130 Pure Mathematics 1 Ex 7a

10 Differentiate:
2
(a)
x + 2 sj x ’

(c )

Rates of change
7.3 The chain rule can be used to investigate related rates of change. Suppose a
spherical balloon is inflated at the rate of 2 cm 3 every second. What is the rate of
growth of the radius?
The solution of this type of problem has obvious calculus possibilities because
dy .
— is the rate of change of y with respect to x, and with the formula of the
preceding section we have a ready means of connecting rates of change of
dependent variables.
If the radius of the balloon is r, then the volume, V = f Ttr3.
dV
The fact we are given is that ——, the rate of change of the volume with respect
di
to time, t, is 2 cm 3/s, but, by the chain rule,

dV dV dr 2
and d V = 4ttr
A
di dr di dr

which leads to

dr 2
dt 4%r2

i.e. the rate of change of the radius is l/(2tir2) cm/s. Any reader will surely at
some time have blown up a balloon and noticed that the radius grows much
more quickly at the beginning than near the end — sudden though the latter
may sometimes be! The rate of change of the radius at any particular time could
be calculated when the value of r is known. In the problem chosen, the radius
after t s could be calculated from f nr3 = 21. The arithmetic is harder than the
calculus.

Example 7 A container in the shape of a right circular cone o f height 10 cm and

base radius 1 cm is catching the drips from a tap leaking at the rate o/O.l cm 3/s.
Find the rate at which the surface area of water is increasing when the water is half-
way up the cone.

Suppose the height of the water at any time is h cm, and that the radius of the
surface of water at that time is r cm (Fig. 7.3).
 Further differentiation 131
l

Figure 7.3

By similar triangles,
r_h_
I _ To
r = &h
dA
The surface area of water, A = 7ir 2 = 7th 2/10 0 and we wish to find when
h = 5. By the chain rule,
d A dA dh 2nh dh
~dT= d h X dt = m X dt
The volume of water, V = %nr2h = tth3/300, and using the chain rule again,
dF dF dh 3nh2 dh
dt dh dt 300 di
dF
But we are given that —- = 0.1,
dt

dh _ d F ^00_n, 100 10
dt dt 3tth2 nh2 nh2
From (1) and (2)
dA _ 2nh 10 1
dt 100 7ih2 5h
and, when h = 5,
dA
- 0.04
dt 25
.’. when the water is half-way up, the rate of change of the surface area is equal
to 0.04 cm 2/s.
132 Pure Mathematics 1 Ex 7b

Exercise 7b
1 The side of a cube is increasing at the rate of 6 cm/s. Find the rate of increase
of the volume when the length of a side is 9 cm.
The area of surface of a sphere is 4nr2, r being the radius. Find the rate of
change of the area in square cm per second when r = 2 cm, given that the
radius increases at the rate of 1 cm/s.
The volume of a cube is increasing at the rate of 2 cm 3/s. Find the rate of
change of the side of the base when its length is 3 cm.
The area of a circle is increasing at the rate of 3 cm 2/s. Find the rate of
change of the circumference when the radius is 2 cm.
At a given instant the radii of two concentric circles are 8 cm and 12 cm. The
radius of the outer circle increases at the rate of 1 cm/s and that of the inner
at 2 cm/s. Find the rate of change of the area enclosed between the two
circles. , ,
If y = {x2 —3x)3, find when x — 2, given —^ = 2.
di dt
A hollow right circular cone is held vertex downwards beneath a tap leaking
at the rate of 2 cm 3/s. Find the rate of rise of water level when the depth is
6 cm given that the height of the cone is 18 cm and its radius 12 cm.
An ink blot on a piece of paper spreads at the rate of j cm 2/s. Find the rate of
increase of the radius of the circular blot when the radius is j cm.
A hemispherical bowl is being filled with water at a uniform rate. When the
height of the water is h cm the volume is n{rh2 —%h3) cm3, r cm being the
radius of the hemisphere. Find the rate at which the water level is rising when
it is half way to the top, given that r = 6 and that the bowl fills in 1 min.
10 An inverted right circular cone of vertical angle 120° is collecting water from
a tap at a steady rate of 18tc cm 3/min. Find
(a) the depth of the water after 12 min,
(b) the rate of increase of the depth at this instant.
11 From the formula v = ^/(60s + 25) the velocity, v, of a body can be calculated
when its distance, s, from the origin is known. Find the acceleration when
v = 10 .
dx dy
12 If y = (x — 1/x)2, find — when x = 2, given — = 1.
di di
13 A rectangle is twice as long as it is broad. Find the rate of change of the
perimeter when the breadth of the rectangle is 1 m and its area is changing at
the rate of 18 cm 2/s, assuming the expansion uniform.
14 A horse-trough has triangular cross-section of height 25 cm and base 30 cm,
and is 2 m long. A horse is drinking steadily, and when the water level is 5 cm
below the top it is being lowered at the rate of 1 cm/min. Find the rate of
consumption in litres per minute.

Products and quotients

7.4 The reader is now able to differentiate quite elaborate functions, but no
method has been suggested for a product such as f(x) = (x + l)7(x —3)4. We