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Temperature and Composition Measurements in a

Research Gas Turbine Combustion Chamber
a a
W. P. JONES & H. TORAL
a
Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical technology , Imperial College , London,
SW7 2BY, England
Published online: 30 Mar 2007.
To cite this article: W. P. JONES & H. TORAL (1983) Temperature and Composition Measurements in a Research Gas Turbine
Combustion Chamber, Combustion Science and Technology, 31:5-6, 249-275, DOI: 10.1080/00102208308923645
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102208308923645
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Comtmstion Science and Technology, 1983, Vol. 31, pp. 249-275 L"Q 1983 Gordon and Breach Science Publishers. Inc.
0010-2202/83/3106-0249518.50/0 Printed in Great Britain
I
Temperatu~e and Composition Measurements in a Research

Gas Turbine Combustion Chamber
I
w. P. JONES Jnd H. TORAL Department of Chemical Engineering and
Chemical Technotoqv. Imperial College, London, England SW7 2BY
(Received May 10, 1982; infinal form November 10,1982)
Abstract-s-Profiles of temperature and concentrations of CO, C02, O 2 UHC and NO, have been
measured at varicius planes within a can-type model gas turbine combustion chamber. The com-
bustor is fuelled by high purity gaseous propane and was operated at air inlet temperatures of
K KI
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313 and 523 and atmospheric pressure simulating high power conditions. The results show
that chemical equilibrium conditions prevail only for locally fuel-lean conditions and there is
strong evidence that both fuel breakdown and CO to CO 2 oxidation rates are partly controlled by
finite rate chemic~l kinetic mechanisms. The measured temperatures and those calculated using
the measured composition with assumed adiabatic flow are in agreement only in the combustor
nozzle and at the exit plane. In the primary zone large differences arise and it is postulated that these
occur because of the neglect of important correlations, involving the fluctuating density and com-
position. in the calculated temperatures. The data presented is also suitable for testing methods for
predicting combu~tion chamber performance.
INTRODUCTION
I
There is considerable interest in improving the design of gas turbine combustion
chambers, motivated by a need to achieve improved combustor exit temperature
profiles, longer combustor life and reduced combustion generated pollutant emission
levels, Better tinderstanding of combustor operation is required to achieve these
objectives and this in turn requires sufficiently detailed experimental data. There is
also interest in 'developing calculation procedures for predicting the performance of
practical combustion systems, see for example Jones and McGuirk (1980) and Jones
and Whitelaw (1981), and detailed experimental data in practical systems is required
both to allow art assessment of present capabilities and to aid the further improvement
of calculation methods. However, gas turbine combustors are invariably geometrically
complex, the fl6w within them is strongly three-dimensional and access for measure-
ment is limited. I Studies in practical combustors have as a consequence been limited in
number and the available data is often less comprehensive than required.
A number of Istudies in simplified axisymmetric or two-dimensional flow configur-
ations have beeh carried out, e.g. see Nicholls, et al. (1980). Spadacini, et al. (1976)
and EI Banhawy and Whitelaw (1981). While such combustors exhibit many of the
relevant physical phenomena and their study is thus extremely valuable there are some
important features of practical combustor operation which depend strongly on the
three-dimensiorial nature of the flow. These include the effects of dilution jet pen-
etration and mixing and their possible reaction quenching effects. Measurements in
actual combustion chambers have also been made, see Tuttle, et al. (1973) and Vranos
and Taback (1976), but have necessarily been less detailed and uncertainties associated
with the inlet air proportions entering through the various primary and dilution holes
and cooling slots often make unambiguous interpretation of the results virtually
impossible.
249
250 W. P. JONES AND H. TORAL
In studies of model combustion chambers the inlet air distribution can be more
easily controlled and some of the uncertainties thereby reduced. Jones et al. (1977)
report detailed composition measurements in a propane fuelled model combustor
operating at 5 bar. However, the combustor used had only a single row of dilution
jets located somewhat further away from the injection point than is conventional with
the result that the primary zone flow was approximately axisymmetric and the flow
pattern was not closely representative of practical combustion chambers. A more
representative configuration was that utilised by Noyce, et al. (1981) who carried out
a series of composition and temperature measurements in a simplified gas turbine
combustor with a variable primary and dilution port area facility but without a nozzle.
Commercial-grade propane was used as fuel, and two types of fuel injectors were in-
vestigated. The study was, however, restricted to atmospheric pressure and inlet air
temperature conditions. The present investigation is also concerned with measurements
in a model can-type combustion chamber intended to be representative of aircraft gas

turbine combustors. The fuel used was gaseous propane and measurements of 02, CO,
CO 2 , H2 , unburnt hydrocarbons, NO, and temperature at the exit plane and various
planes within the combustor at different air inlet temperatures are presented. The
measurements form part of a continuing experimental programme; previously Toral
and Whitelaw (1981) have published velocity and composition measurements in a It
sector model of an annular combustion chamber. The aims of this programme are to
provide detailed measurements to allow a better understanding of combustor operation
and also the provision of data suitable for testing the performance of calculation
methods.
COMBUSTION CHAMBER CONFIGURATION AND TEST CONDITIONS
The model can-type combustor is manufactured from "Transply" [. Essentially it

comprises a hemispherical "head" section attached to a circular barrel of 75 mm
diameter which is in turn attached to a circular to rectangular nozzle. It is housed in a
. plenum chamber to obtain uniform flow through the air inlet ports. The primary air
is introduced through an "aerodynamic" swirler consisting of eighteen 45° vanes. Fuel
elec tric
preheater
FIGURE I Layout of experimental facility.
tRolls-Royce Ltd, copyright for a laminated porous sheet material.

MEASUREMENTS IN A TURBINE COMBUSTOR 251
(propane) is introduced through ten 1.7 mm diameter jets uniformly and circurn-
ferentially spaced around a 90° cone located at the centre of the swirJer.
The arrangement of the air supply is shown in Figure I and the chamber geometry
and the estimated percentage air flows through the swirler, the secondary and dilution
jets and the transply in Figure 2.
Conventionally one of two parameters is used as a basis for scaling or simulating
combustor conbitions. The inlet parameter [my'(T)jAP] which controls the non-
dimensional pressure drop across the combustion chamber is used to simulate take-off
and near full power conditions and a loading parameter such as
pU5 X Volume x e T / 300
0" '" - - - - - - - - - -
m
where m, p arid T are the mass flow and inlet pressure and temperature (rep-
resenting the rktio of the chemical kinetic time scale to residence time) is used for
idle conditions! The tests reported in this paper simulate high power operating con-
ditions; the two sets of conditions used are shown in Table I. It should be noted that
a full simulatiori of the take-off condition with these flow rates and at atmospheric
pressure requires a preheat temperature of 750 K. Experiments to be conducted in
the near future Iwill simulate take-off and ground idle conditions fully.
~16%
FIGURE 2 Model gas turbine combustion chamber.
TABLE I
Experimental conditions
. I Inlet air
AIr flow rate Fuel flow rate Pressure temperature
(m kg!s)
I
(mt u» AFR (atm.) (K)
0.0,85 1.63 52.1 313

0.085 1.63 52.1 523
I
isi W. P. JONES AND Ii. TORAt
Since the calorific value of industrial grade propane can vary by 10 percent and its
propane content by over 50 percent, high purity propane with a composition of over
99 percent was used throughout the tests.
The propane flow rate was measured with rotameters and the air flow with a
calibrated orifice plate both with a precision of measurement of better than 2 percent.
The inlet air temperature was maintained constant to within ±5 K by the electrical
pre heater and measured by a chromal/alumel thermocouple.
INSTRUMENTATION
A water-cooled stainless-steel probe of 5 mm outer diameter with an inner sampling

tube of I mm inner diameter was used for gas sampling. The quench rate of the reac-
tions was sufficiently fast to eliminate reaction within the probe because of the high
value of the heat transfer coefficient on the gas side which arises from the small suction
tube diameter. For un burnt hydrocarbon (UHC) measurement the sample was trans-
ferred through an electrically heated tube in which the sample temperature was main-
tained in the range 120-140°C.
It is acknowledged that the use of a stainless-steel probe in this experiment is likely to
give rise to some undesirable catalysis effects [mainly NO to N0 2 conversion (Allen,
1975; Kyukuo et al., 1980)] and flow disturbance effects. The problem of catalysis
could be overcome by using quartz probes but this was not possible for measurements
inside the combustor because of the difficulty of avoiding reheating of the sample and
blockages. Flow disturbance effects were minimised in the exit plane by isokinetic
sampling achieved by matching sampling velocities with the estimated flow velocity.
Inside the combustor the disturbance effects might well be severe particularly in the
primary zone. However, since optical diagnostic techniques are still at the development
stage, it has to be accepted that at present probe techniques provide the only source of
information in experiments of the present type. Of course due care must be taken in
the interpretation of sampling probe measurements.
The following analysers were used: unburned total hydrocarbons on a wet basis by
Analysis Automation 520 Series II flame ionisation detector with the ranges zero to
0.01,0.025,0.1,0.25, 1,2.5, and 10 percent; CO and CO 2 on a dry basis by Analytical
Development Company infrared analysers with the ranges of zero, 0.2, I, 5 and 25
percent for CO and zero to 3 and 15 percent for CO 2 ; Oa by Beckman E2 paramagnetic
analyser with the ranges 5 and 20 percent; NO and NO x by a Thermo Electron Model
12A chemil uminescent analyser and Hz by gas chromatography. The analysers were
precise to ±0.5 percent at full scale.
The measured val ues of species mass fraction (C a)m are related to the density
weighted average Ca and unweighted average values Ca by the relations (Toral and
Whitelaw, 1981)
-----
u"«:" IX _ pfca' ------
u"crx,'
(Ca)m ~Ca + -_-u =C a + - - + ---
p u
a
Since quantities like ;;''''(a''1 are likely to be very much smaller than terms like p'2alp in
flows with appreciable heat release the measured mass fractions will correspond more
closely to density weighted averaged values.
Measurement~ were repeated at all stations at least twice on different days. Repro-
ducibility was or average within ±5 percent.
Mixture fraction distribution was measured by the helium trace technique under
isothermal conditions. Air with I percent helium was used to simulate fuel with the
flow rate chosen to give the same mass flow rate as in the combustion experiments.
Because of the aifferences in density between air and propane the momentum flow
rates were of course different in the isothermal and com busting flows. The samples
were analysed Jith a katharometer.
Two types of ~robe were used for temperature measurements, a bare wire thermo-
couple and a suction pyrometer, both using 80 fLm diameter Pt-Ptfl3 percent Rh
measuring elem~n\i;. In the bare wire thermocouple the measuring element was 10 mm
long stretched across 0.5 mm prongs. For this configuration heat loss by conduction is
estimated to be less than 0.2 percent (Bradley and Mathews, 1968) and the radiative
heat loss to be around 5 percent (Attya, 1980). The suction pyrometer consisted of a
twin bore cerarrlic tube (2 mm 00) insulating and supporting the 80 fLm wire which
was housed inside an outer ceramic tube (6 mm 00). The measurements were found
to be sensitive tb distance of the bead from the end of the outershield tube and to
suction velocity. I Tests in the exit plane of the combustor including comparison with
the bare wire thermocouple showed that optimum conditions were achieved with a
distance of 2 m~ and suction velocities greater than 100 m/s. However, inside the
combustor, particularly in the primary zone, the suction pyrometer measured lower
temperatures th~n the bare wire thermocouple by up to 300°C. This discrepancy
which disappeared in the exit nozzle and the exit plane points to the effect of flow
1
disturbance created by a probe in a recirculation region. The bare wire thermocouple
with the elemenl stretched across prongs causes a smaller flow disturbance than the
suction pyrometer, For this reason measurements reported in this paper were obtained
with the bare ,ire thermocouple. Attya (1980) determined the radiation loss for
-
~
"
11
I
",
11
-
0
,.•
,--
'---
21
z.. 20 10
"
no no ,,, 170 r- 210 ..
'0
I "
nit plln.
,. I I
,.
15
I I
I
I
I
I
I
S I
1S SO 60 10 IS 'S
S
" "
FIG URE 3 Measurement grid.
CO MOLE %
C02 t10LE%
02 /10LE%
HC· PP/1
NOX PPM
EoulvRLENCE RRTIO
TEMPERRTURE ·C
FlG URE 4 Exit plane contours for inlet air temperature of 313 K.
) ,od
CO /tOLE ~o
C02 /tOLE '10
02 /tOLE'!.
HC PPM
NOX PPM
EQu!VRL<NCE RRTIO
TEMPERRTURE "C
FIGWRE 5 Exit plane contours for inlet air temperature of 523 K.

thermocouples of similar construction by measuring the electrical power supplied to

the hot junction which was located in a vacuum chamber and the related emf. For
80 !tm wires the radiation loss at 1400°C was 80°C. The temperature measured by a
bare wire thermocouple is close to an unweighted mean value. While there is some
weighting associated with thermocouples of finite size, the time constant being
influenced by heat transfer rate, the extent of this weighting is felt to be small for 80 !tm
wires.
RESULTS
The measurement grid in the axial vertical plane through the centre of the combustor
and in the exit plane is shown in Figure 3. In the centre plane the grid was spaced at
20 mrn in the axial direction and at a maximum of 7 mrn radially. Figures 4 and 5
show contours of CO, C02, O 2, UHC, NO, (all concentrations on wet basis), equiv-
alence ratio and temperature in the exit plane with 313 K and 523 K inlet air tempera-
tures respectively. The pattern factor defined as (Tmax-Tavl !iT), the emission indices
defined as the gram weight of CO or UHC per kilogram of fuel and the overall com-
bustion efficiency are given in Table II. .
TABLE II
Preheat Pattern Elco EluHc Efficiency

AFR K factor g{kg %
52.1 313 0.72 215 154 81.5
52.1 523 0.63 87 3 97.7
The peak concentration of CO 2 (~6.5 percent) and maximum temperature (~1450°C)

were unaffected by the inlet air temperature but the profiles were flatter at the higher
value. Thus the pattern factor improved from 0.72 to 0.63 with increasing inlet
temperature, the concentration of CO was halved (from a peak value of 0.6 to 0.3
percent), UHC was reduced by over an order of magnitude (from a peak value of 3000
to 120 ppm) and NO x was doubled (from a peak value of 12 ppm to 25 ppm). The
peak level of NO increased from less than I ppm to 10 ppm with the higher inlet
temperature. The efficiency went up from 81.5 to 97.7 percent, the emission index for
CO was reduced from 215 to 87 g/kg and the emission index for UHC from 154 to
3 g/kg.
Contours of 02, CO, H 2, NO x , CO 2, UHC, equivalence ratio and temperature in a
vertical axial plane through the centre of the combustor with 313 K inlet air tempera-
ture are shown in Figure 6. The rich mixture in the head of the combustor is found to
be quickly dispersed by the secondary jets and a uniform composition is obtained in
the zone downstream of the secondary jets (Figure 6g). High concentrations of O 2 are
encountered in the fuel-rich zone in the head of the combustor, Figure 6a suggesting
chemcial kinetic limitations for the fuel breakdown reactions to, say, CO and H2.
The reactions intensify downstream of the secondary jets where a high temperature
plateau is observed midway between the wall and the centreline with peak tempera-
tures of I600°C (Figure 6h) and C02 levels of 7 mole percent lying along the centre
(Figure 6e). Across the primary zone the unburned hydrocarbon levels are reduced
02 MOLE%
i ~~-----
I r~10 ~~
i ~~ili~\ >
ICC) HZ MQLE%
NOX PPM
FIGURE 6
258 W. P. JONES AND H . TO RAL
C02 MOLE %
He MOLE %
(9) EouIV~LENCE R~TIO
TEMPER~TURE "c
FIGURE 6 Axial pia ne contours for inlet air t emperature of 313 K.

(a) 02 MOLE %
(b) CO MOLE%
(c) H2 HOLE%
FIGURE 7
(e C02 MOLE":.
(tl HC MOLE%
(9) EQulVRLENCE RRTIO
(h) TEMPERRTuRE • C
FIG URE 7 Axial plane contours for inlet air temperature of 523 K.
MEASUREMENTS 1N A TURB1NE COMBUSTOR 261
from a maximum of around 2 mole percent to 0.5 mole percent (Figure 6f). The high
levels of CO ~ncountered in the lean regions of the primary zone and the nozzle
(Figure 6b) indicate that the CO to CO 2 reaction is affected by finite rate chemical
kinetics. N0xllevels were :$ II ppm over the majority of the combustor with peak
levels being attained in the head of the combustor (Figure 6d).
The influence of inlet air temperature is evident in the UHC contours shown in
. Figures 6f and 7f. For both inlet temperatures the maximum levels of UHC which
arise in the cOhJbustor primary zone are of similar magnitude though the levels are
slightly lower Ifor the higher temperature-around 5 percent compared with the 6
percent maximum for the lower temperature. However, the locations of the high UHC
concentration levels differ and so this effect may be due to the change in the inlet air-
to-fuel jet momentum ratio with change in air temperature rather than a reaction
kinetic effect. in contrast, in the downstream and exit nozzle region of the combustor
TABLE III
Measurements in the exit plane. preheat temperature = 313.0
X
mm
Y
mm
leo co,
mole
0,
mole
C3Hs H,
mole mole
NO,
ppm
Equivalence
ratio
Temperature
'c
\"ole
20.0 5.0 0.21 0.95 19.01 0.18 0 2.5 0.136 330.0
20.0 15.0 0.27 1.29 18.32 0.22 0 2.8 0.179 426.0
20.0 30.0 g.32 1.83 17.31 0.20 0 3.9 0.220 554.0
20.0 40.0 .37 2.49 15.99 0.18 0 4.8 0.276 723.0
20.0 50.0 0.42 2.58 15.77 0.19 0 5.4 0.290 785.0
20.0 60.0 q.42 2.09 16.64 0.24 0 5.0 0.263 648.0
20.0 70.0 0.49 2.11 16.62 0.26 0 4.5 0.273 651.0
20.0 85.0 0.55 1.88 16.76 0.33 0 3.8 0.278 633.0
20.0 95.0 0.42 1.40 17.77 0.30 0 3.6 0.222 559.0
15.0 5.0 6.29 1.30 18.21 0.20 0 2.8 0.178 447.0
15.0 15.0 0.32 1.83 17.21 0.20 0 4.2 0.223 567.0
15.0 30.0 0.34 3.87 13.54 0.12 0 6.1 0.374 953.0
15.0 40.0 0.38 5.49 10.76 0.07 0 7.4 0.498 1232.0
15.0 50.0 0.44 5.\5 \1.17 0.08 0 8.0 0.479 \246.0
15.0 60.0 6.52 3.89 13.32 0.\3 0 7.9 0.393 1007.0
15.0 70.0 0.55 3.44 14.05 0.17 0 7.0 0.367 907.0
15.0 85.0 6.59 2.38 15.87 0.31 0 5.2 0.318 728.0
15.0 95.0 0.51 1.97 16.65 0.29 0 4.4 0.273 637.0
10.0 5.0 0.33 1.47 17.77 0.22 0 2.9 0.199 538.0
10.0 15.0 p.36 2.2\ 16.44 0.18 0 5.0 0.252 688.0
10.0 30.0 9. 32 4.68 12.19 0.05 0 8.0 0.421 1097.0
10.0 40.0 0.32 5.97 9.69 0.02 0 11.0 0.528 1241.0
10.0 50.0 0.43 6.52 9.15 0.02 0 14.0 0.570 1426.0
10.0 60.0 0.55 5.68 8.77 0.05 0 12.5 0.563 1302.0
10.0 70.0 0.58 4.63 11.41 0.08 0 10.0 0.458 1143.0
10.0 85.0 0.56 2.58 15.16 0.24 0 6.7 0.319 767.0
10.0 95.0 P.48 1.90 16.48 0.27 0 4.4 0.264 621.0
5.0 5.0 p.36 1.57 17.26 0.2\ 0 3.2 0.210 578.0
5.0 15.0 0.36 2.17 16.15 0.\6 0 4.2 0.248 702.0
5.0 30.0 ,0.30 3.35 14.11 0.06 0 6.2 0.319 915.0
5.0 40.0 p.33 4.19 12.54 0.04 0 7.2 0.389 1073.0
5.0 50.0 0.42 4.82 11.22 0.04 0 8.0 0.454 1I96.0
5.0 60.0 :0.46 4.66 11.33 0.06 0 7.9 0.450 1180.0
5.0 70.0 ,0.48 3.99 12.65 0.09 0 7.0 0.398 1040.0
5.0 85.0 0.48 2.41 15.60 0.20 0 5.2 0.288 7\3.0
5.0 95.0 10.44 1.83 16.69 0.23 0 4.6 0.244 586.0
TABLE IV
Measurements in the exit plane, preheat temperature = 523.0
X Y CO CO. O. C3H, H. NO, Equivalence Temperature

mm mm mole mole mole mole mole ppm ratio "C
20.0 5.0 0.11 1.65 17.90 0.01 0 5.7 0.144 631.0
20.0 15.0 0.14 2.05 17.10 0.02 0 6.5 0.181 722.0
20.0 30.0 0.14 2.56 .16.17 0.01 0 6.5 0.221 813.0
20.0 40.0 0.15 3.07 15.10 0.01 0 8.2 0.266 932.0
20.0 . 50.0 0.16 3.24 14.92 0.01 0 10.0 0.278 975.0
20.0 60.0 0.18 2.75 15.83 0.01 0 12.0 0.238 870.0
20.0 70.0 0.19 3.00 15.32 0.00 0 11.0 0.260 889.0
20.0 85.0 0.16 3.23 14.92 0.00 0 9.0 0.277 907.0
20.0 95.0 0.12 2.98 15.48 0.00 0 8.0 0.252 825.0
15.0 5.0 0.13 2.04 17.20 0.01 0 7.4 0.176 746.0

15.0 15.0 0.14 2.37 16.52 0.01 0 8.4 0.205 826.0
15.0 30.0 0.17 4.15 13.12 0.00 0 11.0 0.357 1092.0
15.0 40.0 0.22 5.44 10.67 Cl.OO 0 16.0 0.472 1327.0
15.0 50.0 0.20 4.81 11.93 0.00 0 19.5 0.415 1334.0
15.0 60.0 0.21 3.68 13.98 0.00 0 22.0 0.319 1129.0
15.0 70.0 0.20 3.63 14.06 0.00 0 17.5 0.314 1051.0
15.0 85.0 0.16 3.71 14.03 0.00 0 13.0 0.317 1002.0
15.0 95.0 0.11 3.27 14.90 0.00 0 9.0 0.275 929.0
10.0 5.0 0.14 2.48 16.38 0.00 0 8.0 0.212 813.0
10.0 15.0 0.13 2.93 15.56 0.00 0 9.5 0.249 924.0
10.0 30.0 0.20 4.98 11.34 0.00 0 12.5 0.434 1273.0
10.0 40.0 0.29 6.37 8.84 0.00 0 18.0 0.561 1440.0
10.0 50.0 0.25 6.22 9.25 0.00 0 22.5 0.542 1462.0
10.0 60.0 0.30 5.31 10.70 0.00 0 26.5 0.470 1294.0
10.0 70.0 0.22 4.60 12.10 0.00 0 22.0 0.401 1131.0
10.0 85.0 0.16 4.02 13.33 0.00 0 17.0 0.345 982.0
10.0 95.0 0.10 3.62 14.17 0.00 0 11.5 0.305 906.0
5.0 5.0 0.13 2.74 15.84 0.00 0 9.2 0.233 798.0
5.0 15.0 0.12 3.27 14.80 0.00 0 9.5 0.278 921.0
5.0 30.0 0.17 4.45 12.48 0.00 0 11.5 0.384 1097.0
5.0 40.0 0.23 5.18 11.01 0.00 0 14.0 0.453 1197.0
5.0 50.0 0.27 5.56 10.30 0.00 0 15.7 0.489 1260.0
5.0 60.0 0.26 5.30 10.82 0.00 0 17.0 0.465 1230.0
5.0 70.0 0.22 4.73 11.84 0.00 0 16.5 0.413 1135.0
5.0 85.0 0.15 3.91 13.56 0.00 0 15.0 0.335 980.0
5.0 95.0 0.09 3.40 14.57 0.00 0 10.5 0.286 884.0
the influence of increase in inlet temperature, as expected, very clearly demonstrates

that the final stages of fuel burnup are chemical kinetic reaction rate limited. At the
exit plane the reduction in UHC concentration isgreater than at one order of magnitude
with the change in inlet temperature from 313 K to 523 K. The contours of temperature,
Figures 6f and 7f, are qualitatively similar for both inlet temperatures with, as expected,
the maximum temperatures being greater for the high inlet temperature. The maximum
temperature is higher than 1600°C compared with l500°C for the low inlet temperature.
The maximum concentrations of CO and CO 2 arising in the region extending from
the swirler to just beyond the first row of dilution holes are for both species around
6-7 percent, though the contours differ somewhat for the two inlet temperatures. As
for the UHC this is possibly because of the differences in fuel jet penetration
in the two cases. However, whereas the maximum CO concentration may not be
directly influenced by inlet temperature its burnup rate downstream of the first row of
TABLE V
Measurements
,
in the axial plane, preheat temperature = 313.0
Y Z ICO CO 2 02 C3H, H, NO, Equivalence Temperature

mm
______
1
mm mole mole mole
______________________________
mole mole pom ratio °c
69.0 210.0 0\44 2.52 15.83 0.14 0 6.2 0.275 867.0
69.0 190.0 0!47 2.06 16.59 0.25 0 0 0.266 680.0
69.0 170.0 Oi51 1.81 17.05 0.35 0 3.5 0.272 542.0
69.0 150.0 0!57 1.64 17.00 0.45 0 0 0.291 477.0
69.0 130.0 01 0 21.00 0.00 0 0.7 0.000 90.0
69.0 110.0 0!82 1.35 17.01 1.57 0 0 0.568 714.0
69.0 90.0 0!68 0.66 18.27 2.35 0.46 3.0 0.696 807.0
69.0 70.0 0!57 0.35 18.88 3.10 0.65 0 0.850 671.0
69.0 50.0 0!35 0.18 19.63 2.10 0.37 2.0 0.561 168.0
69.0 30.0 0~30 0.16 19.75 1.83 0.33 0 0.488 97.0

69.0 20.0 Oi02 0 20.74 0.30 0 1.3 0.073 0
64.0 210.0 (\46 5.50 10.61 0.05 0 12.0 0.502 1380.0
64.0 190.0 0.52 3.76 13.36 0.14 0 0 0.388 1175.0
64.0 170.0 0!48 2.30 15.91 0.22 0 4.7 0.283 805.0
64.0 150.0 0130 1.06 18.41 0.24 0 0 0.169 420.0
64.0 130.0 0147 1.24 17.75 0.63 0 5.2 0.295 1160.0
64.0 110.0 2.~3 3.71 11.53 1.36 0.85 0 0.824 1426.0
64.0 90.0 1.74 1.65 15.35 2.52 1.03 6.7 0.913 1376.0
64.0 70.0 1!68 0.85 16.57 4.08 1.19 0 1.244 797.0
64.0 50.0 1.'60 0.59 16.80 3.84 1.04 4.8 1.171 182.0
64.0 30.0 1.180 0.62 16.38 3.38 0.78 0 1.079 83.0
64.0 20.0 0.'05 0 20.50 0.97 0.20 1.6 0.241 0
59.0 210.0 0.'48 6.68 8.47 0.02 0 13.0 0.597 1444.0
59.0 190.0 0!53 6.25 8.83 0.05 0 0 0.583 1398.0
59.0 170.0 0.:71 4.15 12.23 0.16 0 8.0 0.447 1070.0
59.0 150.0 O·i73 2.91 14.45 0.26 0 0 0.365 743.0
59.0 130.0 2.04 5.36 8.66 0.53 0.53 11.0 0.754 1483.0
59.0 110.0 2.132 4.37 10.07 1.03 0.72 0 0.817 1500.0
59.0 90.0 2·118 3.04 12.15 1.73 0.79 7.9 0.883 1483.0
59.0 70.0 1.171 1.46 15.38 2.93 0.89 0 1.013 1188.0
59.0 50.0 3.02 1.50 12.64 7.03 2.31 12.0 2.325 636.0
59.0 30.0 5.~0 3.03 6.25 9.80 4.33 0 3.716 664.0
59.0 20.0 3.07 1.51 11.81 7.32 1.19 7.6 2.492 0
54.0 210.0 0.53 4.41 12.20 0.04 0 7.0 0.420 1155.0
54.0 190.0 0.63 7.29 6.96 0.02 0 0 0.671 1516.0
54.0 170.0 0.~3 6.33 8.49 0.09 0 14.0 0.619 1454.0
54.0 150.0 1.28 5.38 9.53 0.21 0.19 0 0.608 1405.0
54.0 130.0 J.53 4.97 9.79 0.36 0.30 10.0 0.637 1415.0
54.0 110.0 1.53 4.05 11.27 0.61 0.41 0 0.626 1408.0
54.0 90.0 1.54 2.97 13.44 1.05 0.55 7.0 0.637 1404.0
54.0 70.0 1.28 1.47 16.33 1.86 0.66 0 0.688 1291.0
54.0 50.0 3.04 2.24 11.64 6.66 2.72 14.0 2.269 680.0
54.0 30.0 5.il? 4.08 4.42 6.08 5.56 0 2.706 656.0
54.0 20.0 6.03 4.28 3.60 12.25 5.14 22.0 4.583 0
48.0 170.0 0.~4 7.29 6.66 0.05 0 0 0.685 1520.0
48.0 150.0 o.vs 5.58 8.11 0.14 0 0 0.619 1426.0
48.0 130.0 0.96 5.42 9.38 0.30 0.16 12.0 0.622 1387.0
48.0 110.0 1.28 4.26 1l.18 0.52 0.20 11.5 0.599 1362.0
48.0 90.0 J.30 2.83 13.70 0.82 0.28 8.4 0.553 1320.0
48.0 70.0 I.p 1.56 15.93 1.46 0.41 0 0.600 1186.0
48.0 50.0 3.16 2.69 10.53 4.52 2.15 12.0 1.756 1019.0
48.0 30.0 5.58 4.35 4.04 4.04 4.96 0 2.140 1412.0
48.0 20.0 6.06 4.54 2.95 5.56 5.62 0 2.695 0
Continued Oil next page

TABLE V (Cont.)
y Z CO CO, 0, C3H. H, NO x Equivalence Temperature

mm mm mole mole mole mole mole ppm ratio 'C
-------_._-----------------------------
43.0 110.0 1.06 5.61 9.07 0.28 0.20 0 0.637 \302.0
43.0 90.0 1.21 4.43 10.70 0.45 0.3\ 13.0 0.600 1075.0
43.0 70.0 1.35 3.23 12.71 0.65 0.43 0 0.556 873.0
43.0 50.0 2.65 4.74 8.\0 1.02 1.21 17.0 0.922 1167.0
43.0 30.0 5.23 6.42 1.70 1.41 4.00 0 1.47\ 1248.0
43.0 20.0 6.39 6.03 0.85 1.58 5.21 0 1.617 0
37.0 170.0 0.63 6.50 7.37 0.04 0 12.0 0.640 \547.0
37.0 150.0 0.62 7.13 6.39 0.07 0 0 0.700 1532.0
37.0 130.0 0.64 6.95 6.72 0.10 0 14.0 0.692 1511.0
37.0 110.0 0.83 6.80 6.88 0.14 0 0 0.699 1504.0
37.0 .90.0 1.13 6.60 6.81 0.21 0.35 14.0 0.731 \433.0
37.0 70.0 1.84 6.58 6.03 0.28 0.70 0 0.809 1220.0
37.0 50.0 3.29 6.53 4.22 0.50 1.84 17.0 1.010 1480.0
37.0 30.0 6.00 6.05 1.24 1.16 5.03 0 1.464 1558.0
37.0 20.0 6.93 5.28 1.31 1.73 5.99 0 1.664 0
28.0 170.0 0.45 3.19 14.52 0.10 0 7.2 0.322 0
28.0 130.0 1.l0 6.85 7.12 0.\8 0 12.0 0.7\4 0
28.0 90.0 1.48 4.51 10.45 0.69 0.57 8.7 0.686 0
28.0 50.0 3.24 4.74 7.54 1.48 2.01 14.0 1.092 0
28.0 20.0 6.95 5.08 1.55 2.52 6.61 0 1.889 0
19.0 130.0 1.67 7.43 4.69 0.17 0.64 16.0 0.848 0
19.0 90.0 1.63 4.05 10.7\ 0.88 0.69 7.8 0.72\ 0
TABLE VI
Y Z CO CO, 0, C3H. H, NOx Equivalence Temperature

mm mm mole mole mole mole mole ppm ratio °C
69.0 210.0 0.19 3.32 14.69 0.01 0 12.0 0.288 1037.0

69.0 190.0 0.20 2.92 15.53 0.0\ 0 0 0.255 993.0
69.0 170.0 0.22 2.57 16.08 0.01 0 7.4 0.229. 868.0
69.0 150.0 0.36 2.70 15.61 0,03 0 0 0.255 835.0
69.0 130.0 0 0.02 20.99 0.00 0 0.2 0.002 350.0
69.0 110.0 1.35 3.60 12.51 0.50 0.31 0 0.538 1150.0
69.0 90.0 1.90 2.60 13.35 1.96 0.82 8.0 0.875 15.000
69.0 70.0 1.63 1.07 15.97 3.93 1.18 0 1.239 1483.0
69:0 50.0 1.04 0.45 17.64 3.62 0.87 4.7 1.057 1104.0
69.0 30.0 0.74 0.27 18.70 2.66 0.66 0 0.752 0
64.0 210.0 0.21 6.05 9.62 0.00 0 22.0 0.523 1369.0
64.0 190.0 0.20 4.44 12.48 0.00 0 0 0.386 1171.0
64.0 170.0 0.19 3.25 14.70 0.01 0 12.0 0.284 968.0
64.0 150.0 0.21 2.00 16.80 0.00 0 0 0.\8\ 633.0
64.0 130.0 0.31 2.39 16.05 0.05 0 8.2 0.233 \383.0
64.0 110.0 2.35 5.95 7.47 0.40 1.10 0 0.794 1590.0
64.0 90.0 3.74 5.00 6.64 1.45 2.\8 20.0 1.145 1585.0
64.0 70.0 3.56 3.40 9.36 3.14 2.3\ 0 1.446 1294.0
64.0 50.0 2.98 1.39 12.95 6.12 2.59 10.0 2.058 0
64.0 30.0 2.34 0.99 14.62 4.56 1.80 0 1.511 0
64.0 20.0 0.65 1.34 16.96 2.33 0.76 5.0 0.754 0
59.0 210.0 0.25 6.56 8.48 0.00 0 26.5 0.577 1525.0
59.0 190.0 0.24 6.63 8.52 0.00 0 0 0.578 \476.0
59.0 170.0 0.22 5.02 11.50 0.00 0 18.0 0.435 1191.0
Continued all next page

MEASUREMENTS IN A TURBINE COMBU STOR 265
TABLE VI Cont.)
y Z CO, 0, C,Hs H, NO. Equivalence Temperature
mm mm I mole
CO mole mole mole mole ppm ratio "C
59.0 150.0 10.31 4.15 12.67 0.01 0 0 0.375 775.0

59.0 130.0 0.94 6.10 8.50 0.05 0 20.0 0.607 1593.0
59.0 110.0 1.74 6.34 7.17 0.14 0.71 0 0.721 1669.0
59.0 90.0 2.39 6.29 6.65 0.31 1.10 21.0 0.811 0
59.0 70.0 2.44 4.82 8.78 0.87 1.17 0 0.844 0
59.0 50.0 3.80 2.43 10.66 0.52 3.43 19.0 0.694 0
59.0 30.0 6.66 '3.37 4.90 5.31 6.36 0 2.476 0
59.0 20.0 3.96 2.17 8.16 7.88 3.95 16.0 3.121 0
54.0 210.0 0.19 4.77 11.89 0.00 0 0.413 0 1295.0
54.0 190.0 0.38 7.18 7.45 0.00 0 17.0 0.635 1590.0
54.0 170.0 0.25 6.67 8.51 0.00 0 28.0 0.579 1497.0

54.0 150.0 0.35 6.09 9.39 0.00 0 0 0.539 1412.0
54.0 130.0 0.55 6.01 9.24 0.01 0 22.0 0.551 1586.0
54.0 110.0 0.74 5.80 9.29 0.02 0 0 0.556 1644.0
54.0 90.0 0.91 5.38 9.66 0.04 0 18.0 0.544 1626.0
54.0 70.0 1.27 4.01 12.15 0.27 0.31 0 0.501 1525.0
54.0 50.0 3.81 3.98 8.44 2.63 3.01 24.0 1.366 1334.0
54.0 30.0 7.68 5.06 1.39 2.19 6.70 0 1.795 0
54.0 20.0 7.45 4.72 1.79 4.87 6.64 0 2.549 0
48.0 170.0 0.46 7.06 7.82 0.00 0 0 0.624 1575.0
48.0 150.0 0.48 6.49. 8.92 0.00 0 0 0.573 1540.0
48.0 130.0 0.57 6.11 9.46 0.00 0 25.0 0.550 1550.0
48.0 110.0 0.73 5.72 9.81 0.01 0 0 0.535 1540.0
48.0 90.0 0.86 5.01 10.62 0.04 0 18.5 0.501 1497.0
48.0 70.0 1.24 3.53 12.87 0.27 0.26 0 0.461 1419.0
48.0 50.0 4.26 4.64 6.63 2.06 2.78 26.0 1.324 1583.0
48.0 30.0 7.36 5.22 1.04 1.53 6.28 0 1.632 1655.0
48.0 20.0 ,7.71 5.09 0.82 2.43 6.59 38.0 1.917 0
43.0 110.0 0.46 6.01 9.21 0.00 0 0 0.547 1405.0
43.0 90.0 0.73 5.24 10.17 0.02 0 28.0 0.510 1320.0
43.0 70.0 1.01 3.92 12.06 0.12 0.21 0 0.448 1222.0
43.0 50.0 2.92 6.10 5.71 0.45 1.29 44.5 0.904 1048.0
43.0 30.0 6.66 6.41 0.39 0.62 4.80 0 1.366 1000.0
43.0 20.0 7.69 5.82 0 0.60 6.02 0 1.425 0
37.0 170.0 0.80 6.12 7.90 0.01 0 0 0.608 1633.0
37.0 150.0 0.54 6.94 6.77 0.00 0 0 0.658 1597.0
37.0 130.0 0.32 6.76 7.54 0.01 0 0 0.618 1593.0
37.0 110.0 0.35 6.68 7.61 0.01 0 0 0.615 1576.0
37.0 90.0 0.56 6.77 7.18 0.00 0.16 0 0.641 1554.0
37.0 70.0 1.33 7.13 5.42 0.02 0.48 0 0.756 1511.0
37.0 50.0 3.41 7.40 2.24 0.11 2.05 0 1.015 840.0
37.0 30.0 6 86 6.11 0.11 0.46 5.46 0 1.359 II40.0
37.0 20.0 1 .
8.19 4.99 0.32 1.20 7.22 0 1.618 0
dilution holes very clearly is. By the exit plane for the 523 K inlet case the concen-
tration of CO falls to a value a factor of two smaller than that arising for the lower
inlet temperature, thus, as anticipated, demonstrating that CO oxidation is kinetic
reaction rate iithited. For the high inlet temperature the NO x levels were doubled in
general with the peak level of 35 ppm occurring in the fuel rich zone in the head of the
combustor. All the measurements are presented in tabular form in Tables !II to VI,
exit plane measurements at the two inlet conditions being in Tables III and IV and
internal measurements in Tables V and VI.
DISCUSSION
One commonly adopted theoretical approach to modelling reaction flows involves

separation of the hydrodynamic and chemical kinetic aspects of turbulent combustion
and avoids a detailed treatment of the latter by assuming that the slowest chemical
kinetic rate (among the many reaction steps) is still much faster than the time scales of
the (turbulent) mixing processes (Jones and Whitelaw, 1981). The instantaneous
composition, temperature and density-corresponding to chemical equilibrium-ean
then be related uniquely to a strictly conserved scalar variable (normally taken to be
the mixture fraction, I) and the need to evaluate mean reaction rates which are in-
variably highly non-linear functions of temperature and species concentration is cir-
cumvented. The fluctuating nature of turbulent flow is then described via the intro-
duction of the p.d.f. for the strictly conserved scalar from which mean values of
temperature, density and concentration can be evaluated,viz.
1 _
~= f
1
</>'(f) P(!) df and

_ [I'
p= P(f)
- dj .]-1 (1)
o o' p(f)
where </>'(f) is the chemical equilibrium value of </> as a function off and P(f) is the
density weighted p.d.f. for the scalar f. The quantity </> represents any scalar quantity
which can be-uniquely related to the conserved scalar.
While the above model is normally used as part of a calculation method it can also
be used as an aid to the analysis and interpretation of experimental results. Under
ideal circumstances a measured p.d.f. would be used for this purpose. However, since
such measurements are very difficult to perform, an alternative approach was adopted;
as is normally done in calculation methods a shape for the p.d.f. was assumed in terms
of two parameters, namely the mean value and variance of the conserved scalar.
The function chosen was the ,a-probability density function:
_ fa-l(l - f)b-1
P(f) = -----:.1-----
J fa-1(l - f)b-1tff
where
a =/{(l/"z-.1) 1- I} and b = - . - a
I-I
I
The mean and variance off at each location must now be determined. To evaluate the
mean value off it was assumed (a) that the diffusivities of all species were equal-an
assumption involving small error in turbulent flow-so that the C/H and OjN ratios
were constant everywhere and equal to the values for the fuel and air respectively, and,
(b) that the gas was a mixture of the major species CO, COz, unburnt fuel, O~, Hz
HzO and Ne only. As the mean concentrations of the first six of these species were
measured assumption (a) allowed the two remaining concentrations and thus the mean
mixture fraction to be calculated. Tn the case of the mixture fraction variance, as
no fluctuating quantities were measured estimated values were used. However since
the aim of the analysis is only to provide qualitative information this is not felt to be
a serious limitation. The equilibrium values of species concentration and temperature
o o
m
0',----------------, "',--------------
z= 210·0 MM Z= 170.0 MM
KEY:
EXPERIMENT 0 -
EOUIL IBRIUMO--
EOulL IBRIUMA-
WITH B-PoF
o
m
0
0 0 0
u U
.
o
o
Q- I ·00 -0.5C1 0.00 0.50 -0.50 c .oo 0·50

Y/R TlR
o o
:,---
I '-------, :,--------------,
Z= 90.0 MM
Z=13o.oMM
....
o
t'O1.\
0:
u
fif iI 0
'b--" /
~o--"
of \ -."
: \
I \ / - .•
a ,0...... . /
g /. I~"/ _,..,..",,0.... .......\
o
0.1
I e ~ /
\ ' . , ...... __
°·1.:0 -0·50 0.00 0.50 I.O,;P·!.OD -0.5:: 0.00 0.50 1.00

o Y/R o Y/R
o o
:;:,----+----------, : ; : . , . - - - - - - - - - - - ,
Z= 50.0 M~ Z= 20.0 MM
o I'-}\ o
o /,. ..... \
o
'i \\\0
J.
'[ 1 o
o
o I. \ o
o
0-
u
III' \I ,.--'"
/.'--'0.
0-
u
'"
'I
1
I
I /i.1/ o
o
o 1 I o
'" r \ /f e
m
// "P /
g ~ ~P'
0.50
FIGURE 8 Profiles of CO with inlet air temperature of 313 K: measured and calculated values.
as a function of mixture fraction which are also needed in the analysis were obtained
with the aid of a computer programme based on that of Gordon and McBride (1971)
involving minimisation of the free energy.
A comparison of the "predictions" with experiment in various locations in the
combustor will indicate the validity of the chemical equilibrium model. If good agree-
ment were to be obtained this would suggest that the prediction of combustion in a
combustion chamber is largely a problem of hydrodynamics. Otherwise the reaction
mechanism would have to be treated in more detail than the present techniques permit.
Figure 8 shows CO profiles at several stations along the combustor operated with an
air inlet temperature of 313 K. Three curves are compared; experiment, equilibrium
where the effect of fluctuations is neglected [i.e. in this instance Eq. (I) is simplified to
.p~=4>ae(t)l and equilibrium with ,B-p.d.f., given by Eq. (I). A uniform level of scalar
fluctuation intensity was arbitrarily assumed throughout the combustor with (]"2)1/2=
0.3]to determine the precise form of the ,B-function. No particular significance should
be attached to the precise value of 0.3 used, though on the basis of existing fluctuating
temperature measurements in flames it is representative of values which are likely to
arise.
It is seen that in the fuel lean regions z;;, 90 mm the calculated values under-predict
the experimental values and upstream of z=90 mm they over-predict the experimental
values. The discrepancy is reduced in all regions with the inclusion of the effect of
fluctuations by means of the ,B-p.dJ. As expected the effect of fluctuations was more
prominent in regions where the mixture fraction was close to stoichiometric. Good
agreement was obtained for O 2 downstream of the dilution jets (z > 130 mm) as shown
in Figure 9 but in the primary zone and in the head of the combustor (z ~ 90 mm) a
large discrepancy was found. Similarly, for CO 2, shown in Figure 10, the calculated
values were close to experiment in the exit (i.e. z=210 mm) and the Z= 170 mm
stations with the largest discrepancy occurring in the middle of the primary zone at
z=90mm.
It is observed that at z=90 mm station located midway between the secondary and
dilution jets the measured levels of 02 and CO greatly exceed the calculated levels
whereas the opposite is true for C02. This relationship is observed, albeit less promi-
nently, at all stations downstream and suggests that the CO to CO 2 reaction is affected
by finite rate chemical kinetics. Quenching near the walls was generally evident but it
was most noticeable in the z=50 mm station (in the plane of the secondary jets) where
the measured levels of CO and CO 2 are found to be much lower than the calculated.
The chemical kinetic limitations in the fuel breakdown reactions to CO, H2 etc. are
shown in Figure II by the large discrepancy between the equilibrium and the measured
values. In general, the chemical equilibrium assumption leads to trace levels of
UHC for mixtures with an equivalence ratio less that 1.5. Similar results were obtained
with the high inlet temperature but the discrepancies noted above which suggest
quenching and finite chemical kinetic rate effects were reduced.
Temperature profiles are shown in Figure 12 where, in addition to the calculated
equilibrium (with and without mixture fraction fluctuations) and measured tempera-
tures an enthalpy balance temperature assuming negligible fluctuations is also plotted.
If, as is reasonable in the present configuration, the heat loss by radiation is neglected,
then the local density weighted mean temperature can be related to the local gas
composition by means of an enthalpy balance. It is given by:
'---
,.... "/
1~= /lill-~La.~lfCl-""
"C - -T-
}1:x C a
~ CPa c.
o o
o o
~,-::r---r-._-----------, :;:~-----------------,
I= 2!0.0 MM I= 170.0 MM
KEY :
o EXPERIMENT 0 - o
o o
~
EOUIL IBRluM 0-- ~
EOUIL IBRIUM {>_ .•
WITH B-PDF
o o
o o
o .O~ 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50

Y/R Y/R
I= 130.0 MM t. 90. D MM
o o
o o
~
"' ..oD
'"
o o
c o
·0.50 0.00 0.50

o Y/R
o
:::,--------------~
z= 20.0 MM
c
o
,.,
'.0-.... .--...---.
)'1 '0-_ ......-._'"
0., .DC -0.50 0.00 0.50 -0.50 0·03 0·50 1·00
Y/R Y/R
r
FIGURE 9 Profiles of 02 with inlet air temperature of 313 K: measured and calulated values.
27iJ W. P. JONES AND H. TORAL
o
o o
:,------------- ~~,.----------------,
l = 210.0 MM Z= 170.0 MM
KEY :
EXPERIMENT 0 - o
o o
o
EQUILIBRIUM 0--
o~ EQU!L IBR!UM 6--
OJ WITH B-POF
'0
E"o o
o
",.
o~
'"
0 ".
u u
o o
o o
o 0
oO.+,-..,..OO,--...."..-:::-----::r:::-----='r:::----:',.000
o+.,..,..--c-::-::---:,,-:::---=-,---;.J
_, .00 0.50 , .00
-0.50 0.00 0.50 -0-50 0.00 •
o
o
Y/R 0
0
Y/R
~ ~:,.----------------...,
Z=130.0MM Z= 90.0 MM
o o
o o
N
~
~"', o
o
I~
'"
0"
.
o
-- .. -._-
''''''-.' §--=.;..-
,I
e---e-/ ... \
\ .,
N-
o"
o
u
,if
,
,
1
\
U
o o
o I I o
~ "
-0.50 0.00
0+--:=---"'1:"":-:--7':;;;--'"7-;;;---;'
1.00°-1.00 0.00 0.50 1.00
'0.50
o
o
Y/R 0
Y/R
0
~.,--------------,
Z= 50.0 MM " l= 20.0 MM
o
o
~ ..
c
o
o
o
'"
0"
u
-
0.00 0.50 0_00 0.50

Y/R Y/R
FIGURE 10 Profiles of CO, with inlet air temperature of 313 K: measured and calculated values.
MEASURMENTS IN A TURBINE COMBUSTOR 271
~ ~
o'-----~-------------, -,-----------
l: 210.0 MM l:PO.OMM
KEY:
\
EXPERIMENT 0 - o
~
EOuIlIBRIUMO--
o
EOltILIBRIUMl.-·
WITH B-POF
o e
~
u·
IO
::> \ o
o
o
v \
\. "'--0/
0
-0·50 0.00 0·50 -0.50 0.00 0·50

Y/R Y/R
o o
~
I
0,----+ -------------, ~-.-------------,
l: 130.0 MM l: 90.0 MM
o
'"
u .
::>
o
~
n 0
0-l-+-+-_+--+--+--+- -e--+c:-::-----,j
o_+l----e--e..,.~O---<I>-..,-o--~>-::-:---:11
o
0.00 0.50 . a0°_ I .J 0 -0.50 o.co 0.50 I .00
Y/R o Y/R
o o
o I
~
I l: 50.0 MM l: 20. a MM
(\
o
0
o
0
o o
o
~ .
o u·
::::~
I
::> o-:::i ::>
0
••
o
o
o
o
°-
j \
1 . 00
_.~ I
-0.50
I
0,-<:/
0.00
Y/R
0.50
o
o
o
o
1.00°-1.00
I,,\/"
,.....0 Ii ,.
-0.50 0.00
Y/R
/
.
0.50
•
0
1.00
FIGURE I I Profiles of UHC with inlet air temperature of 313 K: measured and calculated
values.
z=
KEY:
210.0 MM
"
~~f=
,
170.0 MM
/
o o
o
o
....
EXPER I MENT 0 -
EOUILIBRIUMO--
o
o
N
n
EOUILIBRIUM6-·
WITH B-PoF ,.
.. ..
~
0 0 ENTHRLPY 0 .... 0 0 ,:
-0
o BRLRNCE
-0
o
I i
~ ~
8=' ./
u
• »:
f
o
o
+---~----.-----.-------1
~-l .00 -0.50 0.00 0.50 1 .OO~.1 .00 -0.50 0.00 0.50 1·00
o Y/R o Y/R
o o
~,--------------, ~,-----------------
1I~-'"
Z = 13o.0J MM __ .... Z= 90.0 MM
o o
~
o o f/ \\
/~Y
o 1 ~ o
~
I", ,=--~ ~
I,I.r·.. _.
~~.
. ,»
(:~ !I!
:
f".
u u
~o
o / ;' ~o
o
;,
o
~
II o
~
I'
'i
-0.50 0.00 0.50 I .oo~-) .00 -0.50 0.00 0.50
• Y IR o Y/R
o o
~:,--=----=--------, ~:,--------------
50.0 MM Z= 20.0 MM
o o
r"'~
r.> o
o o
~ ~
:/'
9. 1
-
00
0
.'1'
f \ ,../
It.
.0 o
f
, /~ \ ~' //,'
.
u
.
u .,/ \'~\/ f
o o e/' ..\~/ 0
,,
~o ~o
o o I :•
~ ~
,I
•
-0.50 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.50
Y/R Y/R
FIGURE 12 Profiles of temperature: measured and calculated values.

0 o
o
':
0
+~,1
0
0
0
.
0
0
0;-
·0
00
0
.0
e
00
o
0 60 o
N
-..- N
-..-
>- >-
·0 ·0
0 o
>-'
>-0
~ ~ 0
W- w-
0
0
0
~
'"
':
'"
~
.
0
0
'0
o
o '"
': 0
0
"
,,-+----~-+----~---~----
,:'.00 1'.50 3'.00 ('.50
,
6. DC
I ~
'0.00 1.50 3.00 4.S0 6.00

EOUIV~LENCE R~TIO EQUIVRLENCE RRTIO
"o '"
':
0
o
'"
o o
o o
000000000 0 0 0 0 0
00 I
.... .~ ..
... ........
00
00
o 00
'"
o o e
e
~I
N
-..-
>-
N
-..-
>-
OC!l ..........
~ o .'
·0
~~
W-
o
.
·0
0
>-'
w-
0
~
.
0
•
0.'
~.
e
0
'"
o • ~
o 0
.
o 0
0
'0
• 0
o cr 0 ...... 0
o ': 0
o °00
~+--e-=,,-~-+---~---~------j '"
'?Df.-O-O---~-----'-----'---""'"6 . 00
'0.00 e 6.00 1.50 3.00 4.50
EQUIVRLENCE RRTIO
where D.hfa= standard heat of formation

CP a = average specific heat of species
Ca = measured species mole fraction
111,,= enthalpy of local mixture r - __
As no fluctuating quantities were measured the (potentially large) correlation c" aT"
was ignored and the plotted enthalpy balance temperatures shown in Figure 12
represen t :
,.-. .......
_ «; t:
~ CPa
Th = T+ ---::--
~ CPa c,
Since the experimental values measured by the fine wire thermocouple are closer to
unweighted averages the discrepancy between Ts and measurement is thought to
arise from the correlations ?f" and pT' (Toral and Whitelaw, 1981). This discrep-
ancy is seen to be largest at the z = 90 mm station, gradually diminishing with down-
stream distance. The p.d.f. approach previously described was used to investigate the
behaviour and possible magnitude of the correlations ?T' and pT' and the results are
shown in Figure 13 for scalar variance levels between I and 20 percent of the maximum
possible value. As can be observed the results are consistent with and support the
explanation given for the occurrence of the discrepancies between the various tempera-
tures above. The equilibrium temperature was also found to show better agreement
downstream of the dilution jets.
CONCLUSIONS
The influence of air inlet temperature on the characteristics of a model gas turbine
combustion chamber operating at atmospheric pressure and at simulated high power
operating conditions has been examined. Measurements within the combustor of the
major species and temperature at inlet temperatures of 313 K and 523 K indicate that
in general chemical equilibrium does not prevail. However in the downstream region
of the combustor from the second row of dilution holes through the nozzle to the exit
plane the concentrations of CO 2 and O 2 and temperature are in close agreement with
the calculated chemical equilibrium values. In contrast the measured levels ofUHC are
everywhere substantially greater than their equilibrium concentrations. In the primary
zone of the combustion chamber where UHC concentrations are typically of the order
5 to 6 percent and change only marginally with inlet temperature it seems likely the
fuel breakdown reactions are physically rather than kinetically limited and it is
possible that they could be described via a laminar f1amelet model such as that out-
lined by Liew, et at. (1981) or Peters (1982). The CO concentrations in the primary
zone are less than the calculated equilibrium values but this is at least in part
associated with the high UHC concentrations and it is possible that the CO formation
could be described by a suitable partial equilibrium assumption. Tn the downstream
region of the combustor, from dilution holes to nozzle exit plane the CO and UHC
burnup rates are both chemical kinetic rate limited. This is not an unexpected result
and is in agreement with previous results. It is shown very clearly by the reduction in
emission levels of U HC by a factor of around fifty and of CO by a factor of about two
with increase in inlet temperature from 313 to 523 K. It should be noted however that
MEASURMENTS IN A TURBINE COMBUSTOR 275
this latter feature is more characteristic of combustor operation at idle rather than the
full power conditions which are here only simulated. At full power the combustor
operating pressure would be typically twenty to twenty-five atmospheres. At these
pressures reaction rates are correspondingly faster with the consequence that the
kinetic limited ([;0 and U He burnup rates may hot then be observed.
The temperatures measured by thermocouple have also been compared with those
calculated from' an adiabatic enthalpy balance and the local mean values of species
concentrations. I The comparison shows these two temperatures not to be in agreement
over a substandal part of the combustor and it is only in the nozzle and exit plane that
the two temperatures concur. This discrepancy is attributed to the neglect of turbulent
fluctuations in Ihe energy balance and more particularly the correlations and0"
p'T", An attembt to account for fluctuations via an assumed p.d.f. in evaluating the
energy balance temperature shows a substantial reduction in the discrepancy between

it and the temperature measured by thermocouple to be possible.
I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The work reported in this paper was sponsored by Rolls-Royce Ltd and one of the authors (HT)
gratefully acknowledges their support. The authors also wish to thank Mr. H. Avis for his invaluable
assistance in the construction and maintenance of the experimental facility.
REFERENCES
Allen, J. D. (I 975)! Probe sampling of oxides of nitrogen from flames, Combustion and Flame 24, 133.
Attya, A. M. (1980). Temperature and species concentration measurements in unconfined kerosene
spray flames'IIITIPerial College, Dept. of Mech. Eng. Report FSj80j15.
Bradley, D., and Mathews, K. J. (t968). Measurements of high temperature with a fine wire
thermocouple, Journal Mechanical Engineering Science 10, 299.
EI Banhawy, Y., a'nd Whitelaw, J. H. (1981). Experimental study of the interaction between a fuel
spray and su~rounding combustion air, Combustion and Flame 42, 253.
Gordon, S., and McBride, B. J. (1971). Combuter programme for calculation of complex chemical
equilibrium compositions, NASA SP-273.
Jones, W. P. Clifford, W. C.; Priddin, C. H., and De Chair, R. (1977). A comparison between
predicted and measured species concentrations and velocities in a research combustor. Proc.
AGARD 50th Meeting, Turkey.
Jones, W. P., and McGuirk, J. J. (1979). Mathematical modelling of gas turbine combustion
chambers combustor modelling. AGARD-CP-275.
Jones, W. P., and Whitelaw, J. H. (1982). Calculation methods for reacting turbulent flow, a
review. Com?llstiol1 and Flame, 48, 1.
Kyukuo, D., Sawada, T .. and Nistu, A. (1980). Pollutant emission levels during transient operations
of a small gaS turbine, Combustion Science and Technology 24, 43.
Liew, S. K., Bray,1K. N. C.; and Moss, J. B. (1981). A flamelet model of turbulent non-premixes
combustion. Combustion Science and Technology 27, 69.
Nicholls, J. A., Kauffman, C. W., Pelaccio, D. G., Glass, D. R., and Driscoll, J. F. (1980). The
effect of fuel sprays on emissions from a research gas turbine combustor, Combustion Science
and TeChIlOIOj'Y 23, 203.
Peters, N. (1983). Local quenching due to flame stretch and non-premixed turbulent combustion,
Combustion Science and Technology, 30, I.
Spadacini, L. J., Owen, F. K., and Bowman, C. T. (1976). Influence of aerodynamic phenomena
on pollutant formation in combustion. U.S. E.P.A. Rep. EPA-600 12-76-247a.
Toral, H., and Whitelaw, J. H. (1981). Velocity and scalar characteristics of the isothermal and
combustion flows in a combustor sector rig, Combustion and Flame 45, 25 t.
Tuttle, J. H., Allenkirch, R. A., and Mellor, A. M. (1973). Emissions from and within an Allison
J-33 combustor-i-ll : The cfTect of inlet temperature. Combustion Science and Technology 7, 125.
Vranos, A., and Toback, E. F. (1976). Combustion product distributions in the primary zone of a
gas turbine combustor, Combustion and Flame, 46, 129.

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This article was downloaded by: [Michigan State University]

On: 20 January 2015, At: 23:32

Combustion Science and Technology

Temperature and Composition Measurements in a

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102208308923645

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Temperatu~e and Composition Measurements in a Research

(Received May 10, 1982; infinal form November 10,1982)

in a model can-type combustion chamber intended to be representative of aircraft gas

COMBUSTION CHAMBER CONFIGURATION AND TEST CONDITIONS

The model can-type combustor is manufactured from "Transply" [. Essentially it

FIGURE I Layout of experimental facility.

tRolls-Royce Ltd, copyright for a laminated porous sheet material.

FIGURE 2 Model gas turbine combustion chamber.

0.0,85 1.63 52.1 313

A water-cooled stainless-steel probe of 5 mm outer diameter with an inner sampling

C02 /tOLE '10

FIGWRE 5 Exit plane contours for inlet air temperature of 523 K.

thermocouples of similar construction by measuring the electrical power supplied to

Preheat Pattern Elco EluHc Efficiency

The peak concentration of CO 2 (~6.5 percent) and maximum temperature (~1450°C)

(9) EouIV~LENCE R~TIO

FIGURE 6 Axial pia ne contours for inlet air t emperature of 313 K.

(9) EQulVRLENCE RRTIO

X Y CO CO. O. C3H, H. NO, Equivalence Temperature

15.0 5.0 0.13 2.04 17.20 0.01 0 7.4 0.176 746.0

the influence of increase in inlet temperature, as expected, very clearly demonstrates

Y Z ICO CO 2 02 C3H, H, NO, Equivalence Temperature

69.0 30.0 0~30 0.16 19.75 1.83 0.33 0 0.488 97.0

Continued Oil next page

y Z CO CO, 0, C3H. H, NO x Equivalence Temperature

Y Z CO CO, 0, C3H. H, NOx Equivalence Temperature

69.0 210.0 0.19 3.32 14.69 0.01 0 12.0 0.288 1037.0

Continued all next page

59.0 150.0 10.31 4.15 12.67 0.01 0 0 0.375 775.0

54.0 170.0 0.25 6.67 8.51 0.00 0 28.0 0.579 1497.0

One commonly adopted theoretical approach to modelling reaction flows involves

</>'(f) P(!) df and

Q- I ·00 -0.5C1 0.00 0.50 -0.50 c .oo 0·50

°·1.:0 -0·50 0.00 0.50 I.O,;P·!.OD -0.5:: 0.00 0.50 1.00

o .O~ 0.50 -0.50 0.00 0.50

·0.50 0.00 0.50

0.00 0.50 0_00 0.50

-0·50 0.00 0·50 -0.50 0.00 0·50

FIGURE 12 Profiles of temperature: measured and calculated values.

'0.00 1.50 3.00 4.S0 6.00

where D.hfa= standard heat of formation

energy balance temperature shows a substantial reduction in the discrepancy between

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