Task 2 - Electromagnetic waves in bounded open media

Individual work

Jose daniel ochoa Moya.

Group 203058_25

Identification: 1096211141

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2020 16-01
 Introduction

In this work the development of the activities proposed for unit 2 task 2 is consigned: The waves
originated by the electric and magnetic fields are transversal, being in phase, but the vibrations are
driven in perpendicular planes to each other. They are the waves that do not need a material
medium to propagate. They include, among others, visible light and radio, television and telephone
waves.
 Questions: (write with your own words)
1. What are the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves?

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES: electromagnetic energy propagates in them, they

do not need a material medium to propagate. For example: visible light, X-rays,
infrared rays, ultraviolet rays, radio waves, microwaves, etc.

In the latter, what vibrates are not material particles but electric and magnetic
fields, therefore they can propagate in a vacuum. This explains why light and
other non-visible radiation from the Sun, stars and other very distant galaxies
reach the Earth's surface.

Electromagnetic waves are propagated by oscillating electric and magnetic

fields. Electromagnetic fields, by "exciting" the electrons in our retina,
communicate us with the outside and allow our brains to "build" the scenery of
the world we are in.

They all propagate in a vacuum at a constant speed, very high (300,000 km / s)

but not infinite.

2. What does it mean to polarize an electromagnetic wave?

the "polarization" of electromagnetic waves refers to the direction of the electric
field. In linear polarization, the fields oscillate in one direction only. In circular
or elliptical polarization, the fields rotate at a constant speed in one plane as the
wave travels. The rotation can have two possible directions; if the fields rotate
in a direction of the right hand with respect to the direction of the wave
displacement, it is called right circular polarization, while if the fields rotate in a
direction of the left hand, it is called left circular polarization.
3. What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic wave?

Reflection is the change in direction of the wave motion that occurs in the same
medium in which it propagated, after impacting the surface of a different
medium. It is governed by two laws:

The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the surface at the point of
incidence are in the same plane

The angle of the incident ray iˆ and that of reflection rˆ are equal

iˆ =r ˆ

4. What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an electromagnetic wave?

Refraction is the change in direction of the wave motion that occurs after
passing this from one medium to another in which it propagates with different
speeds. It is governed by two laws:

The incident ray, the refracted ray, and the normal to the surface at the point of
incidence are in the same plane.
 Snell's law of refraction, which marks the relationship between the angle of
incidence iˆ, the angle of refraction rˆ, and the wave velocities in media 1 and
2, v1 and v2, according to:
sin ( i ˆ ) v 1
= =n 2 ,1
sin(r ˆ ) v 2

Being n2,1, the refractive index of the second medium with respect to the first,
a dimensionless constant.

5. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation of waves?

Snell's law is a formula used to calculate the angle of refraction that light has
when it passes through the separation surface that exists between two different
media.

Snell's law, in a formula used to know the relationship between the path taken
by a ray of light when crossing the limit or the separation surface between two
substances in contact and the refractive index of each one of they.

Application exercises:
 2
mW /m ¿
1. An electromagnetic wave of f =25 MHz andP+¿=120 1 , incident from the air
(η1 =120 π Ω), perpendicular to an infinite wall with an intrinsic impedance η2=109 Ω.
−¿ ¿ +¿¿
Calculate the reflected power P1 and the transmitted power P2 to the wall.

Figure 1: Propagation of “normal wave” in infinite medium.

Reflection coefficient is calculated:

n2−n 1
Γ= =¿
n 2+ n1
109 Ω−120 π Ω
=−0.551
109 Ω+120 π Ω
¿ 0.551<180 °
Reflectance is calculated:
2
R=|Γ|
R=0.552
R=30.25 %

Transmittance is calculated:
T =1−R
T =1−0.303
T =69.7 %

The reflected power is calculated: The transmitted power is calculated:

¿ P−¿∨¿¿
1 ¿
 ¿ ( 30.2 % ) x 120 mW /m 2 ¿ ( 69.7 % ) x 120 mW /m2

¿ 36.3 mW /m 2 ¿ 83.7 mW /m 2

2
+¿=120 mW /m ¿
2. An electromagnetic wave of f =25 MHz and P1 , coming from a wave
generator located 12 cm from the wall, which impinges from the air ( η1 =120 π Ω )
perpendicularly on a wall with an intrinsic impedance η2=109 Ω and 20 cm thick.
The wall is made of a non-magnetic and non-dissipative material. On the other
side of the wall is a receiver located 20cm away.

Figure 2: Propagation of “normal wave” in finite medium.

a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection and transmission seen by the generator.

Clearing the variable ϵ r

η0 2 120 π Ω 2
ϵ r=
η( ) (
=
109 Ω )
¿ 11.96

ω η0
β=
c0 η
2 π (25 MHz)(120 π Ω)
¿
m
( 3 x 108 )(109 Ω)
s

β=¿
 1.810 rad /m

Input impedance:
η2+ j η1 tan ( βx )
η¿ =η2
η1+ j η2 tan ( βx )

rad

η¿ =(109 Ω)
((
120 π Ω+ j(109 Ω) tan 1.810
m ) )
(0.2 m)

rad
((
109 Ω+ j(120 π Ω) tan 1.810
m )
( 0.2 m)
)
η¿ =(158.74−166.63 j) Ω

η¿ −η aire (158.7−166.6 j)Ω−120 π Ω

Γ 1= =
η¿ +ηaire (158 .7−166.6 j)Ω+120 π Ω

Γ 1=−0.283−0.4 i=0.48(−125.28 ° )

First transmission coefficient:

τ 1 =1+ Γ 1=1+(−0.283−0.4 i)
τ 1 =0.72−0. 4
The reflectance on the first face of the wall is:
Γ 1=1−T 1
Γ 1=1−0.76
Γ 1=0.24=24 %

In other words, 24% of the power is returned to the emitter.

Reflected power to face 1:

+ ¿¿

P−¿=Γ ∗E
1 y1 ¿
1

P−¿=0.24∗120 ¿
1
mW / s ¿
P−¿=28.8
1

Transmitted power to wall is:

 mW
+¿=0.76 x 120 2
¿
m
P2

mW
+¿=91.2 2
¿
m
P2

b. Determine in [%] and [mW /m2 ]the power that is transmitted to the
receiver.

Reflection coefficient in face 2:

n aire−n pared 120 π Ω− j 109 Ω

Γ2 = =
naire +n pared 120 π Ω+ j109 Ω
Γ 2 =0.551

Transmittance in face 2 is:

2
T 2=1−|Γ 2| =1−( 0.551 )2

T 2=0. 696

¿ 69. 6 %
Reflactance in face 2 is:
Γ 2 =1−T 2

Γ 2 =1−0.6963

Γ 2 =0.303

¿ 30. 3 %
Total transmittance is:
T t=T 1∗T 2

¿ ( 0.76 )∗(0.6963)
T t=0.52
 ¿ 52. 9 %

Transmitted power to the receiver is:

Pt

¿ 0.529 x 120 mW /m 2

Pt =63.48 mW /m2

3. An electromagnetic wave propagates through several media as shown in the

graph.

Figure 3: Propagation of “oblique wave” in finite media.

Initially the ray travels through the ice layer striking the air layer at point B, forming
an angle of θa =44,9 ° . Using Snell's Law, calculate step by step the total path of the
wave to determine the value of "d". Note that each layer is 109 mm thick and that at
point C there is a total refractive effect, so it is necessary to identify which material is
in layer 3 by calculating its refractive index.
According to the table, we take the data from the refractive indices:ηair =1
ηice =1.31

η glass=1.5

The angle of refraction is calculated using Snell's Law

ηice
θb = sen (θa )
ηair

According to Snell’s law

θ'a =90 °−44,9° =45,1 °

1.31
sen θb= sen ( 45,1 ° )=0,927
1

θb =se n−1 (0,927)

θb =68 °

θ2=θ b

Da−b =109 mm∗tan ( 68° )

¿ 270 mm
θb +θ c =90 °

θc =90° −θb

θc =90° −68 °

θc =22°
n3 sin ( θ3 ) =n2 sin ( θ2 )

n 2 sin ( θ2 )
n3 =
sin ( θ3 )

(1) sin ( 68 ° )
n3 =
sin ( 22° )
n3 =2.47

D b−c

¿ 109 mm∗tan ( 22° )

¿ 44 mm
n3
θ 4=sin
−1
( n4
sin ( θ c ) )
θ 4=sin−1 ( 2.47
1,5
sin ( 22° ) )

θ 4=38,0 °

Dc−d =109 mm∗tan ( 38,0° )

¿ 85 , 4 mm
d= D a−b + D b−c + Dc−d

d=270+44 +85,4
d=399.4 mm
 Conclusions

We conclude that electromagnetic waves can be perceived according to their

frequency, similar to this is what happens with colors, when light is refracted in a
prism not all colors are equal to intense, everything depends on the wavelength this
time.

In a synthetic way, it was possible to understand the application and how

electromagnetic waves like these act in the external environment and are connected
in household appliances and in general in society such as television, cell phones, radio
waves and many more than we can become part of our daily life
 Bibliography

 Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press,

(pp. 519-524). Recovered from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?
url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_519
 Wiley J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. Fixed
Broadband Wireless. (pp. 31-51). Recovered
from https://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?
url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&site=eds-live&scope=site