PROGRAMME DIPLOMA IN ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING (COMMUNICATION)

COURSE
DEP50033: DATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING.
CODE

TITLE Router Network Using Packet Tracer Simulation Software (LAB 5)

LECTURER
PUAN. FAZIDA BT ADLAN
NAME

NAME MATRIC NUMBER

SASITHAREN A/L SANGKAR 08DEP17F2010

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

NO CONTENT

1.0 TITLE

2.0 OBJECTIVE

3.0 APPARATUS

4.0 THEORY
4.1 CLIENT SERVER NETWORKS
4.2 INTRODUCTION TO PEER TO PEER NETWORKS
4.3 PACKET TRACER SOFTWARE

5.0 PROCEDURE

6.0 RESULTS

7.0 DISCUSSION

8.0 CONCLUSION

9.0 REFERENCE

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1.0 TITLE: Router Network Using Packet Tracer Simulation Software
2.0 OBJECTIVE:
1. UnderstandRouterNetwork 2.
Identifythetypeofcables,computersettingandIPsettingforeachnetwork 3.
ConstructaRouterNetworkusingappropriateapparatus 4.
Totesttheabilityifthenetworktoshareandsentdatafromandtodifferent devices 5.
MeasureandcomparetheRTT(RoundTripTime)usingPINGUtilityTest 6.
Describethecorrelationbetweennetworksetupandnetworkabilityindata transmission3.0
APPARATUS:
i. Desktop

ii. Packet tracer software

4.0 THEORY

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A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks.
Routers perform the traffic directing functions on the Internet. Data sent through the internet,
such as a web page or email, is in the form of data packets. A packet is
typically forwarded from one router to another router through the networks that constitute
an internetwork (e.g. the Internet) until it reaches its destination node.
A router is connected to two or more data lines from different IP networks. When a data
packet comes in on one of the lines, the router reads the network address information in the
packet header to determine the ultimate destination. Then, using information in its routing
table or routing policy, it directs the packet to the next network on its journey.
The most familiar type of IP routers are home and small office routers that simply forward IP
packets between the home computers and the Internet. An example of a router would be the
owner's cable or DSL router, which connects to the Internet through an Internet service
provider (ISP). More sophisticated routers, such as enterprise routers, connect large business
or ISP networks up to the powerful core routers that forward data at high speed along
the optical fiber lines of the Internet backbone.

4.1 CLIENT SERVER NETWORKS

The term client-server refers to a popular model for computer networking that utilizes client
and server devices each designed for specific purposes. The client-server model can be used
on the Internet as well as local area networks (LANs). Examples of client-server systems on
the Internet include Web browsers and Web servers, FTP clients and servers, and DNS.
Client and Server Devices Client/server networking grew in popularity many years ago as
personal computers (PCs) became the common alternative to older mainframe computers.
Client devices are typically PCs with network software applications installed that request and
receive information over the network. Mobile devices as well as desktop computers can both
function as clients. A server device typically stores files and databases including more
complex applications like Web sites. Server devices often feature higher-powered central
processors, more memory, and larger disk drives than clients. Client-Server Applications The
client-server model distinguishes between applications as well as devices. Network clients
make requests to a server by sending messages, and servers respond to their clients by acting
on each request and returning results. One server generally supports numerous clients, and
multiple servers can be networked together in a pool to handle the increased processing load
as the number of clients grows. A client computer and a server computer are usually two
separate devices, each customized for their designed purpose. For example, a Web client
works best with a large screen display, while a Web server does not need any display at all
and can be located anywhere in the world. However, in some cases a given device can
function both as a client and a server for the same application. Likewise, a device that is a

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server for one application can simultaneously act as a client to other servers, for different
applications. [Some of the most popular applications on the Internet follow the client-server
model including email, FTP and Web services. Each of these clients features a user interface
(either graphic- or text-based) and a client application that allows the user to connect to
servers. In the case of email and FTP, users enter a computer name (or sometimes an IP
address) into the interface to set up connections to the server. Local Client-Server Networks
Many home networks utilize client-server systems without even realizing it. Broadband
routers, for example, contain DHCP servers that provide IP addresses to the home computers
(DHCP clients). Other types of network servers found in home include print servers and
backup servers. Client-Server vs Peer-to-Peer and Other Models The client-server model was
originally developed to allow more users to share access to database applications. Compared
to the mainframe approach, client-server offers improved scalability because connections can
be made as needed rather than being fixed. The clientserver model also supports modular
applications that can make the job of creating software easier. In so-called "two-tier" and
"three-tier" types of client-server systems, software applications are separated into modular
pieces, and each piece is installed on clients or servers specialized for that subsystem. Client-
server is just one approach to managing network applications The primary alternative, peer-
to-peer networking, models all devices as having equivalent capability rather than specialized
client or server roles. Compared to client-server, peer to peer networks offer some advantages
such as more flexibility in growing the system to handle large number of clients. Client-
server networks generally offer advantages in keeping data secure.

4.2 INTRODUCTION TO PEER TO PEER NETWORKS

Peer to peer is an approach to computer networking where all computers share equivalent
responsibility for processing data. Peer-to-peer networking (also known simply as peer networking)
differs from client-server networking, where certain devices have responsibility for providing or
"serving" data and other devices consume or otherwise act as "clients" of those servers.
Characteristics of a Peer Network Peer to peer networking is common on small local area networks
(LANs), particularly home networks. Both wired and wireless home networks can be configured as
peer to peer environments. Computers in a peer to peer network run the same networking protocols
and software. Peer networks are also often situated physically near to each other, typically in homes,
small businesses or schools. Some peer networks, however, utilize the Internet and are
geographically dispersed worldwide. Home networks that utilize broadband routers are hybrid peer
to peer and client-server environments. The router provides centralized Internet connection sharing,
but file, printer and other resource sharing is managed directly between the local computers
involved. Peer to Peer and P2P Networks Internet-based peer to peer networks emerged in the
1990s due to the development of P2P file sharing networks like Napster. Technically, many P2P
networks (including the original Napster) are not pure peer networks but rather hybrid designs as
they utilize central servers for some functions such as search. Peer to Peer and Ad Hoc Wi-Fi
Networks Wi-Fi wireless networks support so-called ad hoc connections between devices. Ad hoc
Wi-Fi networks are pure peer to peer compared to those utilizing wireless routers as an intermediate
device. Benefits of a Peer to Peer Network You can configure computers in peer to peer workgroups
to allow sharing of files, printers and other resources across all the devices. Peer networks allow
data to be shared easily in both directions, whether for downloads to your computer or uploads
from your computer. On the Internet, peer to peer networks handle a very high volume of file

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sharing traffic by distributing the load across many computers. Because they do not rely exclusively
on central servers, P2P networks both scales better and are more resilient than client-server
networks in case of failures or traffic bottlenecks [1].

4.3 PACKET TRACER SOFTWARE

is a cross-platform visual simulation tool designed by Cisco Systems that allows users to
create network topologies and imitate modern computer networks. The software allows users
to simulate the configuration of Cisco routers and switches using a simulated command line
interface. Packet Tracer makes use of a drag and drop user interface, allowing users to add
and remove simulated network devices as they see fit. Packet Tracer allows students to
design complex and large networks, which is often not feasible with physical hardware, due
to costs. Packet Tracer is commonly used by CCNA Academy students, since it is available
to them for free. However, due to functional limitations, it is intended by CISCO to be used
only as a learning aid, not a replacement for Cisco routers and switches. The application itself
only has a small number of features found within the actual hardware running a current Cisco
IOS version. Thus, Packet Tracer is unsuitable for modelling production networks. It has a
limited command set, meaning it is not possible to practice all of the IOS commands that
might be required. Packet Tracer can be useful for understanding abstract networking
concepts, such as the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol by animating these
elements in a visual form. Packet Tracer is also useful in education by providing additional
components, including an authoring system, network protocol simulation and improving
knowledge an assessment system[2].

5.0 PROCEDURE
1) Packet tracer software was opened in our desktop.
2) End devices icon was clicked at the lower left corner.

Figure 1: End device icon

3) Computer icon was selected and two computer icons were dropped at worsheet.

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 Figure 2: PC0 and PC1 at worksheets

4) Connections icon was clicked and automatically choose connection type was clicked.

Figure 3: Connection icon

5) Clicked PC0 then PC1.

Figure 4: PC0 and PC1 connected

6) PC0 double clicked.

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7) Desktop tab, then clicked IP configuration.
8) IP Address for Subnet Mask have been set up.

Figure 5: IP address of PC0

9) IP address for PC1 was assigned same steps as for PC0 but IP address will be (198.168.2.2).

Figure 6: IP address of PC1

10) Command prompt in desktop tab for PC0 was opened.

11) “ping 192.168.2.1” was enetered in command prompt.

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 Figure 7: Command prompt

12) Connection between PC0 and PC1 was successful.

6.0 RESULT

Figure 8: Simulation succesful data has been tranfred.

7.0 DISCUSSION
In this lab, we learn on computer network fundamental using packet tracer. Network is a
group of two or more computer systems or other devices that are linked together to exchange
data. First of all we opened the packet tracer software. We clicked the left end corner icon
devices in the software and placed a PC icon at the worksheet. Next, we clicked connections
icon and choose the automatically connection type. This is to connect the two PC’s. We
clicked the PC0 icon in worksheet, choose desktop tab and in ip configuration area we go to
the IP address were we assigned IP address of “192.168.2.1” for PC0 and for PC1 same
method which the IP address of “192.168.2.2” was assigned for PC1. After done assingning
we go to command prompt and enter ping 198.168.2.1 at PC0. Command Prompt is
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a command line interpreter application available in most Windows operating systems.
It's used to execute entered commands. Most of those commands automate tasks via scripts
and batch files, perform advanced administrative functions, and troubleshoot or solve certain
kinds of Windows issues. The command was succefully executed. Ping statistics for
192.168.2.1:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss).
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds: Minimum = 3ms, Maximum = 16ms, Average =
6ms

8.0 CONCLUSION
At end of this lab, we understood about client/server and P2P network setup and device.
Next, we also identified the type of cables, computer setting and IP setting for each network.
An IP address is a unique number assigned to every device connected to a network that uses
the Internet Protocol for communication. Each IP address identifies the device’s host network
and the location of the device on the host network. When one device sends data to another,
the data includes a ‘header’ that includes the IP address of the sending device and the IP
address of the destination device. Moreover, we constructed a networks using appropraite
apparatus in the software. We used packet tracer software in this lab. Other than that, we also
tested the ability if the network to share and send data. We also measured and compare the
RTT (Round Trip Time) using PING Utility Test. RTT is typically measured using a ping —
a command-line tool that bounces a request off a server and calculates the time taken to reach
a user device. There are some factors which influence RTT. For eaxmple, Distance. The
length a signal has to travel correlates with the time taken for a request to reach a server and a
response to reach a browser. Next, transmission medium, is the medium used to route a
signal. Example, copper wire, fiber optic cables. This can impact how quickly a request is
received by a server and routed back to a user. Finally, we described the correlation between
type, behaviour and abilities of each networks.

9.0 REFERENCE
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)#cite_note-2
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_Tracer
[3] https://www.scribd.com/document/89207770/Router
[4] https://www.imperva.com/learn/performance/round-trip-time-rtt/

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