Repeat Rate No .Repeated Films Total No - of Films X 100 %

Biomedical Technology d.
Prodomal syndrome
5. Ratio of incident to transmitted radiation through a grid ratio of

1. A mammography service examined 327 patients during the third patient dose with and without grid
calendar quarter of 1996. 719 films were exposed during this period, .
eight of which were repeats. What is the repeat rate?
a. Bucky factor b. Damadian factor c. Grid ratio d. Roentgen
equivalent
a. 45.5% b. code 2.45% c. 1.1% d. 54.52%
6. A radiographic single-phase unit installed in a private office has a
no .repeated films maximum capacity of 100 milliseconds of 120kVp and 500mA. What
repeat rate= x 100 % is the power rating?
total no . of films
.
8 a. 42 kW b. 60 kW c. 600W d. 24kW
repeat rate= x 100 %
719
repeat rate=1.1 % mA x kVp
Power rating=( 0.7 ) x
1000
2. A type of luminescence where the visible light is emitted only during
the stimulation of the phosphor.
( 500 ) (120)
Power rating=( 0.7 ) x
. 1000
Power rating=42 kW
a. fluorescence b. phosphorescence c. after glow d. any of the
above 7. Who completes the development of first computed tomographic (CT)
scanner (EMI, Ltd.) in 1973?
3. If a heart measures 12.5 cm from side to side at its widest point, and .
its image on chest radiograph measures 14.7 cm, what is the
magnification factor? a. Mistretta b. Forssmann c. Kuhl d. Hounsfield
.
8. It is the study of the response of an image receptor to x-rays
a. 0.85 b. 1.18 c. 0.15 d. 2.2 .
MF=image ¿¿ object ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ a. sensitometry b. xeroradiography c. xeroradiometry d.

14.7 cm spectrometry
MF=
12.5 cm
9. Ratio of radiographic contrast with a grid to that without a grid
MF=1.18 .
4. Radiation doses in the range of approximately200 to 1000 rad a. grid ratio b. contrast improvement factor
produce the c. Collidge factor d. Bucky factor
.
a. Gastrointestinal (GI) syndrome 10. Analysis of persons irradiated therapeutically with superficial x-rays
b. Central Nervous System (CNS) syndrome has shown that the skin erythema dose required to affect 50% of
c. Hematologic syndrome persons so irradiated is about
Page 1
. 6.624 x 10−18 J
f=
a. 200 rad b. 400 rad c. 600 rad d. 800 rad 6.624 x 10−34 J −s
11. ECG recording requires a bandwidth of 0.05 to ____ Hz f =¿10^10 MHz

.
16. It was first noted by Heinrich Hertz in 1887 and won Albert Einstein
a. 1000 b. 540 c. 100 d. 40 the Nobel Prize in 1905. It refers to the emission of electrons from a
clean metallic surface (phototube) when electromagnetic radiation
12. Find the potential generated if blood flowing in a vessel with radius (light waves or X-rays) falls onto that surface.
0.9 cm cuts a magnetic field of 250 G. Assume a volume flow rate of .
175 cubic cm per second.
. a. Photoelectric effect b. Compton effect
c. Bremsstrahlung d. Mie effect
a. 206 uV b. 309 uV c. 903 uV d. 260 uV
17. Unit of radiation exposure or amount of X-ray radiation that will
QB produce 2.08x10^9 ion pairs per cubic centimetre of air at standard
E= temperature and pressure (STP).
50 πa
.
( 175 cc . s ) (250G)
E=
50 π (0.9 cm) a. Curie b. Roentgen
E=309uV c. Radiation absorbed dose (rad) d. Gray
13. Period during which heart contracts. 18. An optical electronic device that measures the color concentration of
. a substance in solution.
.
a. Diastole b. Systole c. block mode d. Synapse
a. colorimeter b. flame photometer
14. Apparatus for measuring blood pressure c. spectrophotometer d. chromatograph
.
19. Recording of heart sounds
a. defibrillator b. electrocardiogram .
c. plethysmograph d. sphygmomanometer
a. ultracardiography b. cardioacoustics
15. Given the energy level of 6.624x10^-18 J imparted to an electron c. electrocardiogram d. phonocardiography
stream by an X-ray device, calculate the frequency in MHz.
. 20. Recorder for measuring galvanic skin resistance
.
a. 10^6 MHz b. 45.29 MHz c. 10^10 MHz d. 300 MHz
a. electrodermograph b. electromyograph
c. electrocorporealograph d. electrogalvanograph
E
f=
h
Page 2
a. 0.786Vmax b. 0.876Vmax c. 0.867Vmax d. 0.678Vmax
uVin
ln (1+ )
Vmax
v=Vmax
ln(1+ u)
Digital and Data Communications
( 255 ) ( 0.5Vmax)
ln(1+ )
Vmax
1. It consists of 36 unique codes representing the 10 digits and 26 v=Vmax
uppercase letters ln(1+255)
a. Discrete code b. code 39 c. continuous code d. 20 code v=0.876 Vma x

2. The first fixed- length character code developed for machines rather 7. Inaccuracies caused by the representation of a continuously varying
than for people quantity as one of a number of discrete values.
a. ASCII Code b. Gray Code c. EBCDIC code d. Baudot Code a. alias signal b. slope overload c. distortion d. quantizing errors
3. The early pioneer in the development of error-detection and 8. Circuit for digitizing voice at a low data rate by using knowledge of
correction procedures the way in which voice sounds are produced
a. Richard W. Hamming b. William R. Hamming c. Emile Baudot d. a. vocoder b. codec c. sample-and-hold circuit d. ADC
Samuel Baudot
4. The most reliable convolutional coding scheme for error detection
9. A coding scheme that records the change in signal level since the
a. checksum b. LRC c. CRC d. VRC precious sample
5. For the given parameters, determine the energy per bit-to noise a. unipolar code b. PPM c. PCM d. delta modulation
power density ratio
C = 10e-12 W fb = 60 kbps 10. Distortion created by using too low a sampling rate when coding an
N = 1.2 x 10e-14`W B = 120 kHz analog signal for digital transmission
a. 16.2 dB b. 14.2 dB c. 20.2 dB d. 22.2 dB a. aliasing b. foldover distortion c. either a or b d. neither a nor b
Eb C B Eb 10−12 W 120 kHz 11. A network with bandwidth of 10 Mbps can pass only an average of
N0
=10 log x
[
N fb
;
N0 ]
=10 log
[ x
1.2 x 10 W 60 kbps
−14 ] 12000 frames per minute with each frame carrying an average of
10000 bits. What is the throughput of this network?
6. A signal at the input to a mu-law compressor is positive with its a. 1 Mbps b. 2 Mbps c. 3 Mbps d. 4 Mbps
voltage one-half the maximum value. What proportion of the
maximum output voltage is produced?
Page 3
12 000 x 10 000 a. trailer b. flag c. escape byte d. stop bit
T h roug h put= = 2 Mbps
60
18. What is the overhead (number of extra bits) in the DS-3 service?
12. A telephone subscriber line must have an SNRdB above 40. What is
a. 1.368 Mbps b. 1.480 Mbps c. 2.048 Mbps d. 6.024 Mbps
the minimum number of bits?
a. 3.56 b. 5.63 c. 6.35 d. 3.65

Digital Communications
SNRdB = 6.02nb + 1.76 = 40
n = 6.35
1. The minimum sampling rate according to Nyquist Theorem
13. The thick coaxial cable implementation of standard Ethernet
a. equal to the lowest frequency of a signal
b. equal to the highest frequency of a signal
a. 1000 Base-T b. 10 Base-T c. 10 Base 2 d. 10 Base 5
c. twice the bandwidth of a signal
d. twice the highest frequency of a signal
14. A bit pattern or a character added to the beginning and the end of a
frame to separate the frames
2. It is used in wireless applications in which stations must be able to
share the medium without interception by an eavesdropper and
a. Flag b. Firewall c. Frameguard d. Footprint
without being subject to jamming from a malicious intruder
15. An IPv4 has an address space of how many?
a. modulation b. Multiple access
c. multiple access d. Spread spectrum
a. 4294967296 b. 6927694924 c. 2449692769 d. 9672969442
3. An error detection method which uses one’s complement arithmetic
232 = 4294967296
a. Checksum
16. What is the bit rate of STS – 1?
b. CRC
a. 51.84 Mbps b. 64 kbps c. 100 Mbps d. 2.4 GHz c. Simple-parity check
17. A block coding technique in which four bits are encoded into a five bit d. Two-dimensional parity check
code
a. Baudot b. 2B1Q Encoding c. 4B/5B Encoding d. 4A/5A Encoding 4. It is a connecting device between two internetworks that use
different models
17. A national standards organization that defines standards in the

United States a. Bridge
b. Gateway
a. ANSI b. FCC c. ITU d. CCITT c. Repeater
d. router
In asynchronous transmission, one or more bits to indicate the end of
5. It is an undesired shift or width change in digital bits of data due to
transmission
circuitry action which causes bits to arrive at different times
Page 4
a. alias b. impulse 10. It is a standard designed by ITU to allow telephones in the public
c. jitter d. parity telephone network to talk to computers/terminals connected to the
internet
6. In PCM system, it is the ratio of the maximum input voltage level to
the smallest voltage level that can be quantized a. H. 111
b. H.123
a. Dynamic range c. H.321
b. Figure of merit d. H. 323
c. Quality factor
d. Noise figure 11. A computer monitor has a resolution of 1200 by 1000 pixels. If each
pixel uses 1024 colors, how many bits are needed to send the
7. A multiplexer combines four 100-kbps channels using a time slot of complete contents of a screen?
2 bits, determine the frame duration
a. 20ms a. 12 Gigabits
b. 50ms b. 1. 2 Gigabits
c. 100ms c. 120 Megabits
d. 400ms d. 12 Megabits
1,200 times 1000 pixels x 10 bits = 12 Mb

The link carries 50,000 frames /sec
1024 colors requires 10 bits , 210 = 1024
The frame duration = 1/50,000 = 20ms
8. Determine the Hamming distance for the codewords ( 10101, BULSU ESt
11001)
Combination of compression at the transmitter and expansion at the receiver

a. one of communications system.
b. two a. Decoding b. Companding c. compression d. Coding
c. three
d. five A device launches or receives a wave in a transmission line or waveguide in
one direction only.
10101 XOR 11001 = 01100 ( presence of two 1) a. crossed-field tube b. directional coupler c. linear-beam tube d. slow-
wave structure
9. An address space is the total number of addresses used by the
protocol, such as IPv4 and IPv6. What is the address space of A type of linear-beam microwave tube that uses velocity modulation
IPv6? of the electron beam
a. 232 a. buncher b. Gunn device c. Bunching d. klystron
b. 264
c. 296 A series of pulses in which the amplitude of each pulse represents the
d. 2128 amplitude of the information signal at a given time.
a. PAM b. PCM c. PDM d. PPM
Page 5
A line of sight radio link operating at a frequency of 6GHz has a separation
Combination of compression at the transmitter and expansion at the receiver of 40km between antennas. An obstacle in the path is located 10km form the
of communications system. transmitting antenna. By how much must the beam clear the obstacle?
a. Decoding b. Companding c. compression d. Coding
a.11.6m b. 11.6ft c. 10.6m d. 10.6ft
_______________ is used to position samples of the different message
signals in non-overlapping time slots. Variation in received field strength over time due to changes in propagation
a. FDM b. TDM c. CSMA-CD d. Hamming Code conditions.
A ___________ is similar to a phasor diagram except that the entire phasor
is not drawn. a. Repeater b. Fading c. Fresnel Zone d. Diversity
a. Product modulator b. constellation diagram c. truth table d. none of
the above
The atomic weight of an element is approximately determined by
It was the first fixed length character code.
a. ASCII Code b. Baudot Code c. Morse Code d. EBCDIC a. the number of neutrons b. the number of protons c. the number of
Code protons and neutrons d. the number of electrons
It involves transmitting each character twice. Of the following substances the most conductor is
a. Error Correction b. Redundancy c. Checksum d. Parity a. air b copper c. iron d. salt water
The __________ provides the mathematical justification for using a The volt is the standard unit of
Gaussian Process as a model for a large number of different physical a. currrent b. charge c. electromotive force d. resistance
phenomena in which the random variable, at a particular instant of time, is
the result of a large number of individual random events. Which of the following antenna types is not designed for transmitting at 10
Ghz
a. Gaussian Theorem b. Central Limit Theorem c. Poisson a. horn antenna b dish antenna c. Zepp antenna d. helical
Distribution d. Gaussian Distribution antenna
A set of communication facilities allowing direct access to 64kpbs data The type of radio wave responsible for long distance communications by
streams (or multiples of) for drop and insert. A form of cell relay, supports B- multiple skips is the:
ISDN. a. Ground Wave b. Direct Wave c. Surface Wave d. Sky Wave
a. synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) b. Synchronization Line of sight communications is not a factor in which frequency range?
c. Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) d. Asynchronous a. VHF b. UHF c. HF d. Microwave
It refers to the rate of change of a signal on the transmission medium after
A series of pulses, in which the timing of each pulse represents the encoding and modulation have occurred.
ampltitude of the information signal at a given time. a. Bit rate b. Baud c. bit d. Signalling element
a. Pulse Width Modulation b. Pulse Code Modulation It was the first fixed-length character code developed for machines rather
c. Pulse Duration Modulation d. Pulse Position Modulation than people.
a. ASCII code b. Baudot code c. EBCDIC code d. Code 39
A receiver-transmitter station used to increase the communications range of

VHF, UHF and microwave signals is called a(n):
Page 6
a. Transceiver b. Remitter c. Repeater d. Amplifier
.a. high-pass b. low-pass c. Either a or b d. None of the
It represents the simplest whole number ratio of the various types of atoms above
in a compound.
a. molecular formula b. chemical formula c. reactants d. empirical Coax is not used beyond frequencies of about ______ GHz.
formula
a. 6 b. 10 c. 4 d. 2
It is a term that is often misunderstood and commonly confused with bit rate
(bps
a. Bandwidth b ASK c. Baud d. FSK
Defined as the optimum level of a test tone on a channel at same point in a Data Communications refers to the transmission of ________.
communication system.
a. transmission level point b. transmission level c. data level point a. voice b. video c. Computer data d. All of the above
d. error detection
Determine the peak frequency deviation for a binary FSK signal with a mark
Duplicating each data unit for the purpose of detecting errors is a form of frequency of 49 kHz, space frequency of 51kHz and an input bit rate of
error detection called ___________. 2kbps
a. burst b. redundancy c. error correction d. error detection
a. 1 kHz b. 1.5 kHz c. 2 kHz d. 2.5 kHz
Determine the wavelength of a 4 Ghz signal.
a. 0.0075m b. 75m c. 750m d. It is often used to compare the performance of one digital modulation
0.075m technique to another.
a. bandwidth efficiency c. dynamic range
What is the device that converts energy from one form to another? b. baud rate d. Costas loop
a. transducer b. converter c. transceiver d.
inverter It is the process of converting an infinite number of possibilities to a finite
number of conditions.
It may be defined as any undesired voltages or currents that ultimately end a. quantization c. aliasing
up appearing in the receiver output. b. sampling d. digitization
a. reflection b. Electrical noise c. interference d. loss
For a PCM system with a maximum analog frequency of 4kHz, determine
The channel capacity of a 5 kHz bandwidth binary system is ____ bits/s. the minimum sample rate.
Assuming no noise. a. 8 kHz b. 9 kHz c. 10 kHz d. 11 kHz
a. 1,000 b. 10,100 c. 10,000 d. 100,000
It is another relatively simple form of redundancy error checking where each
Microwaves are frequencies above _____ GHz. character has a numerical value assigned to it.
a. 2 b. 3 c. 1 d. None of the above a. Checksum c. Longitudinal redundancy checking
b. Vertical redundancy checking d. Cyclic redundancy checking
The government agencies that regulates radio communications in the US is
the ________. It is a modulation and multiplexing technique that distributes the signal and
a. NCC b. FCC c. KB d. PDCC its sidebands over a very wide bandwidth.
a. Spread spectrum c. Frequency division multiplexing
A wave guide acts a/an _______ filter b. Phase shift keying d. Quadrature amplitude modulation
Page 7
What happens to the frequency of the wave and to its wavelength when a
The computers that hold shared files, programs and the network operating sound wave produced in one medium enters another medium with a different
system. They also provide access to network resources to all the users of speed?
the network. a. the frequency b. the frequency c. the frequency d. the frequency
a. Servers c. Transmission media of the wave and of the wave of the wave of the wave and
b. Clients d. Peripherals wavelength changes while stays the same wavelength
It is defined by the ITU-T as a service that provides transmission channels changes the wavelength while the remains the
capable of supporting transmission rates greater than the primary data rate. stays the same wavelength same
a. Broadband ISDN c. LAN Topology changes
b. Asynchronous Transfer Mode d. Ethernet
An interest rate of 10% compounded continuously is desired of an
It is the only error-correction scheme that actually detects and corrects investment of P15,000. How many years will be required to recover the
transmission errors when they are received without requiring a capital with the desired interest if P2,500 is received each year?
transmission.. a. 3.579 years b. 5.973 years c. 9.375 years d. 7.953 years
a. Forward Error Correction c. Code 39
b. Character Synchronization d. Line Control Scheme What is the pH level of toilet soap?
a. 14 b. 4 c. 10 d. 7
This OSI Layer is responsible for network availability, data storage and
processor capacity. It also determines the type of dialogue available. The process of combining multiple audio signals into one track is called?
a. Session layer c. Data layer a. audio mixing b. stereo c. stereo mixing d. audio signal
b. Network layer d. Transport layer panning processing
It is often defined as the loss incurred by an electromagnetic wave as it

propagates in a straight line through a vacuum with no absorption or The speed of sequence of musical notes is called?
reflection of energy from nearby objects.
a. transmission b. atmospheric c. freespace d. spreading a. pitch b. tempo c. timbre d. musical
loss loss path loss instrument digital
loss interface (MIDI)
What do you call the accumulation of additional sounds such as wind, street If the frequency of a sound is increased, what will happen to its pitch?
noise, other voices that contribute to what the listener hear? a. decreases b. increases c. remains the d. none of the
a. natural sound b. ambience c. sound d. flutter sound same above
amplitude
A type of microwave protection system where each working channel has a
It is a single transmission path from transmitter to receiver with line of sight dedicated back up or spare channel.
range.
a. diversity b. direct path c. jitter d. hop a. Frequency b. Space c. Hybrid d. Hot
diversity diversity diversity Standby
It is defined by the average rate at which energy is carried out per unit area.
a. Harmonics b. Intensity c. Frequency d. Interference A method of nonspontaneous lysing (splitting) of a substance by the input of
electrical energy, and is often used to decompose a compound into its
elements.
a. extraction b. electrolysis c.excitation d. fixation
Page 8
A modulation process wherein both frequence and phase remains constant
Also known as Pin 21 of the RS-232 interface on D connector, this while the amplitude changes.
connection allows signals to be transmitted from the DCE to the attached
DTE whenever there is a high probability of an error in the received data due a. PSK b. ASK c. FSK d. QAM
to the quality of the circuit falling below a predefined level.
It is the most powerful redundancy checking technique which is based on
a. DCE b. color quality c. signal quality d. DTE binary division.
transmitter signal selector detector transmitter signal a. cheksum b. parity check c. cyclic d. two
element timing element timing redundancy dimensional parity
check
It is the electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions.
a. ionic bonding b. covalent c. metallic d. multiple What do you call the element with electrical properties between those of an
bonding bonding bonding insulator and a conductor?
a. Semiconductor b. Conduclator c. Insuductor d. Medium
conductor
What is the process in which the system adapts to the incoming audio level
to keep the signal large enough to fill the systems dynamic range? It is the term applied to any method of extinguishing a debt, principal and
a. Decorrelation b. Lattice c. Companding d. Level interest, by a series of payments, usually at equal intervals.
quantization allocatio a. calculation of b. amortization c. capacity d. repeatability
fixed charges costing assumption
______ which means that 2 or more bits in the data unit have changed.?
a. singe bit error b. double bit c. burst error d. none of the In pulse-code modulation, it translates the quantized samples into digital
error above code words.
It is a four-wire Gigabit Ethernet implementation. a. ADC b. DAC c. encoder d. Decoder

a. 1000 Base- b. 1000 Base- c. 1000Base-T d. 1000 Base-
SX LX CX
It is an error detection technique in which a redundant bit is appended to
It is a digital process that allows several connections to share the high every data unit so that the total number of 1s in the unit (including the parity
bandwidth of a link. bit) becomes even.
a. TDM b. FDM c. WDM d. None of the a. vertical redundancy check b. longitudinal redundancy check
above c. cyclic redundancy check d. Checksum
IEEE 802.11 is define in which MAC sublayer? A local area network topology in which the individual terminal,
a.NCF b.PCF c.DCF d. (b) and (c) microcomputers or workstations are connected directly to a central
computer.
It is the oldest microwave tube design which is commonly used in radar
transmitters where they can generate peak power levels in the megawatt a.Star b. Ring c. Bus d. Mesh
range.
a. Klystron b. Magnetron c. Microstrip d. crossed field The only way to achieve high data rates with a narrowband channel is to
tube increase the number of bits per symbol, the most reliable way to do this is to
Page 9
use a combination of amplitude and phase modulation known as We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of 4 MHz. what is the bandwidth if
_________. we modulate the signal using FM? Ignore FCC regulations.
a. quadrature amplitude modulation b. phase shift keying

c. frequency shift keying d. frequency modulation a. 8 b. 6 c. 36 d. 40
Find the maximum dynamic range for a linear PCM system using 16-bit For PCM system with the following parameters determine the minimum
quantizing. number of bits used.
Maximum analog frequency= 4 khz, maximum decoded voltage=±2.55,
a. 4.82 dB b. 25.84 dB c. 51.68 dB d. 98.08 dB Minimum dynamic range= 199.5
a. 7 b. 6 c 8 d. 9
Compute the baud rate for a 72000 bps 64-QAM signal.
A network topology in which data circulates from one computer to the next in
a. 12000 baud b. 1200 baud c. 120000 baud d. 12 baud sequence.
A telephone signal takes 2ms to reach its destination. Calculate the via net a. ring b. star c. bus d. mesh
loss required for an acceptable amount of echo.
Find the maximum dynamic range for linear PCM system using 8-bit
a.0.6 dB b. 1 dB c. 0.4 dB d. 0.8 dB quantizing
Telephone switch that connects only to other switches, and not to individual a. 2.01 dB b. 20.1 dB c. 49.92 dB d. 4.992 dB
customers.
What frequencies would be generated by a telephone using DTMF
a.central office b. toll station c. tandem office d. PSTN signalling, when the number 8 is pressed?
It is a form of digital modulation similar to PSK except the digital information a. 697 Hz and 1477 Hz b. 941 Hz and 1633 Hz c. 852 Hz
is contained in both amplitude and the phase of the transmitted carrier. and 1336 Hz d. 770 Hz and 1209 Hz
a. FSK b. ASK c. QAM d.BPSK It is a means of transmitting data by shifting the phase angle of the
transmitted signal.
The most common circuit used for demodulating binary FSK signals.
a. FSK b. PSK c. ASK d. QAM
a. squarer b. PLL c. bandpass filter d.frequency divider
The name given for a set of standards for communicating among computers
We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of 4KHz.What is the bandwidth in which the primary purpose is to serve as a structural guideline for
needed if we modulate the signal using AM? Ignore FCC regulations for exchanging information between computers, workstations and networks.
now.
a. OSI b. TCP/IP c. PDU d. LAN
a. 4 KHz b. 8 GHz c. 8 KHz d. 4 GHz
Page 10
Any transmission system which conveys more than one signal a. Application layer b. Presentation Layer c. Transport layer
simultaneously can experience this type of interference due to the reception d. Session Layer
of portions of a signal from one channel in another channel.
What is the equation for Hartley’s Law?
a. Distortion b. Noise c. Crosstalk d. Echo
What type of digital modulation scheme uses two or more different output a. I=ktB b. C=2Blog2M c. fa=fs-fm d. N=2^m
frequencies?
a. PSK b. FSK c. QAM d. QPSK Network topology wherein individual terminals, microcomputers and
workstations are connected directly to a central computer.
It is an error-correcting code used for correcting transmission errors in
synchronous data streams. a. Mesh b. Bus c. Ring d. Star
a. Hamming code b. Morse Code c. ASCII code d. Baudot code

The loss of data that occurs when two stations transmit at the same time on
A suite of protocols that allows a wide variety of computers to share the a network
same network.
a. multitasking b. cross-over c. collision d.
a. TCP/IP b. HTTP c. FTP d. SMTP Traffic
A term used to describe a telephone instrument whose handset is on its

Noise that is primarily caused by lightning. Often called as Static Noise. cradle, ready to receive a ring signal
a. external noise b. equipment noise a. On hook b. Off hook c. crosstalk d. Sidetone

c. atmospheric noise d. space noise
The most commonly used digital modulation scheme.
A modulation technique in which the frequency of the modulated signal
varies with the amplitude of the modulating signal a. PCUM b. PPM c. PDM d. PCM
a. AM b. FM Simple form of redundancy error checking where each character has a

b. PM d. HM numerical value assigned to it. The characters within a message are
combined together to produce an error checking character.
Is a form of constant –amplitude angle modulation similar to standard
frequency modulation except the modulating signal is a binary signal that a. CRC b. LRC c. Checksum d. VRC
varies between two discrete voltage levels rather than a continuously
changing analog waveform. Is an eight-bit fixed length character set developed in 1962 by the
International Business Machines Corporation.
a. ASK b. FSK c. CP-FSK d. BPSK
a. ASCII code b. Baudot Code c EBCDIC code d. Code 39
The highest layer in the hierarchy and is analogous to the general manager
of the network by providing access to the OSI environment.
Page 11
An attempt is made to transmit base band frequency of 30khz using a digital
audio system with a sampling rate of 44.1khz. What audible frequency would A source whose output satisfies the condition of statistical independence
result? among letters in the sequence is said to be_____.
a. 14.1KHz b. 74.1KHz c. 14.1MHz d. 7.05KHz a memoryless b stationary c. entropy d. Equivocation
Calculate the minimum data rate needed to transmit audio with sampling
Calculate the capacity of a telephone channel that has a S/N of 1023? rate of 30 Khz and 14 bits per sample.
a. 16,000 b/s b. 30,000 b/s c. 25,000b/s d. 3000 b/s a. 420 b/s b. 420 Kb/s c. 420 Mb/s d. 420 Gb/s
Designed to send characters of the message with the specified bit rate but Handles error recovery, flow control (synchronization), and sequencing
without any fixed timing relationship from one character to the next. (which terminals are sending and which are receiving). It is considered the
“media access control layer”.
a. asynchronous b. synchronous c. error detection d. error a. Transport Layer b. Session Layer c. Data Link Layer d.
correction Application Layer
Token Ring Standard A MAC protocol for LANs, with stations connected topologically or logically in
a ring. Or the IEEE 802.5 LAN standard.
a. 802.2 b. 802.3 c. 802.4 d. 802.5
It is the process of extracting a phase-coherent reference carrier from a a. Token Ring b. Token Bus c. Token d.
receiver signal. Topology
A network topology where each device is connected to a centre point and all
a. Carrier Recovery b. Squaring Loop c. Costas Loop d. data is routed through that point.
Remodulator
a. Star stop transmission b. Star bits
It is a potential problem whenever two metallic conductors carrying different c. Star network d. Star wired ring network
signals are located in close proximity to each other.
A lasers use organic dyes enclosed in a glass tube for an active medium,
a. Hybrid b. Noise c. Crosstalk d. Echo suppresors dye is circulated into the tube with a pump. A powerful pulse of light excites
the organic dye.
What is the termed refer as the rapid degradation of output signal quality
with channel induced errors? a. Solid Lasers b. Semiconductor Lasers
c. Gas Lasers d. Liquid Lasers
a threshold effect b intersymbol interference c.
quantization d. Saturation Codes that have a restriction on the number of consecutive 1s or 0s in a
sequence.
What was the first fixed-length character code developed for machines
rather than for people? a. Fixed weight code b. Linear Block codes
c. Systematic code d. Run length limited code
a ASCII code b EBCDIC code c. Code 39 d. Baudot code
Page 12
Contains seven bytes (56 bits) of alternating 0s and 1s that alert the It is the institution that developed the ASCII (American Standard Code for
receiving system to the coming frame and enable it to synchronize its input Information Intertchange).
timing
a. ISO b. ANSI c. FCC d. IEEE
a. padding b. preamble c. CRC d. Signalling
Every letter was encoded into fixed length of binary code words of length 5. In early 1900s, he showed that any composite signal is a sum of a set of
sine waves of different frequencies, phases and amplitudes.
a. Manchester Code b. Baudot Code c. Trellis Code d. Morse
Code a. Henri Fourier b. Robert Fourier c. Jean-Baptiste Fourier d. Harry
Nyquist
The composite signal that modulates the FM carrier.
Find the binary equivalent of x8+x3+x+1.
a. narrowband b.baseband c. sideband d. Singleband
It is a simple means of error detection. It involves the addition of one extra a. 100001011 b. 011110100 c. 010000101 d. 110000101
bit to the bits that encode a character.
Given a bandwidth of 6000 Hz for an ASK signal, what is the baud rate?
a. Parity b. Checksum c. Hamming code d. Cyclic
redundancy check a. 3000 Hz b. 2000 Hz c. 12000 Hz d. 6000 Hz
A data compression scheme that uses fewer bits to represent more Compute the bit rate for a 2000 baud 16-QAM signal.
frequently occurring characters or bit patterns and more bits to represent
those occur less frequently. a. 8000 bps b. 4000 bps c. 2000 bps d. 500 bps
a. Cyclic redundancy check b. Bit stuffing c. It is an electronic device that is used for computer communications through
Huffman coding d. Bit overhead telephone lines.
Speed at which symbols are transmitted in a digital communication systems. a. hub b. Modem c. Router d. NIC
a. Bit rate b. Baud rate c. Data rate d. Flow rate A telephone line has a bandwidth of 4.5 kHz and a signal-to-noise ratio of
40dB. A signal is transmitted down this line using a four level code. What is
It is the process of converting an infinite number of possibilities to a finite the maximum theoretical data rate?
number of conditions.
a. 59.795 kbps b. 18 kbps c. 78 kbps d. 41.795 kbps
a. Coding b. Sampling c. Companding d. Quantization
It is the ratio of the largest possible magnitude to the smallest possible Showed mathematically that it is posssible to reconstruct a band-limited
magnitude that can easily be decoded by the digital to analog converter in analog signal from periodic samples, as long as the sampling rate is at least
the receiver. twice the frequency of the highest frequency component of the signal.
a. Sampling rate b. Noise Ratio c. Dynamic Range a. Shannon-Hartley b. Claude E. Shannon c. Harry Nyquist
d. Coding Efficiency d. R. Hartley
Find the maximum dynamic range for a linear PCM system using 8-bit
Page 13
quantizing.
a. 0.8dB b. 0.4004 dB c. 0.6 dB d. 2.6 dB
a. 62.24 dB b. 49.92 dB c. 20.10 dB d. 15.78 dB
Who invented the telegraph?
In operation, many modern codecs achieved compresion by first encoding
the signals using a 12-bit linear PCM code, then converting the 12-bit linear a. Carl Friedrich c. Alexander Grahambell
code into an 8-bit compressed code by discarding some of the bits. This is a b. Samuel F.B Morse d. Emile Baudot
simple example of:
a. Compression b. Differential PCM c. Vocoders d. Digital Signal The simplest modulation technique, where a binary information signal
Processing modulates the amplitude of an analog carrier.
Sampling of an analog signal using a sample-and-hold circuit such that the a. Ampitude-Shift Keying c. Continous-Phase Frequency-Shift Keying
sample has the same amplitude for its whole duration. b. Frequency-Shift Keying d. Phase-Shift Keying
Is the lowest Open System Interconnection hierarchy and is responsible for

a. Natural Sampling b. Flat-topped Sampling the actual propagation of unstructured data bits (1s and 0s) through a
c. State Sampling d. Radom Sampling transmission medium.
The basic building block of the FDM hierarchy. a. Physical Layer b. Data Link Layer c. Network Layer d. Transport
Layer
a. Message Channel b. Group
c. Multiplexer d. Small Group Error-correction scheme that actually detect and corrects transmission errors
when they are received without requiring a retransmission.
The GSM radio system uses GMSK in a 200kHzchannel, with a channel a. Forward error correction b. Hamming code c.
data rate of 270.883 kbps. Calculate the frequency shift between mark and Retransmission d. CRC
space.
It allows the overall complexity of the system to be broken down into
a. 135.4165kHz b. 100kHz c. 270.883kHz d. 200kHz individual function –layers- that operate essentially by themselves.
For Ethernet system with a length of 2.5km on coaxial cable with a velocity a. Data Rate b. Transparency c. Physical Layer d.Format
factor of 0.66. What is the propagation delay?
This are very useful pictorial representations that clearly show the protocol
a. 12.6µs b. 8.33µs c. 1.27 µs d. 13.88 µs operations such as words or convetional drawings.
A signal at the input to a µ-Law compressor is positive, with its volatage one- a. State Transition Diagram b. Flow Chart Diagram c. Block
half the maximum value. What proportion of the maximum output voltage is DIagram d. Circuit Diagram
produced?
Pair of wires that connects the central office to the users phone
a. 0.876Vo b. 0.678Vo c. 0.768Vo d. 0.867Vo
a . trunk b. local loop c. Telephone wire d. Network
A telephone signal take 2ms to reach its destination. Calculate the via net nodes
loss required for an acceptable amount of echo
Page 14
How long does it take to dial the number 784-3745 using pulse dialing with . a. network protocol b. Internet protocol c. Data d. Information
5s inter digit time? protocol
a. 6.5s b. 7.2s c. 6.8s d. 12.5s Responsible for providing signals to the loop sensing activity and sending
phone signals at the end of the loop
Network that connects users who are in the same general location
a. SLIC b. Interface card c. SCLIC d. Network card
a. WAN b. Star Tropology c. LAN d. Bus Tropology
The typical amount of voltage in dc use in the battery of the central office
A balanced modulator that will used in conjuction with a microwave with respect to ground
generator, power amplifier, and band-pass filter, up-converts the IF carrier to
an RF carrier and amplifies the RF to the desired output power. a. -48 b.+72 c. +48 d. -72
a. IF/RF modulator b. Transmit Modulator c. Recieved Modulator d. A network that is composed of a smaller lan that are closely link. It is needed
Equalizer for areas spread out geographically
a. MAN B. Network tropology c. WAN d. Linking system

What is the equation for Hartley’s Law? How many central office allotted for each exchange?
a. I=ktB b. C=2Blog2M c. fa=fs-fm d N=2^m

a.2 b. 1 c.3 d. 5
The loss of data that occurs when two stations transmit at the same time on
a network It is a method of switching that provides a separate physical path for each
symbol
a. multitasking b. cross-over c. collision d.
traffic A. circuit switching b. packet switching c. space
switching d. time switching
We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of 5 HHz. What is the bandwidth
modulate the signal using FM? Ignore FCC regulation. The central office detects a request for service from a telephone by:
A. 50 MHz b. 40MHz c. 30 MHz d. 20MHz a. flow of loop current b. no loop current c. a ringing signal d. dial
Used to established a point to point connection across a network. pulses
a. ARP b.FTP c.TCP d.UDP The OSI Layer responsible for data tracking as it moves through a network.
It controls and ensures the end – to – end integrity of the data message
An attempt is made to transmit a baseband frequency of 25kHz using digital propagated through the network between two devices.
audio system with a sampling rate of 44.1 kHz. What audible frequency
would result? A. Application b. Transport c. Physical d. Session
a. 39.1kHz b.19.1kHZ c.29.1kHz d.14.1kHz The sensitivity of a radio receiver is given in terms of dBm. If the receiver is
receiving 200 mW, what is the corresponding dBm of this signal?
Defines the rules of the conversation the message passing among the
network users a. 46dBm b. -46 dBm c. 23 dBm d. -23 dBm
Page 15
10 kHz/ 1 kHz = 10
An antenna with a noise temperature of 75 Kelvin is connected to a receiver
input with a noise temperature of 300 K. Given the reference temperature T0 A small variable capacitance in parallel with each section of ganged
= 290 K, find the noise figure of the system. capacitor is called _______.
a. 0.97 dB b. 3.6 dB c. 6.02 dB d. 7.2 Db a. trimmer b. converter c. padder d. autodyne
The modulation index of an AM radio station is 0.75. If the carrier power is : How many wavelengths long are required for a pair of conductors to be
500W, what is the total transmitted power? considered as a transmission line?
a. 391 W b. 438 W c. 641 W d. 688 W a. ½λ b. ¼λ c. 1/10λ d. 5/8
An FM transmitter system is using a 1MHz crystal oscillator to generate a Determine the time taken for a signal to travel down a 10 m transmission
very stable 108MHz final carrier frequency. The output of the crystal line, if its velocity factor is 0.7.
oscillator is fed to a x36 multiplier circuit then mixed with a 34.5 MHz signal.
The sum output of the mixer is filtered out, while the difference is fed to a. 23.33 ns b. 14.52ns c. 76.8 μs d. 47.6 ns
another multiplier in order to generate the final carrier frequency. What is the
multiplier value? SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
a. 108 b. 3 c. 1.5 d. 72 T= L/ (Vf x Vc)

T= 10 m/ (0.7)(3x108 m/s)
T= 47.6 ns
A/an _______ is a range of frequency in which the upper frequency is
double the lower frequency. The maximum voltage standing wave of an RG-11/U foam coaxial cable is
52 V and its minimum voltage is 17 V. How many percent of the incident
a. bandwidth b. frequency doubler c. octave d. harmonics power is the reflected power?
Determine the worst-case output S/N for a narrowband FM receiver with a. 51% b. 26% c. 3% d. 97%
deviation maximum of 10 kHz and a maximum intelligence frequency of 3
kHz. The S/N input is 3:1.
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
a. 10 b. 12 c. 14 d. 16
Г 2 = Pr/Pi
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) Г = SWR-1 ; SWR = Vmax/ Vmin = 52/17 = 3.05

SWR+1
Φ = sin-1 (1/3) = 19.5 or 0.34 rad
Г = 3.05 – 1 = 0.51
δ = Φ x fi 3.05 +1
Thus : Г 2 = (0.51)2 = 0.26
= 0.34 x 3 kHz = 1 kHz
The reflected power is 26 % of the incident power
The S/N will be
Page 16
The modulated peak value of a signal is 125V and the unmodulated carrier
At exactly one-quarter wavelength, the short-circuited transmission line value is 85V. What is the modulation index?
behaves as a(an) ___________ circuit.
a.0.47 b. 1.47 c. 0.68 d. 0.32
a. inductive b. capacitive c. parallel-resonant
d. series-resonant
m = Em/ Ec
Determine the phase-shift represented by a 75 ns delay of a 4 MHz signal to
a 75-ft cable with a dielectric constant of 2.3. Emax = Ec + Em ; Em = Emax – Ec = 125 – 85 = 40 V
a. 108 degrees b. 4.8degrees c. 52 degrees d. 250 degrees

m = 40V/ 85V = 0.47
Θ = 360 td / T
The total transmitted power of an AM broadcast transmitter with a carrier
T =1/f = 1 / 4MHz = 250 ns power of 50kW when modulated 80 percent is:
Θ = 360 (75) / 250 = 108 degrees a. 62.5kW b. 66W c. 66kW d. 40kW
Which of the following is a flat conductor separated by an insulating Pt = Pc ( 1 + m2/2)

dielectric from a large ground plane that is usually one-quarter or one-half Pt = 50,000 ( 1 + 0.82 /2)
wavelength long? Pt = 66,000 W
Pt = 66kW
a. stripline b. microstrip c. twin-lead wire d. shielded-pair
One of the advantages of DSB is the savings of great deal of power. Which
One complete revolution around a Smith Chart represents _________ of the following is the reason why it is not widely used?
wavelengths.
a. the signal occupies a narrow bandwidth
a. ½ λ b. ¼ λ c. 1 λ d. 2 λ b. the signal has a low S/N
c. the signal is weak at high frequencies
: A mismatched transmission line is also referred to as a ___________ line. d. the signal is difficult to demodulate
a. lossy b. lossless c. non-resonant d. resonant If the input in a transmitter is collector-modulated, the system is called a
_______________________.
It is the ratio of the speed of propagation on a line to that of light in free-
space. a. low –level modulator
b. high-level modulator
a. velocity factor b. refractive index c. dielectric constant c. differential- amplifier modulator
d. standing-wave ratio d. lattice modulator
Which of the following is the most widely used UTP cable that can carry The input to an FM receiver has a S/N of 2.8. What is the frequency
baseband data at rates up to 100 Mbps at a range up to 100m? deviation caused by the noise if the modulating frequency is 1.5KHz and the
permitted deviation is 4KHz?
a. CAT 4 b. CAT 5 c. CAT 5e d. CAT 6
a. 1,460.8 Hz b. 547.8 Hz c. 2.67 Hz d. 4,107.3 Hz
Page 17
G = 10 log 9474.8
d = f fm G = 39.8 dBi
f = sin -1 N/S = sin -1 1/2.8 = 0.3652
It is a phenomenon caused by any support insulators used at the ends of the
d = (0.3652)(1.5KHz) = 547.8 Hz wire antenna.
What circuit is used to return the frequency response of a signal to its a. skin effect b. end effect c. faraday effect d. miller effect
normal, “flat” level?
a. pre-emphasis b. de-emphasis MIT EST ANTENNAS

c. carrier-recovery d. frequency-multiplier
Which of the following is not a reason why most half-wave antennas are
mounted horizontally at low frequencies
It is the most common means of overcoming the problems of quantizing
error and noise. a. physical construction is easier
b. more cost-effective
a. multiplexing b. companding c. amplifying d. anti-aliasing c. mounting is easier
d. support is easier
________________ means that the characteristics and performance of an
antenna are the same whether the antenna is radiating or intercepting an The shape of the electromagnetic energy radiated from or received by an
electromagnetic signal. antenna is called the
a. antenna reciprocity b. antenna polarization a. signal shape

c. antenna grounding d. tower sway b. electromagnetic pattern
c. radiation pattern
: Which of the following methods is used to lower the resonant frequency of d. antenna pattern
a shortened vertical antenna?
Antennas that transmit an equal amount of energy in the horizontal direction
a. loading coil b. top hat loading c. drooping radials d. are called
grounding
a. bi-directional
Calculate the gain (relative to an isotropic) of a parabolic antenna that has a b. unidirectional
diameter of 3 m, an efficiency of 60% and operates at a frequency of 4 GHz. c. omnidirectional
d. unilateral
a. 39.8 dBi b. 41.94 dBi c. 37.66dBi d. 79.53 dBi
The ability of an antenna to send or receive signals over a narrow horizontal
directional range is referred to as
G=hp D/l2 2 2
a. focal factor
l = 3x108/ 4MHz = 0.075 m
b. permittivity
G = 0.6p2(3)2 c. directivity
0.0752 d. horizontal range
G= 9474.8
Page 18
A basic antenna connected to a transmission line plus one or more a. a balun
additional conductors that are not connected to the transmission line form a b. an autotransformer
c. a Q section
a. parasitic array d. dummy load
b. bi-directional array
c. half-wave dipole
d. counterpoise MIT EST MICROWAVE
: An antenna made up of a driven element and one or more parasitic

elements is generally referred to as a By how much should two antennas be separated for space diversity in
the 11 GHz band?
a. Hertz antenna
b. Marconi antenna a. 5.5 m b. 7.5m c. 9.5m d. 11.5m
c. collinear antenna
d. Yagi antenna
m
Which antennas usually consist of two or more half-wave dipoles mounted
end to end?
d = 200 λ =
200 c
=
(
200 3 x 108
s ) = 5 .5 m
f
a. Hertz 11 x 10 9
b. Marconi s
c. collinear
d. Yagi
What is the phase velocity of a rectangular waveguide with a wall
A stacked collinear antenna consisting of half-wave dipoles spaced from one separation of 3 cm and a desired frequency of operation of 6 GHz?
another by one-half wavelengths is the
a. broadside array a. 3.45 x 108 m/s b. 4.35 x 108 m/s c. 4.53 x 108 m/s d. 5.43 x 108 m/s
b. end-fire array
c. wide-bandwidth array
d. parasitic array A transmitter and a receiver is 45 km apart. Suppose that there is an
obstacle midway between the transmitter and receiver. By how much
When the characteristic impedance of the transmission line matches the must the path between the towers clear the obstacle in order to avoid
output impedance of the transmitter and the impedance of the antenna itself, diffraction at a frequency of 11 GHz?
a. the SWR will be 10:1

b. the SWR will be 1:10 a. 17.52 m b. 10.51 m c. 8.76 m d. 7.52 m
c. minimum power transfer will take place
d. maximum power transfer will take place
A one-quarter wavelength of coaxial or balanced transmission line of a

specific impedance connected between a load and a source in order to
match impedances is
Page 19
1W
Pout = = 851. 14 mW
How far from the transmitter could a signal be received if the 0. 7
anti log
transmitting and receiving antennas where 40 m and 20 m, 10
respectively, above level terrain? SWR −1
Γ= = 0.5
SWR + 1
a. 44.5 km b. 45.4 km c. 54.4 km d. None of the choices PLOAD = P out ( 1 − Γ 2 ) = 638 . 35 mW
Preflected = Pout Γ 2 = 212. 78 mW
212. 78 mW
Preturned = = 534 . 49 μW
26
A signal propagated in a waveguide has a full wave of electric intensity anti log
10
change between two further walls, and no component of the electric It is a microwave device that allows RF energy to pass through in one
field in the direction of propagation. The mode is direction with very little loss, but absorbs RF power in the opposite
direction.
a. TE11 b. TE10 c. TM22 d. TE20
a. multiplexer b. circulator c. isolator d. wave trap
An isolator has a forward loss of 0.7 dB and a return loss of 26 dB. A
source provides 1 W to the isolator, and the load is resistive with an
SWR of 3. How much power is dissipated in the load? A metal wrapped around the parabolic antenna aperture to eliminate
sidelobes interfering nearby stations is called
a. 1 W b. 851 mW c. 750 mW d. 638 mW
1W a. radome b. shield c. shroud d. bass drum

Pout = = 851. 14 mW
0.7
anti log The wavelength of a wave in a waveguide _________.
10
SWR −1 a. is greater than in free space
Γ= = 0. 5 b. depends only on the waveguide dimensions and the free space
SWR + 1
wavelength
PLOAD = P out ( 1 − Γ 2 ) = 638 . 35 mW c. is inversely proportional to the phase velocity
d. is directly proportional to the group velocity
An isolator has a forward loss of 0.7 dB and a return loss of 26 dB. A

source provides 1 W to the isolator, and the load is resistive with an MIT EST SATCOM
SWR of 3. How much power returns to the source?
Geostationary satellites are located at ____ with respect to the equator.
a. 250 mW b. 350 µW c. 535 µW d. 690 µW
a. 00 longitude b. 00 latitude c. 450 longitude d. 900 latitude
The quality of a space-link is measured in terms of the ______ ratio.
a. S/N b. G/T c. C/N d. EIRP
Page 20
Why does the downlink frequency appear to vary by several kHz during
a low earth orbit satellite pass?
a. The distance between the satellite and ground station is changing,

causing the Kepler effect
b. The distance between the satellite and ground station is changing,
causing the Bernoulli effect
c. The distance between the satellite and ground station is changing,
What is the length of the path to a geostationary satellite from an Earth
causing the Boyle’s Law effect
station if the angle of elevation is 300?
d. The distance between the satellite and ground station is
changing, causing the Doppler effect
a. 6400 km b. 39000 km c. 42400 km d. 46000 km
The most ambitious LEO constellation to date is ______.
a. Iridium
b. NAVSTAR
c. Teledesic
d. Globalstar
What is the nominal uplink frequency for the Ku band?
A satellite-dish owner has a 3 meter dish designed for C-band (4 GHz)
operation. The owner wants to use the same dish with a new feedhorn, a. 6 GHz
for Ku-band (12 GHz) satellites. What effect will the change in b. 4 GHz
frequency have on the gain and beamwidth of the antenna? c. 14 GHz
d. 12 GHz
a. Gain increases by 9.54 dB, beamwidth decreases to 1/3 of its
former value. To cover all inhabited regions of the earth, the number of polar-orbit
b. Gain decreases by 9.54 dB, beamwidth decreases to 1/3 of its satellites required is
former value.
c. Gain increases by 9.54 dB, beamwidth increases to thrice of its a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 5
former value.
MIT EST
d. Gain decreases by 9.54 dB, beamwidth increases to thrice of its
former value. A dipole antenna has a radiation resistance of 67 ohms and a loss
resistance of 5 ohms, measured at the feedpoint. Calculate the efficiency.
The moon orbits the earth with a period of approximately 28 days. How
far away is it? Assume circular orbit. a. 90%
b. 91%
a. 380 Mm b. 382 Mm c. 384 Mm d. 386 Mm c. 92%
d. 93%
Efficiency = Rr / Rt = 67 / (67 + 5) = 93%
Page 21
c. the number of nodes decreases
Two antennas have gains of 5.3 dBi and 4.5 dBd, respectively. Which has a d. none of the above
greater gain?
LPDA stands for
a. The first antenna has a higher gain.
b. The second antenna has a higher gain. a. Low-Power Dipole Array
c. Both antennas have the same gain b. Log-Periodic Dipole Array
d. Cannot be determined c. Low-Power Directed Array
d. Log Power Dipole Array
A half-wave dipole is sometimes called:
Field strength at a distance from an antenna is measured with
a. Marconi antenna
b. Yagi antenna a. a slotted line
c. Hertz antenna b. an EIRP meter
d. none of the choices c. a dipole
d. a field-strength meter
An antenna's beamwidth is measured
A receiving antenna with a built-in preamplifier
a. from +90° to –90°
b. between half-power points a. active antenna
c. from front to back b. passive antenna
d. between the minor side-lobes c. coil
d. LC antenna
"Ground Effects" refers to the effects on an antenna's radiation pattern NEU EST BOARD
caused by
The height above mean sea level of a satellite in a geosynchronous orbit
a. radio signals reflecting off the ground around Earth is:
b. buildings and other structures on the ground
c. fading a. 35,786 miles b. 35,786 NM c. 35,786 feet d. 35,786 km
d. faulty connection of the feed cable ground
An antenna can be matched to a feed line using The location of a satellite is generally specified in terms of
a. a shorted stub a. azimuth & elevation b. latitude & longitude c. true morth d.
b. an LC network Bearing
c. a loading coil
d. all of the choices A point in the orbit of an object orbiting the earth that is located closest to
Earth.
As the length of a "long-wire" antenna is increased a. perigee b. apogee c. apex d. subsatellite point
a. the number of lobes increases Find the velocity of a satellite in a circular orbit 500 km above the earth’s
b. efficiency decreases surface.
Page 22
a. beam b. propagation pattern c. spot d. footprint
a. 76 km/s b. 76 m/s c. 7.6 km/s d. 7.6 km/s2 Calculate the length of the path to a geostationary satellite from an earth
station where the angle of elevation is 30°.
(earth’s radius = 6400 km, height of satellite above earth is 36 X 10 3 km)
4 x 10 11
Formula :
v=
√
( d +6400 ) a. 36,000 km b. 36,000 mi c. 39,000 km d. 39,000 mi.
Where : v = velocity in meters per second

d = distance above earth’s surface in km
Formula : d= √( r+ h)2 −(r cos q )2−r sin q
d = distance to the satellite in km
r = radius of the earth in km (6400 km)
4 x 1011
v=
√ (500+6400)
Solution :
h = height of satellite above equator ( 36 x 10 3 km)
q = angle of elevation to satellite at antenna site
= 7.6 km/s
d= √(6400+36 x 103 )2 −(6400 cos30 °)2 −6400 sin 30 °
Find the orbital period of a satellite in a circular orbit 36,000 km above the
earth’s surface if the earth’s radius is 6400 km. = 39,000 km
a. 1440 mins b. 24 days c. 3,600 sec d. 1440

sec A satellite access technique where each earth station transmits a short burst
of information during a specific time slot.
C
T= a. FDMA b. DAMA c. TDMA d. SCADA
Formula : v
An earth station antenna look angle is determined by :
Where : T = orbital period
C = circumference a. azimuth & elevation b. longitude & latitude c. bearing d. true
v = orbital velocity north
C = 2Pr An ITU radiocommunication standards for satellite services which provides
= 2P ( 6400 + 36,000 ) = 266.4 x 106 m information on the range of frequencies that can be used by fixed satellite
service systems for emergency and disaster relief operations.
4 x 1011 a. ITU-R M1854 b. ITU-R S 009 c. ITU-R S.1001-2 d. ITU-R
v=
√ (36 , 000+6400)
=3 . 07 km/s
6
S.004
C 266 . 4 x 10 m NEU EST BROADCAST

T= = =24 hrs
v 3. 07 x 10 3 m/ s or 1440 minutes As per Philippine standard, frequency allocation of AM Radio Broadcasting
is from…
The outline of a communications satellite antenna pattern on the earth is
known as:
Page 23
. .
a. 535 to 1605 kHz c. 535 to 1705 kHz a. 10 W b. 15 W c. 35 W d. 200 W
b. 526.5 to 1605 kHz d. 526.5 to 1705 kHz
What is the classification of an FM station having an ERP not exceeding
Part of broadcasting in a day that refers to that period of time between 1000 30kW?
UTC to 2200 UTC. UTC stands for Universal Time Coordinates.
.
.
a. Class A b. Class B c. Class C d. Class D
a. daytime period c. experimental period
b. nighttime period d. primetime period
What is the modulation used for the stereophonic subcarrier of FM
composite baseband signal?
An AM broadcast service area in which groundwave field of 1mV/m (60dBu)
.
is not subject to objectionable interference or objectionable fading.
a. AM DSB FC c. AM SSB
.
b. AM DSB SC d. AM VSB
a. primary service area c. intermittent service area
b. secondary service area d. none among these
What is the pilot subcarrier frequency used in FM stereophonic
transmission?
In antenna mast or tower construction, the required obstruction painting
.
and/or lighting must be imposed on mast or tower more than … from the
ground level. a. 15 kHz b. 19 kHz c. 30 kHz d. 38 kHz
.
The output power of an FM transmitter is 5 kW. If the power loss in
a. 100 ft b. 150 ft c. 200 ft d. 250 ft
transmission line is around 10 W and the antenna has a power gain of 6 dB,
Regarding the design of AM antenna, what should be the polarization of the what is the ERP of the station in kW?
radiator?
.
.
a. 5 kW b. 30 kW c. 20 kW d. 19.96 kW
a. horizontal b. vertical c. circular d. elliptical
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
As per Phillipine standard, what is the minimum frequency separation in any GANT = 6 dB = 4
service area for adjacent AM radio stations?
ERP = (5000 – 10) x 4 = 4990 x 4 = 19,960 W or 19.96 kW
.
a. 40 kHz b. 200 kHz c. 36 kHz d. 300 kHz Frequency allocation of FM broadcast in the Philippines…
.
What is the maximum power allowable for remote pick-up stations used as
a. 535 – 1605 kHz c. 50 – 15000 Hz
broadcast auxillary services for AM and FM broadcast stations?
b. 88 – 108 MHz d. 174 – 216 MHz
Page 24
.
What is the color TV system adopted by the Philippines?
a. 66.556 b. 65.556 c. 63.556 d. 64.556
.
usec usec usec usec
a. NTSC c. SECAM
b. PAL d. none among choices
Nominal RF bandwidth of NTSC TV channel…
Exact value of color subcarrier frequency (MHz) is … .

b. 4.5 MHz c. 6 MHz d. 5.35 MHz
. a. 4.2 MHz
a. 3.579554 c. 3.580545
b. 3.579455 d. 3.579545 A land mobile station used for the transmission of TV program materials and
related communications from the scenes of events occuring at remote points
from TV broadcast station studios to TV broadcast station.
Determine the visual carrier frequency of TV channel 9.
.
.
a. TV Pick-up station c. TV Inter-city Relay station
a. 175.25 b. 187.25 c. 193.25 d. 199.25 b. TV STL station d. TV Satellite link station
MHz MHz MHz MHz
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING): NEU EST RADIO AND WAVE PROPAGATION
fNLB = 174 + (N – 7)6, using Arithmetic Progression For a total capacity of 36 Mbps and 64-QAM of digital modulation, what is
f9LB = 174 + (9 – 7)6 = 174 + (2)6 = 174 + 12 = 186 MHz, low band the ideal RF bandwidth?
frequency of channel 9 .
fVC = 186 + 1.25 = 187.25 MHz, visual carrier frequency of channel 9 a. 4 MHz b. 5 MHz c. 6 MHz d. 7 MHz
What is the maximum allowable ERPs for channels 7 – 13 in Metro Manila For a 64-QAM, the total number of symbol combinations is 64
and Metro Cebu? symbols and the number of bits to produce this is…
. n = log2 64 = 6 bits per symbol
a. 100 kW c. 350 kW Therefore the ideal RF bandwidth is…

b. 316 kW d. 1 MW BW = fB / n = 36 Mbps / 6 bits
BW = 6 MHz
At NTSC standard, the number of lines per frame = ________ lines/frame
. What is the mode of radio wave propagation that utilized ionosphere as a
medium of transmission and / or reception of radio signals?
a. 485 b. 525 c. 625 d. 585
.
At NTSC standard, line frequency = 15734.264 Hz. What is the equivalent a. ground b. sky c. space d. all of
line period? wave wave wave these
Page 25
SHF band wavelength classification is ranging from 1 cm to 100 cm.
What is the wavelength of a radio signal travelling at a frequency of 220 MHz Therefore it is centimetric wave.
in a coaxial line having Teflon foam as its dielectric, εr = 2?
What is a diversity scheme that uses two (2) separate antennas and
. receivers for each single transmitter?
a. 1.0 m b. 0.85 m c. 0.96 m d. 1.36 m
.
c = 3 x 108 m/sec = 300 x 106 m/sec a. frequency b. space c. angle d. quadrature
diversity diversi diversi diversity
velocity factor vf = 1 / sqrt (εr) = 1 / sqrt (2) = 0.707 = vP / c ty ty
Therefore the velocity of the radio signal in the coaxial line is …
vP = 0.707c = 0.707 (300 x 106) = 212,132,034.36 m/sec (or 212 x What is a diversity scheme that uses two (2) different frequencies in a
106 m/sec approx.) simplex path?
so that the wavelength of the signal is … .
λ = vP / f = 212 x 106 / 220 x 106 = 0.963636… m or 0.96 m approx. a. frequency b. space c. angle d. quadrature
diversity diversit diversi diversity
What is the angle of refraction in a Teflon (εr2 = 2) medium of a radio wave y ty
from air (εr1 = 1.0) if its angle of incidence is 45°?
. What is the critical frequency of a layer if the maximum value of electron
density is 2 x 106 per cm3?
a. 24° b. 26° c. 28° d. 30°
.
a. 11 MHz b. 12 MHz c. 13 MHz d. 14 MHz
An ionosphere layer also termed as “absorption layer” because it absorbs
most of the frequencies above 100 kHz is known as the … layer. Nmax = 2 x 106 per cm3 = 2 x 106 x 106 per m3 = 2 x 1012 per m3
. fc = 9 x sqrt (Nmax) = 9 x sqrt (2 x 1012)
a. D b. E c. F1 d. F2 fc = 12.73 MHz or 13 MHz approx.
As per ITU-R Recc. V.431-6 Tables 1 & 2 Wavelength Classifications, what A radio communication link is to be established via the ionosphere. The
is the classification of Super High Frequency? maximum virtual height of the layer is 110 km. at the midpoint of the path
and the critical frequency is 4 MHz. If the distance between the radio
. stations is 500 km, what is the suitable value for the optimum working
a. metric b. decimetri c. centimetri d. millimetri frequency? Use flat terrain analysis.
c c c .
SHF band: 3 GHz – 30 GHz a. 8.2 MHz b. 8.3 MHz c. 8.4 MHz d. 8.5 MHz
λmax = 3 x 108 / 3 x 109 = 0.1 m = 100 cm
λmin = 3 x 108 / 30 x 109 = 0.01 m = 1 cm For flat terrain analysis, tan i = d/2hv
Page 26
i = tan-1 [d/2hv] = tan-1 [500/2(110)] = tan-1 [2.273] = 66.25° angle of η = Rd/(Rd + Rloss)
incidence
0.82 = 30/(30 + Rloss)
MUF = fc x sec i = fc / cos i = 4 / cos 66.25° = 4 / 0.40275 = 9.932
0.82 (30 + Rloss) = 30 = 24.6 + 0.82 Rloss
MHz via Secant Law
Rloss = (30 – 24.6) / 0.82 = 6.5854 Ω or 6.58 Ω approx.
OWF = 0.85 x MUF = 0.85 (9.932) = 8.4422 MHz or 8.4 MHz approx.
The power density is inversely proportional to the square of the distance A phenomenon on the surface of the sun with appearance and
from the source. This law is known as… disappearance of dark irregularly shaped areas.
. .
a. Faraday’s law c. Inverse Square law a. SID b. 11- c. Sporadic d. Ionospheric
year E-layer storms
b. Snell’s law d. Gauss law suns
pot
What should be done to increase the transmission distance at frequencies

higher than HF bands?
.
The lowest portion of the ionosphere that is useful for long-distance
communication by amateurs; about 100 to 115 km above the earth is known c. increase antenna gain e. increase transmitter power
as the… layer. This is often termed as the Kennely-Heavyside layer.
d. increase antenna height f. increase receiver sensitivity
.
a. D b. E c. F1 d. F2
Which of the following factors must be considered in the transmission of a
surface wave to reduce attenuation?
A graph which shows the radiation in actual field strength of electromagnetic
fields at all points which are at equal distance from the antenna is known .
as… a. electrical properties of the c. antenna polarization
terrain
.
c. Frequency Response e. Smith Chart b. frequency d. all choices
b. Radiation Pattern d. FCC F(50,50) Graph
The efficiency of an antenna is 82 %. Its radiation resistance is 30 Ω. What A radio station operates at 11 meter wavelength. What is the designated
is the value of its loss resistance? band of station’s frequency?
. .
a. 75 Ω b. 15 Ω c. 12 Ω d. 6.58 Ω a. MF b. HF c. VHF d. UHF
Page 27
c = 3 x 108 m/sec
Telephone traffic is measured ____.
λ = 11 m = c / f
f = 3 x 108 / 11 = 27 MHz approx., which is within 3 – 30 MHz range a. in erlangs c. with echo cancellers
designated as HF band b. c. by the relative congestion d. in terms of the grade of service
What is the total radio horizon distance between an 80 ft transmitting station In a cellular telephone system, each cell site contains a ____.
and a 20 ft receiving station?
a. touch tone processors c. repeater
. b. control computer d. direct link to a branch exchange
b. 53.66 mi c. 18.97 d. 18.97 mi
a. 53.66
km When the signal from a mobile cellular unit drops below a certain level, what
km
action occurs?
dRH (TOT) = sqrt (2 x hT) + sqrt (2 x hR)
a. the cell site switches antennas c. the unit is “handed off” to a
dRH (TOT) = sqrt (2 x 80) + sqrt (2 x 20) closer cell
dRH (TOT) = 18.97 mi b. the call is terminated d. the MTSO increases power level
A power density of 1.57 x 10-4 W/m2 is measured 50 meters from a test In a cellular telephone system, group of cells is called ___.
antenna whose directive gain is 2.15 dB. How much power was fed into the
test antenna? a. sector b. cluster c. site d. cell segment
.
a. 1 W c. 3 W d. 4 W In Celluar Telephone Systems, these are transmissions from base stations
b. 2 W
to mobile units (Downlink)
From Inverse Square Law, PD = PR/4πd2 a. forward links b. reverse links c. TRX d. TRA
PR = PD x 4πd2 = 1.57 x 10-4 x 4π(50)2 = 4.93 W approx. is the
radiated power
A CDMA mobile measures the signal strength from the base as -100 dBm.
GANT = log-1 [2.15 dB/10] = 1.64 What should the mobile transmitter power be set to as a first approximation,
PR = PFED x GANT considering - 76 dB at mobile power contol?
PFED = PR / GANT = 4.93 / 1.64 = 3.007 W or 3 W approx. a. 150 mW b. 200 mW c. 250 mW d. 300 mW
NEU EST WIRELINE AND WIRELESS
A telephone signal takes 2ms to reach its destination. Calculate the via net
Identical telephone numbers in different parts of a country are distinguished loss required for an acceptable amount of echo.
by their ___.
a. 0.2 dB b. 0.4 dB c. 0.6 dB d. 0.8 dB
a. language digits b. area codes c. central office codes d. access
digits
The typical voltage across a telephone when on-hook is:
Page 28
a. low group frequencies
a. 48 volts DC c. 90 volts DC b. high group frequencies
b. 48 volts, 20 hertz AC d. 90 volts, 20 hertz AC c. mid group frequencies
d. top group frequencies
Central offices are connected by:
a. local loops c. both a and b

b. trunk lines d. none of the above In DTMF, the Vertical frequencies is also known as
a. low group frequencies
In telephony, call blocking is: b. high group frequencies
c. bottom group frequencies
a. cannot occur in the public telephone network d. top group frequencies
b. occurs on the local loop when there is an electrical power failure
c. occurs only on long-distance cables
d. occurs when the central office capacity is exceeded The bandwidth of voice-grade signals on a telephone system is restricted in
The cable used for local loops in telephone system is mainly: order to:
a. twisted-pair copper wire c. coaxial cable a. allow lines to be "conditioned" c. allow signals to be multiplexed
b. shielded twisted-pair copper wire d. fiber-optic b. prevent "singing" d. all of the above
In DTMF, the four vertical frequencies are ____. This is the highest-ranking office in the DDD network in telephony in terms of
the size of the geographical area served and the trunking options available.
a. 1209Hz, 1336Hz,1477Hz,1633Hz
b. 697Hz,770Hz,852Hz,941Hz a. section center c. primary center
c. 679Hz,770Hz, 852Hz, 941Hz b. regional center d. all of the above
d. 1208Hz,1336Hz,1747Hz,1633Hz
In Cellular Radio, AMPS stand for:
In DTMF, the Horizontal frequencies
a. American Mobile Phone System c. Advanced Mobile Phone System
a. 1209Hz, 1336Hz,1477Hz,1633Hz b. Analog Mobile Phone Service d. Advanced Mobile Phone Service
b. 697Hz,770Hz,852Hz,941Hz
c. 679Hz,770Hz, 852Hz, 941Hz
d. 1208Hz,1336Hz,1747Hz,1633Hz In Cellular Radio, BSC stands for:
a. Base Station Controller c. Basic Service Contract

In Celluar Telephone Systems, these are transmissions from mobile units to b. Base Signal Controller d. Basic Service Code
base stations (Uplink)
a. forward links b. reverse links c. TRX d. TRA In Cellular Radio, MSC stands for:
a. Mobile Switching Center c. Maximum Signal Carrier

In DTMF, the horizontal frequencies is also known as b. Mobile Service Cellular d. Minimum Signal Carrier
Page 29
In GSM, voice channels are called: 26 = 20 log [ voltage in Volts / 0.775 V ]
26 / 20 = log [ voltage in Volts / 0.775 V ] = 1.3
a. traffic channels c. bearer channels
b. voice channels d. talking channels Voltage = log-1 (1.3) x 0.775 V
Voltage = 15.5 V
In Mobile Communications, GSM uses:
a. frequency hopping c. CDMA

A type of microphone that uses the principle of a capacitor as a means of
b. direct-sequence modulation d. all of the above
transduction. It uses a polarizing voltage of between 9 and 48 V of DC
supply applied to its diaphragm by an external power supply.
In Mobile Communications, IMSI stands for:
.
a. Integrated Mobile Subscriber Identification
b. International Mobile Subscriber Identification a. Dynamic b. Condense c. Ribbon d. Carbon
c. Interim Mobile Subscriber Identification r
d. Intermodulation System Interference
Determine the sound power in Watts produced by the bank’s alarm if a by-
NEU EST stander heard the alarm at a sound pressure level of 100 dB-SPL. The by-
stander is 100 ft away from the bank.
An acoustical phenomenon wherein the sound continues to persist after the
cause of sound has stopped resulting in repeated reflections is called…
.
. c. 55.68 W e. 58.65 W
b. d. 58.56 W
a. echo b. reverberatio c. reflectio d. diffractio 56.
n n n 85
A group of filters has 1/3 octave of spacing. If the initial frequency is 25 Hz, W
what is the next frequency available for the filter?
.
b. 12.5 Hz PWL = SPL + 20 log D(m) + 8
a. 50 Hz c. 75 Hz d. 31.5 Hz
PWL = 100 + 20 log (100/3.28) + 8 = 137.68 dB-PWL
137.68 = 10 log W + 120
+ 26 dBu is how many volts? W = log-1 [(137.68 – 120)/10]
. W = 58.65 Watts
a. 7.75 V b. 15.5 V c. 31 V d. 62 V
A loudspeaker produces an SPL of 85dB-SPL at 1 meter distance and input
electrical power of 1 W. How loud is the SPL at distance of 20 meters if this
V (dBu) = 20 log [ voltage in Volts / 0.775 Volts ] speaker is driven to 10 W of electrical power?
Page 30
Variation in signal loss caused by natural weather disturbances.
. a. attenuation b. fading c. spreading loss
a. 82 dB- b. 69 dB- c. 65 dB- d. 79 dB- d. weather loss
SPL SPL SPL SPL
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING): Determine the radio horizon for a transmit antenna that is 200 m high and a
receiving antenna that is 100 m high
SPL@1m/1W = 85 dB-SPL (given)
SPL@20m/1W = 85 - 20 log (20m/1m) = 59 dB-SPL a. 99.5km b. 96.5 km c. 95.87 km d. 97.5 km
SPL@20m/10W = 59 + 10 log (10W/1W) = 69 dB-SPL SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

D = √ 17ht + √ 17hr
A number from 0 to 1 representing the ability of a surface material to absorb
sound energy is known as… = √ 17(200) + √ 17(100)
= 99.5 km
.
d. Sound absorption f. Absorption Coefficient
The height above the earth’s surface from which a refracted wave appears
c. Reflection coefficient e. Room Constant to have been reflected…
a. actual height b. virtual height c. average height

The difference in dB between the loudest level of sound and the softest d. mean height
passage of sound is known as _
The highest frequency that can be used for skywave propagation between
. two specific points on earth’s surface.
e. Headroom g. gain
a. Critical Frequency b. MUF c. Cut-off frequency
d. center frequency
f. signal-to-noise ratio h. dynamic range
Electromagnetic waves that are directed above the horizon level.

NEU2 EST RADIATION AND wave propagation
a. ground waves b. surface waves c. sky waves
d. space waves
The highest frequency that can be used for skywave propagation between
two specific points on earth’s surface.
TIP EST FIBER OPTIC1
a. Critical Frequency b. MUF c. Cut-off frequency
d. mid frequency
The most common light used in fiber-optic links is
Page 31
a. Infrared b. Red c. Violet d. Distributed feedback (DFB) and vertical cavity surface emitting
d. Ultraviolet (VCSEL)
In the telecommunications industry, the most commonly used fiber(s) Which of the following considerations is important when deciding between
are using a diode laser or an LED?
a. 50 micron b. 62.5 micron c. 50 and 62.5 micron d. 125 a. Response time

micron b. Power levels
c. Temperature sensitivity
The abrupt change in refractive index from core to cladding of fiber- d. Failure characteristics
optic cable is called the
a. Total internal reflection b. Numerical aperture c. Dispersion d. Step In 1815, the correct explanation of diffraction was given by
index
a. Maxwell b. Rayleigh c. Fresnel d. Snell
A technique that is used to minimize the pulse dispersion effect is to

It is the central part of the optical communication system
a. Use a higher frequency light source
b. Use plastic cladding a. Light Source b. Optical Fiber c. Photodetector
c. Minimize the core diameter d. none of the above
d. All the above
The light energy that is always emitted or absorbed in discrete units
Which is not an important characteristic of a light detector? a. Light Ray b. Boson c. Quanta d. Light
a. Responsitivity b. Dark current

c. Power consumption d. Response speed Which of the following Ethernet fiber optic standard uses synchronous,
Centralized Clock?
The dispersion of light in fiber-optic cable caused by a portion of the light
energy traveling in the cladding is called a. 10 Base-FL (Link) b. 10 Base-FB (Backbone)
c. 10 Base-FP (passive) d. Both a & c
a. Modal dispersion
b. Material dispersion
c. Waveguide dispersion It is a mixed, multiple-service standard to allow the transmission of voice and
d. Cable dispersion video over an FDDJ network.
a. FDDI - II b. FDDI - I c. Hi PPI d. Escon

Recent laser developments for fiber-optic communication include
a. Distributed feedback (DFB) It is a layer of plastic that surrounds a fiber or group of fibers
b. Vertical cavity surface emitting (VCSEL)
c. Heterojunction a. Buffer Tube b. Bulkhead c. Cladding d. Jacket
Page 32
.
a. Splicing b. Zoning c. Curving d. Polarizing
TUP-M EST (antenna)
The angular separation between the two half-power points on the power
density radiation pattern. A structure-generally metallic and sometimes very complex-designed to
provide an efficient coupling between space and the output of a transmitter
a. Bandwidth b Beamwidth c. Footprint or input to a receiver.
d. Azimuth .
a. Stub b. Antenna c. Transmission line d. waveguide
Refers to the direction in space of electric vector of the electromagnetic

wave radiated from an antenna and is parallel to the antenna itself.
The ratio comparing the power density generated by a practical antenna in
a. Propagation b. Coordinates some direction, with that due to an isotopic antenna radiating the same total
c. Polarization d. Azimuth power.
.
Placing a metallic array on the antenna effects to increase the current at the a. directivity b. Directive gain c. bandwidth
base of the antenna, and also to make the current distribution more uniform. d. Elementary doublet
What is this called?
.
a. Reflector b. Grounding c. Top loading d. Feeding Any array that is directional at right angles to the plane of the array is said,
by inference, to have __________.
.
What principle that states that the properties of an antenna are independent
of whether it is used for transmission or reception. a. Broadside b. Broadside array c. Broadside action d.
. End-fire array
a. Alternation b. Diplexer c. Reciprocity d. Repeatability
The ratio of the focal length to the mouth diameter is called __________ of
the parabola, just as in camera lenses.
Calculate the beam width between nulls of a 2-m paraboloid reflector used at
6GHz. Note: such reflectors are often used at that frequency as antennas .
outside broadcast television microwave links.
. a. focus b. resolution c. feed
a. 140 b. 70 c. 3.50 d. 0.8750 d. aperture
Corresponds to a resonant transmission line, and the dipole antennas

This is often used to cure the problem of great thickness required of lenses describe so far have been resonant.
used at lower microwave frequencies or for strong curved wavefronts.
a. Non-resonant antenna b. Resonant antenna
c. Antenna arrays d. None of the above
Page 33
TUP- M EST (fiber optics)
P=0.1mW x 10-{[(0.25)(100)]/(10)}
An optic fiber is made of glass with a refractive index of 1.55 and is clad with =1 x 10-4 x 10{[(0.25)(100)]/(10)]
another glass with a refractive index of 1.51. Launching takes place from air. =(1 x 10-4)(1 x 10-25)
What numerical aperture does the fiber have? =0.316µW
a. 0.852 b. 0.352 c. 1.032 d. P(dBm)= 10log

0.235 = -35dBm
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) For an optical fiber 10km long with a pulse-spreading constant of 5ns/km,
By equation (20.10), the fractional difference between the indexes is: determine the maximum digital transmission rates for return-to-zero.
∆=(n1-n2)/n1
=(1.55-1.51)/1.55 a. 10Mbps b. 20 Mbps c. 50 Mbps d. 5 Mbps
=0.0258
By equation (20.11), the numerical aperture is found to be: SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
NA=n1√(2∆)
=1.55√[(2)(0.0258)]
= 0.352 Fb= =20Mbps
An optic fiber is made of glass with a refractive index of 1.55 and is clad with In fiber optics, it is a measure of the conversion efficiency of a photodetector.
another glass with a refractive index of 1.51. Launching takes place from air. It is the ratio of the output current of a photodiode to the input optical power
What is the acceptance angle? and has the unit of amperes per watt
a. 22.8◦ b. 18.6◦ c. 20.6◦ d. 23.6◦ a. Dark current b. Responsivity c. Spectral Response d. Light
Sensitivity
By equation (20.10), the fractional difference between the indexes is:
∆=(n1-n2)/n1 A phenomenon also called stress corrosion resulting if the glass fiber is
=(1.55-1.51)/1.55 exposed to long periods of high humidity?
=0.0258
By equation (20.11), the numerical aperture is found to be: .
NA=n1√(2∆) a. Static fatigue
=1.55√[(2)(0.0258)]
b. Absorption
= 0.352
By equation (20.8), the acceptance angle is: c. Scattering loss
Θ0(max)=sin-1NA= sin-10.352=20.6◦ d. Dispersion
For a single-mode optical cable with 0.25-dB/km loss, determine the optical The theory which states that when visible light or high-frequency
power 100km from a 0.1-mW light source. electromagnetic radiation illuminates a metallic surface, electrons are
emitted.
a. -25dBm b. -45dBm c. -35dBm d.
-30dBm .
Page 34
a. Photoelectric effect
b. Planck’s law N(dBm) = 10log (4 x 10-17) = -134 dBm
c. Photoemission effect 0.001
d. Ray Theory of light
The science of measuring only light waves that are visible to the human eye A 300Ω resistor is connected across the 300Ω antenna input of a television
receiver. The bandwidth of the receiver is 6MHz, and the resistor is at room
a. Radiometry temperature .Find the noise voltage applied to the receiver input.
b. Photometry
a. 5.4 mV b. 3.12 mV c. 4.5 mV
c. Optometry
d. 6.7 mV
d. Optics
The process of constructing an ILD that is similar to LED except that the SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM-SOLVING)
ends are highly polished.
a.epitaxially grown b. Planar diffusion c. lasing d. None of the above VN =

= 4(1.38 x 10-23 J/K)(293 K)(6 x 106 Hz)(300 Ω)
= 5.4 x 10-6 V
= 5.4 µV
A phenomenon in optical fibers communication system that is caused by the
The signal power at the input to an amplifier is 100µW and the noise power
difference in the propagation times of light rays that take different paths
is 1 µW. At the output, the signal power is 1W and the noise power is 30mW.
down the fiber.
What is the amplifier noise figure, as a ratio?
.
a. 3.5 b. 4.5 c. 3 d. 4
a. Pulse spreading
b. Wavelength distortion SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM-SOLVING)
c. Rayleigh scattering
d. Microbending (S/N)p = 100µW = 100
1µW
(S/N)o = 1W = 33.3
UDM – EST 0.03W
NF (ratio) = 100 =3
For an electronic device operating at a temperature of 17°C with a 33.5
bandwidth of 10 kHz, determine the thermal noise power in dBm .
It is desired to operate a receiver with NF = 8dB at S/N = 15 dB over a 200-
a. 134dBm b. 130dBm c. -134dBm d. – 130dBm KHz bandwidth at ambient temperature. Calculate the receiver’s sensitivity.
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM-SOLVING) a. -84dBm b. -98dBm c. -80dBm d.

-75dBm
N = KTB T(kelvin) = 17°C + 273° = 290 K
B = 1 x 104 Hz
= (1.38 x 10 -23)(290)(1 x 104) = 4 x 10-17 W SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM-SOLVING)
Page 35
S = Sensitivity = -74dBm + NF + 10log∆f + desired S/N Determine the worst-case output S/N for a broadcast FM program that has a
S = -174 + 8 + 10log(200,000) + 15 maximum intelligence frequency of 5 kHz. The input S/N is 2
S = -98 dBm
a. 2.5 b. 30 c. 3 d. 25
A Satellite receiving system includes a dish antenna ( Teq = 35 K) connected
via a coupling network (Teq= 40 K) to a microwave receiver (Teq=52 K SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM-SOLVING)
referred to its input). What is the noise power to the receiver’s input over a 1- ᵟ = φ x fi
MHz frequency range? = 0.5 x 5 kHz = 2.5 kHz
75 kHz = 30
. 2.5 kHz
a. 1.75 x 10-15W b. 1.75 x 10-12W c. 1.15 x 10-15W d.
1.15 x 10-12W
UPHSD – EST Control System
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM-SOLVING)
The technique that uses the BPSK vector relationship to generate an output
PN = KT∆f with logical 0s and 1s determined by comparing the phase of two successive
= 1.38 x 10-23 J/K (35 + 40 + 52)K (1MHz) data bits is
= 1.75 x 10-15 W
a. CSU/DSU b. DPSK c. TDM d. CVSD
Equivalent temperature of a passive system having the same noise power

output of a given system. A special digital modulation technique that achieves high data rates in
limited-bandwidth channels is called
a. Noise figure
b. Total temperature .
c. Equivalent temperature a. Delta modulation
d. Noise temperature b. Pulse-coded modulation (PCM)
c. Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
d. Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)
The noise voltage produced across a 50Ω is input resistance at a
temperature of 302°C with a bandwidth of 6 MHz is ______.
FSK systems are much superior to two-tone amplitude-modulation systems
a. 5.15 µV b. 3005mV c. 2124mV with respect to
d. 2.24µV
.
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM-SOLVING) a. Noise performance
b. Bandwidth requirements of the channel
c. Ionospheric fading characteristics
VN = d. Power consumption
= 4(1.38 x 10-23)(302)(6 x 106)(50)
= 2.24µV
Using an oscilloscope to display overlayed received data bits that provide
information on noise, jitter, and linearity is called a(n)
Page 36
c. Radio teletype
. d. Radio multiplexing
a. Eye pattern
b. Constellation pattern
c. Statistical concentration The acronym for the form of data transmission in which the modulating wave
d. Loopback shifts the output between two predetermined frequencies is _____.
.
The type of radio transmission that uses pseudorandomly switched a. FSK
transmissions is known as b. PSK
c. FPF
. d. FSA
a. Facsimile
b. Spread spectrum
c. Synthesizing Pseudorandom implies a sequence that can be _____ but has the properties
d. Compression of randomness.
a. decoded
b. detected
c. re-created
d. minimized
The acronym CDMA refers to ________.
______ implies that both analog and digital signals share the same channel
. bandwidth.
a. Channel-division multiple-access systems
b. Carrier-division multiple-access systems a. AM
c. Capture-division multiple-access systems b. Hybrid
d. Code-division multiple-access systems c. FM
d. RF
The acronym OFDM refers to ________.

Telemetry may be defined as _____ metering.
.
a. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing .
b. Over Frequency Division Multiplexing a. distance
c. Optional Frequency Division Modulation b. specialized
d. Orthogonal Frequency Division Modulation c. remote
d. data
Using radio to transmit gathered data on some particular phenomenon
without human monitors is known as Which is not a type of pulse modulation?
. .
a. Radio facsimile a. Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM)
b. Radio telemetry b. Pulse-width modulation (PWM)
Page 37
c. Pulse-frequency modulation (PFM)
d. Pulse-position modulation (PPM)
A(n) ________ is used to allow a digital signal to be transmitted on an
analog channel.
PPM and PWM are superior to PAM systems in
.
. a. codec
a. Noise characteristics b. alias
b. Bandwidth characteristics c. modem
c. Simplicity in design d. PSK
d. Frequency response of the intelligence signal
The bit ________ is the amount of power in a digital bit for a given amount of
A procedure that decides which device has permission to transmit at a given time.
time is called
.
. a. error
a. Line control b. energy
b. Protocol c. joule
c. Flow control d. hp
d. Sequence control
The major difficulty faced by delta modulators is
The relationship for bit rate to ________ bandwidth is defined by the
. Shannon-Hartley theorem.
a. Excessive noise producing errors
b. Slope overload .
c. Insufficient frequency response of the intelligence signal a. modem
d. Complexity of design b. codec
c. channel
The AT&T T1 lines d. amplifier
.
a. Use 16-bit PCM code and include 24 voice channels In an S/H circuit, the time that it must hold the sampled voltage is
b. Use delta modulation and include 48 voice channels
c. Use 8-bit PCM code and include 24 voice channels .
d. Use delta modulation and include 24 voice channels a. Aperture time
b. Acquisition time
c. Flat-top time
The ground wire in a USB cable is ______. d. Dmin
a. Yellow Error signals associated with the sampling process are called
b. Blue
c. Red .
d. Brown
Page 38
a. Foldover distortion d. potential difference
b. Aliasing
c. Nyquist rate
d. Foldover distortion and aliasing It refers to the maximum antenna gain.
a. directivity b. directive gain c. power gain

A(n) ________ is a single LSI chip containing both the ADC and DAC d. power density
circuitry.
a. modem The maximum horizontal distance between the transmitter and the receiver
b. DSP for line of sight propagation is known as:
c. codec
d. ASIC a. radio horizon b. range c. single hop distance d. service
region
The NRZ digital signal-encoding format has a ________ component in the

waveform. Typical mode of radiation of helical antenna is:
a. dc a. end fire b. normal c. common mode

b. sinusoidal d. differential mode
c. harmonic
d. parity
The electric field is perpendicular to the earth’s surface, the polarization is:
Reed–Solomon codes utilize a technique called ________ to rearrange the
data into a nonlinear ordering scheme to improve the chance of data a. vertical b. normal c. horizontal
correction. d. circular
.
a. pseudorandom In what major RF band is ground wave basically applied?
b. BSC
c. interleaving a. MF b. HF c. VHF d. UHF
d. quantizing
A measure of mismatch in a transmission line

UST - EST ELECTRONICS
a. reflection coefficient b. propagation delay
c. standing wave ratio d. all of these
The electric field intensity is measured in:
a. V/m b. V-m c. C/m d. V/C The highest frequency that can be set back to earth by the ionosphere, if
It is a result of an increase in the charge density in dielectric materials. wave is sent vertically upward.
a. polarization b. dipole moment c. potential a. maximum usable frequency (muf)b.propagating frequency
Page 39
c. critical frequency d. cut-off frequency Characteristic impedance of a transmission line is the impedance measured
at the _______ when its length is infinite.
a. input b. shorted end of the line c. output d. midsection

Travel in a straight line from the transmitting antenna to the receiving
antenna.
Which region of the ionosphere is mainly responsible for long-distance night
a. ground waveb. scatter c. space wave time communications?
d. sky wave
a. D layer b. E layer c. A layer d. F layer
VLF waves are for some types of services because

Which is properly terminated antenna?
a. of low powers required b. the transmitting antennas are of
convenient size a. rhombic b. dipole c. marconi d. Hertz
c. they are very reliable d. they penetrate the ionosphere
easily
Occurs when the radio beam is at point of grazing over an obstacle.
It is the distance between two wave fronts having the same phase at any
given instant. a. diffraction b. Refraction c. Absorption d. reflection
a. wavefront b. wavelength c. wave distance d. field intensity
A microwave communications system, space loss calculation formula is

It is a piece of transmission line which is normally short-circuited at the far
end. a. 92.4 + 10 log F + 20 log D b. 94.2 + 10 log F + 20 log D
c. 92.4 + 20 log F + 20 log D d. 94.2 + 20 log F + 20 log D
a. terminator b. stub c. quarter wave transformer d. none of
these
UST – EST DATA COMMUNICATION

A 50 ohms transmission line is connected to a 30 ohm resistive load.
Calculate the reflection coefficient.
Is an OSI Layer which is responsible for providing error-free
a. 0.35 b. 0.25 c. 0.10 d. 0.15 communications across the physical link connecting primary and secondary
stations (nodes)
The characteristic impedance of a transmission line does not depend upon a.Data Link Layer b. Transport Layer c. Session Layer
d. Presentation Layer
a. conductor spacing b. conductor diameter
c. length d. conductor radius
Is the ratio of the largest possible magnitude to the smallest possible

magnitude that can be decoded by the digital-to-analog converter.
Page 40
Is a device which operates in the Network layer and it makes forwarding
a. Step size b. Quantization Error c. Resolution decisions on the basis of network addresses.
d. Dynamic range
a. Repeater b. hub c. Router d. Switch
Is a PCM system which uses a single bit PCM code to achieve digital
transmission of analog signals. OC-1 (STS-1) line rate is
a.Trellis Coding b. Delta modulation c. Differential PCM d. QAM a. 51.84 Mbps b. 1.544 Mbps c. 3 Mbps d. 2.048 Mbp
Is a redundancy error detection scheme that uses parity to determine if a Is one in which all computers share their resources with all the other
transmission error has occurred within a message and is sometimes called computers on the network.
message parity.
a. Dedicated client server network
a. Longitudinal redundancy check b. Peer-to-peer client/server network
b. Vertical redundancy check c. Peer-to-peer network
c. Character Parity Check d. All of the above
d. Checksum
Is used to interface DTEs to digital transmission channels
a. Data modem b. Router c. Splitter

Is an n-bit data register inside the UART that keeps track of the UART’s d. Channel service unit
transmit and receive buffer registers. Modulation which combines encoding and modulation to reduce the
probability of error.
a. Control Register b. Status Word register
c. Control and Status Register d. Command register a. DPSK b. FSK c. QAM d. TCM
Is an access method used primarily with LANs configured in a bus topology. Is an empirical record of a system’s actual bit error performance
a. CSMA/CD b. CSMA c. CSMA/CA d. MA a. ER b. BER c. EER d. BERT
IP version 4 address length is

Is an error-correcting code used for correcting transmission errors in
synchronous data streams.
a. 32 bits b. 24 bits c. 40 bits d. 48 bits
a. Trellis Code b. EBCDIC c. Bisync Code
Is a multiport bridge that provides bridging function. d. Hamming code
a. Repeater b. hub c. Router d. Switch
Page 41

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Biomedical Technology d.

5. Ratio of incident to transmitted radiation through a grid ratio of

MF=image ¿¿ object ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ a. sensitometry b. xeroradiography c. xeroradiometry d.

11. ECG recording requires a bandwidth of 0.05 to ____ Hz f =¿10^10 MHz

a. Discrete code b. code 39 c. continuous code d. 20 code v=0.876 Vma x

a. 3.56 b. 5.63 c. 6.35 d. 3.65

17. A national standards organization that defines standards in the

1,200 times 1000 pixels x 10 bits = 12 Mb

Combination of compression at the transmitter and expansion at the receiver

a. PAM b. PCM c. PDM d. PPM

A receiver-transmitter station used to increase the communications range of

It is often defined as the loss incurred by an electromagnetic wave as it

It is a four-wire Gigabit Ethernet implementation. a. ADC b. DAC c. encoder d. Decoder

a. quadrature amplitude modulation b. phase shift keying

a. Hamming code b. Morse Code c. ASCII code d. Baudot code

A term used to describe a telephone instrument whose handset is on its

a. external noise b. equipment noise a. On hook b. Off hook c. crosstalk d. Sidetone

a. AM b. FM Simple form of redundancy error checking where each character has a

a. 14.1KHz b. 74.1KHz c. 14.1MHz d. 7.05KHz a memoryless b stationary c. entropy d. Equivocation

a ASCII code b EBCDIC code c. Code 39 d. Baudot code

Is the lowest Open System Interconnection hierarchy and is responsible for

a. MAN B. Network tropology c. WAN d. Linking system

a. I=ktB b. C=2Blog2M c. fa=fs-fm d N=2^m

a. 0.97 dB b. 3.6 dB c. 6.02 dB d. 7.2 Db a. trimmer b. converter c. padder d. autodyne

a. 391 W b. 438 W c. 641 W d. 688 W a. ½λ b. ¼λ c. 1/10λ d. 5/8

a. 108 b. 3 c. 1.5 d. 72 T= L/ (Vf x Vc)

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) Г = SWR-1 ; SWR = Vmax/ Vmin = 52/17 = 3.05

a. 108 degrees b. 4.8degrees c. 52 degrees d. 250 degrees

Θ = 360 (75) / 250 = 108 degrees a. 62.5kW b. 66W c. 66kW d. 40kW

Which of the following is a flat conductor separated by an insulating Pt = Pc ( 1 + m2/2)

a. pre-emphasis b. de-emphasis MIT EST ANTENNAS

a. antenna reciprocity b. antenna polarization a. signal shape

: An antenna made up of a driven element and one or more parasitic

a. the SWR will be 10:1

A one-quarter wavelength of coaxial or balanced transmission line of a

1W a. radome b. shield c. shroud d. bass drum

An isolator has a forward loss of 0.7 dB and a return loss of 26 dB. A

a. 00 longitude b. 00 latitude c. 450 longitude d. 900 latitude

The quality of a space-link is measured in terms of the ______ ratio.

a. S/N b. G/T c. C/N d. EIRP

a. The distance between the satellite and ground station is changing,

Efficiency = Rr / Rt = 67 / (67 + 5) = 93%

Where : v = velocity in meters per second

a. 1440 mins b. 24 days c. 3,600 sec d. 1440

C 266 . 4 x 10 m NEU EST BROADCAST

Exact value of color subcarrier frequency (MHz) is … .

. n = log2 64 = 6 bits per symbol

a. 100 kW c. 350 kW Therefore the ideal RF bandwidth is…

What should be done to increase the transmission distance at frequencies

b. Radiation Pattern d. FCC F(50,50) Graph

a. local loops c. both a and b

a. Base Station Controller c. Basic Service Contract

a. Mobile Switching Center c. Maximum Signal Carrier

a. frequency hopping c. CDMA

SPL@20m/10W = 59 + 10 log (10W/1W) = 69 dB-SPL SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

a. actual height b. virtual height c. average height

Electromagnetic waves that are directed above the horizon level.

a. 50 micron b. 62.5 micron c. 50 and 62.5 micron d. 125 a. Response time

A technique that is used to minimize the pulse dispersion effect is to

a. Responsitivity b. Dark current

a. FDDI - II b. FDDI - I c. Hi PPI d. Escon

Refers to the direction in space of electric vector of the electromagnetic

Corresponds to a resonant transmission line, and the dipole antennas