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CHAPTER
Flat Slabs
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Common practice of design and construction is to support the slabs by beams and support the beams
by columns. This may be called as beam-slab construction. The beams reduce the available net clear
ceiling height. Hence in warehouses, offices and public halls some times beams are avoided and slabs
are directly supported by columns. This types of construction is aesthetically appealing also. These
slabs which are directly supported by columns are called Flat Slabs. Fig. 1.1 shows a typical flat slab.
d
2
Fig. 1.1 A typical flat slab (without drop and column head)
The column head is some times widened so as to reduce the punching shear in the slab. The
widened portions are called column heads. The column heads may be provided with any angle from
the consideration of architecture but for the design, concrete in the portion at 45º on either side of
vertical only is considered as effective for the design [Ref. Fig. 1.2].
Critical section for shear
d
2
90°
Concrete in this area is
neglected for calculation
Fig. 1.2 Slab without drop and column with column head
2 Advanced R.C.C. Design
Moments in the slabs are more near the column. Hence the slab is thickened near the columns by
providing the drops as shown in Fig. 1.3. Sometimes the drops are called as capital of the column.
Thus we have the following types of flat slabs:
d d
2 2 Critical section for shear
Critical section
for shear
Fig. 1.3 Slab with drop and column without column head
(i) Slabs without drop and column head (Fig. 1.1).
(ii) Slabs without drop and column with column head (Fig. 1.2).
(iii) Slabs with drop and column without column head (Fig. 1.3).
(iv) Slabs with drop and column head as shown in Fig. 1.4.
d
2
Critical section
for shear
45° 45°
Fig. 1.4 Slab with drop and column with column head
The portion of flat slab that is bound on each of its four sides by centre lines of adjacent columns is
called a panel. The panel shown in Fig. 1.5 has size L1 ´ L2. A panel may be divided into column strips
and middle strips. Column Strip means a design strip having a width of 0.25L1 or 0.25L2,
whichever is less. The remaining middle portion which is bound by the column strips is called middle
strip. Fig. 1.5 shows the division of flat slab panel into column and middle strips in the direction y.
Flat Slabs 3
L2a L2b
C of panel A C of panel B
L1
In an interior span
Negative Design Moment 0.65 M0
Positive Design Moment 0.35 M0
In an end span
Interior negative design moment
LM
= 0.75 -
.
010 OP
M0
MN 1+
1
ac
PQ
Positive design moment
LM
= 0.63 -
0.28 OP
M0
MN 1+
1
ac
PQ
Exterior negative design moment
=
LM 0.65 OPM
MN1 + a1 PQ
0
where ac is the ratio of flexural stiffness at the exterior columns to the flexural stiffness of the slab at
a joint taken in the direction moments are being determined and is given by
ac =
∑K c
∑K s
Where,
Kc = Sum of the flexural stiffness of the columns meeting at the joint; and
Ks = Flexural stiffness of the slab, expressed as moment per unit rotation.
Table 1.1 Distribution of Moments Across the Panel Width in a Column Strip
Moments in Columns
In this type of constructions column moments are to be modified as suggested in IS 456–2000
[Clause No. 31.4.5].
Shear Force
d
The critical section for shear shall be at a distance from the periphery of the column/capital drop
2
panel. Hence if drops are provided there are two critical sections near columns. These critical sections
are shown in Figs. 1.1 to 1.4. The shape of the critical section in plan is similar to the support
immediately below the slab as shown in Fig. 1.6.
Critical
section
d/2
Support
section
Support section d/2
column / column head d/2
(a ) Critical
section (b)
Fig. 1.6
For columns sections with re-entrant angles, the critical section shall be taken as indicated in Fig. 1.7.
Critical Support Support d/2
section section section Critical
section
d/2
d/2
d/2
d/2
(a) (b)
Fig. 1.7
In case of columns near the free edge of a slab, the critical section shall be taken as shown in Fig. 1.8.
Free
edge Free
corner
Critical
section
d/2
d/2 Corner
column Critical
section
(a) (b)
Fig. 1.8
Flat Slabs 7
Loading Pattern
When the live load does not exceed ¾th of dead load, the maximum moments may be assumed to
occur at all sections when full design live load is on the entire slab.
If live load exceeds ¾th dead load analysis is to be carried out for the following pattern of loading also:
(i) To get maximum moment near mid span
– ¾th of live load on the panel and full live load on alternate panel
(ii) To get maximum moment in the slab near the support
– ¾th of live load is on the adjacent panel only
It is to be carefully noted that in no case design moment shall be taken to be less than those
occurring with full design live load on all panels.
The moments determined in the beam of frame (flat slab) may be reduced in such proportion that
the numerical sum of positive and average negative moments is not less than the value of total design
8 Advanced R.C.C. Design
WL n
moment M0 = . The distribution of slab moments into column strips and middle strips is to be
8
made in the same manner as specified in direct design method.
Loads
Self weight of slab = 0.20 ´ 25 = 5 kN/m2
Finishing load = 1 kN/m2
Live load = 4 kN/m2
\ Total working load = 10 kN/m2
Factored load = 1.5 ´ 10 = 15 kN/m2
Flat Slabs 9
Minimum
of bars
Type
Strip percentage
WITHOUT DROP PANEL WITH DROP PANEL
of steel
at section
50 d d e e
Straight bars
Remainder b b b b
150 mm min.
Remainder 150 mm 0.125lmax
EDGE OF
50 d d b DROP
Bent bars*
Remainder b b e e
b
g g 150 mm
50 o.15 l max 24BAR DIA OR
300 mm min.
Remainder 75 mm max.
150 mm
EDGE OF
c c DROP
100
Straight bars
c
c
75 mm max.
50 0.15 l max
Middle Strip
50 150 mm f f 150 mm
Remainder 75 mm max. 75 mm max.
Note. D is the diameter of the column and the dimension of the rectangular column in the direction under consideration.
Fig. 1.9 Minimum bend joint locations and extensions for reinforcement in flat slabs
10 Advanced R.C.C. Design
Ln = 5 – 0.5 = 4.5 m
\ Total design load in a panel W = 15 L2 Ln = 15 ´ 5 ´ 4.5 = 337.5 kN
Moments
WL n 4.5
Panel Moment M0 = = 337.5 ´ = 189.84 kNm
8 8
Panel –ve moment = 0.65 ´ 189.84 = 123.40 kNm
Panel +ve moment = 0.35 ´ 189.84 = 0.35 ´ 189.84 = 66.44 kNm
Distribution of moment into column strips and middle strip:
Column Strip in kNm Middle Strip in kNm
–ve moment 0.75 ´ 123.40 = 92.55 30.85
+ve moment 0.60 ´ 66.44 = 39.86 26.58
368166
. × 1000
\ tv = = 0.779 N/mm2
4 × 675 × 175 500 675
ks = 1 + bc subject to maximum of 1.
L1 5
bc = = =1
L2 5
\ ks = 1
tc = 0.25 fck = 0.25 20 = 1.118 N/mm2
safe in shear since tv < tc
Flat Slabs 11
Reinforcement
For –ve moment in column strip:
Mu = 92.55 kNm
LM
92.55 ´ 106 = 0.87 f y A st d 1 −
A st f y OP
N bd fck Q
= 0.87 ´ 415 ´ Ast ´ 175 1 −
LM Ast
×
415 OP
N 2500 × 175 20 Q
LM A st OP
i.e., 1464.78 = Ast 1 −
N 21084.3 Q
i.e., A st 2 – 21084.3Ast + 1464.78 ´ 21084.3 = 0
Ast = 1583.74 mm2
This is to be provided in a column strip of width 2500 mm. Hence using 12 mm bars, spacing
required is given by
p 4 ´ 12 2
s= ´ 2500 = 178 mm
1583.74
Provide 12 mm bars at 175 mm c/c.
For +ve moment in column strip:
Mu = 39.86 kNm
p 4 ´ 102
s= ´ 2500 = 301.6 mm < 2 ´ thickness of slab
651
Hence provide 10 mm bars at 300 mm c/c.
Provide 10 mm diameter bars at 300 mm c/c in the middle strip to take up –ve and +ve moments.
Since span is same in both directions, provide similar reinforcement in other direction also.
12 Advanced R.C.C. Design
Reinforcement Details
It is as shown in Fig. 1.10
Column Strip Middle Strip Column strip
12-175 c/c
Column strip
12-175 c/c
5000
10-300 c/c Sign convention
Top reinforcement
10-300 c/c
Column Strip Middle Strip
Bottom reinforcement
5000
5000
500 500
Section through column strip
500 500
section through middle strip
Size of Drop
1
It should not be less than ´6m = 2 m
3
Let us provide 3 m ´ 3 m drop so that the width of drop is equal to that of column head.
\ Width of column strip = width of middle strip = 3000 mm.
Loads
For the purpose of design let us take self-weight as that due to thickness at column strip
\ Self-weight = 0.27 ´ 1 ´ 1 ´ 25 = 6.75 kN/m2
Finishing load = 1.00 kN/m2
Live load = 4.00 kN/m2
= 476.928 kNm
Thus Mu lim > Mu. Hence thickness selected is sufficient.
d 240
= = 120 mm from the face of column
2 2
\ It is a square of size = 500 + 240 = 740 mm
V = Total load – load on 0.740 ´ 0.740 area
= 17.625 ´ 6 ´ 6 – 17.625 ´ 0.740 ´ 0.740
= 624.849 kN
624.489 × 1000
\ Nominal shear = tv = = 0.880 N/mm2
4 × 740 × 240
740
Shear strength = ks tc
where k s = 1 + bc subject to maximum of 1 500
L1
where bc = =1
L2 500 740
\ ks = 1
tc = 0.25 20 = 1.118 N/mm2
Design shear stress permitted
= 1.118 N/mm2 > tv 120 500 120
Hence the slab is safe in shear without shear reinforcement also.
d
Shear strength may be checked at distance from drop. It is quite safe since drop size is large.
2
Reinforcement
(a) For –ve moment in column strip
Mu = 195 kNm
Thickness d = 240 mm
\
LM
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d 1 −
A st
×
fy OP
N b × d fck Q
195 ´ 106 = 0.87 ´ 415 ´ Ast ´ 240 1 −
LM A st
×
415 OP
N 3000 × 240 20 Q
LM A st OP
N
2250.38 = Ast 1 −
34698.8 Q
A st 2 – 34698.8 Ast + 2250.38 ´ 34698.8 = 0
Ast = 2419 mm2 in 3000 mm width
Flat Slabs 15
p 4 ´ 12 2
s= ´ 3000 = 140.26 mm
2419
Provide 12 mm bars at 140 mm c/c
(b) For +ve moment in column strip
Mu = 84 kNm = 84 ´ 106 Nmm. Thickness d = 190 mm
p 4 ´ 102
s= ´ 3000 = 183 mm
1285
Provide 10 mm bars at 180 mm c/c
(c) For –ve moment in middle strip:
Mu = 65 kNm; Thickness = 190 mm
p 4 ´ 102
s= ´ 3000 = 239.7 mm
983
Provide 10 mm bars at 230 mm c/c
(d) For +ve moment in middle strip
Mu = 56 kNm; Thickness = 190 mm
Provide 10 mm bars at 230 mm c/c in this portion also.
Since span is same in both direction, provide similar reinforcement in both directions. The details
of reinforcement are shown in Fig. 1.11.
16 Advanced R.C.C. Design
=Dorp width
Column strip
6000
10–180c/c
10–230 c/c
=Dorp width Middle strip
12–230c/c
6000
10–180c/c
Column strip
6000
190
10 @ 230
240
Cover - 30
500 500
10 @ 230 c/c
190
240
500 500
Fig. 1.11 Reinforcement details
Example 1.3: Design the interior panel of the flat slab in example 1.2, providing a suitable column
head, if columns are of 500 mm diameter.
Solution: Let the diameter of column head be
= 0.25L = 0.25 ´ 6 = 1.5 m
It’s equivalent square has side ‘a’ where
π
× 1.52 = a2
4
a = 1.33 m
\ Ln = 6 – 1.33 = 4.67 m
W0 = 17.625 ´ 6 ´ 4.67 = 493.85 kN
Wo Ln 493.85 × 4.67
M0 = = = 288.3 kNm
8 8
Flat Slabs 17
–ve moment 0.75 ´ 187.4 = 140.55 kNm 0.25 ´ 187.4 = 46.85 kNm
+ve moment 0.60 ´ 100.9 = 60.54 kNm 0.4 ´ 100.9 = 40.36 kNm
592.59 × 1000
\ tv = = 0.45 N/mm2
π × 1740 × 240
Maximum shear permitted = ks × 0.25 20
= 1.118 N/mm2 Since ks works out to be 1
Since maximum shear permitted in concrete is more than nominal shear tv, there is no need to
provide shear reinforcement
Design of Reinforcement
(a) For –ve moment in column strip
Mu = 140.55 kNm; d = 240 mm
π 4 × 12 2
s= × 3000 = 199 mm
1705
Provide 12 mm bars at 190 mm c/c.
(b) For the +ve moment in column strip
Mu = 60.54 kNm; d = 190 mm
π 4 × 10 2
s= × 3000 = 258 mm
913
Provide 10 mm bars at 250 mm c/c.
(c) For –ve moment in middle strip:
Mu = 46.85 kNm; d = 190 mm
LM
46.85 ´ 106 = 0.87 ´ 415 ´ Ast ´ 190 1 −
A st
×
415 OP
N 3000 × 190 20 Q
LM A st OP
N
683 = Ast 1 −
27469.9 Q
Ast2 – 27469.9Ast + 683 ´ 27469.9 = 0
Ast = 701 mm2
Using 10 mm bars,
π 4 × 10 2
s= × 3000 = 336 mm
701
Provide 10 mm bars at 300 mm c/c.
(d) Provide 10 mm bars at 300 mm c/c for +ve moment in middle strip also.
As span is same in both directions, provide similar reinforcement in both directions. Reinforcement
detail may be shown as was done in previous problem.
Example 1.4: A flat slab system consists of 5 m ´ 6 m panels and is without drop and column head.
It has to carry a live load of 4 kN/m2 and a finishing load of 1 kN/m2. It is to be designed using M20
grade concrete and Fe 415 steel. The size of the columns supporting the system is 500 ´ 500 mm and
floor to floor height is 4.5 m. Calculate design moments in interior and exterior panels at column and
middle strips in both directions.
Flat Slabs 19
Solution:
Thickness: Since Fe 415 steel is used and no drops are provided, longer span to depth ratio is not
more than 32 ´ 0.9 = 28.8
6000
d= = 208
28.8
Let us select d = 210 mm and D = 240 mm
Loads
Self weight 0.24 ´ 1 ´ 1 ´ 25 = 6 kN/m2
Finishing weight = 1 kN/m2
Live load = 4 kN/m2
Total = 11 kN/m2
Wu = 1.5 ´ 11 = 16.5 kN/m2
Panel Dimensions
Along length
L1 = 6 m and L2 = 5 m
Width of column strip = 0.25 L1 or L2 whichever is less.
= 0.25 ´ 5 = 1.25 m on either side of column centre line
\Total width of column strip = 1.25 ´ 2 = 2.5 m
Width of middle strip = 5 – 2.5 = 2.5 m
Along Width
L1 = 5 m L2 = 6 m
Width of column strip = 0.25 ´ 5 = 1.25 m on either side
\Total width of column strip = 2.5 m
Hence, width of middle strip = 6 – 2.5 = 3.5 m
INTERIOR PANELS
Moments Along Longer Size
L1 = 6 m L2 = 5 m
Ln = 6 – 0.5 = 5.5 m subject to minimum of 0.65 ´ L1 = 3.9 m
\ Ln = 5.5 m
Load on panel W0 = 16.5 ´ L2Ln
= 16.5 ´ 5 ´ 5.5 = 453.75 kN
20 Advanced R.C.C. Design
. ´ 55
W0 Ln 45375 .
M0 = = = 311.95 kNm
8 8
Appropriation of Moment
Total –ve moment = 0.65 ´ 311.95 = 202.77 kNm
\ Total +ve moment = 311.95 – 202.77 = 109.18 kNm
Hence moment in column strip and middle strip along longer direction in interior panels are as given
below:
Column Strip Middle Strip
–ve moment 0.75 ´ 202.75 = 152.06 kNm 202.75 – 152.06 = 50.69 kNm
+ve moment 0.60 ´ 109.18 = 65.51 kNm 109.18 – 65.51 = 43.67 kNm
Along Width
L1 = 5 m L2 = 6 m and Ln = 5 – 0.5 = 4.5 m.
Panel load = W0 = 16.5 ´ 6 ´ 4.5 = 445.5 kN
. ´ 4.5
Ln 4455
Panel moment M0 = W0 = = 250.59 kN-m
8 8
Appropriation of Moment:
Total –ve moment = 0.65 ´ 250.59 = 162.88 kN-m
Total +ve moment = 250.59 – 162.88 = 87.71 kN-m
\ Moments in column strip and middle strip are as shown below:
Column Strip Middle Strip
–ve moment 0.75 ´ 162.88 = 122.16 kNm 0.25 ´ 162.88 = 40.72 kNm
+ve moment 0.60 ´ 87.71 = 52.63 kNm 0.40 ´ 87.71 = 35.08 kNm
EXTERIOR PANELS
Length of column = 4.5 – 0.24 = 4.26 m
The building is not restrained from lateral sway. Hence as per Table 28 in IS 456-2000, effective
length of column
= 1.2 ´ length = 1.2 ´ 4.26 = 5.112 m
Size of column = 500 ´ 500 mm
1
Moment of inertia of column = × 500 4 mm 4
12
Flat Slabs 21
I 1 500 4
\ kc = = × = 101844 mm4
L 12 5112
1 5000 × 2403
\ ks = × = 96000
12 6000
k + kc2 2 × 1018844
\ ac = c1 = = 2.123
ks 960000
22 Advanced R.C.C. Design
1
\ a1 = 1 +
= 1.471
αc
0.1 0.1
Interior –ve moment coefficient = 0.75 – = 0.75 - = 0.682
a 1.471
0.65 0.65
Exterior –ve moment coefficient = = = 0.442
α 1.471
0.28 0.28
Positive moment coefficient = 0.63 – = 0.63 − = 0.440
α 1.471
Total moment M0 = 250.59 kNm
\ Appropriation of moments in shorter span exterior panel in kNm is as given below:
Total Column Strip Middle Strip
Interior –ve 0.682 ´ 250.59 = 170.90 0.75 ´ 170.76 = 128.18 170.90 – 128.18 = 42.72
Exterior -ve 0.442 ´ 250.59 = 110.76 1.00 ´ 110.76 = 110.76 110.76 – 110.76 = 0
+ Moment 0.44 ´ 250.59 = 110.25 0.60 ´ 110.25 = 66.16 110.25 – 66.16 = 44.09
In the exterior panel in each column strips half the above values will act. These moments are
shown in Fig. 1.12
1.25
2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
Fig. 1.12
Flat Slabs 23
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Design the typical interior panel of a flat slab floor of size 5 m ´ 5 m with suitable drop to
support a live load of 4 kN/m2. The floor is supported by columns of size 450 mm ´ 450 mm.
Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. Sketch the reinforcement details by showing cross sec-
tions
(i) at column strip
(ii) at middle strip.
2. Design the exterior panel of a flat slab of size 6 m ´ 6 m with suitable drop to support a live load
of 5 kN/m2. The floor system is supported by columns of size 500 mm ´ 500 mm. Floor to
floor distance is 3.6 m. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
3. For the flat slab system of size 6 m ´ 6 m provide suitable drop and fix up overall dimensions.
The floor system is supported by columns of size 500 mm ´ 500 mm, the floor height being 3.6 m.
Calculate the design moments at various strips in the interior and exterior panels. Give the plan
of the floor system showing these design moments.