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Basic Assumptions
Permissible Stresses in Concrete and Steel
Analytical Aspects of Design of Reinforcement Concrete Beams
Types of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Sections
Types of Problems in Singly Reinforced Rectangular Sections
Summary
Answers to SAQs
8.1 INTRODUCTION
R.C. structures or their elements.may be designed by any of the three methods :
(i) Limit State Method
(ii) Working Stress Method, and
Objectives
Through this unit a student will be able to learn the following :
o Basics of Woking Stress Method of Design
o Permissible Stresses in Concrete and Reinforcement used in design, and
0 Analytical Aspect of Design of a structure and its elements under design
loads
Working Stress Method SAQ 1
(i) Explain various methods of designing a R.C structure.
(ii) Define
(a) Working Stress Method
(b) Factor.of Safety
(c) Permissile Stress
280
(iv) The modular ratio, "' = -
36cbc
Assuntions (i), Qii)and (iii) need no explanation as assumptions (i) and (iii) have been
explained in Limit State Method and assunption (ii) is self explanatory. According to
assumption (v), for example, for M 15 concrete the modular ratio,
E
As per Strength of Materials, generally, modular ratio, '$ . From code, modulus of
C
E 2x20~
Ec = 57% = 5709fi
= 227076 MPa and accordingly, m =
= 22076 -- 9.06
C
This discrepancy is due to the fact that the value calculated as per assumption takes into
account the long~termeffects such as creep. The creep or any long-term effect goes on
continuously deforming the elements during the whole life time of a R.C. structure and,
in effect, lowers the modulus of elasticity of concrete. Thus actual smaller value of Ec
results in higher modular ratio, m.
Introduction to Working
Stress: Method and
Flexural klechanics of
Singly Reinforced
Rectangular Section
GRADE OF CONCRETE
pressive resistance
of the concrete is
taken into accounl
Note : (i) 0.2%proof strers may be used for yield stress us)
for those steel for
which there is no clearly defined yield point, and
(ii) When mild steel conforming to Grade I1 of IS 432 : (Part I) - 1966 is
used, the permissible stresses shall be 90% of the permissible streses
of Grade of IS : 432 (Part) - 1966, but if the area of reinforcement
have already been designed and detai1,ed as per Grade of IS : 432
(Part I) - 1966 steel, the area of reinforcement shall be increased by
10% of that required for Grade I steel.
Working Stress Method
8.4 ANALYTICAL ASPECT OF DESIGN OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
Bending moment causes internal strains and stresses perpendicualr to the cross-sections of
a beam (Figure S.l(a)).
or
280
or fst = M awhere m=-
30cbc
(Basic Assumption iv)
SAQ 3
Derive from the basic principles the Moment of Resistance, MR.of a
singly reinforced concrete section.
SAQ 4
I (i) How many types of singly reinforced sections can be had based on
percentage of rei~forcementprovided?
(ii) Define and explain Balanced Section
I
(iii) Explain the meaning of a Under-Reinforced Section,
280 280
H~~~ m = = - " l9 and
kc,, 3x5
or x2 + 198.97 X- 110427.24 Introduction to Working
Stress Method and
Or x = 247.4 Flexural Mechanics of
Singly Reinforced
The value of x, is next determined to compare it with x and to know the type of Rectangular Section
the section.
or x2 + 159.lx - 89930.67= 0
or x = 230.68
The maximum stress in concrete and steel may now be evaluated as mder :
Figure 8.6 :Showing Cross-Section and the Stress Diagram for Balanced Section
As M, and As, are to determined for balanced section, the value of k , is first
determined Figure 8.6.
280 280 - 19 Introduction to Working
where m=--3 x 0 , ~_--
~3 x 5 Stress Method and
FlexuraY Mechanics of
Singly Reinforced
Rectangular Section
Example 8.4
Design for flexure only a R.C. beam of 5m clear span supported on two walls of
300 thickness and carrying a super-imposed load of 20 kN/m. Use M 15 concrete
and Fe 415 steel.
Solution
Design coefficients
1
RB = tITckkB js = - x 5 x 0.292 x 0.903 = 066
2
Depth (D)
(9 Thumb Rule
d4 [ef
K~ K~K2K3
K, = 20 for simply supported beam
and correspondingly K, = 1.4
K2 3 K3= 1
Substituting thesc values in the above equation
Taki'mg D = 450 a n d d = 4 1 5
and taking b ( between 013 to 2D/3) = 225
l,,is lesser of
(i) C/Cdistance between supports
A 8,
O.lX35OX775
0.1 % of total Cross Sectional Area of concrete = = 27 1.25-2
100
4-# 10
8.7 SUMMARY
Basic principles involved in the analysis and design for flexure by Working Stress Method
have been explained. Assumptions made to simplify the analysis & design have been
enunciated and discussed. Flexure Mechanics of R.C. Sections have been explained through
derivation of basic equations and parameters of simple singly reinforced sections from the
given data. Examples have been solved to illustrate the above mentioned facts.
SAQ 1
(i) Refer text 8.1
(ii) Refer text 8.1
SAQ 2
(i) Refer text 8.2
(ii) Refer text 8.2
SAQ 3
Refer text 8.4
SAQ 4
(i) Rdfer text 8.5
(ii) Refer text 8.5
(iii) Refer text 8.5
(iv) Refer text 8.5
SAQ 5 Introduction to Working
Stress Method and
(i) 90.27 k ~ m Flexural Mechanics of
Singly Reinforced
(ii) JI., = 3.95 N/mm2 andLl = 93.45 Nlrnrn2 Rectangular Section
(iii) h l , = 65.54 k N m , pl% = 0.71
(IV) Provide h x d = 400 x 760 reinforced with 4 # 16 (A,, = 804 rnrn2 > reqd.
622.63 mm2) and side face reinforcement of 4 # 10.
21
CHAPTER 4
LIMIT STATES OF COLLAPSE OF SINGLE REINFORCED MEMBERS IN BENDING
Sr. Types of
Data Given Data Determine
No. Problems
X u X u max
If = ⇒ Balanced
d d
X u X u max
If ˂ ⇒ Under Reinforced
d d
X u X u max
Grade of If ˃ ⇒ Over Reinforced
Identify the d d
type of Concrete &
section, Steel, Size of X u 0.87 f y . Ast
1.
balance, under beam & =
reinforced or d 0.36b.df ck
Reinforcement
einforcement
over provided
reinforced X u max
ƒy
d
250 0.53
415 0.48
500 0.46
23
xu xu ,max
= , balanced
d d
1) If
xu ,max x
M .R = M u = 0.36. (1 − 0.42 u ,max )b.d 2 . f ck
d d
Grade of
Concrete & X u X u max
Calculate 2) If ˂ Under Reinforced
Moment of Steel, Size of d d
2 Resistance beam &
Reinforcement M.R=Mu =
Provided Ast . f y xu
0.87 f y . Ast .d (1 − )or M .R = 0.87 f y . Ast .d (1 − 0.42 )
b.d . f ck d
3) If
X u X u max
˃ ⇒ over reinforced, Revise the depth
d d
Grade of
Concrete & We have to design the beam as a ‘Balanced Design’.
Where
d = effective depth of beam in mm.
b = width of beam in mm
xu = depth of actual neutral axis im mm from extreme compression fibre.
xu, max = depth of critical neutral axis in mm from extreme compression fibre.
Ast = area of tensile reinforcement
ƒck = characteristic strength of concrete in MPa.
ƒy = characteristic strength of steel in MPa.
Mu, lim = Limiting Moment of Resistance of a section without compression reinforcement
24
The lever arm for the additional moment of resistance is equal to the distance between the centroids of tension
and compression reinforcement, (d – d’).
Mu2 = 0.87 ƒy.Ast2(d – d’) =Asc.(ƒsc – ƒcc)(d – d’)
Where : Ast2 = Area of additional tensile reinforcement
Asc = Area of compression reinforcement
ƒsc = Stress in compression reinforcement
ƒcc = Compressive stress in concrete at the level of compression reinforcement
Since the additiona reinforcement is balanced by the additional compressive force.
Asc.(ƒsc – ƒcc) =0.87 ƒy.Ast2
EXAMPLE 4.1
Calculate the area of steel of grade Fe 415 required for section of 250mm wide and overall depth 500mm with
effective cover 40mm in M20, if the limit state of moment be carried by the section is
a) 100 KN b) 146 KN c) 200KN
SOLUTION:
X u max
For ƒy =415N/mm2, = 0.48
d
xu , max xu , max
M u ,lim = 0.36. (1 − 0.42 )b.d 2 . f ck
d d
= 0.36 X .48(1-0.42 X 0.48) X 250 X 4602 X 20
= 146 X 106N.mm
Ast . f y
Area of steel required is obtained from , Mu = 0.87 f y . Ast .d (1 − )
b.d . f ck
A st X 415
100 X 106 = 0.87 X 415 X Ast X460 (1- )
250 X 460 X 20
xu = xu,max
Reinforcement is to be provided in the compression zone also along with the reinforcement in tension zone.
Mu=Mu,lim=ƒsc.Asc(d – d’)
26
ƒsc=360.8N/mm2
Asc= 356mm2
A st X 415
146 X 106 = 0.87 X 460 X 415Ast1(1 - )
250 X 460 X 20
Ast1 = 1094mm2
EXAMPLE: 4.2
Design a rectangular beam which carries a maximum limiting bending moment of 65 KN.m. Use M20 and Fe
415 as reinforcement.
Mu = Mu,lim
xu , max xu , max
M u ,lim = 0.36. (1 − 0.42 )b.d 2 . f ck
d d
Mu,lim = 0.36 X 0.48 X 20(1-0.42 X 0.48) bd2
= 2.759b d2
65 X 10 6
d = = 307mm
2.759 X 250
Area of reinforcement
EXAMPLE: 4.3
Find out the factored moment of resistance of a beam section 300mm wide X 450mm effective depth
reinforced with 2 X 20mm diameter bars as compression reinforcement at an effective cover of 50mm and 4 X
25mm diameter bars as tension reinforcement. The materials are M20 grade concrete and Fe 415 HYSD bars.
Solution:
Given;
Width= b =300mm
d 50
= = 0.11 , next higher value 0.15 may be adopted.
d ' 450
xu = 228.85mm
The moment of resistance can be found out by takin moments of compressive forces about centroid of
tensile reinforcement.
Putting xu = 216mm
Mu = 253.54 KN.m
28
A ‘T’ beam or ‘L’ beam can be considered as a rectangular beam with dimensions bw. D plus a flange
of size (bf - bw) X Df . It is shown in the figure beam (a) is equivalent to beam (b) + beam (c).
The flanged beam analysis and design are analogous to doubly reinforced rectangular beam. In doubly
reinforced beams additional compressive is provided by adding reinforcement in compression zone, whereas in
flanged beams, this is provided by the slab concrete, where the spanning of the slab is perpendicular to that of
beam and slab is in compression zone.
If the spanning of the slab is parallel to that of the beam, some portion of slab can be made to span in
the direction perpendicular to that of the beam by adding some reinforcement in the slab.
The moment of resistance of a T beam is sum of the moment of resistance of beam (a) is the sum
moment of resistance of beam (b) and moment of resistance of beam (c)