vdi trdt tu tfi, la hai phuomg tidn ngfi pblp ehmh dl td
chfic ciu tilng Vidt. Tuy nhiln, trong mdt sd trudng hgp, vide sfi dung hu tfi lai cd
187
tmh tuy nghi (tfic khdng bit budc phai cd). Trong nhihig truomg hgp nhu vdy, ngft
canh se tham gia vio viec bilu dung nghia cua elu. Chang ban, ngudi Vilt ndi:
- anh tdi (khdng nhit thilt phai ndi: anh ciia tdi),
- hdm nay chd nhdt (khdng nhdt thii't phai ndi: hdm nay Id chu nhdt).
LUYEN TAP
1. Ddn toe ta, nhdn ddn ta, non song ddt nudc ta dd sinh ra Hd Chd tich, ngudi
anh hung ddn tdc vi dqi, vd chinh Ngudi dd ldm rqng rd ddn toe ta, nhdn ddn
ta vd non song ddt nudc ta.
(Le Dudn)
a) Ndu su khdc bidt vl chfic ndng ngfl pblp eua nhihig tfi ngfl dugc in ddm trong
cdu trdn.
b) Cho bilt vi sao cd su khac bilt dd.
2. Kilu bi Khuyen Ung bit vl nha Hoan Thu. Va ddy la binh anh eua Hoan Ba,
me Hoan Thu, xudt bidn trudc mit Kilu :
Ban ngdy sdp thdp hai ben,
Gida giudng thdt bdo ngdi tren mdt bd.
Trdt tu tfi ngfi d edu thfi bai khic vdi ldi ndi binh thudng nhu tbl' nao ? Dilu dd
cd hieu qua gi ?
3. Chi ra su khic bidt vl nghia gifia hai cdu sau ddy :
a) Cudc sdn nhiing ngudi ndle dd kit thdc.
b) Cudc sdn cda nhung ngudi nd le da kit thuc.
4. Cho bie't su khae bidt vl nghia eua tfi lai trong nhihig cdu sau ddy :
a) Thdng bi chay lai chd dng ngi.
b) Gida Idc cdp thii't dy, con cho lai ldn ra chit.
c) Thdng be dgc lai bdi tha Con cdc.
Theo anh (chi), cd nhilu tfi lai khac nhau hay chi ed mdt tfi lai vdi nhilu chfic
nang khic nhau ?
188
LUYEN TAP VIET TIEU Sif TOM TAT
KET QUA CAN DAT

Bii't vii't tiiu sdt tdm tdt theo cdc ddi tugng vd yiu cdu
khdc nhau.
I - CHUAN BI
1. Hay vilt tiiu sfi tdm tit eua mdt trong nhumg dd'i tugng sau :
- Mdt Anh hung lao ddng trong thdi ki ddi mdi.
- Mdt nhdn vdt ma anh (ehi) ngudng md trong lich sfi.
- Mdt tdc gia van hgc ml anh (chi) ydu thfch;
- Mdt ngudi thdn trong gia dinh bode ban thdn anh (chi).
2. CIc ndi dung cln chuIn bi:
- Chgn nhdn vdt de vilt tiiu sfi tdm tit.
- Hm bilu, thu thdp, ghi chip elc thdng tin vl nhdn vdt ma minh lua chgn.
- Xdy dung dl cuomg tdm tat.
II - THUC H A N H TREN L6P
Cle budc tii'n hanh :

- Vilt tiiu sfi tdm tit vl ddi tugng dl lua chgn (chii y nhumg yeu elu va cleh
vilt tiiu sfi tdm tit da ndu d bii Tiiu sd tdm tdt, trang 171).
- Tnnh bay van ban tiiu sfi tdm tit trudc ldp.
- Chu y theo ddi di nhdn xlt vl rut kinh nghiem eho ban thdn.
189
/? /v' /v''
TONG KET PHAN VAN HOC VIET NAM^*)
KET QUA CAN DAT

Ndm vang vd he thdng hod nhitng kien thUc ca bdn vi
vdn hgc Viet Nam trong sdch gido khoa Ngft van 11
Ndng cao tren hai binh dien :
-Lich sd vdn hgc (td trung dqi de'n Men dqi).
-The loqi vdn hgc, dac biet la nhitng the loqi mai, xudt Men
thdi ki td ddu thiki XXdin Cdch mqng thdng Tdm 1945.
PhIn van hgc Vidt Nam trong sach gilo khoa Ngii van 11 Ndng cao cd hai
ndi dung ldm:
- Vl lich sfi van hgc, gdm cle su Iciln van hgc thudc hai thdi ki: van hgc trung
dai va van hgc tfi diu thi' ki XX ddn Cach mang thing Tam 1945.
- VI tbl loai, gdm elc tac phim thudc hlu bd't cac thi tho, van tfi cd di^n
de'n hidn dai: thdt ngdn bat cu Dudng ludt, tfi tuylt cd diln, tha cd thi, van tl, ki
su, tudng, tho mdi, kich, truyin ngdn, tiiu thuyi't, phdng su, nghi ludn chinh tri,
phe binh van hgc,...
Vi vdy, tdng kit phin van hgc Vilt Nam trong sach giao khoa NgU vdn 11
Ndng cao, cln chu y din hai phuang diln : lich sfi van hgc va thi loai van hgc.
A - V ^ UGH SQ VAN HOC
I - T H d l KI VAN HOC TRUNG DAI

Md diu chuong trinh 11 mdt sd tac gia, tie phim tiiu bilu cua hai giai doan
cud'i cung b thdi ki van hgc trung dai (giai doan tfi thd ki XVIII dih nfia diu tbl
Id XIX va giai doan nfia cudi thd Id XIX).
1. Ddy la thdi ki vdn hgc vdn ddng manh me theo hudmg din tdc hoa, ddn chu
hoa trdn ca sd tinh trang khung hoang sdu sic cua y thfic hd phong ld6i, cua
(*) Bai nay chu ye'u 6n tap nhfing tri thfic vl van hoc Viet Nam thcfi trung dai (Hpc ki I) vk van hoc
Viet Nam tiif ihx the ki XX d^n Cach mang thang Tam 1945 trong sdch giao khoa NgOvdn II
Ndng cao.
190
mi hgc ya thi pblp van hgc trung dai, cd nghia 11 dao li phong kiln khdng cdn
thiing liing nfta va nhumg quy pham vdn rlt chat che eua vdn hgc trung dai trd ndn
long leo, thdm chi bi vi pham nghidm trgng.
Hd Xudn Huang vdi bai TU tinh (bai II), Cao Ba Quit vdi Bdi ca ngan di trin
bdi cdt, Nguyin Cdng Trfi vdi Bdi ca ngdt ngudng ed the xem la tilng ndi eua
nhfing tim hdn ldm vung vdy trong cdi "long" tu tung cua ehi dd phong kiln, nhilu
khi roi vao tinh trang chin chudng, thdm chf cung dudng, be tie, phan anh ndi dm
fie, bfic bdi cua lich sfi trdn da phIt triln da bi kim ham trong khudn khd cbdt hep,
ldi thdi cua ehi dd phong kiln da din hdi mat vdn.
2. Ddy cung la giai doan len ngdi cua tilng Viet van hoi, eua tho Ndm vdi
nhfing kilt tic eua Hd Xudn Huang {Tu tinh, bai II), Nguyin Dinh Chiiu (Van ti
nghia si Cdn Giudc), Nguyin Kbuyln {Cdu cd mua thu, Tiin si gidy), Tii Xuomg
tyinh khoa thi Huang, Thuang vg),... Cle nguydn tic mi hgc ciia van chuong ehinh
thd'ng trung dai nhu sfi dung udc le day ddc, uyen ble, cleh dieu boa, khdng coi
figng el tfnh nhd van,... trd ndn long leo.
3. Y thfic cl nhdn thfic tinh khd manh me trong gidi elm but din din trong
linh vuc vdn xudi chfi HIn xult bidn mdt sd tie phim kf (Thugng kinh ki su cua L.e
Hfiu Trie, Ddng Dich Trai ngdn hdnh luc ciia Ddng Huy Trfi,...). Cae tie gia cd
nhu elu ghi chip trung thue nhihig su thdt bdng eon mit quan sit va dinh gil eua
ca nhdn ddi vdi ngoai gidi cflng nhu dd'i vdi ndi tdm minh.
4. Tuy nhiln, dilu kidn xa bdi, lich sfi chua cho pblp eon ngudi ed su thfic
tinh thdt sdu sac vl y thfic d nhdn ; dilu kien giao luu van hoi vdi nudc ngoai vin
con thu hep trong vung anh hudmg cua Trung Hoa ed, trung dai. Vi tbl, nhu elu
hien dai hoi van hgc tuy da cd mdt sd ddu bilu khdi diu, vdn chua duge dat ra.
Them vao dd, su kidn thuc ddn Pblp xdm luge nudc ta tfi nam 1858 khiln eho mgi
mat cua ddi sd'ng xa hdi, trong dd cd vdn hgc, phai tdp trung vdo nhidm vu cfiu
nude. Vdn dl sd'ng cdn cua cdng ddng phai ddt ldn hang diu, cle vSii dl khic phai
tam didi dep di, trong dd cd yeu elu giai phdng d nhdn, dd'u tranh eho hanh phuc
canhdn.
II - T H 6 I KI V A N HOC Tir DAU THE KI XX DEN CACH MANG

THANG TAM 1945
Tfi ddu tbl ki XX nin van hgc Vilt Nam chuyin sang mdt thdi ki mdi : thdi ki
van hgc hiln dai.
191
1. Ve CO so xa hdi va van hoa ciia thai ki van hoc tur dau the ki XX de'n
Cach mang thang Tam 1945
a) Ve mat xa hdi
Nam 1884, Hiep udc Pa-ta-ndt (Patendtre) dugc kl kd't, trilu dinh Hud' ding
toan bd ddt nudc ta eho thuc ddn Phap. Tfi boat ddng qudn su, thuc ddn Phap
chuyen sang boat ddng kinh tl, tie'n hanh hai cudc khai thic thudc dia dai quy md
(trudc va sau Chie'n tranh the gidi thfi nhdt 1914 - 1918), bil'n nude ta tfi mdt nude
phong kiln thinh mdt nudc thudc dia nfia phong kien. Tfi Nam ra Ble hinh thanh
nhihig dd thi, thi trdn ed tfnh cbdt tu ban chu nghia vdi su ra ddi cua nhihig ting
ldp xa hdi mdi: cdng nhdn, tu san, tiiu tu san, ddn ngheo thanh thi,...
Thue ddn Phap dp dat mdt chi dd thd'ng tri hit sfic tan bao va ra sfic bdc Idt
nhdn ddn ta, vo vet tdi nguyen eua dlt nudc ta. Nhung chung da vdp phai tinh thin
kidn cudng bat khult eua mdt ddn tdc cd truyin thdng yiu nude Idu ddi va sfic
sd'ng manh Udt. Phong trao ddu tranh giai phdng ddn tdc tuy bi dan Ip da man
nhung vdn lidn tidp nd ra va ngly cang manh me : phong trao Cdn vuang, Ddng
du, Ddng Kinh nghia thuc, Duy tdn hdi, khdi nghia Yen Tbl, cao trao each mang
vd san 1930 - 1931, Mat trdn Ddn chu Ddng Duang, khdi nghia Nam Ki, Mat trdn
Viet Minh, Cdch mang thing Tim 1945.
b) Vl mat vdn hoi
- Quan he giao luu van boa tfi khu vuc vdn hod Trung Hoa cd, trung dai md ra
vdi the gidi hien dai, trudc hit la van hod Pblp.
- Su Ip ddt chfnh sach van hoi nd dich cua ebfnh quyln thue ddn, tuy rlt nang
nl, vin khdng ngan can dugc anh hudmg eua nhilu xu hudmg van hoi tii'n bd cua
tbl gidi qua nhihig tri thfic yen nudc va d c h mang.
2. Ve nhiimg dac diem ciia thoi ki van hoc tir dû the ki XX den
Cach mang thang Tam 1945
Ddc diem ciia mdt thdi ki van hgc phai dugc nit ra tfi su khao sit toan diln va
cd he thd'ng ban thdn thdi ki van hgc Iy. Nhihig ddc diem dd giup phdn bilt thdi ki
vdn bge nay vdi eae thdi ki trudc va sau nd.
Bai Khdi qudt vdn hgc Viet Nam td ddu thiki XXdin Cdch mang thdng Tdm
1945 da ndu ldn va phdn tfch ba dae dilm ca ban cua vdn bge thdi ki nay :
- Ve diln mao : Nin vdn bge duge bidn dai hoi.
192
- VI tdc dd phat triln : Nin van hgc phIt triln hit sfic mau le.
- VI cdu tnic : Nin van bge ed su phdn hod phfic tap thanh nhilu bd phdn, xu
hudmg, trudng phai khic nhau.
Dl bilu sdu ban d c dac diem tren, cln luu y them nhumg dilu sau ddy :
a) Khi ndi nin van hgc dugc hien dai hoa cd nghia la da thoat ra khdi tu tudng
mi hgc va he thd'ng thi pblp eua van bge trung dai. Su thfic tinh sdu sic eua y thfic
ca nhdn trong gidi elm but (chu yiu thudc ting ldp tri thfic tiiu tu san Tdy hgc) 11
CO sd tu tudmg cua mi bge va thi pblp van bge hien dai.
- Qui trinh hien dai boa cua nin van bge Viet Nam nfia diu tbl ki XX khdng
phai diln ra dan gian mdt sdm mdt ehilu ml trai qua ba budc, thuc hien bdi ba thi
hi elm but. Su thay ddi tu tudmg mi bge khdng ehi la chuydn eiia If tri thuIn tuy
ml cdn la chuydn eua tinh cam, d m xiic. Dilu nly khdng the giai quylt dl dang d
thi hi xudt thdn Nho hgc nliu Phan Bdi Chdu, Phan Chdu Trmh,... Trong tho van
tuyin truyin elch mang, hg td ra da ddi mdi co ban vl tu tudmg chfnh tri, xa hdi,
hoc thudt. Nhung trong sing tie nghe thudt, hg vdn lam tho Dudng ludt bing ehfi
HIn, nhan vdt trfi tinh vdn 11 nhfing ding trugng phu "ddi trdi dap ddt" - con ngudi
cua vii tru cln khdn :
Ldm trai phdi Iq d trin ddi,

Hd di cdn khdn tii chuyin ddi.
[...] Mudn VU0 biDdng theo cdnh gid,
Mudn trung sdng bqc tiin ra khai.
(Phan B6i Chau - Luu biet khi xudt duang)
- Thi he difi hai phin nhilu la trf thfic Tdy hgc ldp diu tidn nhu Hd Bilu
Chinh, Hoang Nggc Phlch,... Ngodi ra 11 mdt sd nha nho chiu anh hudmg eua ldi
sdng dd thi vl van hoi phuomg Tdy bidn dai nhu Tan Da chdng han. Sing tic eua
ho ra ddi vao nhfing nam hai muoi cua the ki XX, dl cd tinh hien dai rd ret, nhit 11
trong van xudi. Tuy nhidn, khdng ke nhfing cdy biit Nho hgc, ngay nhumg nha vdn
thudc ldp tri thfic Tdy hgc ddu tidn nly cung chua tholt ban ra khdi duyen ng vdi
van chuang trung dai. Chdng ban, mdt sd tiiu thuyet eua Hd Bilu Chinh can ban
thudc chu nghia bidn thuc vl phdng theo tiiu thuylt Phip the ki XIX, nhung vin
chua tholt khdi kilu kit elu chucmg hdi va ldi kit thuc ed hdu. Bai tho Hdu Trdi
ciia Tan Da cung vdy, tuy thi hien mdt cdi tdi khd mdi me, nhung vdn chua bin la
13. NV11/2NC-A 193

cdi tdi tha mdi, binh thfic tha tuy da cd nhvhig yiu td mdi, nhung chua phai la tha
hiln dai,...
- Phai ddn khoang diu nhumg nam ba muoi cua thd' ki XX nin van hgc nudic ta
mdi cd tbl dugc xem 11 thuc su hidn dai trdn mgi tbl loai, tfi ndi dung dih liinh
thfic. Lam nen giai doan van hgc nay la mdt ldp tri thfic Tdy hgc rdt tre tudi. Hg
khdng cdn vuomg vdn gi dang kl vdi HIn hgc va quan nidm thim mi trung dai,
ddng thdi lai thdm nbudn sdu sac van hoi, van hgc phuomg Tdy.
- Trong qui tnnh bidn dai boa cua nin van hgc Viet Nam, tha ddi mdi chim
hem van xudi mdt budc. Bdi vi tha ca trung dai Vilt Nam cd truyin thd'ng Idu ddi
vdi nhilu tai ndng da tao nen mdt quyln uy rlt ldm, khdng dl gi thay ddi nhvhig
nguyen tie mi bge cua nd. Trong khi vdn xudi til'ng Vilt hlu nhu vdng mat trong
truyin thd'ng vdn bge ddn tdc, ndn khdng cd mdt luc bao thu nao tri keo ca. Nhftng
ldp tri thfic Tdy hgc cfi theo md binh eua van xudi bidn dai phuomg Tdy ma tdp vilt
bio, vilt vdn, tfi phidn dich, md phdng, phdng tdc ma di din din sing tie thit su.
Van xudi bien dai, vi tbl, ra ddi rdt sdm, ngay tfi cudi tbl ki XIX b Nam Bd.
Tuy nhidn, mgi cudc d e b tdn van hgc mud'n dat tdi thanh cdng, khdng thi
doan tuydt vdi truyin thd'ng. Truyin thd'ng cang ldm, cang day, nhung mdt khi da
khai thdc va phIt huy dugc theo ydu elu eua mi hgc va thi pblp bidn dai, thi cdng
cudc d c h tdn edng dat dugc thanh tuu ldn, phong phu va vftng chac. Dd la phep
bien chfing cua quy ludt k l thfia vl ddi mdi cua vdn hgc nghd thudt. Thanh tuu rue
rd eua phong trao Tha mdi 11 mdt bang chfing.
b) VI td'e do phIt trien hit sfic mau le cua nin van hgc Vilt Nam thdi ki
1900 - 1945, cln dugc giai thfch tfi gd'c r l : ddn tdc ta cd mdt sfic sdng quit cudng
manh liet, sfic sd'ng Iy khdng chi phat Id trong nhumg ehiln cdng vi dai chdng
ngoai xdm, ma cdn tbl hidn trong nin van hod, trong til'ng ndi, trong van chuong
nghe thudt. Vi tri eua ddt nudc gifla bai nin van hod ldm : Trung Qudc va An Dd
(ndi nhu Chi Lan Vidn, dly la nhihig "bl ngudi" va "bl chfl") ; din tdc phai hai
qua mdt nghin ndm Bdc thudc, ngdt tram ndni Phap thudc va ludn ludn bi xlm
luge bdi nhihig ke dich hung manh nhu d c trilu dai phong kiln Trung Hoa vl cle
dl qud'c Phap, Nhdt. Vdy ma tidng ndi ridng, nin vdn hoa nghd thudt ridng cua din
tdc chang nhflng vdn gift dugc ma ngay cang phIt triln phong phu horn, cd ban sic
ddm da ban.
Sfic sd'ng d'y bi ehi dd phong kiln chuydn ehi va bao thu phong bl', khn ham
klo ddi eho mai de'n tdn cud'i thd ki XIX. Din khi chd' dd phong kiln suy ddi,
194 13. NV11/2 NC-B

roi vao tinh trang khung hoang sdu sdc, sfic sd'ng d'y mdi cua qudy, vung vly vdi
tha Hd Xudn Huang, Cao Bl Quit, Nguyin Cdng Trfi,...
Diu till ki XX, khi ehi dd phong kiln va y thfic he phong kiln md't uy quyln,
thi chu nghia thuc ddn lai dp dat mdt ehinh sach van hoi phan ddng. Tuy nhidn, su
tilp xiic vdi nhung ludng tu tudng, vdn hod tien tien tren the gidi, trdn co sd phong
trao each mang phIt triln lidn tuc va ngly cang sdu rdng, da giai phdng sfic sd'ng
Iy va kfch thfch nd phat triln.
Nhung trong hoan canh dd't nudc ta thdi Phap thudc, sfic sd'ng vdn hoa d'y tilm
In b ddu, trong ting ldp xa hdi nao ? Chu yiu d ting ldp tri thfic tiiu tu san Tdy
hgc. Trong nin van hgc hidn dai 1900 - 1945, ting ldp nly ddng vai trd tuong tu
nhu vai trd cua tri thfic HIn bge thdi ki van hgc trung dai.
Do mdi trudng sinb boat dd thi va anh hudng cua tu tudmg, van hoi phuang
Tly hiln dai, b nhfing tri thfic nay cd su thfic tinh sdu sdc vl y thfic d nhdn. Hg
khao kbit lam duge mdt eli gi dd dl ed the khang dinh su tdn tai cd y nghia cua ca
nhin minh trong xa hdi. Chang ban, lim dch mang, bge hanh dd dat cao, hoac
lim nghl kinh doanh canh tranh cung tu ban thuc ddn. Tuy nhien, nhfing con
dudng d'y diu ehi phii hgp vdi udc ma cua hg, chfi khdng thfch hgp vdi dilu kien
kinh tl, xa hdi va ban cbdt giai d p eua hg. Gifia liic d'y, hg phdt hien ra nghl van,
mdt thfi nghl khdng cln vdn, khdng cln hgc hinh nhilu, lai cd ve rd't dl thue hanh
vi chi cln ngdi tudmg tugng then det ra chuyen nay, chuyen khic, hoac ndi nhu
Xudn Didu : "Mo theo trang vl vo vin cung mdy". Ay vdy ma khdng danh gia nao
CO tbl sanh duge. Bao Nam phong eho bilt: Ngay nay "dc nude Au - Mi trgng
cle nha vdn si ldm ban elc bdc d l vuong vi d i cdng nghidp tinh thin cd gil tri quy
blu anh hudmg sdu xa ban 11 nhihig su nghidp nhd't thdi". Nhdn vdt van si Hd trong
traydn Ddi thda ciia Nam Cao khao kbit vie't duge mdt tic phim doat giai Nd-ben
va dich ra nhilu thfi tilng trdn tbl gidi, ehinh la da mang tdm If eua anh tiiu tu san
tri thfic thdi dd. Nghl van cdn blp ddn ban nfia vi nd vin duge coi la nghl tu do va
vilt van la su ddng gdp vio vide gifi ^ tilng ndi dan tdc va xdy dung nin van hoi dan
tic. Dilu nay da an ui rlt nhilu ldng tu trgng, tmh thin ydu nude khdng luc nao
ngudi trong tdm hdn cua hg. Dd la If do khiln hg lao vao nghl van mdt dch do at,
ham hd nhu tim duge mdt le sd'ng, mdt ldi tholt td't dep. Hg da dly manh td'e do
phIt triln cua van hgc thdi ki 1900 - 1945 vdi tinh thin dd. Tuy nhidn, trong thuc
H, ngudi tdi thi ft, ke bit tai thi nhilu vl da dl lai khi nhilu thfi van chuong tim
thudng, rlc rudi.
195
Ngoai ra cdn phai kl de'n If do thilt thuc nay : Ci thcrt ki 1900 - 1945, van
chuang trd thanh mdt thfi hang hoa va vilt vdn trd thanh mdt nghl kil'm sdng. Dd
la nhfing nhdn td cd tie dung kfch thfch khdng nhd tdi ngudi vid't van, lam sach.
e) Van hgc Viet Nam thdi ki 1900 - 1945 cd mdt cdu tnic phfic tap, bao gdm
nhilu bd phdn, xu hudng, trudng phii khac nhau, thim chi dd'i lip nhau. Dac bilt
do tdn tai dudi quyln thd'ng tri cua thuc ddn nin cd hai bd phdn phdn bilt vdi
nhau, trudc hit b thai dd ehinh tri : true tilp chdng thuc ddn Phap (bd phdn van
hgc bdt hgp phap) va khdng true tilp chdng thuc ddn Phap (bd phdn van hgc hgp
pblp). Tuy vdy, tdt d diu la tilng ndi tdm hdn cua mdt ddn tdc va la nhumg thanh
phdn cau tao nen nin van hgc ddn tdc, vi tbl vdn cd nhihig dac dilm thd'ng nhit.
- Vi tu tudng, d c bd phdn, cae xu hudng, trudng phii, du la bit hgp phap hay
hgp phap, du la lang man hay bidn thuc, diu phIt huy truyin thdng yiu nudc va
nhdn dao eua van hgc ddn tdc trin ldp trudng dan chu. Vdn de la b mdi bd phdn, mdi
xu hudng lai the hidn nhihig tu tudmg dy b nhihig mfic dd va dang thfic khic nhau.
O bd phdn van hgc bit hgp phdp (bay d e b mang), ydu nude la chdng thuc din
va tay sai, kdu ggi ddu tranh giai phdng ddn tdc. Nhdn dao khdng chi la thdng cam
vdi ndi khd cue eua nhdn ddn hay phIt hien b hg nhumg phim ehl't td't dep ma cdn
thd'y d hg kha nang cai tao hoan canh, trd thanh nhihig anh hung. Ddn chu la trilt
dl chdng dl qud'c, phong kiln va mgi hinh thfic Ip bfic, bdc Idt ; ddu tranh eho
quyln lam chu cua nhdn ddn, cho li tudmg xa hdi chu nghia.
O bd phdn vdn bge hgp pblp, ldng ydu nudc thi hiln kin dao ban. Dd la tinh
ydu thidn nhidn, ddt nude, ydu ve dep eua tdm hdn Vidt Nam, eua vdn hoa, phong
tuc, cua van chuang nghe thudt vd tilng ndi cua din tdc minh ; la ndi dau ddm tui
nhuc trudc canh mdt nude va phai sd'ng vdi thdn phdn nd Id,... Nhdn dao la lin an
bgn thd'ng tri Ip bfic bdc Idt nhdn ddn, phan anh vdi thii dd cam thdng sdu sdc ndi
khd cua nhdn ddn, la ndi dau ddi. Ddn chu la hudmg vl qudn chung ddng dao, coi
ddy la dd'i tugng chfnh cua vdn hgc, khai thac va phat huy ve dep cua nghl thudt
nhdn ddn va cua tilng ndi nhdn ddn,...
- Vi hinh thdc, van hgc thdi ki nay du b bd phdn nao, xu hudmg nao, cung diu
phai dip ling yeu elu hien dai hoi. Dd la xu thd' tdt yd'u cua thcd dai. Giai quylt
yeu elu nay, trong hoan canh nudc ta, tnrde bit phai tfnh cdng cho nhumg cly biit
d bd phdn van bge hgp pblp. Di tidn phong trong nhihig cudc each tdn, hiln dai
hoi van bge thudng lai 11 nhumg edy but thudc xu hudmg lang man (cdc nha tha
mdi, cac cdy but tieu thuyi't Tu luc van dodn,...), vi hg nhay cam ban ai hit vdi
196
nhflng quy pham kbit khe da trd ndn ldi thdi cua thi pblp van hgc trung dai. Bd
phin van hgc bd't hgp pblp cung tfing budc dugc bidn dai hoi nhd tie'p thu kinh
nghiim cua d c edy but b bd phdn van hgc hgp pblp (nhu Td Hfiu chiu anh hudng
{rfiong trao Tha mdi chdng ban). Ridng Nguyin Ai Qudc, sd'ng d mdi trudng van
hoi phuang Tdy bidn dai, ndn ngay tfi diu nhumg ndm hai muoi eua tbl ki XX
da sdm thuc bidn dugc cudc each tdn bidn dai hod sdu sic trong cac sing tie
cua nunh.
B - VE THE LOAI VAN HOC

Nhu da ndi b trdn, phin van bge Viet Nam trong sleh giao khoa Ngit vdn 11
Ndng cao, gdm nhumg tic phim thudc rdt nhilu thi loai khac nhau tfi ed diln den
hien dai.
Nham muc dfeh co ban la hudng ddn vl tdp eho bge smh dgc - bilu tie phim
vdn hgc, vi tbl sleh gilo khoa Ngit vdn Ndng cao coi viec cung d p tri thfic vl tbl
loai vdn bge la yeu elu hang diu. Sleh giao khoa da cung d p nhfing tri thfic nay
trong phin Tri thdc dgc - hiiu dat sau mdi bai hgc.
Dl cung ed va he thdng hoi nhihig tri thfic d'y, cln chu y mdy dilm sau ddy :
1. Tit ca d c tbl vdn cd trong lich sfi van hgc tfi trung dai din hien dai diu cd
thi phdn lam hai loai ldn : mdt la van binh tugng (hay cdn ggi van nghe thudt), hai
la van nghi ludn (bao gdm cle loai Van hgc thudt).
Loai thfi nhd't la san phim eua tu duy nghd thudt, nd sang tao ra nhiimg hinh
tugng smh ddng vl dep, khdng phai ehi dl truyin dat nhimg khIi nidm li tri ml
trudc hit vl chu yi'u dl chuyin tai tinh d m , cam xiie thim ma. Loai thfi hai la san
phim cua tu duy Id gfch. Sfic manh ciia nd la d ldp ludn chat che. If le sic bin,
luan cfi xlc ding. Nd tdc ddng trudc bet din nhdn thfic If tri eua ngudi dgc. Dd la
tiiu chf khic nhau dl ddnh gil hai loai van nay.
Thdi trung dai hay thdi bidn dai diu cd hai loai vdn ndi tren. Dilu khic nhau
chi 11 b thdi trung dai, ranh gidi gifla chung khdng thdt rach rdi va loai van hgc
thudttiiudmgdugc coi trgng hom. Din mii diu tbl ki XX, Nguyin Bl Hgc, Pham
Quynh, Tin Da vdn cdn quan nidm nhu vdy. Thdi hien dai thi khae, ngudi ta mudn
nlng cao vi tbl eua van chuang nghe thudt vl trong nhilm vu xdy dip nin qudc
van mdi, ca hai loai diu dugc chu trgng va diu cd nhihig thdnh tuu rue rd.
197
2. CIc tbl loai van trung dai cua thdi ki nay dugc tuyin hgc trong chuong
trinh (tha Dudmg ludt, tha cd tbl, vdn tl, ki su,...) diu ra ddi trong sfi khung hoang
eiia thi phdp van bge trung dai. Khi phdn tich d c tac phim nay, cln dd'i chidu vdi
nhumg nguydn tic thi phap chfnh thd'ng cua van hgc tnmg dai dl xem xet nhumg
chd "lech pha" eua nd nhu tbl nao tfi ndi dung ddn hmh thfic. Nhin chung, chd dac
sic nhit eua d e tic phim nay thudng lai do nhflng chd "lieh pha" dd. Tfi tiia Hd
Xudn Huong, Cao Ba Quit, Nguyin Khuyin, Tu Xuang din van tl' cua Nguyin
Dinh Chiiu,... deu nhu vdy.
3. VI d e tbl loai van hgc bidn dai, trudc hit cln luu y ddn khai nilm tha mdi
a) Tha mdi la mdt ten ggi chi mdt hien tugng van hgc riing vdi tfnh lich sfi cu
tbl eua nd. Nay nd khdng cdn mdi nfla, nhung vdn duge ggi la tha mdi di ghi lai
mdt bidn thuc lich sfi.
Tho cflng nhu eon ngudi, cd phin xlc va phin hdn. Khi tha mdi vfia ra ddi,
ngudi ta tudmg nhu ed tbl nhdn dien nd dl dang tfi hinh xac va ggi nd la tha tu do
(luc ddu nd mud'n phi phlch nidm ludt cua tha cd diln, dua van xudi d at vao tha).
Vl sau mdi thd'y nlu ehi can cfi vao phdn xac cua tha tbi khd phin bidt dugc. Vi
tho mdi ve sau lai trd vl vdi nhilu eli "xae" eu : thit ngdn, luc bit, thdm chi thit
ngdn bit eu Dudmg ludt nhu trudng hgp tha HIn Mac Tfi, Quach Tin,... Cho nin
ngudi ta cd nhu d u phdn bidt tha mdi, tho eu b phdn hdn eua nd. Ay la cdi tdi tha
mdi vdi each nhin ddi bang ddi mat "xanh non" (Xudn Didu) tre trung tuoi mdi,
ngo ngle trudc thidn nhien va cudc sd'ng dly sac huomg quyen rfl. Nhung liin dd,
cam thd'y tat d khdng thudc vl minh, nd hoan toan bo vo, cd dom trudc khdng gian
mdnh mdng va thdi gian vd tdn.
Hoai Thanh trong bai tdng kd't vl phong trao Tho mdi {Mdt thdi dqi trong
thi ca - Thi nhdn Viet Nam) da dua ra dinh nghia chfnh xlc ve tho mdi dua vao su
d m nhdn linh hdn eua nd ma dng ggi la "tinh thin tho mdi".
b) Mdt dae dilm eua van bge Vilt Nam thdi ki 1900 - 1945 la su nd rd cua cl
tfnh, phong d c h nhd van. Dilu nly tbl bien rlt rd d mat tbl loai eua d e tie phim.
Vi the, dl cung ed, dao sdu va md rdng tri thfic vl tbl loai vdn hgc qua cac tac
phim trong sleh gilo khoa Ngd vdn 11 Ndng cao, khdng gi hom la so sinh chung
vdi nhau dl nhdn ra nhihig ddc sic khdng lap lai cua d c edy but trong vide sfi dung
va khai thdc tilm ndng cua cle tbl loai. Chang ban, so sinb d e truyin ngdn cua
Nguyin Ai Qud'c ("V/ hdnh"), Nguyin Tuln {Chit ngudi tic tu), Nguyin Cdng
Hoan (Tinh thdn thi due), Thach Lam {Hai dda tre). Nam Cao {Chi Pheo),... hodc
198
so sanh cac bai tho cua Hd Chi Minh {Chiiu tdi, Gidi di sdm). Tan Da {Hdu Trdi),
Xuln Dilu {Vgi vdng), Han Mae Tfi {Day thdn Vi Dq), Huy Can {Trdng giang),
TdHihi {Td dy),... hay so sdnh nghd thudt trao phung eua Nguyin Cdng Hoan
(Jfinh thdn the due) vdi nghe thudt trio phung eua Vu Trgng Phung (doan trich
Hanh phuc cda mdt tang gia - Sddd), v.v.
c) Van hgc Vilt Nam thdi ki 1900 - 1945, trong qua trinh hien dai hoi da
chiing kiln su ra ddi eua mdt sd tbl loai mdi chua hi ed d thdi trung dai: kich ndi,
phdng su va phd binh van hgc.
- Kich noi : Khac vdi tudng, cheo, d i luomg la loai ca vfl kich, d kich ndi,
ddng tic va ldi thoai eua nhdn vdt diu md phdng ddng tie va ldi ndi binh thudng
cua eon ngudi trong ddi sd'ng thue. Ci nude ta, mai din nhflng ndm hai muoi cua
thi ki XX mdi ed kich ndi du nhdp tfi phuang Tdy. Luc diu, kich ndi thudng pha
yiu td tudng, cheo. Khoang tfi nam 1930 trd di, kich ndi d nudc ta mdi thue su
hiln dai. Ndi chung, d nudc ta kich ndi chua ed thanh tuu phong phii, nghe thudt
ciing chua cao. Vd Nhu Td ciia Nguyin Huy Tudng la mdt trong nhihig vd kich
ndi xult sac nhit trudc CIch mang thing Tim.
- Phong su 11 tbl van tu lieu bio chf. Nd thudng cung d p tu lieu dilu tra vl
nhihig vu viec tidu cue, nhihig te nan, nhumg hien tugng xdu, ggi la mat trai eua xa
hdi. Mdt cdy but phdng su cd tai la mdt mat phdt bidn dugc ban chd't cua te nan,
gdc rl cua vu vile, mat khdc ed kha ndng thdi duge su sd'ng vao tu lidu, khiln
nhihig eon sd cung ed hdn, cflng bilt ndi. Ding ehii y la d c tic phim Tdi kio xe
ciia Tam Lang, Cam bdy ngudi, Ki nghi ldy Tdy, Cam thdy cam cd ciia Vu Trgng
Phung, Viec ldng ciia Ngd Tit Td,...
- Phe binh vdn hgc, hieu nhu mdt boat ddng chuyin nghidp khdng tbl thilu
trong ddi sd'ng vdn hgc, thi chi thuc su ra ddi ciing vdi nin van hgc hien dai. Nd la
dai diln y thfic eua vdn bge. Mdt bdi tieu ludn phd binh vdn hgc thue ra cung la
mdt dang cua vdn nghi ludn. Sfic thuylt phuc cua nd la d cleh ldp ludn chat che, d
h' le sic ben, b cdc ludn diem, ludn cfi xlc ding,... Nhung ddi tugng nghidn cfiu,
dinh gil cua nd lai la vdn chuong. Dd'i tugng nly khdng tbl chi nhdn thfic duge
b^g ll tri thudn tuy ma cdn bang tinh d m , cam xuc thim mi nfia. Cho nen van
phi binh mdt mat phai tbl hien tu duy Id gich chat che, mat khac lai phai tao ra
dugc gigng dilu, hinh anh dl chuyin tai dugc tinh d m , d m xuc trudc cdi dep cua
van chuang. Khdng phai nhi phd binh nlo vl bai van phi binh nlo cung dat duge
mdt each cdn ddi hai ydu elu dd. Cho nen nha phd binh ed tai thudng hilm hoi
199
ban nha sing tic cung mdt tim cd. Dang chu y la d c tie phim Phe binh vd cao
ludn cua Thii'u Son, TM nhdn Viet Nam cua Hodi Thanh, Nha van hien dqi ciia Vu
Nggc Phan, Vdn si xdhdi ciia Hai Trieu,...
HUdNG DAN HOC BAI
1. Nhin mdt d e b tdng quit, b hai binh diln : lich sfi van hgc va thi loai sang tac,
phdn van hgc Viet Nam trong sach gilo khoa Ngit vdn 11 Ndng cao c6 nhumg
dac dilm gi ?
2. Anh (chi) bilu the nao la van hgc vdn ddng manh me theo hudmg ddn tdc hoi,
ddn chu hoi trdn co sd su khung hoang cua y thfic hi phong kiln, cua tu tudmg
mi hgc va cua thi phip van bge trung dai tfi tbl ki XVIII ddn bl't thi' ki XIX ?
Dilu d'y ddn din phuong phdp phdn tfch, ddnh gid d e tic phim trong giai doan
van bge nay nhu tbl nao ?
3. Anh (chi) bilu khIi niem vdn hgc Men dqi hod nhu tbl' nao ? Tho mdi khic vdi
tho ed diln d nhumg dilm nao ? Hay ndu nhumg tbl loai vdn bge hidn dai mdi ra
ddi d thdi ki van bge tfi diu tbl ki XX din Cleh mang thing Tim 1945.
4. Anh (chi) hay lam rd ngudn gd'c slu xa cua td'e dd phat trien mau le cua van hgc
thdi ki tfi ddu tbl ki XX din Cach mang thing Tim 1945.
5. Vi sao vdn bge Vidt Nam thdi ki tfi diu tbl ki XX din Cleh mang thing Tim
1945 lai phdn hoi thinh hai bd phdn hgp phap va bd't hgp pblp ? Hay chi ra
chd thd'ng nhdt va chd khic bilt cua hai bd phdn vdn hgc nay vl ndi dung vd
hinh thfic.
BAI TAP NANG CAO
Vi sao van bge Vidt Nam tfi nhihig giai doan cudi cung cua van hgc trung dai,
nhdt la d vdo thdi ki tfi diu tbl ki XX din CIch mang thing Tam 1945 lai cd su
phIt triln manh me eua nhieu el tfnh sing tao, nhilu phong each nghl thult
ddc dIo ? Hay so sanh mdt sd tic phim cung thdi va cung tbl loai trong sach
gilo khoa Ngit vdn 11 Ndng cao (tdp mdt, tdp hai) dl rut ra nhdn xlt vl nhihig
net ddc ddo khic nhau eua d e cdy but Hd Xudn Huong, Nguyin Khuyen, TC
Xuomg, Phan Bdi Chdu, Tan Dl, Xudn Didu, Nguydn Binh. (Mdi hgc sinh chgn
so sinh hai nha van nao dd).
200
TONG KET VE LAM VAN
KET QUA CAN OAT

• Ndm dugc mdt sd ndi dung ca bdn dd hgc trong phdn
Ldm vdn {chd yiu la vdn nghi ludn : ddc diim, di tdi, cdc
thao tdc lap ludn,...).
• Biit van dung nhung kiin thdc trin vdo viic dgc - hiiu vd
viit mdt bdi vdn nghi lugn.
I - MOT SO VAN DE CAN CHU Y VE V A N NGHI LUAN

Nlu nhu phin Lam vdn trong sach gilo khoa Ngd vdn 10 Ndng cao tap trung
In tap va ren luyin d e kilu vdn ban da hgc d Trung hgc ea sd thi trgng tdm ciia
phin Lam vdn trong sleh giao khoa Ngit vdn 11 Ndng cao 11 van nghi ludn vdi d e
thao tic ldp ludn co ban : phdn tfch, so sinh, ble bd va binh ludn. Khi dgc vl vilt
mdt bai van nghi ludn cln chu y mdt sd vd'n dl sau.
1. Ddc diem ciia van nghi ludn

Muc dfeh eua van nghi ludn 11 nhim thuylt phuc (thuylt phue ngudi khic va
thuylt phuc chfnh minh) vl mdt tu tudmg, quan dilm, chu truomg hoac mdt vdn
dl xa hdi hay van hgc nao dd. Bdi vdn nghi ludn trudc hit phai cd ludn dilm, tbl
hiln dfit kholt, rd ring tu tudmg, quan dilm va chu truong eua ngudi vilt. Nhihig
luan dilm Iy lai phai duge trinh bay bang nhimg ludn cfi va ldp luan chat che,
giau sfic thuyi't phuc. Dl bai van ed sfic thuylt phuc cao, ngudi vilt phai dua ra
nhihig ll le, nhfing ldp ludn vd elc ddn chfing tieu bilu, xlc ding. Lf le va ldp
luan giiip ngudi dgc hieu, cdn ddn chfing ldm ngudi dgc tin vao vin dl ngudi vilt
neu ra. Mdt khi da hiiu va tin, tfic 11 da bi thuyi't phuc.
Lf le vd ldp ludn trong bai vdn nghi ludn mud'n chat che, phai xudt phat tfi mdt
chdn li hiln nhidn bode mdt y kiln da dugc nhilu ngudi thfia nhdn. Nhumg y kiln
Iytiiudmgla cua nhumg cl nhdn cd uy tin (de lanh tu, d c nha van, nha khoa hoc,
nha van hoi ldn,...). Lf le cua bai van nghi ludn tbl bien d he thd'ng d e ludn dilm
cua bai vilt, cdn ldp ludn la cleh thfic trinh biy If le, d e b din dlt va deb neu vin
dl ciia ngudi vilt.
201
Ddn chfing la nbflmg vf du cu tbl, chdn tiiuc, smh ddng, cd tbl thdng kl va
kilm tra dugc.
Bai van nghi ludn mud'n ed sfic thuyi't phuc cao cdn cln chu y tdi tfnh hai mat
cua mdt vd'n d l : ddng I sai, phdi I trdi, len I hqi, tdt I xdu,... hoac ddt vdn dl trong
nhilu tuong quan, khdng nin ehi phdn tfch, xem xet dom gian mdt chiiu. Mudn thi
cln tu ddt ra cae phdn lap ludn, sau dd dung If le va ddn chfing dl khang dinh hoac
bdc bd. Trong qui trinh ldp ludn, cln vdn dung td't d e tfi khang dinh va phu dinh,
d e mdu cdu ed mdnh dl ebfnh, phu (hd - fing) : "Mac du... nhung..." ; hoac
"Khdng nhihig... ma cdn..." ; "Vi ... ndn",...
Ldi vdn trong bdi nghi ludn phai sing sua, mach lac, nhilu khi phai danh thep,
hung hdn.
2. De tai cua van nghi ludn

Dl tai cua van nghi ludn la vgm dl ma ngudi vii't mud'n ban ludn, thuylt phue
ngudi dgc. Dl xlc dinh de tii, ngudi ta thudng dat cdu hdi: bai van ban bac (vilt)
vl vd'n dl gi ? Cd rdt nhilu dl tai (vdn de) cho vdn nghi luin, nhung nhin chung,
can cfi vao tfnh cbdt va dae dilm cua ndi dung cd tbl chia lam hai loai ldm : mdt la
dl tai van hgc vd hai la dl tai xa hdi,... Ban bac vl mdt v& dl van hgc ggi Id nghi
ludn van bge, ban vl mdt v ^ dl xa hdi ggi la nghi ludn xa bdi. Ca hai loai bdi
nghi ludn nay diu vdn dung d e thao tie lip ludn chung mdt each linh boat dl
thuylt phue ngudi dgc.
3. Cac thao tac lap ludn va su k^'t hgp cua chung trong bai vdn nghi ludn
Dl triln khai ludn dilm trung tdm (phdt triln ludn dilm), bdi vdn nghi lulh
thudng vdn dung mdt sd thao tdc ldp ludn chfnh nhu : giai thfch, chfing minh, so
sinh, phdn tieh, bae bd, binh ludn,... Trong khi ldp ludn bdng cac thao tic Iy,
ngudi vilt ed tbl dung cle d c h khIe nhau nhu dinh ngMa, diin dich, quy nap,
phdn loai, giang - binh, liin he - dd'i chiiu,...
Nlu nhu trong thuc t l rdt it bdi van chi ed kl ma khdng cd ta, hodc chi bilu
cam ml khdng kl vl ta,... (tfic la chi dung mdt phuang thfic bilu dat), thi cung rlt
hii'm bdi vdn nghi ludn chi dung mdt loai thao tie ldp ludn duy nhdt. Dl thuylt
phuc vd lam sing td mdt v&i dl ndo dd (vdn hgc hay xa hdi), ngudi vilt ludn vin
dung mdt elch linh boat cae thao tie ldp ludn. Vile chia ra cac thao tie chi la dl
nhdn didn vl ren luyin trong qua trinh luyin tip.
202
Cung nhu tu su, bilu d m , thuylt minh,... d e thao tie ldp ludn khdng ehi Ip
dung trong van nghi ludn ma cdn dugc vdn dung rlt rdng rai trong nhilu linh vuc
cua ddi sdng. Vilt mdt bai vdn chdm bilm, mdt bai thuyi't trinh, diln thuylt trong
cudc thi hung bidn, mdt bai diln van ca nggi, mdt bai trao ddi, tranh ludn,... tdt ca
diu phai dung ldp ludn, diu phai sfi dung eac thao tie ldp ludn.
II - cAc NOI DUNG LAM VAN KHAC

Ngoai van nghi ludn, phin Lam van trong sleh gilo khoa Ngit vdn 11 Ndng cao,
(tip mdt, tdp hai) cdn gidi thilu mdt sd binh thfic van ban khdc nhu : ban tin,
phdng vin vl tra ldi phdng vdn, tiiu sfi tdm tdt. Ddi vdi mdi van ban, khi hgc cln
chu y bd'n phuang diln :
- Muc dfeh giao tilp.
- Ddc diem vl phuong thfic bilu dat.
- Yeu elu vl chit lugng, ndi dung.
- CIch vilt van ban.
LUYEN TAP
1. Hay chi ra dac dilm, dl tai va elc thao tie ldp ludn trong vdn ban Tiing me de -
ngudn gidi phdng cdc ddn tdc bi dp bdc ciia Nguyin An Nmh.
2. Tai sao trong mdt van ban nghi ludn cln kit hgp nhilu phuang thfic bilu dat va
thao tic ldp ludn khdc nhau ?
3. Thuylt minh ddc dilm cua mdt frong ba loai van ban (ban tm, phdng vin vd tra
ldi phdng vlh, tiiu sfi tdm tit).
203
TRA BAI VIET SO 8
KET QUA CAN DAT

• Ndm dugc ddc diem vd cdc yeu cdu ca bdn cda di vdn d
Bii vilt sd 8.
• Ddnh gid dung nhiing Uu diim vd nhugc diim trong bdi
kiim tra tdng hgp cud'i ndm vi cdc phucmg dien kiin thdc,
ki ndng ca bdn cua cd ba phdn Vdn hgc, Tiing Viet,
Ldm vdn trong sdch gido khoa Ngfi van 11 Ndng cao, chd
yi'u la tap hai.
Hgc sinb cdn chu y xem xet va phdn tfch bai kilm tra cud'i ndm theo mdt sd
ydu elu sau :
1. Dl kilm tra tdng hgp cudi nam khic vdi elc dl kilm tra thudmg ki d nhftng
dilm nlo ? (Chu y d c ydu elu vl ndi dung vd binh thfic).
2. Nhihig dom vi kiln thfic co ban nao vl Vdn hgc, Tieng Vidt va Lam van da
dugc kilm tra trong bai vilt nly ?
3. Ndi dung chfnh ma bai vie't yeu elu lam ndi bdt la nhfing vdn de gi ?
4. Pham vi tu lidu dl ydu cdu la gi ? (Ld'y d ddu ? Trong pham vi nao ?).
5. Bdi vilt da dip fing dugc nhumg ydu elu nao ? Cdn thieu nhflng gi ? Ni'u vilt
lai thi se sfia ehfia va bd sung nhu tbl nao ?
6. Nhumg ldi chfnh da mdc phai trong bai kilm tra tdng hgp cudi nam nay la
nhiing ldi nao ?
7. Trao ddi va tirn ra each khac phuc d e nhugc diem cua bdi vilt.
204
MUC LUC
Tu^n Ten bai Trang
- Luu biit khi xudt duang (Xudt duang luu biit -Phan Bdi Oidu) 3
19 - Hdu Trdi (Tan Da) 6
- Thao tic ldp ludn ble bd 13
- Dgc tho 18
20 - Nghia eua edu 20
- Bai vilt sd 5 (Nghi ludn van hgc) 25
- Vgi vdng (Xudn Dieu) 27

Dgc thim :
21 + Ddy mua thu tdi (Xudn Dieu) 30
-1- Tha duyin (Xudn Dieu) 32
- Xudn Didu 34
- Luydn tdp vl thao tie ldp ludn ble bd 41
- Ddy thdn Vi Dq (Han Mac Tfi) 45

22 - Trdng giang (Huy Cdn) 48
- Luyen tdp vl nghia eua edu 50
- Tuang tu (Nguyin Binh) 54

Dgc thim :
-1- Tdng biit hdnh (Thdm Tdm) 57
23 •\- Chiiu xudn (Anh Tho) 60
- Luyen tap phdn tfch dl, ldp dan y eho bai nghi ludn van hgc 62
- Tra bdi vie't so 5 64
- Bai vie't sd 6 (Nghi ludn vdn hgc - Bai lam d nhi) 65
205
- A^/idr ^/ rrong td ciia Hd Chf Minh 66

- Chiiu tdi {Md - Hd Chf Minh) 74
- Lai Tdn (Hd Chf Minh) 76
Dgc them :
24 Gidi di sdm (Tdo gidi - Hd Chi Minh) 78
- Luydn tdp vl thay ddi trdt tu cac phin cua cum tfi va cac
thanh phin cua cdu 81
- Kiem tra vdn bge 82
-TM-dXTdHflu) 86
Dgc them :
25 Nhd ddng {T6mtu) 89
- Luydn tdp ve cdu nghi vlh tu tfi 91
- Thao tie ldp ludn binh ludn 93
- Vi ludn li xd hdi d nudc ta (Trich Dqo ddc vd ludn li

26 Ddng Tdy - Phan Chdu Trinh) 98
- Mdt thdi dai trong thi ca (Trich - Hoai Thanh) 103
- Tra bai vilt sd 6 109
- Dgc van nghi ludn 110

Dgc them:
27 Tiing me de - ngudn gidi phdng cdc ddn tdc bi dp bdc
(Nguyin An Ninh) 115
- Phong d c h ngdn ngfl chinh luin 118
- Tra bii kilm tra van hgc 121
- Ba cdng Men vidgi cua Cdc Mdc (Ang-ghen) 122

28 - Tdm tdt vdn ban nghi ludn 126
- Bdi vidt sd 7 (Nghi ludn xa hdi) 130
- Ddm tang lao Gd-ri-d (Trfch Lao Gd-ri-d - Ban-ddc) 131

29 - Luyin tdp vl phong cdch ngdn ngfl chinh ludn 137
- Luydn tip vl thao tac ldp ludn binh ludn 139
206
- Ngudi cdm quyin khdi phuc uy quyin (Trich Nhitng ngudi

khdn khd - Uuy-gd) 141
30 - Luydn tdp tdm tdt vdn ban nghi ludn 149
- Luydn tdp vdn dung kit hgp d e thao tic ldp ludn 154
- Ngudi trong bao (Sd-khdp) 156
31 - Luyin ndi: thao ludn, tranh luin 162
- Tra bai vilt sd 7 163
- Tdi yeu em (Pu-skin) 165

Dgc them :
32 Bdi tha sd28 {Ta-go) 167
- On tip vl Lam vdn (Hgc ki II) 170
- Tiiu sfi tdm tdt 171
- On tdp vl Van hgc (Hgc ki II) 174

33 - Ddc dilm loai hinh cua til'ng Vidt 176
- Bai vilt sd 8 (Kiem tra tdng hgp cud'i nam) 181
- Tdng kit phuang pblp dgc - bilu vdn ban van bge 183
34 - Ddc dilm loai hinh cua til'ng Viet (Tiep theo) 185
- Luydn tdp vilt tiiu sfi tdm tit 189
- Tdng kit phin van bge Vidt Nam 190

35 - Tdng kit vl Lam van 201
- Tra bdi vilt sd 8 204
207
Chiu trdch nhiem xudt bdn : Chu tich HDQT kiem T6ng Giim d<Jc N G 6 TRAN AI
Pho T6ng Giam d6c kifim T6ng biSn tap NGUYEN Q U t THAO
Bien tdp ldn ddu : ht NGOC Dl£P - N G U Y I N DlJC KHUONG

Bien tap tdi bdn : LE NGOC DifeP
Bien tap kl thudt: DINH XUAN DUNG
Trinh bdy bia vd mi thudt: TRAN TIEU LAM
Sica bdn in : PHONG SlTA BAN IN (NXB GIAO DUG TAI HA NOI)
Che bdn : CONG TY c 6 PHAN MI THUAT VA TRUYDN TH6NG
Tranh bia 1: "Tre va chuoi - Nguyan Van Binh"
Trong sach co sii dung mot so anh tu lieu ciia Thong tan xa Viet Nam,
sach Cuoc thi anh de tai Giao due va mot so sach l<hac.
N G C V A N 11 - NANG CAO, TAP HAI

Mas6:NHII2T8
In 30.000 cudn (QO09) khd 17x24 cm.
In tai Cong ty Cd phan In Phiic Yen.
Sd in: 34. Sdxuat ban: 720-2007/CXB/662-1571/GD.
In xong vd nop luu chieu thang 4 n§m 2008.


QUALITY
C R O W N
VUONG MIEN KIM CUONG

CHAT LUONG QUOC TE
1.T0AN HOC
SACH GIAO KHOA LOP 11
7.DIALI11
7
.DAIS6VAGIAITiCH11 8. TIN HOC 11
• HlNH HOC 11 9.C0NGNGHE11
2.VATU11 IO.GIAODUCCONGDANII
3. HOA HOC 11 11. NGOAI NGQ
4. SINH HOC 11 • TIENG ANH 11 • TIENG PHAP 11
5. NGC VAN 11 (tap mot, tap hai) .TI^NGNGAH .TIENG TRUNG QUOC 11
6. LICHSCru
SACH GlAO KHOA L 6 P 11 - NANG CAO
Ban Khoa hoc Tir nhien . TOAN HOC (DAI SO VA GIAI TICH 11, HINH HOC 11)
. VAT Ll 11 • HOA HOC 11 • SINH HOC 11
Ban Khoa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan van : • NGLfVANII (tap mot, tap hai)
• UCHSO'lUDIALfll
• NGOAI NGU (TIENG ANH ll.TI^NG PHAP 11,
TI^NG NGA 11, TIENG TRUNG QUOC 11)
8 9 3 4 9 8 0 l l 8 0 6 6 2 3Tron
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NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUG

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B 6 GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO

TRAN OINH SQ (Tong Chu bien)

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC

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720 - 2007/CXB/662 - 1571 / GD Ma s6': NHI 12T8

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PHAN BOI CHAU

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Hl/dNG DAN HOC BAI

BAI TAP NANG CAO

(1) Hien thdnh : tiic thanh hiln.

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KET QUA CAN DAT

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nghe vidt van, xulft ban. T^n Da

Tan Da la ngUdi di tien phong d

1. Dim qua chdng biet co hay khdng,

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5. Nguyen luc canh ba ndm mdt minh,

Chai vdn ngam chdn lai chai trdng

- 'Trdi nghe ha gidi ai ngdm nga,

Ifdc mdi bdy gid mdi gap tien !

Theo hai cd tien len dudng mdy

25. Vdo trdng thdy Trdi, sup xud'ng lay

Chu tiin ngdi quanh dd tinh tuc^^^

Dgc hit vdn vdn sang vdn xudi

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Vdn ddgidu thay, lai ldm ldi

(1) Tinh -. trong sang, thanh sach.

- "Bdm Trdi, cdnh con thuc ngheo khd

95; Rdng : "Con khdng ndi Trdi dd bii't

Vdng nhdi Trdi day, lay xin ra

(1) Khien Nguu : tiic Nguu Lang.

Dim khuya khi thanh sao thua vdng

Tieng gd xao xdc, tieng ngudi day

HLfdNG DAN HOC BAI

BAI TAP NANG CAO

TRI T H Q C Dpc - HIEU

THAO TAC LAP LUAN BAC BO

KET QUA CAN OAT

1. Yeu cau cua thao tac l$p luan bac bo

2. Cach sur dung thao tac lap luan bac bo

(1) Dd-la (tmile Zola, 1840 - 1902): nhd van Phdp.

Tham khao tai lieu sau.

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KET QUA CAN DAT

I - DAC DIEM CUA THO

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II - CACH DOC THO

NGHIA CUA CAU

KET QUA CAN DAT

I - NGHIA Sir VIEC VA NGHIA TINH THAI

Nlu vie't lai thanh :

II - M O T S O L O A I N G H I A TINH T H A I QUAN TRONG

(Nguyen Huy Tudng - Vu NhuTd)

2. Nghia tinh thai hudng ve ngudi dd'i thoai

- Nhung huang oi thu vi vdn cic bay sang. (2)

- Tdi lien gdt ddu, chay viit di. (3)

- Tao khong the Id ngudi luang thien nda. (4)

(Nam Cao - Ddi thda)