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Elasticity

Young’s Modulus
LECTURE 1

F F
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Elasticity
Young’s Modulus
LECTURE 1

F F
Elasticity
Elasticity
The property of matter by virtue of which a body tends to regain its original
shape and size after its deforming forces are removed is called Elasticity.
Elasticity is due to intermolecular forces b/w constituent particles of body.

e.g. spring, rubber band, etc…. Cushion / Rubber Body

F
Rigid Body
Rigid Body
A body in which the separation between its constituent particles does
not change
➔ It never gets Deformed.
F
➔ In nature no body is perfectly rigid.

F
RIGID

No deformation

Whenever in an elastic body any deformation takes place, i.e. Compression or expansion the
work done to deform it gets stored in it is ELASTIC Potential Energy.
Elastic & Partially Elastic Bodies
Elastic Body
It completely regains its original shape.

W.D. in Deformation = Stored as Potential Energy

Partially Elastic Body :

It doesn’t completely regains its original shape.

W.D. in Deformation = Partly Dissipated + Partly stored as Potential Energy


Inelastic or Plastic Bodies
Such bodies do not have any tendency to regain original shape.

deforms Force removed

W.D. in Deformation = Completely Dissipated during Deformation

e.g. Clay
Stress & Strain
Stress Due to a Force
Stress Due to a Force
When external forces are applied on a body, it gets deformed. Due to
deformation, the intermolecular forces inside the body may develop some
restoring forces within the body’s volume which oppose the external
deforming forces. The internal restoring forces per unit cross-sectional
area of body is called ‘Stress’.

Under equilibrium state:

DEFORMATION FORCE
STRESS =
Surface Area of Cross-Section (Normal to Force)
Types of Stress
Types of Stress
For solid bodies when stress is normal to body surface, its called normal stress & when
stress is tangential to a body surface it is called shear stress.
F
Area A
Δx
Force is Normal to
Normal Stress = F/A the surface

Area A
F
Deformation is ∠ ular
Shear Stress = F/A θ
F

fixed

Normal Stress =

Shear Stress =
F
F sinθ

θ F cosθ
Δx

fixed fixed

Normal Stress = F sinθ


A

Shear Stress = F cosθ


A
STRAIN

Longitudinal Strain Volume Strain Shear Strain


Strain
When applied forces on a body produce deformation stress is developed
inside the body. The relative change in dimensions of a body which is
subjected to stress is called “STRAIN”.
ΔD (shortened)

F F
D

Strain = ΔD / D

Longitudinal
Volume Strain Shear Strain
Strain
Change in volume
Change in length Tangential deformation
(due to pressure etc.,)
Types of Strain

Longitudinal Strain:
Longitudinal Strain =

L Can be elongation / compression

L ΔL
F
Types of Strain
Longitudinal Strain:

L ΔL
F Longitudinal Strain = ΔL/L

Can be elongation / compression


Volume - Strain: Generally used in fluids
piston

piston
ΔV

Volume Strain =
Volume - Strain: Generally used in fluids
Fluid body
piston

V
V

Pexcess
F
ΔV
piston
ΔV
Fluid
Fluid body
Volume Strain = Δv/v body
Shear Strain
Tangential Deformation in a body due to shear Strain.

fixed
Shear Strain = θ = (small angle)

x
F

h
θ

fixed
Shear Strain
Tangential Deformation in a body due to shear Strain.

fixed

x
F

h Shear Strain = θ = x/h (small angle)


θ

fixed
Relation Between Stress & Strain
Relation Between Stress & Strain
It is observed experimentally for small strain, stress is proportional to strain
in a body.
This is known as HOOKE’S LAW STRESS STRAIN
Stress

Breaking Point

E
P

HOOKE’S LAW Strain

Till P Hooke’s Law

P to E Elasticity limit (till here it tends to regain its original shape / size)
For metal string:

Stress

Breaking Point

A
E
P

Strain

From P to E for very less stress, strain will be higher.

After E : The body breaks its elasticity limit & hence permanent deformation
undergoes a lot of strain for very less strain till A.
For metal string:
Stress

Breaking Point B

C
A
E
P

Strain

After A : Keeps on elongating (on its own) without any significant increase in
stress and breaks at the breaking limit B.
Hooke’s Law
Hooke’s Law & Modulus of Elasticity

Within Hooke’s limit :


Stress Strain

Stress = E (Strain)

stress
E= = constant
strain

(Modulus of Elasticity of Material)

Modulus of Elasticity:

It is a measure of material’s elastic


properties.
E elastic material.
Types of Modulus of Elasticity

Young’s Modulus Bulk Modulus Shear Modulus

Depending on type of stress applied and resulting strain there are 3 types of elasticity
modulus.
Young’s Modulus
Young’s Modulus: For solids it is given as:
L ΔL
F

Cross sectional area = s


OR

L ΔL
F F Longitudinal Stress
Y=
Longitudinal Strain

Y=
Young’s Modulus: For solids it is given as:
L ΔL
F

Cross sectional area = s


OR

L ΔL
F F Longitudinal Stress
Y=
Longitudinal Strain

F/S
Y=
ΔL/L
Example The diameter of a brass rod is 4 mm and Young’s modulus of brass is
9 x 1010 N/m2. Find the force required to stretch it by 0.1% of its length.

A. 100 πN L
B. 180 πN F F
C. 240 πN
D. 360 πN
Solution:
Example A steel wire is suspended vertically from a rigid support. When it is
loaded by a weight in air, it is elongated by 5 mm and when the weight
is submerged in water elongation is changed to 4 mm. Find the
relative density of the material of weight w.r.t. Water?

A. 1
B. 3
C. 5
D. 7
Solution:
Example Calculate the elongation of the Copper & Aluminium wire shown in figure.
Diameters of Cu and AI wires are 1.4 mm and 1 mm respectively. Given
YCu = 11 x 1010 N/m2 and YAI = 7 x 1010 N/m2.

A. 1 mm, 0.2 mm
B. 2 mm, 0.2 mm
C. 2 mm, 0.3 mm
D. 3 mm, 0.3 mm
1m AI

M2 4 kg

0.5 m Cu

M1 7 kg
Solution:
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