2016 IEEE Electrical Power and Energy Conference (EPEC)

Optimal Harmonic Filter Topology Applied in

HV and EHV Networks Using Particle Swarm
Optimization
Reynaldo Ramos, Senior Member, IEEE, and Gregory A. Franklin, Senior Member, IEEE

Abstract – Passive shunt harmonic filter banks have proven to significant increase of un-filtered shunt capacitor banks
be an effective method for reducing harmonic distortion in HV throughout the transmission network. Compared to building
and EHV networks, while providing the necessary volt-ampere- new generation or requiring transmission upgrades, the
reactive power support and voltage support. Previous work in
application of shunt capacitor banks is an economically
this area has provided information regarding the design and
application of harmonic filters as well as discussion of the attractive solution for providing var and voltage support to the
different filter topologies that are typically employed. However, network. However, when shunt capacitor banks are added to
there is a lack of information in the area of optimal filter sizing
arduous the HV or EHV network, the response of the system to the
and topology selection when the power system is networked. In flow of harmonics is drastically altered, and new resonant
this paper, a novel approach is presented to optimally solve the frequencies are created at the point of application [1].
filter sizing and topology selection problem using the Particle
Moreover, if the harmonic currents injected by the
Swarm Optimization algorithm. The proposed approach is based
on the minimization of a multi-objective optimization function aforementioned harmonic producing loads have significant
while considering the effects of existing shunt capacitor banks components at the resonant frequency of the system, severe
and network topology changes. The effectiveness of the proposed voltage harmonic distortion levels can occur which exceed the
method is shown via a numerical example. Simulation results limits given in IEEE Std. 519-2014 [2].
demonstrate the superior performance of the C-Type harmonic The harmonic distortion produced by the aforementioned
filter bank.
non-linear loads and shunt capacitor banks is required to be
Index Terms—Harmonic filters, harmonic filter topology kept below the allowable limits set forth in [2]. A number of
(HFT), power system harmonics, particle swarm optimization alternatives are available for solving harmonic distortion
(PSO), voltage total harmonic distortion (VTHD). problems that arise from the application of HV and EHV shunt
capacitor banks. Conventional alternatives include: 1)
I. NOMENCLATURE relocating the shunt capacitor banks, which is not always
Cf1 Harmonic filter main capacitance. feasible, 2) adding reactors to capacitor banks to detune the
Cf2 Harmonic filter tuning capacitance. harmonic resonance condition, 3) changing the system
f1 Fundamental frequency. frequency response by changing capacitor bank sizes, or 4)
fh Harmonic frequencies. configure capacitor banks as harmonic filter banks; thereby,
Ih Current of hth harmonic. allowing transmission planners to locate reactive power
Lf Harmonic filter inductance. support in substations that would otherwise cause severe
Xh Filter reactor inductive reactance at hth harmonic. harmonic distortion problems. In this paper, the third and
Rd Harmonic filter damping resistance. fourth options are investigated.
Ri Harmonic filter reactor intrinsic resistance. A. Common Shunt Passive Harmonic Filter Bank Topologies
Tp Total number of filter topologies.
Numerous harmonic filter topologies are available to the
Rach Resistance at the hth harmonic.
harmonic filter designer. The most common types of passive
Rsh Series resistance of capacitor at hth harmonic.
shunt harmonic filter topologies are shown in Fig. 1. [3]-[5].
Qh Filter quality factor measured at hth harmonic.

II. INTRODUCTION

H ARMONIC filtering techniques are seeing a renewed

focus at many electric utilities due to a significant
increase of non-linear loads, power electronic switching
devices, and control equipment connected to the HV and EHV
portion of the bulk power system. These include inverter-based
solar generation, thyristor controlled static volt-ampere- (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
Fig. 1. Typical circuit topologies of passive shunt harmonic filter banks: (a)
reactive systems, arc furnaces, and solid-state power first-order high pass filter (1HP), i.e., conventional capacitor bank
electronics. configuration, (b) first-order damped high-pass filter (1DHP), (c) second-
In addition to the influx of non-linear loads, there has been a order series resonant band-pass filter or single-tuned (ST), (d) second-order

978-1-5090-1919-9/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE

 2016 IEEE Electrical Power and Energy Conference (EPEC)
damped high-pass filter (2DHP), (e) third-order damped high-pass filter
(3DHP), and (f) C-Type harmonic filter.
The descriptions of the circuit components that make up the
harmonic filters are provided in the nomenclature. Each circuit
topology shown in Fig. 1 offers its own unique solution to
mitigate harmonic distortion problems in the electric power
grid. As such, there are advantages and disadvantages
associated with each particular topology. For example, the ST
harmonic filter provides optimal performance for filtering one
harmonic; however it is susceptible to de-tuning in a
networked power system [4]. That is, a change in system
topology (e.g., transmission line outage) can potentially de-
tune the ST filter. In addition, because of the existence of
harmonic currents and voltages on the networked system,
multiple ST filters are required, which is costly. On the other
hand, the second-order damped high pass (2DHP) filter
provides harmonic mitigation over a wide range of harmonics.
One question that repeatedly arises in harmonic filter design
is how to select the optimal circuit topology and size when
applying harmonic filter banks in HV and EHV networked
power systems. Naturally, this uncertainty presents a challenge
to designers of harmonic filters. The following sections
address this question.
B. Choice of Harmonic Filter Topology in HV and EHV
Networked Power Systems
The current practice for selecting a suitable harmonic filter
topology to be applied in HV or EHV network applications is
an arduous task and is either based on: 1) trial and error
approaches [6], 2) filter designer experiences [1],[5], 3)
engineering judgment, or 4) exhaustive search [7],[8]. For
instance, in transmission applications, the common practice is
to install higher order harmonic filters such as the C-Type
filter [1], [4], [5]. As previously discussed, another complexity
introduced in network applications is the existence of shunt
capacitor banks that are already in the network. When system
capacitor banks are in close proximity to the study bus, they
must be included in the filter design process in order to assess
their effect on both frequency response of the system and
loading of filter components. Failing to include this effect can
lead to very erroneous filter designs. Therefore, having an
accurate knowledge and tool to properly address this issue is
paramount for filter designers; thus, in order to determine the
optimal topology and size of harmonic filters the evaluation of
an optimization function is required. The selection of filter
topology is a complicated optimization problem that still
remains unanswered [7]. A novel approach is presented to
optimally solve the filter size and topology selection problem
using the PSO method. A discussion of PSO follows.
C. Overview of Particle Swarm Optimization
In recent years, PSO has become a popular technique for
solving optimization problems such as optimal power flow,
economic dispatch, and state estimation [9]. PSO is a
population-based search algorithm that originated from the
study of social organisms, and was first introduced in [10].
The algorithm consists of the organisms (i.e., known as
particles) grouped into a swarm. Each particle in the swarm
represents a possible solution to the optimization problem at
hand. With PSO the particles are flown through a
multidimensional search space, and the particle position is
modified according to its own experiences and the experiences
of neighboring particles. Each particle position is adjusted by
adding a velocity vector, vi (t), to the present best position as
given in (1) [11],
xi ( t + 1 ) = xi ( t ) + vi ( t + 1 ). (1)
In (1), xi (t) is the position of particle i in the search space at
time step, t, and vi(t+1) is the updated velocity of particle i at
the next time step. In (1), the velocity vector drives the PSO,
and is calculated using (2)
 
vij ( t + 1 ) = winertia vij ( t ) + c1r1 j ( t ) ybest ( t ) − xij ( t ) +
 ij 
c 2 r2 j ( t ) y gbestj ( t ) − xij ( t ) . (2)
 
In (2), winertia, is the inertia weight coefficient that controls
how much of the prior movement direction will impact the new
velocity [11]. The position of particle i in dimension j at time
step, t, is xij(t); r1 and r2, are uniform random numbers in the
range [0,1] to maintain diversity in the search space. ybest ij(t),
is the best position of particle i in dimension j (i.e., local best),
ygbest j(t) is the best position of the entire population (i.e.,
global best), and c1 and c2 are positive acceleration constants.
Fig. 2, illustrates how the particle positions are updated with
respect to the minimization of a two-dimensional (2D)
function using the global best PSO algorithm.
(a) (b)
Fig. 2. Movement of a multi-particle global best PSO with respect to the
minimization of a 2D function with variables x1 and x2 at: a) initial position
of 8 particles when t = 0, and b) position of 8 particles at the next time step.
As shown in Fig. 2, the optimum solution is at the origin
(i.e., minimization problem) and represented with the symbol
‘▲’. Particles 1-8 are represented with the symbol ‘x’. Note
that in Fig. 2b, a new global best position has been found after
the first iteration. The overall impact of all the position
updates of each particle in the swarm is that each particle
converges to a point in the two dimensional space that
connects the global best position and the personal best position
of each particle; thereby, becoming the optimal solution.
III. PROBLEM FORMULATION
In this paper, the optimal filter topology and sizing problem
is formulated as a constrained linear stochastic optimization
problem considering a discrete number of typical harmonic
 2016 IEEE Electrical Power and Energy Conference (EPEC)

filter topologies and filter sizes. The problem requires deviation is unwanted in transmission system and can lead to
simultaneous optimization (minimization) of a Multi-Objective system protection misoperations and reduced power quality.
Optimization function using the PSO algorithm (MO2PSO), Because voltage support increases with respect to size, larger
and presented next. (i.e., larger var support) filter banks typically provide better
support to the system. In order to develop a method of
A. Application of MO2PSO analyzing the voltage deviation from nominal that results from
The MO2PSO formulation developed in this paper is of the the addition of different harmonic filter bank sizes and
form given by (3), topologies, a VDI is proposed. The objective of this index is to
minimize deviation from nominal voltage and is found using
{
min HFTI ni = w1VTHDI ni + w2VDI ni + w3CSI ni + w4 SLI ni (3) } (5)-(7),
if Vφ > 0 , VDφ = Vφ − 1 
where, HFTIni is the Harmonic Filter Topology Index for nth  k k k  (5)
filter topology (i.e., first dimension) and ith filter size (i.e.,  else VDφk = 0 
second dimension), VTHDIni is the Voltage Total Harmonic 3
Distortion Index, VDIni is the Voltage Deviation Index; CSIni is SVDk = ∑ VDφk (6)
φ =1
the Component Stress Index, and SLIni is the System Loss
Tp 1
Index. In (3), n is the filter topology, i is the filter size (var), VDI ni = ∑ SVDk ⋅ . (7)
and wk are the weighted factors used in the fitness function k =1 3
In (5)-(7), ϕ is the phase number, Vϕk is the per unit voltage
evaluation criteria; where, ∑ 4k = 1 wk = 1 ∀ wi ∈ [0 , 1] . These
of phase, ϕ, at bus, k; VDϕk is the per unit voltage deviation of
indices are used in conjunction with the PSO algorithm to phase, ϕ, at bus, k, and SVDk is the voltage deviation sum of
solve the optimal filter topology and sizing selection problem phase, ϕ, at bus, k.
on the networked power system. The fitness function 3) Filter Component Stress Index: The performance of the
represents the objective function, HFTI, which describes the components that make up a harmonic filter bank is paramount
optimization problem. MO2PSO consists of four sub-objective in filter design. Because capacitor units are voltage and current
functions, calculated using (3); and designed to minimize: 1) sensitive components of harmonic filters, IEEE Std. 18-2012
VTHD at the point of application to ensure adherence with the [12] provides limits for the operation of capacitors in harmonic
limits set forth in [2], 2) voltage deviation at the bus of rich environments. From [12], the maximum continuous
application, 3) overall system losses and filter component overload limits across the capacitor units are: 1) 110% of rated
power loses, and 4) filter component stresses (i.e., loading). rms voltage, 2) 120% of rated peak voltage, 3) 135% of rated
Furthermore, the multi-objective optimization problem is current, and 4) 135% of rated reactive power. Exceeding the
solved by using the weighted aggregation method, where the limits can lead to capacitor unit failures and reduction of life
fitness function is a weighed sum of all sub-objectives. This expectancy [12]. Therefore, the subject CS index is proposed
weighted approach provides the filter designer with the ability with the objective of minimizing stress and loading on
to address specific metrics associated with any given harmonic harmonic filter components, while adhering to the limits (i.e.,
filter application. The aforementioned multi-objective function constraints) set forth in [12], and defined as,
1
parameters are discussed in the following sections. (
CSI ni = CV ps + CVs + CI s + CQs ⋅
4
) (8)
B. Multi-Objective Function Indices
where, CVps is the filter main capacitor, Cf1, arithmetic sum of
1) Voltage Total Harmonic Distortion Index: The purpose the peak voltage expressed in per unit of peak rated voltage;
of the proposed VTHD index is to quantify the impact of CIs is the ratio of the current flowing through Cf1 to rated rms
different circuit topologies and sizes on the overall reduction current and computed using (9). Additionally, CVs is the ratio
of VTHD at the point of application. Therefore, in order to of Cf1 voltage to rated rms voltage and calculated as given in
assess the harmonic performance of the harmonic filter the
(10) [3], CQs is the ratio of Cf1 voltage-ampere reactive power
subject VTHD index was developed, and is found through the
to rated reactive power, and calculated as given in (11) [3],
minimization of (4),
2
h max 2 Irms f Vrms h max  V 
∑ Vh CI s = = 1 ⋅ 1 + ∑ ( h2 − 1 ) ⋅  h  (9)
VTHDI ni = h=2
. (4) Irated frated Vrated V 
h=2  rms 
V1
In (4), V1 is the fundamental system rms voltage, Vh is the  2 h max 2 
V + ∑ V 
individual harmonic voltage at hth harmonic, h is the harmonic  1 h 
=  
Vrms h=2
order, and hmax is the highest harmonic order of interest. CVs = (10)
2) Voltage Deviation Index: One of the major benefits of Vrated 2
Vrated
shunt harmonic filter banks is the ability to provide voltage
2  
support to the system. However, the transmission system is Q f1 Vrms  h max Vh2 
designed to operate within +/- 5% of nominal voltage under CQs = = ⋅  1 + ∑ ( h − 1 ) ⋅  (11)
normal system conditions. Naturally, excessive voltage
Qrated frated 2
Vrated  h=2
2
Vrms 
 
 2016 IEEE Electrical Power and Energy Conference (EPEC)

4) System Loss Index: The size of the harmonic filters calculations.

and corresponding circuit topology affects the network system
losses and filter component losses. The objective of the SL
index is to: 1) minimize losses dissipated on the various filter
components; thereby, minimize impact on filter component
ratings and 2) minimize overall system losses. The system loss
index computes the ratio between the total system losses
(including filter component losses) and the total system losses
prior to installing the harmonic filter bank (baseline) for each
filter topology and size. The loss index is then computed,
Fig. 3. Modified 5-bus test system [14].
HFSLossni
SLI ni = . (12) Harmonic power flow results for the 5-bus test system were
BaseSLossesinitial obtained. Table I and Table II provide harmonic voltage
In (12), BaseSLossesinitial are the apparent power losses of the profiles at node 5 prior and after the addition of the shunt
system prior to addition of the filter; and HFSLossni are the capacitor bank, respectively.
apparent power losses of the system including the filter TABLE I. HARMONIC VOLTAGES AT NODE 5 PRIOR TO THE ADDITION OF
component losses after the filter bank installation. Note the CONVENTIONAL SHUNT CAPACITOR BANK
amount of current flowing into the filter will change depending h 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25 THD
on the system topology (i.e. area capacitor banks switched on, (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
lines out of service, etc.). Because these losses are |V| 0.74 0.32 0.30 0.22 0.36 0.28 0.50 0.11 1.12
θo 148 146 150 147 136 121 44.8 21.7
proportional to the amount of current flowing through the
various components of the filter, the SL index accounts for real TABLE II. HARMONIC VOLTAGES AT NODE 5 AFTER THE ADDITION OF
power losses for each harmonic filter size and topology. The CONVENTIONAL SHUNT CAPACITOR BANK
total real power loss, PL, of inductive reactors is calculated h 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25 THD
using (13) [13]. Total dissipated power, PR, in the filter (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
damping resistor and real power losses in the harmonic filter |V| 1.73 0.40 0.10 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 1.78
θo 85.5 28.4 0.12 -2.5 -4.7 -5.2 -5.8 -5.9
capacitors, PC, are found using (14) and (15) [3], respectively.
h max I 2 ⋅ X 
The results presented in Table I largely differ from those in
PL =  Lh Lh 
∑  (13) Table II in that after the capacitor bank is added to the system,
Qh  it caused the VTHD and 5th harmonic voltage to exceed the
h = 1  
acceptable limits [2] at node 5.
h max
∑  I h2 ⋅ Rach 
Driving Point Impedance at Node 5
PR = (14) 6
Cap bank node of fline
4
h=1 Cap bank node4 online
Magnitude [p.u.] (230kV and 100MVA base)

h max 5
C 2 ⋅ R ⋅ ω2 ⋅ V 2 
Cap bank node5 online

PC = ∑ (15)
 h h 
Line nodes 2-5 of fline
sh
Line nodes 2-4 & line nodes 2-5 of f line
h=1 4
Line nodes & cap bank node of f line
Where, ωh = 2·π·fh. The proposed PSO-based approach is 4-5 4

demonstrated through an example next. 3

IV. NUMERICAL EXAMPLE 2

A. Test System 1

The proposed MO2PSO method is tested using the classic

test system given in [14], first introduced in [15] and shown in 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Fig. 3. In order to introduce the concept of MO2PSO to solve Harmonic No.

for optimal filter topology and size, the test system has been
modified to include one 40Mvar shunt capacitor bank at node
5. This is a typical system transmission planning strategy to
increase var support. In addition, the test system contains one
harmonic source, which is a static var compensator (SVC) at
node 5. The SVC harmonic spectrum is adopted from [16]. In
addition, the harmonic analysis model presented in [16] is
used. All other data remained the same and the test system is
assumed to be balanced. In conjunction with MATLAB, the
open source MATPOWER [17] program was modified to
perform fundamental power flow and harmonic power flow
Fig. 4. Positive sequence driving point impedance at node 5 considering
various combinations of system elements (i.e., capacitor banks and
transmission lines) being online and offline.
The analysis of this system revealed that node 5 exhibited a
parallel resonance at about 300Hz (Fig. 4) resulting in the
higher voltage distortion values shown in Table II. Therefore,
the conventional shunt capacitor bank must be configured as a
harmonic filter bank; thus, allowing transmission planners to
allocate var support in a location that causes severe voltage
distortion problems. Thus, the proposed MO2PSO method is
used to determine optimal filter size and topology at node 5.
 2016 IEEE Electrical Power and Energy Conference (EPEC)

B. PSO Algorithm and Filter Design Parameters TABLE IV. PSO-BASED SIMULATION RESULTS

In this example, it is assumed that only one harmonic filter Simulation # 1 1.1a 2 3 4
bank (HF1) is added at node 5 and the filter designer has the VTHD index 0.5307 0.4874 0.5496 0.5413 0.5350
VD index 0.2443 0.2185 0.2429 0.2424 0.2435
ability to specify a range of filter sizes between 20Mvar and CS index 1.0763 1.1407 1.0750 1.0747 1.0757
60Mvar. The harmonic filter topologies shown in Fig 1, were SL index 1.0006 1.0140 1.0006 1.0005 1.0006
re-numbered in order to solve the optimal harmonic filter Opt. HFT index 0.5307 0.4874 0.3962 0.7147 0.8053
PSO opt. topology 6 4 6 6 6
problem. That is, filter configurations: 1HP (Fig. 1a), 1DHP Opt. filter size (Mvar) 60 62.6 58.9 58.6 59.4
(Fig. 1b), ST (Fig. 1c), 2DHP (Fig. 1d), 3DHP (Fig. 1e), and Opt. filter type C-type 2DHPb C-type C-type C-type
C-type (Fig. 1f), are numbered topologies: #1, #2, #3, #4, #5, Cf1 (µF) 3.009 3.009 2.957 2.940 2.981
and #6, respectively. Because the 5th harmonic voltage limit is Cf2 (µF) 69.22 n/a 65.18 67.65 68.58
Lf (mH) 101.6 97.41 107.9 104.0 102.6
exceeded [2], the filter is tuned to the 5th harmonic order and; Rf (Ω) 469.4 449.8 488.3 480.3 473.8
thus, the PSO algorithm varied the tuning frequency of the Tuning frequency 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.9 4.9
filters from h=4.6 to h=5. In addition, the Qf of high pass Quality factor 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
% of rated Vrmsc 105.7 110.7 105.6 105.5 105.6
filters shown in Fig. 1, was varied from 0.5 to 2.5 in discrete % of rated Vpeakc 107.0 112.1 106.9 106.9 107.1
increments of 0.5, while the ST filter Qf was varied from 20 to % of rated Irmsc 105.8 110.8 105.7 105.7 105.7
100. To analyze the effect of network topology changes on % of rated varc 111.8 122.6 111.7 111.6 111.7
harmonic filter selection, the PSO method considered all Total sim. time (sec) 215.16 178.46 139.23 94.24 188.69
a. PSO-based results considering line 4-5 not in service and capacitor bank at node 4 offline.
possible combinations of practical network topology changes. b. Second-order damped high-pass filter shown in Fig. 1d.
The total number of combinations was 32 (25), which accounts c. Capacitors are designed to meet IEEE Std. 18 [12].

for capacitor banks at node 4, node 5, and lines from nodes 2-
5, 2-4, and 4-5, being online and offline. Furthermore, the
swarm consisted of 16 particles and the total number of
iterations was chosen as 150. These parameters provide a good
balance between computational complexity per iteration (e.g.,
simulation time) and algorithm performance. The weighed
factors introduced in (3) and corresponding numerical values
provided in Table III, were chosen to provide the filter
designer with the ability to address specific metrics associated
Furthermore, the optimal harmonic filter tuned frequency
was 294Hz (h=4.9) out of the specified range of frequencies.
Fig. 5, shows the evolution process of the fitness function for
simulation #1. It is observed that the HFT index resulted in a
final value of 0.5307, which for simulation #1 represents the
VTHD index. This result shows that even after 60Mvar of
filtered shunt compensation is added to node 5, the resulting
VTHD is well below the specified limits [2].
2

with a particular transmission system. For instance, simulation

#1 represents an approach where the filter designer chooses to 1.5
VTHD (%)

solve the filter topology and sizing problem through the

minimization of the VTHD index only. On the other hand, with 1
simulation #3 all indices in the fitness function are uniformly X: 1.504e+04
Y: 0.5307
weighted, which is intended to demonstrate the ability of the 0.5
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000
PSO-based method to converge without a dominant factor. Total number of results

Fig. 5. Simulation #1 evolution process of fitness function (i.e. minimization

TABLE III. SIMULATION WEIGHT-FACTORS FROM MULTI-OBJECTIVE
of multi-objective function HFTI).
FUNCTION USED TO SOLVE OPTIMAL HFT AND SIZING PROBLEM

Simulation # w1 w2 w3 w4 Simulation #1.1 results provided in Table IV and shown in

1 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Fig. 7, indicate that when the line from node 4 to node 5 is not
2 0.50 0.50 0.00 0.00
3 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 in service and capacitor bank at node 4 is offline, topology #4
4 0.50 0.00 0.50 0.00 provides the best filtering performance. However, a very
important conclusion can be drawn from this result. That is, if
C. Simulation Results one were to solely consider the frequency response of the
The PSO-based results of the aforementioned 5-bus test system during this particular system configuration to assess
system are provided in Table IV for simulations #1 through filter performance, a different and not optimal result is
#4. Table IV shows that the MO2PSO approach provided a obtained. This could have a negative impact on filter
consistent convergence on the optimal size and topology. component ratings. Note that even when component stress was
According to the simulation results, the dominant harmonic below the limits [12], it significantly increased for simulation
filter circuit topology is #6. As illustrated in Fig. 6, Fig. 8, and 1.1 as shown in Table IV. Thus, simulation #1 results,
Fig. 9, most particles converged (e.g., migrated) towards demonstrate that when all possible and practical system
topology #6, indicating a global best (i.e., optimal) solution. In topology changes are considered, the resulting optimal
addition, for this particular 5-bus test system, the MO2PSO topology is topology #6 instead of topology #4. Therefore,
method indicates that a 60Mvar harmonic filter bank produces potential changes in system impedance significantly impact
the optimal results, even when the filter designer considered filter design and consequently, optimal sizing and topology.
different weighted-factors and range of filter sizes. This is particularly important in networked power systems.
 2016 IEEE Electrical Power and Energy Conference (EPEC)
Another relevant result shown in Table IV is that the optimal
results for all simulations were obtained in less than 4 minutes.
(a) (b)
Fig. 6. Simulation #1 PSO-based optimal filter sizing and topology showing
particle movement through a two dimensional search space and migrating to
optimal location, (a) first iteration, (b) final iteration.
(a) (b)
Fig. 7. Simulation #1.1 PSO-based optimal filter sizing and topology showing
particle movement through a two dimensional search space and migrating to
optimal location, (a) first iteration, (b) final iteration.
(a) (b)
Fig. 8. Simulation #2 PSO-based optimal filter sizing and topology showing
particle movement through a two dimensional search space and migrating to
optimal location, (a) first iteration, (b) final iteration.
(a) (b)
Fig. 9. Simulation #3 PSO-based optimal filter sizing and topology showing
particle movement through a two dimensional search space and migrating to
optimal location, (a) first iteration, (b) final iteration.
V. CONCLUSION
This paper outlined the application of PSO on the bulk
power system. The MO2PSO method showed to be an
effective method in determining optimal sizing and topology
of filter banks applied in a networked system. Simulation
results showed the effectiveness of the MO2PSO method for
filter design optimization as it found a good compromise
among the individual objective functions. Furthermore, the
effect of network topology changes on harmonic filter
topology selection was demonstrated. It was shown that if
changes in network impedance are not considered in the filter
design process, optimal results would not be obtained. The
superior performance of the C-type filter was demonstrated.
VI. REFERENCES
[1] R. Horton, R. Dugan, D. Hallmark, “Novel design methodology for C-
type harmonic filter banks applied in HV and EHV networks,” T&D
Conference and Exposition, 2012 IEEE PES, Orlando, FL, 2012.
[2] IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control
in Electrical Power Systems, IEEE Std. 519-2014, June 11 2014.
[3] E. F. Fuchs and M. A. S. Masoum, Power Quality in Power Systems
and Electrical Machines, Academic Press, Elsevier, 2008.
[4] Guide to the specification and design evaluation of AC filters for
HVDC systems, CIGRE Technical Brochure, WG 14.30, 1999.
[5] Yao Xiao, Jie Zhao, Shijie Mao, “Theory for the Design of C-Type
Filter,” Harmonics and Quality of Power, pp. 11-15, 2004.
[6] Das, J.C., "Passive filters - potentialities and limitations," Industry
Applications, IEEE Trans. on, vol.40, no.1, pp.232,241, Jan.-Feb. 2004.
[7] A. B. Nassif, W. Xu and W. Freitas, “An Investigation on the Selection
of Filter Topologies for Passive Filter Applications,” Power Delivery,
IEEE Transactions on, vol.24, no.3, pp.1710-1718, July 2009.
[8] D. Bohaichuk, C. Muskens, and W. Xu, “Mitigation of harmonics in oil
field electric systems using a centralized medium voltage filter,” in
Proc. 9th IEEE ICHQP, Oct. 2000, pp. 614–618.
[9] Bo Yang; Yunping Chen; Zunlian Zhao, "Survey on Applications of
Particle Swarm Optimization in Electric Power Systems," Control and
Automation. IEEE International Conference on, 2007.
[10] J. Kennedy and R. Eberhard, “Particle swarm optimization,” in Neural
Networks, Proc, IEEE International Conference on, Nov/Dec 1995.
[11] A. P. Engelbrecht, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction, John
Wiley & Sons, Wiley, 2nd Ed., 2007.
[12] IEEE Standard for Shunt Power Capacitors," IEEE Std. 18-2012
(Revision of IEEE Std 18-2002), Dec. 5 2012.
[13] IEEE Recommended Practice for Determination of Power Losses in
HVDC Converter Stations, IEEE Std. 1158-1991, Sep., 26 1991.
[14] E. Acha, M. Madrigal, Power System Harmonics: Computer Modeling
and Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, Wiley, 2001.
[15] G. W. Stagg, A.H. El-Abiad, Computer Methods in Power System
Analysis, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968.
[16] R. Abu-Hashim, et al., “Test systems for harmonics modeling and
simulation,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 579-587, 1999.
[17] R. Zimmerman and D. Gan, MATPOWER–Matlab Routines for Solving
Power Flow Problems. 1997. [Online].
Reynaldo Ramos (M’08, SM’16) received the B.S.E.E. degree from Florida
International University in 2007, the M.S.E.E. degree from The University of
Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) in 2010, and is currently a Ph.D. Candidate
at UAB. He is currently employed as a Principal Engineer with Southern
Company Services in the Transmission Planning Special Studies group where
he performs various time-domain (transients), and power quality studies. Mr.
Ramos is a registered Professional Engineer in the State of Alabama.
Gregory A. Franklin (M’03–SM’11) received the B.S.E.E., M.S.E.E., and
Ph.D. degrees in electrical and computer engineering from the University of
Alabama at Birmingham in 1996, 1997, and 2005, respectively. From 1997
through 2006, he was with Southern Company, Birmingham, AL, working in
the area of substation protection and control. Since 2007, he has been on the
Faculty of the Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department at the
University of Alabama at Birmingham where he holds the rank of Associate
Professor. Dr. Franklin is also President of Power System Sentinel
Technologies, LLC, and is a registered Professional Engineer in the State of
Alabama.