Penjelasan Tentang Direct And Indirect Speech

Terlengkap
Materi hari ini saya akan membahas tentang Reported Speech atau juga dikenal
dengan istilah Direct and Indirect Speech. Reported Speech adalah kalimat tidak
langsung atau kalimat laporan (Indirect speech) yang digunakan apabila kita ingin
menceritakan kembali pendapat atau pembicaraan seseorang kepada orang lain dalam
waktu yang berbeda. Sedangkan kalimat langsung yang diucapkan pembicara adalah
quoted speech (Direct speech).

Beberapa perubahan yang harus anda pahami dalam kalimat Reported Speech.
Perubahan itu sendiri terdiri dari Perubahan Tense, Pronoun, Adverb, dan Modal.

A. Perubahan Tenses (Masa) 

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

Simple present Simple past

"I always drink coffee," she said. She said that she always drank coffee.

Present continuous Past continuous

"I am reading a book," he explained. He explained that he was reading a book

Present perfect Past perfect

"I have been to Japan," he told me. He told me that he had been to  Japan.

Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous

They complained, "We have been They complained that they had been

waiting for hours." waiting for hours.

Simple past Past perfect

"Bill arrived on Saturday," he said. He said that Bill had arrived on Saturday.

Past continuous Past perfect continuous

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

"We were living in Paris," they told me. They told me that they had been living in
Paris.

Past perfect Past perfect

"I had just turned out the light," he He explained that he had just turned outthe
explained. light.

Past continuous Past perfect continuous

"We were living in Paris," they told me. They told me that they had been living in
Paris.

Simple future Past future

"I will be in Geneva on Monday," he said. He said that he would be in Geneva on
Monday.

Future continuous Past future continuous

She said, "I'll be using the car next She said that she would be using the car next
Friday." Friday.

Future perfect Past future perfect

He said, "I will have finished the work." He said that he would have finished the work.

Future Perfect continuous Past Future perfect continuous

Kate said, "I will have been learningfor 3 Kate said that she would have been
months." learning for 3 months.

B. Perubahan Pronoun (Kata ganti person) 

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

First Person

He said, "I live in New York." He said that he lived in New York.

They said, "we love our country." They said that they love their country.
 Direct Speech Indirect Speech

I said, "I will be late." I said that I would be late.

Second Person

She said to him, "You are smart." She said to him that he was smart.
He said to me, "You are late for the party." He said to me that I was late for the party. 
She said to him, "You can go." She told him that he could go.

Third Person

They said, "He will come." They said that he would come.

He said, "She is a good girl." He said that she was a good girl.
You said, "They are waiting for the bus." You said that they were waiting for the bus.

Catatan : Perlu diperhatikan beberapa aturan perupahan Person dari Direct menjadi
Indirect speech. 
First person pronoun pada reported speech contoh : I, we, me, us, mine, or our
perubahannya tergantung pada pronoun dari reporting verb. Jika pronoun dari reporting
verb merupakan third person pronoun contoh : he, she, it, they, him, his, her, them or
their. 
First person pronoun pada reported speech contoh : I, we, me, us, mine, or our, tidak
berubah jika pronoun (Subject) dari reporting verb juga first person pronoun contoh : I
atau we.
Second person pronoun pada reported speech contoh : you, yours perubahannya
tergantung pada person dari object dalam reporting verb.
Third person pronoun dalam reported speech contoh : he, she, it, they, him, his, her,
them atau their, tidak terjado perubahan pada indirect speech.

Jadi : Intinya anda harus paham konsep Person yang merupakan salah satu jenis
pronoun (kata ganti). 

The definition of the 1st person is `Person speaking`.

Mengarah kepada speaker (pembicara)
The definition of 2nd person is `Person spoken to`.
Mengarah kepada hearer (pendengar)
The definition of 3rd person is `Person spoken of/ about`.
Mengarah kepada orang yang dibicarakan selain first person dan second person.

C. Perubahan Adverb (Keterangan waktu dan tempat) 

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

Now Then

She said, "I am sad now." She said that she was sad then.

Here There

"I will teach here," he said. He said that he would teach there.

Ago Before

"I saw her a week ago," he said. He said he had seen her a week before.

This That

He said, "I like this song." He said that he liked that song.

These Those

He said, "These are our cats." He said that those were their cats.

Today That day

"I am glad to be here today," he explained. He explained that he was glad to be here that

day.

Tomorrow The next day

He said, "I will buy a book tomorrow." He said that he would buy a book the next
day.

Yesterday The day before

"I was in Jakarta yesterday," he said. He said that he had been in Jakarta the day
before.

Last night The night before

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

She said, "I love the party last night." She said that she loved the party The night
before.

The day before yesterday Two days before

He said, "I visited them The day before He said that he had visited them Two days
yesterday." before.

Next month The month after

Kate said, "I will visit my grandma next Kate said that she would visit her
months." grandma next months.

A month ago A month before

"I finished the job a month ago," the boy The boy said that he had finished the job a
said. month before.

D. Perubahan Modal  

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

Will Would

Iqbal said, "I will need more visitors." Iqbal said that he would need more visitors.

Shall Should

She said, "I shall visit the store." She said that she should visit the store.

Can Could

They said, "We can play a guitar." They said that they could play a guitar.

May Might

"You may wait in the hallway," he said. He said that we might wait in the hallway.

Must Had to
 Direct Speech Indirect Speech

He said, "I must work hard." He said that he had to work hard.

Needn’t Needn’t

"You needn’t come till five o’clock," he He said that we needn’t come till five

said. o’clock.

Could Could

He said, "I would start a business." He said that he would start a business.

Needn’t Needn’t

She said, "It might rain." She said that it might rain.

Needn’t Needn’t

"You should watch the movie," she said. She said.taht I should watch the movie.

Catatan : Modal present berubah menjadi Modal past, namun jika pada Direct speech
anda menggunakan modal past maka pada Indirect speech tidak terjadi perubahan
contoh Past Modal : Would, could, might, ought to, needn't have, must have, used to. 

Macam-macam Reported speech, Direct and Indirect speech terbagi menjadi tiga
bagian. Berikut saya akan jabarkan pengertian dan contoh dari masing-masing bentuk.

1. Statement (Pernyataan)
Dalam kalimat pernyataan umumnya selalu menggunakan kata penghubung 'that' yang
ditambahkan setelah Main clause (kalimat utama) pada bentuk Indirect speechnya.
Typical direct speech untuk statements kita bisa menggunakan : say/said, tell/told,
mention/mentioned, inform/informed. 

No Direct Statements Indirect Statements

1 She said to him, "I am studying She said to him that she was studying
English." English.

2 She said, "I woke up early." He said that he had woken up early.
 No Direct Statements Indirect Statements

3 Andi mentioned, "I will call her." Andy mentioned that he would call her.

4 Martin told me, "Katty often reads a Martin told me that Katty often read a
book." book.

5 They told me, "We are watching TV.  They told me that.

6 Jack said, "He was sick yesterday."  Jack said that he had been sick the day
before.

7 They said, "We have just arrived." They said that they had just arrived.

8 Andi said, "I will call her." Andy said that he would call her.

9 Rudy told me, I am going to ride a bike." Rudy told me that he was going to ride a
bike.

10 Carol said, "The boss must sign the Carol said that the boss had to sign the
letter."  letter.

Catatan : Dalam Reported speech say atau tell mempunyai arti yang sama. Namun
dalam penerpannya menurut Grammar yang benar mereka berbeda, sebagai contoh.
Iqbal : "I will be late".
Reported speech :
Iqbal said (that) he would be late.
OR
Iqbal told me (that) he would be late.
Iqbal told (that) he would be late. 

2. Question (Pertanyaan) 
Dalam kalimat pertanyaan terdapat beberapa hal yang harus diingat untuk memahami
pola perubahan Direct speech (berupa pertanyaan) menjadi kalimat Indirect speech.
Perubahan pada indirect question disesuaikan dengan versi direct question-nya. Typical
direct speech untuk questions kita bisa menggunakan : ask/asked, want to
know/wanted to know. Untuk lebih jelasnya perhatikan contoh berikut ini.
A. Reported speech in Yes/No Question
Ketika pola kalimat tanya langsung yang digunakan berupa Yes/No Question maka
akan terjadi perubahan pada kalimat tak langsungnya dengan menambahkan kata
penghubung "If atau Whether" yang digunakan sebagai konektornya (pengganti that).
Sedangkan pola perubahan tense yang digunakan sama dengan Direct statement. 

No Direct Questions Indirect Questions

1 He asked him, "Are you eating He asked him whether are you eating sandwich
sandwich now?" then.

2 He asked, "Do you speak English?" He asked if I spoke English.

3 Andi asked me, "Has John arrived?" Andy asked me if John had arrived.

4 Jack asked  me, "Will Maria have Jack asked me if Maria would have lunch with
lunch with Joe?" Joe.

5 He asked you, "Was she in the He asked you whether she had been in the
hospital last week?"  hospital the week before.

B. Reported speech in Question Words

Ketika pola kalimat tanya langsung yang digunakan berupa Question Words (kalimat
pertanyaan 5W + 1H) yang berupa what, who, where, when, why dan how. Perubahan
pada pola ini sama dengan Yes/No Question hanya saja konektor If atau Whether
diganti dengan "Question Words" itu sendiri. 

No Direct Questions Indirect Questions

1 "What is your name?" he asked me. He asked me what my name was.

2 He asked, "How old is your father?" He asked how old her father was.

3 Andi asked him, "Where does Maria Andy asked him where Maria parked her
park her car?" car.

4 I asked her, "Why do you come late?" I asked her why she came late.
 No Direct Questions Indirect Questions

5 He asked me "Which book will you He asked me which book he would borrow
borrow next week?"  the following week.

3. Command and Prohibition

Dalam kalimat larangan terdapat beberapa hal yang harus dipahami dalam perubahan
dari kalimat direct speech ke indirect speech. Pola kalimat perintah (command) baik itu
berupa kalimat verbal maupun nominal maka akan menggunakan kata penghubung
"To" dalam Indirect speech-nya. Sedangkan pada kalimat larangan (prohibition) maka
kata penghubung yang digunakan adalah "Not to" dalam Indirect speech-nya. Typical
direct speech untuk Command and Prohibition  kita bisa menggunakan say/said atau
telt/told, ask/asked, command/commanded, order/ordered. 

A. Reported speech in Command

Ketika kalimat langsung (direct speech) dalam bentuk kalimat perintah (command)
penghubung dalam kalimat tak langsung (indirect speech) adalah Affirmative
commands → to + infinitive. 

No Direct Command Indirect Command

1 Dony told me, "Dance with me!" Dony told me to dance with him.

2 Mr. Iqbal said, "Do your homework!" Mr. Iqbal said to do my homework.

3 My father asked me, ""Clean the black My father asked me to clean the black
bike!" bike.

4 She told him, "Be a good student at She told him to be a good student at
school!" school.

5 He told her, "Help me please!"  He told her to help him.

B. Reported speech in Prohibition

Ketika kalimat langsung (direct speech) dalam bentuk kalimat larangan (prohibition)
penghubung dalam kalimat tak langsung (indirect speech) adalah Negative commands
→ not + to + infinitive. 

No Direct Prohibition Indirect Prohibition

1 He told me "Don't go away from me!" He told me not to go away from him.

2 Mr. Iqbal reminded me, "Don't forget your Mr. Iqbal reminded me not to forget my
homework!" homework.

3 He advised her, "Don't watch the new Jane advised her not to watch the new
film!" film.

4 Andy told me, "Don't talk to your Andy told me not to talk to my
neighbour!" neighbour.

5 He said "Don't be stupid student"  He said not to be stupid student.

A. Reported speech in Request

Ketika kalimat langsung (direct speech) dalam bentuk kalimat permintaan (request) kita
harus menggunakan kata kerja bentuk saran seperti : commanded, ordered, asked,
advised, invited. 

No Direct Request Indirect Request

1 "Can I have a glass of water?", she asked. She asked for a glass of water.

2 She asked "Could you bring the books, She asked me to bring the books.
please?"

3 He said, "Please don't fight." He asked them not to fight.

4 I said politely, "Please make less noise." I asked them politely to make less
noise.

5 She always says, "Please don't leave me." She always asks me not to leave her.

B. Reported speech in Suggestion

Ketika kalimat langsung (direct speech) dalam bentuk kalimat saran (suggestion) kita
harus menggunakan kata kerja bentuk saran seperti : suggest, insist, recommend,
demand. 

No Direct Suggestion Indirect Suggestion

1 "Why don't you go to the doctor?" he He suggested that I should go to the doctor.
said.

2 John said 'You should take a John suggested that I took a holiday
holiday!"

3 He said "Let's watch the film!” He suggested that I should watch the film

4 My mother said "Let's spend our My mother recommend that we should spend

holiday at villa!" our holiday at villa.

5 He said "You should buy a He insisted that I should buy a computer.

computer"