Diploma Programme

Mathematics SL formula booklet

For use during the course and in the examinations
First examinations 2014

Edited in 2015 (version 2)

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2012 5045

Contents

Prior learning 2
Topics 3
Topic 1—Algebra 3
Topic 2—Functions and equations 4
Topic 3—Circular functions and trigonometry 4
Topic 4—Vectors 5
Topic 5—Statistics and probability 5
Topic 6—Calculus 6

Mathematics SL formula booklet 1

 Formulae

Prior learning

Area of a parallelogram A= b × h

1
Area of a triangle =
A (b × h)
2

1
Area of a trapezium =
A ( a + b) h
2

Area of a circle A = πr 2

Circumference of a circle C = 2πr

1
Volume of a pyramid =V (area of base × vertical height)
3

Volume of a cuboid (rectangular prism) V =l × w × h

Volume of a cylinder V = πr 2 h

Area of the curved surface of a cylinder A= 2πrh

4 3
Volume of a sphere V= πr
3

1 2
Volume of a cone V= πr h
3

Distance between two points ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and d= ( x1 − x2 ) 2 + ( y1 − y2 ) 2 + ( z1 − z2 ) 2

( x2 , y2 , z2 )

Coordinates of the midpoint of a line segment  x1 + x2 y1 + y2 z1 + z2 

with endpoints ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and ( x2 , y2 , z2 )  , , 
 2 2 2 

Mathematics SL formula booklet 2

Topics

Topic 1—Algebra
1.1 The nth term of an un = u1 + (n − 1) d
arithmetic sequence

The sum of n terms of an n n

arithmetic sequence S n= ( 2u1 + (n − 1) d )= (u1 + un )
2 2
The nth term of a un = u1r n −1
geometric sequence

The sum of n terms of a u1 (r n − 1) u1 (1 − r n )

=
finite geometric sequence S = , r ≠1
r −1 1− r
n

The sum of an infinite u1

geometric sequence S∞ = , r <1
1− r

1.2 Exponents and logarithms ax = b ⇔ x = log a b

Laws of logarithms log c a + log c b =log c ab

a
log c a − log c b =log c
b
log c a = r log c a
r

log c a
Change of base log b a =
log c b

1.3 n n!
Binomial coefficient  =
 r  r !(n − r )!

 n  n
Binomial theorem (a + b) n = a n +   a n −1b + +   a n − r b r + + b n
1 r

Mathematics SL formula booklet 3

Topic 2—Functions and equations
2.4 Axis of symmetry of graph b
of a quadratic function f ( x) =
ax 2 + bx + c ⇒ axis of symmetry x =
−
2a

2.6 Relationships between a x = e x ln a

logarithmic and
exponential functions
log a a x= x= a loga x

2.7 Solutions of a quadratic

−b ± b 2 − 4ac
equation ax 2 + bx + c= 0 ⇒ x= , a≠0
2a
Discriminant ∆= b 2 − 4ac

Topic 3—Circular functions and trigonometry

3.1 Length of an arc l =θr

1
Area of a sector A = θ r2
2

3.2 sin θ
Trigonometric identity tan θ =
cos θ

3.3 Pythagorean identity cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ =

1
Double angle formulae sin 2θ = 2sin θ cos θ
cos 2θ = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ = 2cos 2 θ − 1 = 1 − 2 sin 2 θ

3.6 a 2 + b2 − c2
Cosine rule c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C ; cos C =
2ab

a b c
Sine rule = =
sin A sin B sin C

1
Area of a triangle A = ab sin C
2

Mathematics SL formula booklet 4

Topic 4—Vectors
4.1
Magnitude of a vector v = v12 + v2 2 + v32

4.2 Scalar product v⋅w =v w cos θ

v ⋅ w= v1w1 + v2 w2 + v3 w3

v⋅w
Angle between two cos θ =
vectors v w

4.3 Vector equation of a line r = a + tb

Topic 5—Statistics and probability

5.2 Mean of a set of data n

∑fx
i =1
i i
x= n

∑f
i =1
i

5.5 n ( A)
Probability of an event A P ( A) =
n (U )

Complementary events P ( A) + P ( A′) =

1

5.6 Combined events P ( A ∪ B )= P ( A) + P ( B) − P ( A ∩ B)

Mutually exclusive events P ( A ∪ B )= P ( A) + P ( B)

Conditional probability P ( A ∩ B) =
P (A) P (B | A)

Independent events P ( A ∩ B) =
P ( A) P ( B)

5.7 Expected value of a

discrete random variable X
) µ=
E(X = ∑ x P ( X=
x
x)

5.8 n r n−r

Binomial distribution X ~ B(n , p ) ⇒ P ( X =
r) =
  p (1 − p ) , r =
0,1,  , n
 
r

Mean E ( X ) = np

Variance Var (=
X ) np (1 − p )

5.9 Standardized normal x−µ

variable z=
σ

Mathematics SL formula booklet 5

Topic 6—Calculus
6.1 dy  f ( x + h) − f ( x ) 
Derivative of f ( x) y = f ( x) ⇒ = f ′( x) = lim  
dx h → 0
 h 

6.2 Derivative of x n f ( x) =
xn ⇒ f ′( x) =
nx n −1

Derivative of sin x f ( x) =sin x ⇒ f ′( x) =cos x

Derivative of cos x f ( x) =⇒
cos x f ′( x) =
− sin x

1
Derivative of tan x f ( x) =tan x ⇒ f ′( x) =
cos 2 x

Derivative of e x f ( x) =
ex ⇒ f ′( x) =
ex

1
Derivative of ln x f ( x) =ln x ⇒ f ′( x) =
x

dy dy du
Chain rule y = g (u ) , u =f ( x) ⇒ = ×
dx du dx

dy dv du
Product rule y =uv ⇒ =u + v
dx dx dx

du dv
v −u
u dy
Quotient rule y= ⇒ = dx 2 dx
v dx v

6.4 Standard integrals

x n +1
∫x= + C , n ≠ −1
n
dx
n +1

1
∫ x dx =ln x + C , x>0

∫ sin x dx =
− cos x + C

∫ cos x=
dx sin x + C

∫e d=
x ex + C
x

6.5 Area under a curve b

between x = a and x = b A = ∫ y dx
a

Volume of revolution b

about the x-axis from x = a

V= ∫a
πy 2 dx
to x = b

6.6 Total distance travelled t2

from t1 to t 2
distance = ∫t1
v(t ) dt

Mathematics SL formula booklet 6