CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Language is a tool for human to communicate and relate to many people. Language is a
blessing from the Almighty God for human. Human uses language every time in their life.
We can not express what we want to share, if we don not use language in our life. It is the
reason why language is very important for human. Language is expressed in a word and
arranged in sentence. These sentences have specific meaning which is a purpose from the
speaker. Communication word has explicit and implicit meaning.

The word pragmatics derives via Latin pragmaticus from the Greek πραγματικός
(pragmatikos), meaning amongst others "fit for action", which comes from πρᾶγμα
(pragma), "deed, act",(πράγμα/pragma in modern Greek: an object,a thing that can be
perceived by the senses) and that from πράσσω (prassō/πραττω/pratto in modern Greek),"to
do, to act, to pass over, to practise, to achieve".Pragmatics is the study of how context
affects meaning. There are two types of context: physical context (such as where a sign is
located) and linguistic context (such as preceding sentences in a passage).

Formulation of the Problems

1. What is the understanding of Pragmatic?
2. what are the aspects of linguistic pragmatics?

Purpose of Writing
1. Knowing the understanding of Pragmatic.
2. Knowing and understanding aspects of linguistic Pragmatics.

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1 Definition of Pragmatic

The word pragmatics derives via Latin pragmaticus from the Greek πραγματικός
(pragmatikos), meaning amongst others "fit for action", which comes from πρᾶγμα
(pragma), "deed, act",(πράγμα/pragma in modern Greek: an object,a thing that can be
perceived by the senses) and that from πράσσω (prassō/πραττω/pratto in modern Greek),"to
do, to act, to pass over, to practise, to achieve". Pragmatics is the study of how context
affects meaning. There are two types of context: physical context (such as where a sign is
located) and linguistic context (such as preceding sentences in a passage).

2.2 Aspects of Pragmatic Linguistics

2.2.1 Deixis

This aspect of pragmatics is called deixis (from the Greek adjective deiktikos,
meaning 'pointing, indicating'). We could also say that deixis is the process of 'pointing' via
language. The linguistic forms we use to accomplish this 'pointing' is called deictic
expression.Deixis means 'pointing'. Sometimes, in discourse, you may 'point' to a person,
time or place. Context is always necessary to understand deixis.

Consider this example:

"He saw a dog here last night".

2.2.1.1 There are three types of deixis :

A. Person Deixis

Person deixis is deictic reference to the participant role of a referent, such as the
speakerthe addressee, andreferents which are neither speaker nor addressee.

" He refers to a person, understood by the listener in context ".

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B. Spatial Deixis

Spatial deixis (place deixis) concerns itself with the spatial locations relevant to an
utterance. Similarly to person deixis, the locations may be either those of the speaker and
addressee or those of persons or objects being referred to. The most salient English
examples are the adverbs "here" and "there" and the demonstratives "this" and "that"—
although those are far from being the only deictic words.

"Here refers to a place, understood by the listener in context".

C. Temporal Deixis

Temporal deixis (time deixis) concerns itself with the various times involved in and
referred to in an utterance. This includes time adverbs like "now", "then", "soon", and so
forth, and also different tenses.

" Last night refers to the night before the utterance of the sentence, which also depends on
context".

2.2.2 Reference

Reference, as the act of the speaker/writer using a linguistic form to enable a

listener/reader to identify something, depends on the speaker's intentions (e.g. to refer to
sth.) and on the speaker's beliefs (e.g. so the listener can identify the speaker's intention).
Reference means, as we have seen in the last chapter, to refer to something in the real
world. The problem is that, constant reference aside, context is usually needed to determine
the reference, and this is where pragmatics comes in.

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2.2.2.1 There are several topics involved in reference:

A. Inference

Sometimes, inference is needed to identify what a speaker is referring to.

For example, " when we hear I played some Chopin on the piano ". we can infer that
'some Chopin' refers to piano works by Frederic Chopin.

B. Anaphora

Anaphora (/əˈnæfərə/) is the use of an expression whose interpretation depends upon

another expression in context (its antecedent or postcedent). In a second, narrower sense,
the term anaphora denotes the act of referring backwards in a dialog or text, such as
referring to the left when an anaphor points to its left toward its antecedent in languages
that are written from left to right.

For example, " The music stopped, and that upset everyone".

The demonstrative pronoun that is an anaphor; it points to the left toward its antecedent The
music stopped.

2.2.3 Presupposition

A presupposition is background belief, relating to an utterance, that must be mutually

known or assumed by the speaker and addressee for the utterance to be considered
appropriate in context. In the branch of linguistics known as pragmatics, a presupposition
(or PSP) is an implicit assumption about the world or background belief relating to an
utterance whose truth is taken for granted in discourse.

Examples of presuppositions include:

1. Jane no longer writes fiction.

Presupposition: Jane once wrote fiction.

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2. You stopped eating meat?

Presupposition: you had once eaten meat.

2.2.4 An Implicature

An Implicature is something the speaker suggests or implies with an utterance, even

though it is not literally expressed. Implicatures can aid in communicating more efficiently
than by explicitly saying everything we want to communicate.

2.2.4.1 There are two main types of implicatureː

A. Conventional implicature

Cimplicature is an implicature that is part of a lexical item’s or expression’s agreed

meaning, rather than derived from principles of language use, and not part of the conditions
for the truth of the item or expression. When a phrase implies something in any context.

For example, 'He is sometimes nasty' implies that "he isn't always nasty ".

B.Conversational implicature

In pragmatics, conversational implicature is an indirect or implicit speech act: what is

meant by a speaker's utterance that is not part of what is explicitly said. When the
implicature depends on the context. we will look at conversational implicature in the next
chapter.

For Example:

A: Where did I leave the keys?

B: The car's on the drive.

Speaker B flouts the maxim of relation by not providing the requested information and
instead saying something which appears to be about something else (the where- abouts of
the car). On the assumption that B continues to observe the CP, it must be assumed that she

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intends her contribution to be relevant as an answer to A's question. This allows A to infer
from B's turn that B implies that A no longer needs to look for the car keys.

2.2.5 Speech acts

According to speech act theory, the purpose of an utterance is not just to convey the
intended information. A speech act in linguistics is something expressed by an individual
that not only presents information, but performs an action as well.

2.2.5.1 There are three levels of speech acts:

A. Locutionary act

is the basic act of utterance, of producing a meaningful linguistic .

Well-formed utterances usually have a purpose. Or The act of saying an utterance.

For example, the phrase "Don't go into the water" (a locutionary act with distinct

phonetic, syntactic and semantic features) counts as warning to the listener not

to go into the water (an illocutionary act). If the listener heeds the warning the

speech-act has been successful in persuading the listener not to go into the water

(a perlocutionary act).

B. Illocutionary act

Is relating to or being the communicative effect (such as commanding or

requesting) of an utterance. An utterance is produced with some function in

mind, thus it has a so-called communicative force.For example, promising,

advising, warning, .

Thus, if a speaker asks How's that salad doing? Is it ready yet?" as a way

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 of ("politely") enquiring about the salad, his/her intent may be in fact to make

the waiter bring the salad. Thus the illocutionary force of the utterance is not

an inquiry about the progress of salad construction, but a demand that the

salad be brought.

C. Perlocutionary act

A perlocutionary act is a speech act, as viewed at the level of

its consequences, such as persuading, convincing, scaring, enlightening, inspiring,

or otherwise affecting the listener. As an example, consider the following utterance:

"By the way, I have a CD of Debussy; would you like to borrow it?"

Its illocutionary function is an offer, while its intended perlocutionary effect might

be to impress the listener, or to show a friendly attitude, or to encourage an

interest in a particular type of music.

2.2.5.2 Speech acts can be classified into two categories:

A. Direct

Direct is the syntactic structure determines the illocutioanry force.

For example, " Please turn on the lamps. is a direct speech act asking the listener

turn on the lamps, since it's an imperative sentence used as a command.

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B. Indirect

Indirect is the speech act is not associated directly with the syntactic structure.

For example, " Could you please turn on the fans? is an indirect speech act.

is an interrogative acting as a command.

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 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion

The word pragmatics derives via Latin pragmaticus from the Greek πραγματικός
(pragmatikos), meaning amongst others "fit for action", which comes from πρᾶγμα
(pragma), "deed, act",(πράγμα/pragma in modern Greek: an object,a thing that can be
perceived by the senses) and that from πράσσω (prassō/πραττω/pratto in modern Greek),"to
do, to act, to pass over, to practise, to achieve". Pragmatics is the study of how context
affects meaning. There are two types of context: physical context (such as where a sign is
located) and linguistic context (such as preceding sentences in a passage) and some Aspects
of Pragmatic Linguistics.

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 REFERENCES

http://www.ello.uos.de/field.php/Pragmatics/PragmaticsDeixis

https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Linguistics/Pragmatics

https://glossary.sil.org/term/person-deixis

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deixis

http://www.english.ugent.be/node/90

http://www.ello.uos.de/field.php/Pragmatics/PragmaticsSpeechActsandEvents

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presupposition

https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/dravling/illocutionary.html

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